DOCSLIB.ORG

Pdf (779.03 K)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pdf (779.03 K) eISSN: 2357-044X Taeckholmia 38 (2018): 84-106 Numerical re-assessment of the phenetic relationship between Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae A. El-Gazzar*1, A. El-Ghamery2, A. Khattab3, A. El-Saied2, A.A. El-Kady2 1Department of Botany and Mcrobiology, Faculty of Science, El-Arish University, N. Sinai. 2Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Male), Al-Azhar University, Cairo. 3Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Recognition of the Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae as one family or as two separate but related families with five subfamilies was for long highly controversial. Raising some of the subfamilies to the rank of family was also disbutable. To resolve this issue, 55 morphological and palynological characters were recorded in a data matrix comprising a sample of 41 species belonging to 24 genera of Apocynaceae and 75 species from 31 genera of the Asclepiadaceae. The data matrix was subjected to cluster analysis using the Sørensen’s measure of dissimilarity and Ward's method of clustering in the PC-ORD version 5. Out of three possible interpretations of the result, we opted for that which suggestd considering the five subfamilies Apocynaceae-Rauwolfioideae, Apocynaceae- Apocynoideae, Asclepiadaceae-Asclepiadoideae, Asclepiadaceae-Periplocoideae and Asclepiadaceae- Secamonoideae as five distinct, neatly defined and homogeneous families of equal rank based on a unique set of diagnostic structural and functional characters for each of them. Key words: Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, classification, cluster analysis, morphology, pollinia, tetrads. Introduction The Apocynaceae are one of the largest and not stigmatic. Fruit a berry, drupe, capsule, families of angiosperms with 375 genera and or follicle. Seeds with or without coma. The over 5100 species (Endress et al., 2007). Apocynaceae are cosmopolitan, except in the According to Watson and Dallwitz (1992), Li arctic regions. Numerous species are grown for Ping-tao et al., (1995) and APG IV (2016) their medicinal and ornamental values, and the members of the Apocynaceae are mostly trees, wood of trees such as Alstonia and Dyera shrubs, or vines, rarely subshrubs or herbs, species is a source of lightweight hardwood containing milky latex or rarely watery juice. (Alan and Wilkes, 1964; Chin et al., 2006). A Leaves simple, opposite, sometimes whorled similar account of the Asclepiadaceae s.l. was or alternate, pinnately veined; stipules absent recently given by El-Gazzar et al. (2018). or rarely present. Inflorescences cymose, The Apocynaceae were established by axillary or terminal, with bracteoles. Flowers Jussieu (1789) as (“Apocineae”) to include 24 bisexual, 5- [or 4]-merous, actinomorphic. genera subdivided into three groups essentially Calyx 5- or rarely 4-partite, quincuncial, basal defined by characteristics of fruits and seeds. glands usually present. Corolla 5- or rarely 4- Brown (1810a and b) separated seven genera lobed, funnelform, salverform, urceolate, or (Ceropegia, Pergularia, Stapelia, Periploca, rarely rotate. Stamens 5 or rarely 4; filaments Cynanchum and Asclepias) from Jussieu’s short; anthers mostly sagittate, free or “Apocineae” and combined them with 46 connivent into a cone adherent to the stigma, newly described genera to establish a separate dehiscing longitudinally, base rounded, family, the Asclepiadaceae. Brown also cordate, sagittate, or prolonged into an empty recognized three groups within the spur; pollen in monads or tetrads. Ovaries Asclepiadaceae: the "Asclepiadeae verae" (= superior, rarely half-inferior, connate or Asclepiadoideae), the Periploceae, and an distinct, 1- or 2-locular; ovules 2–numerous unnamed mono-generic group containing only per locule. Style 1; stigma capitate, conical, or Secamone. In 1838, Endlicher divided the lampshade-shaped, base stigmatic, apex 2-cleft latter genus into three genera (Secamone, Received on 28/06/2018 and accepted on 18/08/2018 Numerical re-assessment of the phenetic relationship Toxocarpus and Goniostemma) and assigned Subsequent phylogenetic studies them the rank of “subordo” ‘Secamoneae’. supported the reunion of the Apocynaceae s.s Numerous new genera were added to the and Asclepiadaceae into the Apocynaceae s.l., Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae during the with the same five subfamilies (e.g. Sennblad succeeding decades and Schumann (1895a and and Bremer, 1996; Potgieter and Albert, 2001; b) proposed comprehensive classifications of Endress and Bruyns 2000; Endress et al., 2007; the two families. Schumann (1895a) divided Livshultz, 2010). Furthermore, Potgieter and the Apocynaceae sensu stricto into two Albert (2001) showed that the subfamilies: the Plumerioideae (with three Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and tribes and six subtribes), and the Echitoideae Periplocoideae are well-supported and (with two tribes). Similarly, he (1895b) monophyletic, but no support could be found classified the Asclepiadaceae into two for the monophyly of the Apocynoideae and subfamilies: the Periplocoideae (with a single Rauvolfioideae as delimited previously by tribe) and the Cynanchoideae (with five tribes Endress and Bruyns (2000). Similar support and seven subtribes). The name for the three subfamilies was evident from the ‘Cynanchoideae’ in Schumann’s (1895b) cluster analysis of a comprehensive set of scheme had to be changed to Asclepiadoideae characters of vegetative and floral morphology R. Br. ex Burnett, as it included the type genus combined with types and features of pollen of the family (Asclepias), while the name aggregation (El-Gazzar et al., 2018). Plumerioideae K. Schum. was replaced with The apparent contradiction between Rauvolfioideae Kostel. In subsequent considering the Apocynaceae and classifications of the Asclepiadaceae, Asclepiadaceae as two distinct families or as Schumann’s tribe ‘Asclepiadaceae- one family prompted us to initiate the present Secamoneae’ was elevated to the rank of study with a view to put the currently accepted subfamily Secamonoideae Endl. (e.g. classifications of this closely knit assemblage Klackenberg, 2001; Livshultz, 2010). of genera and species to a rigorous practical test. A controversy over the taxonomic relationship between the Apocynaceae and Material and methods Asclepiadaceae persisted ever since. Some Herbarium specimens of a cosmopolitan authors (e.g. Judd et al., 1994; Struwe et al., sample of 41 species from 24 genera of the 1994; Sennblad and Bremer, 1996; APG IV, Apocynaceae sensu stricto and 75 species from 2016) considered the Apocynaceae and 31 genera of the Asclepiadaceae were examined in the Cairo University herbarium Asclepiadaceae as one large family the (CAI; acronym according to Holmgren et al., Apocynaceae s.l. Other authors (e.g. 1990). The number of specimens representing Takhtajan, 1987; Cronquist, 1981 and 1988; each taxon ranged between one and 30. Dahlgren, 1983; Rosatti 1989a and 1989b) Identity of taxa was confirmed using treated them as two distinct families. Whether appropriate local floras and nomenclature of this assemblage of genera and species are the species was updated according to the two treated as one family or as two families, their websites (http://www.theplantlist.org/), and subdivision into subfamilies remained almost (http://www.tropicos.org), where full lists of unaltered: the Apocynaceae are divided into synonyms can be found. Full names with the Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae, while author citations of taxa and collection data of the specimens examined are given in Appendix the Asclepiadaceae comprise the 1. Asclepiadoideae, Periplocoideae and Variation in vegetative, floral and pollen Secamonoideae (Endress and Bruyns, 2000 morphology observed in the available and Endress et al., 2007). Schlechter (1905) specimens was recorded comparatively in a raised the Asclepiadaceae-Periplocoideae to data matrix. The outcome was subjected to family Periplocaceae, which was later cluster analysis under the combination of accepted by other authors (e.g. Bullock, 1956; Sørensen’s distance measure and Ward's Hutchinson, 1959; Dyer, 1975). clustering method and the dendrogram method 85 El-Gazzar et al. was selected to express the result. All methods representing the 55 genera of the Apocynaceae are available in PC-ord version 5 (McCune, and Asclepiadaceae were defined accurately to 1997). express the variation in the plants’ vegetative and floral morphology as well as their pollen Results characteristics. Of the 55 characters in Table 1, States of the 55 characters observed in 12 are multistate and the rest are binary. the available specimens of 116 species Table 1: List of the 55 characters and character-states recorded comparatively for the 116 taxa belonging to 55 genera representing the Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae in the present study. 1. Plant herb 1/ shrub 0 2. Stem herbaceous 1/ woody 0 3. Stem cylindrical 1/ angled 0 4. Stem erect 1/ climbing-twinning 2/ procumbent 3 5. Stem obese 1/ not obese 0 6. Stem articulated 1/ continuous 0 7. Stipules present 1/ absent 0 8. Leaves petioled 1/ sessile–subsessile 2/ absent 3 9. Leaves fleshy 1/ not fleshy 0 10. Calcium oxalate prismatics present 1/ absent 0 11. Calcium oxalate druses present 1/ absent 0 12. Leaf arrangement alternate 1/ opposite 2/ whorled 3 13. Leaves simple 1/ pinnate 2/ absent 3 14. Leaf shape ovate-elliptic 1/ oblong 2/ orbicular 3/ linear-lanceolate 4/ cordate 5/ absent 6 15. Leaf blade hairy 1/ glabrous 0 16. Glandular hairs on leaves
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Egyptian Escape with Nile Cruise
    with Nile Cruise 11-Day Tour from Cairo to Cairo Cairo – Giza – Karnak – Valley of the Kings Luxor – Edfu – Kom Ombo – Aswan – Philae – High Dam – Cairo November 5 – 15 November 12 – 22 December 3 – 13 $3,649Including Air If you’ve dreamed of standing at the foot of the great pyramids, now is the time to escape to Egypt. Peruse the treasures of King Tutankhamun in Cairo, and answer the riddle of the Sphinx at the Great Pyramids of Giza. Embark on a Nile River cruise YOUR TOUR INCLUDES where you’ll visit the Karnak and Luxor Temples, and join in • 4 nights in Cairo, 4 day Nile river cruise, 1 night in Aswan. guided sightseeing at the Valley of the Kings and Queens on the • Roundtrip air from Fresno, Sacramento, Los Angeles and San Nile’s West Bank. Visit the Temple of Horus with its menacing Francisco to Cairo. Other gateway cities upon request. Intra black stone falcon statue, built 2,000 years ago during the age air flights in Egypt. of Cleopatra. You’ll see fascinating sights, including a bluff-top • Services of a Globus Professional Tour Director. temple to worship crocodile and falcon gods, the unfinished obelisk of the granite quarries of Aswan, and the Temple of Isis • MEALS: Full buffet breakfast daily; 4 lunches; 6 three-course dinners, including welcome and farewell dinner in Cairo. recovered from the submerged island of Philae. Take an excur- sion on a Felucca sail boat for a view of Kitchener’s Island and • HOTELS: (or similar quality if a substitution is required) the mausoleum of Aga Khan.
    [Show full text]
  • New Records of the Family Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Egypt
    Zootaxa 4410 (1): 136–146 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4410.1.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6431DC44-3F90-413E-976F-4B00CFA6CD2B New records of the family Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Egypt MEDHAT I. ABUL-SOOD1 & NEVEEN S. GADALLAH2,3 1Zoology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected] 2Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In the present study, a checklist of new records of the family Chalcididae of Egypt is presented based on a total of 180 specimens collected from 24 different Egyptian localities between June 2011 and October 2016, mostly by sweeping and Malaise traps. Nineteen species as well as the subfamily Epitraninae and the genera Bucekia Steffan, Epitranus Walker, Proconura Dodd, and Tanycoryphus Cameron, are newly recorded from Egypt. A single species previously placed in the genus Hockeria is transferred to Euchalcis Dufour as E. rufula (Nikol’skaya, 1960) comb. nov. Key words: Parasitic wasps, Chalcidinae, Dirhininae, Epitraninae, Haltichellinae, new records, new combination Introduction The Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is a medium-sized family represented by more than 1500 described species in 93 genera (Aguiar et al. 2013; Noyes 2017; Abul-Sood et al. 2018). A large number of described species are classified in the genus Brachymeria Westwood (about 21%), followed by Conura Spinola (20.3%) (Noyes 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Some Notes on Diffusion of Qanat
    SOME NOTES ON DIFFUSION OF QANAT IWAO KOBORI I. Introductury Remarks The origin and diffusion of Qanat has been among the very important topics to have been studied by scientists, mainly by geographers and historians. The interest which has attracted the study might he due to its very wide distribu- tion all over the world and its close relationship to the arid environment. Al- though several studies on this topic have been published, no definite hypothesis has been widely accepted. From 1956 on, the author has had the same interest as his forerunners but with some difference in viewpoint. His standpoint is, at first, to observe Qanat in situ in their respective areas and synthesize as much as possible. The elabo- rate hypothesis of Qanat origin, i. e. the Achaemenid origin, or the diffusion of Qanat by the hand of Arabs or Spanish Conquistadores is fairly interesting, but is supported by little documentation. For example, the introduction of Qanat into Chinese Turkestam, is still a big theme to be resolved, i, e. when this Chinese Qanat, (kan-erh-ch'ing) was introduced from Persia. In the case of Chinese Turkestan, one document places this introduction in the 18th century, the other in the 2nd century B. C. The other example is a Qanat in South America. It is very easy to say that Qanat was introduced by Spanish Conquistandores from the Iberian Peninsula. However, recent archaeological exacavation may re- verse this hypothesis from the view point of the Pre-Incaic irrigation culture. The technique of Qanat construction is about the same in the different regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Interest in the Oases in the New Kingdom and a New Stela for Seth from Mut El-Kharab
    Egyptian Interest in the Oases in the New Kingdom and a New Stela for Seth from Mut el-Kharab Colin Hope and Olaf Kaper The study of ancient interaction between Egypt and the occupants of regions to the west has focused, quite understandably, upon the major confrontations with the groups now regularly referred to as Liby- ans from the time of Seti I to Ramesses III, and the impact these had upon Egyptian society.1 The situ- ation in the oases of the Western Desert and the role they might have played during these conflicts has not received, until recently, much attention, largely because of the paucity of information either from the Nile Valley or the oases themselves. Yet, given their strategic location, it is not unrealistic to imagine that their control would have been of importance to Egypt both during the confrontations and in the period thereafter. In this short study we present a summary of recently discovered material that contributes sig- nificantly to this question, with a focus upon discoveries made at Mut el-Kharab since excavations com- menced there in 001,3 and a more detailed discussion of one object, a new stela with a hymn dedicated to Seth, which is the earliest attestation of his veneration at the site. We hope that the comments will be of interest to the scholar to whom this volume is dedicated; they are offered with respect, in light of the major contribution he has made to Ramesside studies, and with thanks for his dedication as a teacher and generosity as a colleague.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology and Memory
    An offprint from Archaeology and Memory Edited by Dušan Borić © Oxbow Books 2010 ISBN 978-1-84217-363-3 Contents List of Contributors v 1. Introduction: Memory, archaeology and the historical condition 1 (Dušan Borić) 2. Th e diversity and duration of memory 35 (Alasdair Whittle) 3. Happy forgetting? Remembering and dismembering dead bodies at Vlasac 48 (Dušan Borić) 4. Forgetting and remembering the digital experience and digital data 68 (Ruth Tringham) 5. Layers of meaning: Concealment, containment, memory and secrecy in the British Early Bronze Age 105 (Andrew Jones) 6. Constructing the warrior: Death, memory and the art of warfare 121 (Bryan Hanks) 7. Memory and microhistory of an empire: Domestic contexts in Roman Amheida, Egypt 138 (Anna Boozer) 8. Th e depiction of time on the Arch of Constantine 158 (Adam Gutteridge) 9. Archaeology and memory on the Western front 171 (Paola Filippucci) 10. Terra incognita: Th e material world in international criminal courts 183 (Lindsay Weiss) 11. YugoMuseum: Memory, nostalgia, irony 195 (Mrdjan Bajić) 12. Memory, melancholy and materiality 204 (Victor Buchli) 7. Memory and microhistory of an empire: Domestic contexts in Roman Amheida, Egypt Anna Boozer As this wave from memories fl ows in, the city soaks it up like a sponge and expands. ... Th e city, however, does not tell its past, but contains it like the lines of a hand written in the corners of streets, the gratings of windows, the banisters of steps, the antennae of the lightening rods, the poles of the fl ags, every segment marked in turn with scratches, indentations, scrolls.
    [Show full text]
  • Exhibition Cataloque --> Download
    Les joyaux cachés de l'Egypte Le Centre Culturel Egyptien à Paris CCEP MAI 2018 Sherif Lotfy Je suis un ancien hôtelier, qui a choisi d’entrer dans le monde des entreprises et a commencé de diriger sa propre entreprise en 1993. En effet, mon intérêt pour la photographie n’a pas cessé de grandir jusqu’a qu’elle a construit une auto-expression complète. Mes photographies sont le reflet de ma vision du monde qui m’entoure, et comment je souhaite être une source d’inspiration ’aux autres à rêver librement. Malgré l’éloge qui m’est fait de façon régulière, je ne me considère pas comme un photographe, mais un rêveur qui traverse un chemin magnifique. I am an ex hotelier, who chose to go into entrepreneurship and had been running my own business since 1993. My love for photography has been growing for decades, building up a complete self-expression. My photographs express how I perceive the world around me, how I see it through my own eyes, and how I wish to inspire my fellow human beings to open the door and dream freely.. Despite the praise that I always receive, I do not consider myself a photographer ... rather a dreamer undergoing an amazingly beautiful path. Amr El Kady Hazem El Mihy Je suis un photographe libre, j’ai fait plusieurs exposition en Egypte Je suis un artiste et un photographe d’Alexandrie. En effet, j’ai et à l’étranger et j’ai participé avec d'autres photographes à de hérité cette passion de photographie de mon père et pour cela j’ai nombreuses autres expositions.
    [Show full text]
  • Cairo International Airport
    THE PINNACLE OF PRIVILEGED LIVING 4 6 7 N A Landmark Address One Zamalek stands proud on the Northern tip of Gezira Island, in the elegant and sophisticated Zamalek district. The 21-apartment tower is situated a mere walk from some of Egypt’s most attractive art, culture, dining and lifestyle destinations and just 20km from Cairo International Airport. GEZIRA ISLAND 8 9 Cairo: Enchantingly Enriching Home to One Zamalek, and enviably located Today, the city boasts a truly colourful cultural within reach of both east and west, Cairo is known scene and burgeoning economic landscape, for its millennia of culture, heritage powered by a diverse real estate market and sheer ambition. that has long been attracting attention from discerning investors with an eye for the future. From the pure genius of the pyramids to the inimitable zeal of Cairo’s residents, it is a city that is passionately weaving the threads of its rich past into a breath-taking tapestry that depicts a better tomorrow. 10 11 Life in Zamalek An inimitably eclectic, vibrant neighbourhood With a delightfully eclectic vibe, Zamalek Zamalek is also the unofficial cultural heart is one of Cairo’s most sought-after and premium of Cairo thanks to the iconic Cairo Opera residential neighbourhoods, home to embassies, House, and it was even home to legendary consulates and the city’s well-heeled. songbird, Umm Kulthum. Several magnificent palaces once dotted the district too, Known across Egypt for its abundance and have since been converted into hotels of chic cafes, buzzing nightlife, boutiques and government buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology, Geochemistry and Radioactivity of Granitic and Volcanic Rocks at Hadarba Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt
    International Research Journal of Geology and Mining (IRJGM) (2276-6618) Vol. 6(2) pp. 038 - 052, June, 2016 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14303/irjgm.2016.106 Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/irjgm Copyright©2016 International Research Journals Full Length Research Paper Geology, Geochemistry and Radioactivity of Granitic and Volcanic Rocks at Hadarba Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt Hassan A. A. Shahin*, Masoud S. Masoud and Moustafa M. Bayoumi Nuclear Materials Authority, P. O. Box 530, El-Maadi, Cairo, Egypt Corresponding author email address: [email protected] ABSTRACT The present work deals with geology, geochemistry, radioactivity and tectonic environment of the granitic and volcanic rocks at Hadarba area, South Eastern Desert of Egypt. The granitic rocks comprise tonalite-granodiorite and monzogranite, while volcanic rocks include rhyolite, rhyodacite anddacite. These rocks are characterized by high concentrations of SiO2, Na2O, Fe2O3, K2O, Zr, Nb and Y but low in MgO, CaO, Cr, Ni, Sr, Ga and V. Field studies indicate that Dokhan volcanics extrude both tonalite-granodiorite and monzogranite with sharp contact forming a thick successive sequence of laminated acid lava flows, crystal lapilli tuffs and agglomerates. They range in composition from rhyolite, rhyodacite to dacite. Shear zone comprise lines–arranged intrusions trending NE-SW direction were recorded north Gabal Hadarba and extends for about 2.3 km in length with a width reaches up to 10 meter. These lines–arranged intrusions include quartz vein, microgranite and basic dykes. These shear zones cut through monzogranite. Petrochemical studies and tectonic discrimination diagrams for the monzogranite reveal that it is classified as granite developed in the within-plate tectonic environment, while Dokhan volcanics are classified as rhyolite and dacite developed in the immature island arcs and active continental margin environments.Field radiometric measurements of these granitic and volcanic rocks reveal low uranium and thorium contents.
    [Show full text]
  • The Giant Projects.Pdf
    State Information Service Information Sector Contents Preface: Chapter One: The New Suez Canal 6 Chapter Two: Suez Canal Corridor Development Project 22 Chapter Three: 1.5 million Feddans Project 38 Chapter Four: The National Project for Developing Sinai 48 Chapter Five: National Roads Project 82 Chapter Six: The National Project for Developing Upper Egypt Governorates 94 Chapter Seven: Establishing New Generation of Inhabited Cities 104 Chapter Eight: National Social Housing Project 110 Chapter Nine: Other National Projects 126 First: National Project for Electricity 126 Second: Al-Galala Plateau Project 129 Third: The Golden Triangle Project 130 Fourth: The Northwest Coast Development Project 131 Fih: Logistics Center for Storage and Handling of Grains 134 Sixth: Toshka project 135 Seventh: Sharq al-Owaynat Project 136 Eighth: The National Project for Fish Culture 137 Ninth: National Program for Technological Incubators (Intilac) 149 Introduction The mega national projects are generally distinguished for being comprehensive and widespread all over the country, thus contributing to realizing economic balance, establishing basis of social justice, reducing unemployment, and redistributing population to several new cities nationwide. The mega national projects are considered the locomotive of the sustainable development. In this respect, the New Suez Canal, which was totally setup in one year (August 2015-August 2016), with 100% national finance, had a direct and indirect impact concerning increasing the GDP on the one hand, and activating the movement of trade and aracting foreign investments on the other hand, As regards the national project of developing the Suez Canal Corridor, this project mainly aims at increasing the job opportunities and turning the Suez Canal into a global center for maritime navigation and logistic services, an industrial center and a gate for the trade exchange between the east and the west.
    [Show full text]
  • The Foreign Service Journal, July 1970
    Your best buy in overseas personal effects and liability travel-pak insurance TRAVEL-PAK is a comprehensive personal effects and lia¬ WHY DO YOU NEED TRAVEL-PAK? bility insurance plan specially designed for businessmen, govern¬ You need specialized insurance coverage while living over¬ ment employees, students, servicemen and others living overseas. seas because: • Your property is exposed to hazards not normally en¬ countered at home. The ordinary marine or residence policy is not adequate and may leave significant perils CONFIDENCE —Travel-Pak is underwritten by Lloyd’s of uninsured. London and administered by the James W. Barrett Company • You will find it very difficult, if not impossible, to which has insured more than 10,000 Americans and other for¬ understand the various laws of liability in each of the over¬ seas areas where you may reside. Further, each country’s eign nationals living in more than 75 countries. liability laws are quite different and ordinary personal liability policies may not cover certain events which could easily occur while you are overseas. COMPREHENSIVE —Travel-Pak insures your personal prop¬ • You want the peace-of-mind that comes with the type erty against “All Risks” of physical loss or damage anywhere in of policies you would ordinarily have at home. Local poli¬ cies quite often have exclusions which do not appear in the world and protects you against personal liability judgments. policies you are familiar with and, in many countries, United States Dollar policies are not available. • Travel-Pak provides the broad coverage and flexibility CONVENIENCE —Travel-Pak provides the simplicity of deal¬ which produces the security to help you better fulfill your ing with one experienced firm and Lloyd’s for all your property mission.
    [Show full text]
  • I General for Place Names See Also Maps and Their Keys
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-12098-2 - Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology Edited by Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw Index More information Index I General For place names see also maps and their keys. AAS see atomic absorption specrophotometry Tomb E21 52 aerenchyma 229 Abbad region 161 Tomb W2 315 Aeschynomene elaphroxylon 336 Abdel ‘AI, 1. 51 Tomb 113 A’09 332 Afghanistan 39, 435, 436, 443 abesh 591 Umm el-Qa’ab, 63, 79, 363, 496, 577, 582, African black wood 338–9, 339 Abies 445 591, 594, 631, 637 African iron wood 338–9, 339 A. cilicica 348, 431–2, 443, 447 Tomb Q 62 agate 15, 21, 25, 26, 27 A. cilicica cilicica 431 Tomb U-j 582 Agatharchides 162 A. cilicica isaurica 431 Cemetery U 79 agathic acid 453 A. nordmanniana 431 Abyssinia 46 Agathis 453, 464 abietane 445, 454 acacia 91, 148, 305, 335–6, 335, 344, 367, 487, Agricultural Museum, Dokki (Cairo) 558, 559, abietic acid 445, 450, 453 489 564, 632, 634, 666 abrasive 329, 356 Acacia 335, 476–7, 488, 491, 586 agriculture 228, 247, 341, 344, 391, 505, Abrak 148 A. albida 335, 477 506, 510, 515, 517, 521, 526, 528, 569, Abri-Delgo Reach 323 A. arabica 477 583, 584, 609, 615, 616, 617, 628, 637, absorption spectrophotometry 500 A. arabica var. adansoniana 477 647, 656 Abu (Elephantine) 323 A. farnesiana 477 agrimi 327 Abu Aggag formation 54, 55 A. nilotica 279, 335, 354, 367, 477, 488 A Group 323 Abu Ghalib 541 A. nilotica leiocarpa 477 Ahmose (Amarna oªcial) 115 Abu Gurob 410 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian National Action Program to Combat Desertification
    Arab Republic of Egypt UNCCD Desert Research Center Ministry of Agriculture & Land Reclamation Egyptian National Action Program To Combat Desertification June, 2005 UNCCD Egypt Office: Mail Address: 1 Mathaf El Mataria – P.O.Box: 11753 El Mataria, Cairo, Egypt Tel: (+202) 6332352 Fax: (+202) 6332352 e-mail : [email protected] Prof. Dr. Abdel Moneim Hegazi +202 0123701410 Dr. Ahmed Abdel Ati Ahmed +202 0105146438 ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Desert Research Center (DRC) Egyptian National Action Program To Combat Desertification Editorial Board Dr. A.M.Hegazi Dr. M.Y.Afifi Dr. M.A.EL Shorbagy Dr. A.A. Elwan Dr. S. El- Demerdashe June, 2005 Contents Subject Page Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 1 PART I 1- Physiographic Setting …………………………………………………….. 4 1.1. Location ……………………………………………………………. 4 1.2. Climate ……...………………………………………….................... 5 1.2.1. Climatic regions…………………………………….................... 5 1.2.2. Basic climatic elements …………………………….................... 5 1.2.3. Agro-ecological zones………………………………………….. 7 1.3. Water resources ……………………………………………………... 9 1.4. Soil resources ……...……………………………………………….. 11 1.5. Flora , natural vegetation and rangeland resources…………………. 14 1.6 Wildlife ……………………………………………………………... 28 1.7. Aquatic wealth ……………………………………………………... 30 1.8. Renewable energy ………………………………………………….. 30 1.8. Human resources ……………………………………………………. 32 2.2. Agriculture ……………………………………………………………… 34 2.1. Land use pattern …………………………………………………….. 34 2.2. Agriculture production ………...……………………………………. 34 2.3. Livestock, Poultry and Fishing production …………………………. 39 2.3.1. Livestock production …………………………………………… 39 2.3.2. Poultry production ……………………………………………… 40 2.3.3. Fish production………………………………………………….. 41 PART II 3. Causes, Processes and Impact of Desertification…………………………. 43 3.1. Causes of desertification ……………………………………………….. 43 Subject Page 3.2. Desertification processes ………………………………………………… 44 3.2.1. Urbanization ……………………………………………………….. 44 3.2.2. Salinization………………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]