Packaging Materials and Packaged Commodities — Laws and Regulations 223
PACKAGING MATERIALS AND PACKAGED COMMODITIES — LAWS AND REGULATIONS 223
Chapter 13
PACKAGING MATERIALS AND PACKAGED COMMODITIES — LAWS AND REGULATIONS
V D Sattigeri
Food Safety & Analytical Quality Control Laboratory Central Food Technological Research Institute Mysore 570 020 (INDIA)
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Chapter 13 PACKAGING MATERIALS AND PACKAGED COMMODITIES —LAWS AND REGULATIONS
Introduction lubricants, catalysts, polymerisation ingre- dients, ultraviolet absorbers, blowing Primary functions of the packaging is agents, antifungal agents, pigments, fillers to protect food from contamination, main- and dyes, antiblocking agents and organic tenance of hygienic conditions, preserving acids are usually added. To regulate the its integrity, safety and quality. Food packa- safe use of plastics in food packaging, it ging is now $ 800 billion global industry was considered expedient to formulate with plastics based packaging forming a standards / specifications for the plastics major chunk. coming in contact with food matrix. Plastic packages come in various forms Food Regulations such as wrap, bottle, jar, jerrycan, sachet and containers of all shapes and sizes for To protect consumers against potential food packaging. These products are hazards of substances that migrate into normally prepared from single material. For food, the EU, USA and many other special applications, more than one plastic countries including India have introduced materials are extruded together. These are strict regulations. In India, Bureau of specialized food packaging materials in Indian Standards (BIS), a statutory body, which the inner layer is in contact with was established in April 1987, through the food while the outer layer serves other Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 functional requirements. Lamination of (From 1947 upto 1986, it was called Indian plastic film to other types of materials such Standards Institute - a registered body) for as paper, aluminium foil or other plastics strengthening the National Standards. The is another expanding area in food packa- BIS has laid several requirements for food ging composite materials. grade plastic materials. Food contact materials must comply with these regu- To improve processibility and functio- lations, and to ensure them, testing of food nality of plastics, various additives such packaging materials is required. It is also as slip and antistats, antioxidants, plasti- necessary to determine the toxicological cizers, emulsifiers and suspension agents, profile of each chemical.
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Regulations of food packaging mate- In cases where migration is above 5 mg rials of India, Australia and New Zealand, substance / kg food / food-simultant, a European Union, Canada, the United complete toxicological profile has to be States of America and Codex Alimentarius made, including mutagenicity, terato- are discussed in the following sections. genicity, carcinogenicity and several other Toxicological Studies studies. The food contact materials must As a general principle, the greater the comply with national and / or inter- migration of the food packaging substance national regulations, and to ensure this, into the food, the more toxicological compliance testing of food packaging information is needed (Fig. 13.1). For all materials is required (Fig. 13.2). food packaging substances, three muta- genicity tests are required. Other toxico- Overall migration of food contact logical tests depend on the extent of migration. In cases where migration is materials lower than 0.05 mg substance / kg food / Migration tests are performed with food food-simultant, only the absence of simulants at certain time / temperature mutagenic potential is to be demonstrated conditions, which represent the extreme and a 90-day oral toxicity study has to be situations at which the food packaging carried out. This study is usually perfor- material or utensil is subjected to in med with rats receiving the substance via practice. The simulant represents groups food or drinking water, thus simulating of food, e.g., 3% acetic acid for acidic foods. the route of exposure for consumers. The overall migration is the total transfer
Migration testing
High migration Medium migration Low migration 3 mutagenicity tests 90 day oral toxicity test 3 mutagenicty tests 3 mutagenicity test
90 day oral toxicity test
Other toxicity test
Fig. 13.1. Extent of migration and toxicological information needed.
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Food packaging / material complies with the positive list. The raw materials material can be analysed qualitatively often based on the composition data supplied by the food packaging producer. Quanti- tative composition analysis of a material Migration testing needs to be carried out if the residual con- Codex; tent of the specific food packaging compo- EC direction; FDA regulations; nents, such as monomers and additives, Other national Toxicological are limited by the regulations. regulations studies Mutagenicity Food approval
Oral toxicity Food approval testing includes
Other migration qualitative and quantitative compositional dependent toxicity analysis and overall migration and specific tests migration of limited components. In these tests, appropriate food simulant and time / temperature test conditions are used. The Food approval data obtained must be in compliance with the relevant regulation on food packaging. Fig. 13.2. Compliance testing of packaging materials Regulations in India on Use of Plastics for Food Packaging of components from the packaging material into food. India being the second largest producer of food next to China, huge potential exists Specific migration of food contact for the packaging of fresh and processed materials foods, which will eventually bring down post-harvest losses. Based on toxicological studies, migration of specific food packaging In India, food processing is a key components, such as monomers and industrial sector which accounts for a gross additives in food is specified. This is output of more than US$ 70 billion. The stipulated in various national legislations size of the semi-processed ready-to-eat and is known as Specific Migration Limit packaged food industry is over Rs 4,000 (SML). Specific migration testing of these crore which is growing at over 10% restricted food packaging components is annually. The fastest growing areas in food required and data must be evaluated on packaging are plastic based flexibles and their compliance with the relevant PET bottles. In India, food processing sector regulations. accounts for 50 per cent of India’s total packaging demand. Compositional analysis of food contact materials In India, we have mandatory and voluntary food laws such as Preservation Qualitative compositional analysis is of Food Adulteration Act, Fruit Products carried out to verify if a food packaging Order, Milk and Milk Products Order, Meat
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Products Order, Vanaspati Control Order, basic resin, emulsifiers and suspension Stds. of Weight and Measures, and agents, catalysts, polymerization ingre- AGMARK Values. PFA Act under rule 49 dients, lubricants, antioxidants, antistatic (5) specifies that plastic materials shall and antiflogging agents in polyethylene. conform to the following Indian Standards IS: 10171-1986: Guide on suitability of specifications, namely: plastics for the food packaging covers a) IS: 10146- Specification for Polyethylene primarily various thermoplastics singly or in contact with food stuffs. in combinations suitable for food contact applications. b) IS:10142-Specification for Styrene polymers in contact with food stuffs. IS: 9845-1998: Deals with determination of overall migration of constituents of plastic c) IS:10151-Specification for Polyvinyl- materials and articles intended to come in chloride in contact with food stuffs. contact with foodstuffs, for different types of d) IS:10910-Specification for Polypropy- foods. lene in contact with food stuffs. IS: 10106 (Part 1 / Sec 1) - 1990: Deals e) IS:11434-Specification for Ionomer with packaging code. This code has resins in contact with food stuffs. classified foodstuffs and perishables in f) IS:11704-Specification for Ethylene categories of decreasing order of perisha- acrylic acid copolymer. bility and laid down guidelines for packa- ging of various foodstuffs so as to avoid g) IS: 12252 - Specification for Polyal- deterioration. For returnable containers, it kylene terephthalates. has further explained the procedure to keep h) IS:12247-Specification for Nylon 6 the containers clean for re-use. The code has polymer. recommended various types of packaging materials such as PET / LDPE, BOPP / i) IS: 1360 -Specification for Ethylene LDPE, glassine / LDPE-HDPE containers, vinyl acetate. cans, glass-bottles, flexible laminated pou- j) IS:13576-Specification for Ethylene meta ches, plastic film, corrugated fibre-board acrylic acid. box, LDPE liner bags, paper bags, etc. Packaging of some foodstuffs and perisha- Tin and plastic containers once used bles have been covered. The code has classi- shall not be re-used for packaging of edible fied foodstuffs and perishables into the oils and fats. following categories in their decreasing Also, the following BIS standards cover order of perishability. various related aspects: • Milk and milk products IS:9833-1981: Covers standard on per- • mitted pigments and colourants. Fruit and vegetables • IS:10141-1982: Mentions positive list of Meat, fish and poultry constituents of PE in contact with foodstuffs, • Bakery rich foods pharmaceuticals and drinking water — covers positive list of constituents, such as • Protein rich foods
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• Edible starches and starch products plastics. The Framework Directive has been • implemented by the Materials and Articles Oils and fats in Contact with Food Regulations 1987, as • Foodgrains and foodgrain products amended. • Sugar and honey Scope of the legislation • Stimulant foods The Framework Directive applies to all materials and articles, in their finished • Alcoholic drinks and carbonated state (which may include, for example, beverages. printing inks and adhesive labels), which Regulations of Australia and are intended to come into contact with food. New Zealand However, it specifically excludes covering or coating substances that are part of the Neither the Australia - New Zealand food and may be eaten with it. Also Food Standards Code, nor the New Zealand excluded are materials and articles used Food Regulation 1984 specify details of in public and consumer water supply materials permitted to be added to or used systems, where separate legislation applies. to produce food packaging materials. However, the effect of New Zealand Food Food contact materials and articles are Act 1981 Section 9 (4) (C) is that the not defined further in the Directive, but packaging when used must not cause food they clearly include food packaging, cook- to be unsafe or tainted. ware, cutlery, tableware, work surfaces and food processing machinery and equipment. Therefore, it is the responsibility of food manufacturer and seller to ensure their General statutory requirements for products are safe and that they comply all food contact materials and articles with relevant legislation. In practice, packaging suppliers will need to ensure The Framework Directive states that all their products are suitable for the intended food contact materials and articles should use. Compliance with recognized insti- be manufactured using Good Manufactur- tutional food standards such as those of ing Practice so that in normal use they will the Europe or US-FDA would be of not transfer their constituents to food in reasonable evidence that materials are quantities which could endanger health or suitable for food use. cause unacceptable changes in the composition of food or a deterioration in Regulations of European its organoleptic properties such as taste, Community texture, aroma and appearance. EC Directive 89/109/EEC sets out the Labelling requirements scope of the measure. The Framework Directive sets out the scope of the measures The Framework Directive specifies on food contact materials and articles, the labelling requirements when materials and general requirements and provides for articles are sold for food contact use (but directives on specific materials, such as are not already in contact with food). These
PLASTICS IN FOOD PACKAGING 230 Chapter 13 requirements include a symbol, introduced Permitted monomers and starting by Directive 80/590/EEC, which can be substances used to indicate that a material is suitable for food contact use. The chemicals permitted for use in the manufacture of food contact plastics are Scope of the plastics legislation restricted. Directive 2002/72/EC established a ‘positive list’ of approved Directive 2002/72/EC states that the monomers and starting substances. Food plastics legislation applies to materials and contact plastics can only be manufactured articles made exclusively of plastic which, using monomers and other starting in their finished state, are intended for use substances on the list, although some of in contact with food. It also applies to the listed chemicals have time limits on materials and articles made of bonded their use. Many of the monomers and layers of plastic, but not if one or more of starting substances have restrictions placed the layers are non-plastic. This excludes, on their use. These are expressed in one of for example, plastic coatings on paper or the following forms: metal cans, which must meet the general • ‘specific migration limit’ (SML); requirements of the Framework Directive. • specific migration limit as a total moiety In 2002/72/EC, ‘plastics’ are defined of substances(s) indicated (SML(T)); broadly as organic polymers. However, regenerated cellulose film, elastomers and • limit on the residual quantity left in the rubber, paper and board, surface coatings finished material or article (QM); containing paraffin or micro-crystalline • limit on the residual quantity left in the waxes and ion-exchange resins are finished material or article expressed excluded (because they have, or will have, as a total moiety of substance(s) their own Directives). indicated (QM(T)); General requirements for plastic food • limit on the residual quantity left in the contact materials and articles finished material or article expressed as milligrams per 6 decimetres squared Directive 2002/72/EC sets a limit on of the surface in contact with the food the maximum quantity of constituents (QMA); allowed to transfer (or migrate) out of • limit on the residual quantity left in the plastic materials and articles into food. This finished material or article expressed ‘overall migration limit’ is 10 milligrams as milligrams of the total of the moiety per square decimeter of plastic surface of substances indicated per 6 decimetre area, in general, or 60 milligrams per squared of the surface of the material kilogram of food for containers, or similar or article in contact with the foodstuff receptacles, with a capacity of from 0.5 to (QMA(T)). 10 litres, or which have a contact area that cannot be determined, and for sealing However, at present, the list does not devices, such as caps, gaskets and include monomers and starting substances stoppers. used only in the manufacture of surface
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Proposal to amend Directive 93/10/ migration limit (SML) given for a monomer EEC on regenerated cellulose film has been or additive in the plastic Directive, 2002/ tabled to deal with new types of 72/EC be applied to the same monomer or regenerated cellulose film with a coating additive when used in a plastic coating, derived from plastic that is compostible which is currently outside the scope of and biodegradable. that Directive? In this particular case, the The Commission is also proposing to European Commission has stated that it amend Directive 84/500/EEC on ceramics cannot be assumed that the SML will to ensure comformity with current ISO automatically apply, because the Scientific standards, to explore broadening its scope Committee on Food may make a different to include glass and enamel and to explore risk assessment for the coating (although the use of certificates of compliance. the toxicological status of the substance is not at issue). However, it may be quite Meeting the Requirements of the some time before such an assessment is Legislation Responsibilities under the available from the Committee, and in the Legislation meantime, it would seem sensible to keep migration from such coatings within the It is an offence to sell, use in the course SMLs given 2002/72/EC. of business or import materials or articles intended for contact with food which do REGULATIONS OF CANADA not comply with the food contact materials The safety of all materials used for and articles legislation. There is no system packaging foods is controlled under of Government approval for food contact Division 23 of the Food and Drugs Act materials and articles. Instead, the and Regulations, Section B.23.0001 which responsibility for ensuring compliance prohibits the sale of foods in packages that with the legislation lies with the manu- may impart harmful substances to their facturer, retailer and importer. They have contents. This regulation puts the onus to take all reasonable precautions, and clearly on the food seller (manufacturer, exercise all due diligence, to avoid distributor, etc.) to ensure that any committing an offence. The courts decide packaging material that is used in the sale what is reasonable, but for those who of food products will meet that produce food contact materials and articles, requirement. this may involve conducting migration tests, while for those who use the materials Premarket Assessments or articles, it may simply involve obtaining assurances from the manufacturer that the Because of the general nature of this product complies. The legislation is requirement, and in the absence of positive enforced by Trading Standards Officers lists delineating permitted ingredients, and Environmental Health Officers as packaging materials intended for use with applicable locally. foods may be submitted voluntarily to the Food Directorate (FD) for a premarket Presumptive Standards assessment of their chemical safety in There is also the issue of ‘presumptive relation to Section B.23.001. This applies standards’. For example, can a specific to any type of material, whether it is in the PLASTICS IN FOOD PACKAGING PACKAGING MATERIALS AND PACKAGED COMMODITIES — LAWS AND REGULATIONS 233 form of a finished product such as a for a new food-contact substance, the laminated film, a container, etc. or a producer submits information on formulated product such as a plastic resin, composition, intended use, additive level, a colour concentrate, etc. In addition, usage temperature, type of food the suppliers of single additives like substance will contact, and data on antioxidants, ultra violet absorbers, etc. may migration of the substance into food. The also independently request letters of FDA uses migration data to estimate opinion for their own products before consumer exposure to the substance. With selling them to formulators or converters. the FCN system, the FDA has 120 days to review the application and object based on Food Directorate Listings for Polymers safety grounds. The Food Directorate is now posting on Office of Food Additive Safety its website positive lists of polymers for which letters of no objection have been Food and Drug Administration of the issued for use in food packaging and other United States, under 21 CFR (2001), vol.3, food contact applications. The listings Part 177, has published Indirect Food include the trade name and grade of each Additives to be used in various polymers polymer, its manufacturer, the date on such as acrylic and modified acrylic which the no objection letter was issued plastics, cellophane, inomeric resins, and details of any limitations imposed on fluorocarbon resins, nylon resins, its food packaging uses. polyethylene, polystyrene, etc. The Office of Food Additive Safety REGULATIONS OF UNITED (OFAS) of US FDA, is developing a STATES database of Cumulative Estimated Daily Intakes (CEDIs) and Acceptable Daily In the United States, food packaging Intakes (ADIs) for a large number of Food materials including additives in the Contact Substances (FCSs). This database polymers, are regulated by the US Food is referred to as CEDI / ADI database. The and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA CEDI and ADIs are based on currently requirements vary with the end-use of the available information which are subject to packaging material, such the type of food revision. that will be contacted and usage temperature. To gain direct food contact • Primarily for Adhesives (21 CFR approval, materials must meet extracta- 175.105), Paper and paper board bility requirements. Although regulations components (21 CFR 176) and Polymer are vague in some areas, the general adjuvants and production aids (21 CFR principle is that no matter what is in the 178) the CEDI / ADI values are listed. packaging material, it must not conta- • The CEDI values are expressed as minate the food. dietary concentration (parts-per-billion- In January 2001, a significant change ppb) and as intake (milligram / kg. in the FDA approval procedure was body wt / person / day) to facilitate initiated with new Food Contact comparison to the applicable ADI value Notification (FCN) system. To get approval for the FCSs).
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• Many of FCSs are only regulated for • Fish and fish products; use under 21 CFR 175.105. In the • Peanuts, soybeans and products of absence of appropriate information, these; such as migration studies, on which to • base a numerical estimates of exposure, Milk and milk products (lactose FDA assumes a default CEDI of 7 ppb included); (corresponding to a cumulative intake • Tree nuts and nut products; and of 0.00035 mg / kg. bw / d). • Sulphite in concentrations of 10 LABELLING REQUIREMENTS mg/kg or more. FOR PREPACKED FOODS A specific name shall be used for Codex Standard ingredients in the list of ingredients except that; 1985 (Rev.1-1991) of Codex Alimentarius Commission has brought out a) For ingredients falling in the respective Codex General Standard for the labelling classes, the following class tittles may of prepackaged foods. be used, namely: Salient features of the guidelines are: œ Edible vegetable oil / Edible vege- table fat or both hydrogenated or 1. Prepackaged food shall not be partially. described in a manner that amounts to œ Hydrogenated oil. mislead / deceive the consumer. œ 2. The label shall not have any words, Starch. pictures or other devices which directly œ Fish. or indirectly refer to any other product. œ Poultry meat. 3. The name of food - it shall be specific œ Cheese. and not generic. œ Spices herbs / condiments or mixed 4. List of ingredients: All ingredients spices / herbs / condiments as under the title ‘Ingredient’ - shall be appropriate. mentioned in the descending order of in-going weight at the time of œ Gum base. manufacture of the food. œ Sugar. 5. The following foods and ingredients œ Dextrose or Glucose. are known to cause hypersensitivity and shall always be declared: œ Caseinates. • Cereals containing gluten; i.e., œ Cocoa butter. wheat, rye, barley, oats, spelt or their œ Crystallized fruit. hybridized strains and products of these; œ Milk solids. • Crustacea and products of these; œ Cocoa solids. • Eggs and egg products; The ingredients of pork fat, lard and
PLASTICS IN FOOD PACKAGING PACKAGING MATERIALS AND PACKAGED COMMODITIES — LAWS AND REGULATIONS 235 beef fat or extract thereof shall always be ii) The number of grams of protein, declared by their specific names. available carbohydrate and, per 100 grams or 100 ml of the food as sold The label shall also contain: and where appropriate per specified Name and Address. quantity of the food as suggested for Country of origin. consumption. Lot of identification. iii) The total quantity of those specific nutrients or other components which Pali marking and storage instruction. provide the characterizing essential Instruction for use. feature for the special dietary use for Any information or pictorial device which the food is intended per 100 written, printed or graphic matter, may be grams or 100 ml of the food as sold displayed in labelling, provided that it is where appropriate per specified not in conflict with the mandatory quantity of the food as suggested for requirements of this rule, and those relating consumption. to claims and deception. Presentation of Nutrient Content NUTRITION LABELLING Energy value shall be expressed in KJ and K cal per 100 g or 100 ml. Codex hs laid down guidelines for nutrition labelling of packaged foods in Information on the amounts of protein, CAC/GL-2-1985 (Rev. 1-1993). Nutrition carbohydrate and fat in the food shall be labelling serves the following purpose: expressed in g per 100 g or per 100 ml or providing the consumer with information per package if the package contains only a about a food so that a wise choice of food single portion. In addition, this infor- is made. It conveys information of the mation may be given per serving as nutrient content of a food (on the label). quantified on the label or per portion provided that the number of portions Nutrition Claims contained in the package is stated. Nutrient declaration shall be Numerical information on vitamins and mandatory for foods for which Nutrition minerals shall be expressed in metric units Claims are made. Nutrient declaration may and / or as a percentage of the Nutrient be voluntary for all other foods. Nutritional Reference Value per 100 g or per 100 ml or Claims shall not be made without per package, if the package contains only Nutritional Labelling. a single portion. In addition, this infor- Declaration of Nutrition Information: mation may be given per serving as quanti- fied on the label or per portion provided i) The amount of energy per 100 g or the number of portions contained in the 100 ml of the food as sold and where package is stated. appropriate per specified quantity of the food as suggested for consum- Nutrition Claim means any represen- ption, expressed in kilocalories (K cal) tation which states, suggests or implies that and kilo joules (KJ). a food has particular nutritional properties
PLASTICS IN FOOD PACKAGING 236 Chapter 13 including but not limited to the energy foods. Some of the important requirements value and to the content of protein, fat and are mentioned below: carbohydrates, as well as the content of vitamins and minerals. Every package shall carry a label with: The following Nutrition Claims shall be a) Name, trade name or description of the prohibited: food contained in the package. Claims stating that any given food will b) The names of ingredients in descending provide an adequate source of all essential order of their composition by weight or nutrients, except in the case of well defined volume. products for which a standard regulates c) The name and address of the such claims as admissible claims. manufacturer, its weight, batch no., date Claims implying that a balanced diet of manufacture, best before date shall or ordinary foods cannot supply adequate be declared. amounts of nutrients. d) The food claimed to be enriched with Claims which cannot be substantiated. nutrients such as minerals, proteins, or Claims as to the stability of a food for vitamins shall give the quantities of use in the prevention, attenuation, such added nutrients on the label. treatment or cure of a disease, disorder or e) Labels shall not contain false or particular physiological condition. misleading statements. Claim, design, Claims which could give rise to doubt device, fancy name or abbreviation about the safety of similar food or which which is false and misleading in any could arouse or exploit fear in the particular concerning the food in the consumer. package. Claims that a food has special f) Infant milk substitutes and infant characteristics. foods—the label shall include: œ When all such foods have the same œ Composition of nutrients per 100 g characteristics shall not be used. and energy value. œ Terms such as ‘natural’, ‘pure’, œ Instructions for use and preparation. ‘fresh’, ‘home made’, ‘organically grown’ and ‘biologically grown’ shall œ Storage condition. not be used. œ Batch No., date of manufacture and œ The term ‘incomplete’, ‘comparative’, best before date. ‘superlative’, ‘wholesome’, ‘healthful’ g) Edible Oils and Fats: Expressions such and ‘sound’ shall not be used. as Extra refined, Super refined, Micro- Prevention of Food Adulteration refined, Double-refined, Ultra-refined, Act 1954 Anti cholesterol, cholesterol-fighter are not permitted. Under this Act, Rule 32 has laid down requirement for packing and labelling of h) Imitations not to be marked “Pure”.
PLASTICS IN FOOD PACKAGING PACKAGING MATERIALS AND PACKAGED COMMODITIES — LAWS AND REGULATIONS 237 i) Every package of vegetarian food shall BIBLIOGRAPHY bear ‘green dot’ in a square near the name of food; similarly non-vegetarian BIS (1982). IS 10141. Positive List of food, shall bear ‘brown dot’ in a square. Constituents of PE in contact with Food Stuffs. Bureau of Indian Standards, Standards of Weights and New Delhi. Measures Act 1976 BIS (1986). IS 10171. Guide on Suitability Directorate of Legal Metrology under of Plastics for Food Packaging. Bureau the Ministry of Food and Consumer Affairs, of Indian Standards, New Delhi. Government of India is responsible for the implementation of: BIS (1998). IS 9845. Deterimination of v Standards of Weights and Measures Act overall migration of Constitutents of 1976 and Standards of Weights and Plastic Materials and Articles intended Measures (Packaged Commodities) to come in contact with Food Stuffs — Rules, 1977. Methods of Analysis; Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. v Standards of Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Act 1985 and Standards Codex General Standard for the Labelling of Weights and Measures (General) of Prepackaged Foods; Codex-STAN- Rules, 1987. 001-1985 (Rev 1-1991). www.codexal- Section 39 of the Act of 1976 (Standards mentarius.net. Act) lays down provisions for commodities in packaged form intended to be sold, or Codex Guidelines on Nutrition Labelling. distributed in the course of inter-state trade Codex / GL 2-1985 (Rev. 1-1993). or commerce. It says among other things www.codexalimentarius.net. that “No person shall make, manufacture, CSIRO (1994). Migration from Plastic pack, sell, distribute or deliver any Packaging Materials; Food Science commodity in packaged form unless such Australia, Fact sheets, March, 1994, package bears a definite and conspicuous www.dfst.csiro.an. declaration as follows: n The identity of the commodity in the Food Contact Materials and Articles, Food package. Standards Agency, www. foodstan dards.gov.uk; www. europa.eu.net. n The net quantity of the commodity in terms of standards unit of weight or Indirect food Additives. Polymers: 21 measure. CFR.177; 21 CFR.175.105; 21 CFR.176; n Where the commodity is packaged or 21 CFR.178. Code of Federal Regu- sold by number, the accurate number of lations.us.FDA; Website: www.fda.gov. commodity contained in the package. n Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, Name and Address of the Manu- (Amended up to 2004). 26th Edition, facturers on Packs. 2004; Eastern Book Co., New Delhi; n The sale price of the package. www.mohfw.nic.in.
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