SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Monthly July 2009 30 June 2009 This report is available online and can beFORECAST viewed together with Update Reports on developments during the month at www.securitycouncilreport.org OVERVIEW FOR JULY CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE Status Update since our Uganda will have the Council presidency on 23 July and at press time the Nepal June Forecast...... 2 in July. government had not yet formally asked Sudan...... 4 for an extension although there are A thematic open debate on post-conflict Somalia...... 7 indications that it is likely to do so. The peacebuilding, currently scheduled for 22 Women, Peace and Security...... 9 Council will hold consultations and, July, is expected to be chaired by Uganda’s Children and Armed Conflict...... 11 if the mission is to be extended, a Foreign Minister Sam Kutesa and is likely Nepal...... 13 formal session. to have several other ministerial-level United Nations Office for n UN-AU Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) participants. This debate follows up a West Africa...... 15 expires on 31 July and the Council is 2008 debate on this subject and a report Côte d’Ivoire...... 17 expected to renew it by resolution. It will from the Secretary-General is expected. Chad-Central African Republic...... 18 likely be briefed on the latest Secretary- (SCR will publish an Update Report close Democratic Republic of General’s reports and will hold a formal to the time of the debate.) the Congo...... 20 session to adopt a resolution. Lebanon...... 22 Due to growing concerns about the situa- n The Council is also expected to renew Notable Dates for July ...... 24 tion in Somalia, a debate is likely. the mandate of the UN Operation in Côte Important Dates over the Horizon.24 d’Ivoire (UNOCI) which expires on 31 An open debate on the occasion of the July. A briefing on recent developments Several other briefings are also likely on monthly Middle East briefing is expected and a formal session are expected. the Secretary-General’s reports on the: on 27 July. A briefing by Joaquim Chissano, the n UN Office for West Africa(UNOWA) ; At press time it was unclear whether an Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for n UN Organization Mission in the DRC open debate on sexual violence in con- LRA-Affected Areas, whose mandate (MONUC); flict will be held in July or at a later time. was suspended as of 30 June due to a n UN Mission in the Central African Repub- lic and Chad (MINURCAT). Three mandates expire in July: standstill in the peace process, is expected n UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS); and n UN Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) expires mid-month. n Somalia. >>page 2 Aide-Memoire

Important matters pending for the Council n The Council has yet to address the Secre- resolution’s annex. No such reviews have include: tary-General’s summary of the report of the occurred in the past four years. However, in n In a presidential statement on Darfur in UN Board of Inquiry into incidents involving January the Council embarked on an July 2008 (S/PRST/2008/27) the Council UN facilities and personnel in Gaza initiative to look at ways of improving the welcomed the UN investigation into the 8 between 27 December and 19 January, Council’s handling of peacekeeping issues. July attack against UNAMID peacekeep- submitted to it on 4 May (S/2009/250). An outcome is expected in August. ers. The results are still awaited. n The monthly reports from the Kosovo n The quarterly reports of the International n The Security Council’s request, in resolu- Force (KFOR) appear to have stopped. The Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan tion 1820 (2008) on sexual violence, that last one available covers the period 1-31 are now always outdated when released. the Secretary-General systematically July 2008. (The last report, released in June, covered the include in his written reports on conflict n In resolution 1327 on the report of the Panel period from August 2008 to January 2009.) situations his observations concerning the on UN Peace Operations (the Brahimi n UNAMl reports on human rights in Iraq, protection of women and girls and recom- Report, S/2000/809), the Council decided in the past produced every two to three mendations in this regard, has yet to be to review periodically the implementation months, are now always very delayed and fully implemented. of the provisions contained in the >>page 2

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 1 A briefing is also likely on the annual report statement and resolution 1862 of last measures through the designation of of the Working Group on Children and January that aimed at restoring normalcy additional entities, goods, and individu- Armed Conflict, by the Group’s current in the border area. als, as required by resolution 1874. (Mexico) and past (France) chairs. The Council is also likely to hold consulta- The Council is also likely to receive in July On Children and Armed Conflict, the tions on: the Secretary-General’s report, initially Council is also expected, by the end of n the report of the Secretary-General expected in June, on Iraq mandate review July, to take up the issue of expanding the on the implementation of resolution and discuss it (see our June Forecast criteria for including parties to armed 1701 (which in 2006 put an end to the for details). conflict in the annexes to the Secretary- conflict between Israel and Hezbollah Uganda will be drafting the Council’s General’s report on children and armed in Lebanon); annual report to the General Assembly conflict, as requested in the 29 April n the occasion of a briefing by the chair of covering 1 August 2008 through 31 July presidential statement. the Somalia Sanctions Committee; 2009 and the Council may begin its and The Council may hold consultations on the first discussions of the text in July. n the report of the DPRK Sanctions situation between Djibouti and Eritrea, Directorate (CTED). Committee on the adjustment of the following up on its June 2008 presidential

Aide-Memoire (continued)

thus outdated when published. The last update the index to Council notes and n The Council has yet to address the latest report, released in late April, covered the statements on working methods. This report of the Lebanon Independent period from 1 July to 31 December 2008. has not been published. Border Assessment Team, which was n The Secretary-General’s recommenda- n The Secretary-General has yet to put issued on 25 August 2008 (S/2008/582). tions to the Council regarding specific forward proposals for the delineation of n The 2005 World Summit requested that action on sexual violence as put forward the international borders of Lebanon, the Security Council consider reforms for in his 2007 report on protection of especially in the Sheb’a Farms area, in the Military Staff Committee. This has civilians in armed conflict (S/2007/643) accordance with resolution 1701, and yet to be addressed. have yet to be implemented in country- respond to the cartographic, legal and n The Secretary-General is yet to report to specific situations. political implications of the alternative the Council on Kenya as requested in n The Council requested the Secretariat on path suggested by the government of a February 2008 presidential statement 21 November 2006 (S/2006/928) to Lebanon in its seven-point plan. (S/PRST/2008/4).

Status Update since our June Forecast n DPRK: On 25 May the DPRK conducted an ties, goods, and individuals. The Committee the sharing of natural resources and dis- underground nuclear test, followed by the is due to submit a report to the Council by puted internal boundaries. Also, attacks launch of a short-range missile. After three 15 July. Finally, it requested the Secretary- against civilians were continuing and ten- weeks of negotiations held in strict confi- General to establish a panel of experts to sions were rising in the north. He highlighted dentiality, first among the P5 plus Japan monitor and verify implementation of the that important electoral processes were and South Korea, and then among all sanctions measures. ongoing. The Secretary-General’s Special Council members, the Council on 12 June n Northern Uganda and LRA-Affected Representative in Iraq, Staffan de Mistura, adopted resolution 1874 condemning the Areas: On 26 May the Secretary-General briefed the Council on 18 June. This was nuclear test, expanding the existing arms wrote to the Security Council about sus- followed by a debate with the participation embargo, authorising inspection of car- pending the assignment of his Special of Iraq (S/PV.6145). The Council then goes to and from the DPRK, as well as Envoy for his LRA-affected areas Joaquim adopted a presidential statement (S/ vessels on the high seas, prohibiting finan- Chissano as of 30 June 2009 (S/2009/281). PRST/2009/17) reaffirming its support to cial services and transfers to the DPRK that (Chissano’s office had originally been the Iraqi government and to UNAMI, in par- could be linked to weapons related activi- authorised through December 2009.) In a ticular for helping the return of refugees, ties and authorising asset freezes in this letter dated 29 May the Security Council promoting dialogue and providing elec- regard, and calling upon states and inter- thanked Chissano for his contribution to toral assistance. national institutions not to provide new the northern Uganda peace process n Counter-Terrorism: On 4 June the Council financial assistance or trade support to the (S/2009/282). received a report on Counter-Terrorism DPRK, except for humanitarian or develop- n Iraq: On 2 June the Council received the Committee Executive Directorate activities ment assistance. The Council also decided latest Secretary-General’s report on UNAMI as part of the interim review requested in that the 1718 Sanctions Committee would (S/2009/284). In it, the Secretary-General resolution 1805 of 2008 (S/2009/289). The adjust its measures within thirty days, emphasised that national reconciliation Council held consultations on it on through the designation of additional enti- remained the main priority, in particular for >>page 3

2 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 11 June and heard a briefing by France, on Sierra Leone. Also participating in the be reached. the acting chair of the Counter-Terrorism meeting was the Minister for Foreign n Central African Republic: The Under- Committee. Affairs of Sierra Leone, Zainab Hawa Secretary-General for Political Affairs, B. n Tribunals: On 4 June the Council held a Bangura, who told the Council of the Lynn Pascoe, on 22 June presented the debate on the International Tribunals for peace consolidation efforts of the Sierra latest report (S/2009/309) of the Secre- the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda (ICTY/ Leonean government. tary-General on the situation in the ICTR) where they were briefed by prose- n Burundi: On 9 June the Council was Central African Republic (CAR) and on cutors for each court on their respective briefed in an open meeting (S/PV.6138) the activities of the UN Peacebuilding completion strategies (S/2009/252 and by the head of the UN Integrated Office in Support Office (BONUCA) to the Council, S/2009/247). It released a press state- Burundi (BINUB), Youssef Mahmoud, on during an open meeting (S/PV.6147). ment the same day (SC/9670). the fifth report of the Secretary-General Ambassador Jan Grauls of Blegium, n Sri Lanka: On 5 June the Secretary- on BINUB (S/2009/270). Chair of the CAR configuration of the General held an informal interactive n Georgia: On 15 June the UN Observer Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) also dialogue with the Council and Sri Lankan Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) ended briefed the Council on related activities representatives on his 23 May visit to Sri when a draft resolution failed by a vote by the Commission. Lanka (please see our 4 June Update of 10 in favour to 1 against (Russia), with n Guinea-Bissau: On 26 June in resolution Report on Sri Lanka). No action was taken. four abstentions (China, Libya, Uganda 1876 the Council extended the mandate n Iran: On 5 June the latest International and Vietnam) (S/PV.6143). The vetoed of the UN Peacebuilding Support Office Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) report on resolution (S/2009/310) had asked for a in Guinea-Bissau (UNOGBIS) until 31 implementation of Council resolutions in two-week extension of UNOMIG’s man- December and requested the Secretary- Iran was published (GOV/2009/35). It date to allow more time for negotiations General to establish a UN Integrated found that the number of centrifuges on a new security regime in the region. Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau enriching uranium had increased and The Secretary-General’s report (S/2009/ (UNIOGBIS) to succeed UNOGBIS for an that Iran has continued to produce low 254) of 18 May had presented recom- initial period of 12 months after that. On enriched uranium at a slightly higher rate. mendations for a new security regime. 23 June UNOGBIS head, Joseph Muta- It also found that Iran had continued to n Kosovo: On 17 June the Council held a boba, presented the Secretary-General’s deny IAEA inspectors access to certain debate on the UN Interim Administration report (S/2009/302) on Guinea-Bissau nuclear sites including Arak. Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) (S/PV.6144). and UNOGBIS (S/PV.6149). The Chair of On 15 June, the Chairman of the 1737 The Secretary-General’s Special Repre- the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Sanctions Committee, Japanese Ambas- sentative for Kosovo presented the latest Peacebuilding Commission, Ambassador sador Yukio Takasu, briefed the Council Secretary-General’s report and briefed Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti of Brazil, on the Committee’s recent activities. He on UNMIK’s work and status of its restruc- updated the Council on the Commis- said that two states had still not provided turing. He told the Council that the sion’s activities. On 28 June presidential additional information on the recent viola- three-phased reconfiguration was wind- elections were held in Guinea-Bissau. tion of the arms export ban to Iran despite ing up and that UNMIK was shifting its Results were unavailable at press time. the Committee’s request. Concerns over focus towards a more diplomatic and n Middle East: On 23 June the Council the findings of the IAEA report were political role. The Council released a heard its monthly briefing on the situation expressed by the US, the UK, France, and press statement following the briefing in the Middle East. Robert Serry, Special Mexico. Those members, in addition (SC/9683). Coordinator for the Middle East Peace to China and Russia, also reiterated n Golan Heights: Following the latest Process, summarised the latest develop- the need for engagement with Iran Secretary-General’s report on the UN ments in the region. He said that although (S/PV.6142). Disengagement Observer Force there had been a notable decrease in vio- n Sierra Leone: On 8 June the Council was (UNDOF) (S/2009/295), the Council on 19 lence, living conditions in Gaza remained briefed in an open meeting (S/PV.6137) June held a private meeting with UNDOF of grave concern. He also mentioned by the executive representative of the troop contributors, and then consulta- that Israel had not been cooperative with Secretary-General and head of the UN tions. On 23 June the Council adopted a the Human Rights Council fact-finding Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra resolution renewing the UNDOF mandate mission in Gaza. And he added that Israel Leone (UNIPSIL), Michael von der until 31 December (S/RES/1875), although had failed to implement a freeze on all Schulenburg, on the latest report of it appears that some members proposed settlements activity, that Hamas must the Secretary-General on UNIPSIL a one year extension. According to its reevaluate its stance on a two-state solu- (S/2009/267). The chair of the Peace- practice on this issue, the Council also tion and the resort to violence against building Commission’s (PBC) country adopted a presidential statement civilians, and that Fatah needs to face the configuration on Sierra Leone, Ambassa- (S/PRST/2009/18) noting the Secretary- challenge of internal reform (S/PV.6150). dor John McNee of Canada, highlighted General’s observations that the situation n Liberia: On 25 June the Council met in the findings of his recent visit to the in the Middle East would remain tense closed consultations to hear a briefing country and the preparations for the until a comprehensive settlement on by Alain Le Roy, the Under-Secretary- PBC’s 10 June high-level special session all aspects of the Middle East can General for Peacekeeping Operations, >>page 4

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 3 on the Secretary-General’s special report a thematic issue and identifies key annex on access included in the on the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) challenges. Holmes noted that much Secretary-General’s report and calling issued on 10 June (S/2009/299). It also greater effort was needed to ensure com- for Council action. (S/PV.6151 and res. 1) heard a briefing by the Chairman of the pliance with international humanitarian n Peacekeeping: At the time of writing the Liberia Sanctions Committee on the mid- law, as well as accountability for Council was expected to hold a public term report of the Liberia Panel of Experts violations. He stated that the Council debate on UN peacekeeping on 29 June (S/2009/290). Discussions reportedly should consistently condemn violations on the relationship with troop contribut- focused mainly on the Secretary- and demand compliance and also apply ing countries and police contributing General’s proposed drawdown plan for targeted sanctions in cases of non- countries. Major troop and financial con- UNMIL and revealed that divisions compliance, request reports on violations tributors are expected to participate. The remain, mainly between the US and and mandate commissions of inquiry. He Council is also expected to be briefed by France, on whether to aim for more also said that the Council should seek Under-Secretary-General for Peace- ambitious reductions in the third compliance with international humanitar- keeping Operations Alain Le Roy and drawdown stage. Most members were ian law by non-state actors. In regards to Under-Secretary-General of the Depart- supportive of the Secretary-General’s UN peacekeeping operations, he ment of Field Support Susana Malcorra. recommendations. stressed the importance of providing (Please see our 25 June Update Report n Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict: clear and practical guidance to heads of on Peacekeeping.) On 26 June the Council held an open missions and force commanders on n Afghanistan: At the time of writing the debate on protection of civilians. John implementing protection mandates, Council was expected to hold a debate Holmes, the Under-Secretary-General for developing mission-specific protection on the UN Assistance Mission in Afghani- Humanitarian Affairs, gave a briefing on strategies and spreading best practice stan (UNAMA) on 30 June. It follows the the Secretary-General’s most recent innovations. Ensuring adequate Secretary-General’s first report (S/2009/ report on the issue (S/2009/277), which resources was also important. Finally, 323) on UNAMA since the 23 March adop- provides an assessment of the first ten Holmes focused on the need to improve tion of resolution 1868 requesting more years of Council action on protection as humanitarian access, referring to the frequent reports.

The Sudan Sanctions Committee is expect- Chad/Sudan relations remain tense. Sudan ing a report from its Panel of Experts and Recent reports suggested that Sudan was Expected Council Action may start discussing the possibility of add- pushing the rebels back across the border. The mandate of the AU/UN Hybrid Opera- ing new names to its list of targets. A Chadian website reported that Sudanese tion in Darfur (UNAMID) expires on 31 July forces had bombed the towns of Bahai and Key Recent Developments and the Council is expected to renew. The Karyare in Chad on 30 May. In a briefing on 11 June, Under-Secretary- Council will consider the two most recent General for Humanitarian Affairs John On 28 May, Sudanese army forces working Secretary-General’s reports on UNAMID Holmes noted that the Sudanese govern- with Sudanese Liberation Army forces loyal (one covering April and May and one likely ment has allowed some new registrations to Minni Minnawi retook the town of Kor- to be received in mid-July covering June) for international aid organisations and was noy, in Darfur near the Chadian border, and will be briefed by the joint AU-UN signaling that assistance from international from Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) Special Representative, Rodolphe Adada. NGOs is both welcome and valued. But he rebels who had taken the town in mid-May The Under-Secretary-General for Field also said that the gaps left after the March and from there attacked nearby Umm Support, Susana Malcorra, may brief expulsions of the humanitarian organisa- Barru, forcing some 350 civilians to seek on developments regarding UNAMID’s tions were particularly serious in areas refuge with UNAMID. deployment. such as education, reproductive health A JEM spokesperson claimed Sudan Also in July, the Council is likely to hold and livelihood assistance and the overall bombed wells in the area of Furawiya consultations on the quarterly report from humanitarian situation will be further exac- settlement, Darfur, on 1 June, killing two the UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS), whose erbated by the onset of the rainy season. and injuring 15. mandate expires on 30 April 2010. The Holmes highlighted ongoing concerns UNMIS report is likely to include findings Peace negotiations in Doha between JEM about the impact of the NGO ejections on from the May needs-assessment mission and the Sudanese government appeared the Three Protocol Areas (Abyei, Blue Nile in preparation for the Sudanese elections to show some promise in late May and in State, and Southern Kordofan State) and planned for 2010 Under-Secretary-General June. On 28 May, JEM agreed to release eastern Sudan. He also conveyed serious for Peacekeeping Operations Alain le Roy sixty Sudanese army soldiers taken as concerns about the high humanitarian may brief. If additional resources are prisoners of war. On 19 June the Doha talks toll of the tribal violence in Jonglei state requested, a decision from the Council will were suspended. On 9 June, a court in and the renewed presence in Sudan of be required. Khartoum sentenced 12 more JEM rebels the Ugandan rebel group, Lord’s Resis- to death (bringing the total sentenced to tance Army.

4 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org death to 103), for their role in attacks on the his cabinet amid allegations of ministerial capital in May 2008. Prisoners remain the corruption and mismanagement. He key point of contention for JEM. On 23 relieved ten ministers of their posts and SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT June AU/UN Joint Chief Mediator Djibril appointed nine replacements. Monthly Yipènè Bassolé announced that both sides On 6 June, former Sudanese Foreign Min- agreed to exchange prisoners in the near July 2009FORECAST ister Lam Akol announced the founding of future, with Sudan willing to release twenty a new political party to challenge the SPLM: members of JEM and JEM promising to The hybrid operation is novel and has the Sudan People’s Liberation Move- free sixty soldiers. proven to be an imperfect model. However, ment—Democratic Change (SPLM-DC). it is likely to be renewed without significant On 29 May, also in Doha, special envoys of Akol accused the SPLM of mismanage- change. Some members have been critical the permanent members of the Security ment and failing the people of South Sudan of it, but no major changes to the core man- Council met with the EU envoy and while in power. The SPLM, in turn, has date are likely to be proposed. Achieving Bassolé to discuss the Darfur peace accused Akol of being a pawn of the North. consensus on UNAMID historically has process. Most of them met again, along On 8 June, SPLM leadership indicated they been very difficult. with representatives from about thirty would take legal action against Akol’s use other countries, on 23 June in Washington of the SPLM name. An important issue has been the difficulty at a US-organised forum focused on the of conducting peacekeeping without a Developments in the north-south process. peace accord and the related need for a Human Rights Council political settlement representative of all the In South Sudan, tribal violence increased On 16 June the UN Special Rapporteur Darfurian population, including rebels and significantly. In late May in Southern Kord- for Sudan, Sima Samar, submitted her the civilian population, to avoid the pitfalls ofan, some 250 were killed. On 3 June, 14 report (covering August 2008 to May of the previous peace agreement. were killed and seven wounded in the vicin- 2009) to the Human Rights Council. ity of Akobo. In the same region, on 12 An issue for Darfur—and for Sudan as a She cited many human rights violations, June, members of the Jikany-Nuer tribe whole—are the growing concerns about including arbitrary arrests, detentions ambushed a convoy of 27 boats carrying the north-south relationship and the recent and the torture of humanitarian workers emergency food rations for the World Food upsurge in tribal violence. Important in by the National Intelligence and Secu- Programme to an area controlled by the this context will be whether both sides rity Services. In light of upcoming Lou-Nuer tribe. Forty people were killed, accept the ruling, expected in July, of elections, Samar also noted increasing including several Sudan People’s Libera- the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The censorship and restrictions on the tion Army (SPLA) soldiers, escorting the Hague on Abyei. media in Sudan. In South Sudan, convoy. On 15 June Sudan People’s Liber- according to Samar, grave human rights Options ation Movement (SPLM) accused the problems developed as a result of The Council has an opportunity to address government of distributing the weapons ethnic tribal clashes. Sudanese repre- several pressing issues by including in the used in the attack. Khartoum denied the sentatives urged the council to end the resolution some of the following options: accusations on 16 June. mandate of the Special Rapporteur. n calling for credible and timely elections On 5 June, the prosecutor for the Interna- representative of the entire Sudanese tional Criminal Court (ICC), Luis On 18 June, the Council adopted a reso- population with particular attention paid Moreno-Ocampo, briefed the Council. He lution establishing the mandate for a to the displaced population of Darfur; new Independent Expert on the situa- said he had no plans to open a new investi- n requesting regular reports on the gation in the next six months but would tion of human rights in Sudan, to replace humanitarian situation and the fulfilment continue to follow new information on the Special Rapporteur, whose man- of commitments made by the govern- ongoing crimes. Subsequently, Sudanese date lapses at the end of June. The new ment in the aftermath of the humanitarian Ambassador Abdalmahmood Abdalhal- expert takes over the mandate of the organisations’ expulsions; Special Rapporteur (as outlined in eem Mohamad, denounced the prosecutor, n emphasising the importance of protec- his report and the warrant against Suda- Human Rights Council resolutions 6/34, tion of civilians in UNAMID’s mandate nese President Omar al-Bashir. 6/35, 7/16 and 9/17). The Independent and the need for this to translate into Expert is mandated to work with the AU, robust action on the ground; Two African nations indicated they will UNAMID and UNMIS and to report at n enhancing support for quick-impact enforce the ICC’s arrest warrant for Bashir. the Council’s session in June 2010. projects in health, education and infra- In May, South Africa warned Bashir against structure, which would also bring local attending President Jacob Zuma’s inaugu- Key Issues communities and the UN closer together; ration in Pretoria, and Botswana on 9 June A key issue is the delays in full deployment n emphasising the need for strengthened announced that it would arrest Bashir of the authorised strength of UNAMID (69 support for displaced persons who should he visit. percent of troops and 79 percent of the might want to return home; and police have been deployed—it is hoped n asking UNAMID to strengthen its coop- In South Sudan, the internal political land- that by year’s end 90 percent of deploy- eration with the Sanctions Committee’s scape has seen some recent changes. ment will be achieved). President Salva Kiir on 31 May reshuffled Panel of Experts.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 5 On sanctions, should a new list of targets domestic side, there appears to be an Selected Letters be suggested with no consensus in the increasing pattern of attempts to isolate • S/2009/255 (16 May 2009) was a Committee to approve it, an unlikely option civil society groups and individuals. A letter from Sudan detailing com- is to take the matter to the Council for conference organised by the Mo Ibrahim plaints against Chad. a vote. Foundation, scheduled for 12-16 May in • S/2009/249 (15 May 2009) was the Ethiopia to bring together 345 members of Council Dynamics letter containing the 3 May 2009 Darfurian civil society was cancelled after The dynamics on UNAMID are affected by Doha agreement between Chad the Sudanese government refused to issue history. Reaching agreement on the origi- and Sudan. exit visas for the participants. And on 12 nal mandate in 2007 was exceptionally • S/2009/144 (6 March 2009) was the May, Sudan’s National Intelligence and difficult because of significant differences AU Peace and Security Council Security Service stopped a workshop among permanent members. Its first communiqué on the ICC arrest organised by UNAMID at the University of renewal in 2008 was clouded by the ICC warrant for President Al-Bashir. Zalingei in western Darfur. The workshop announcement on President Bashir, and • S/2009/100 (18 February 2009) was was focused on the role of local adminis- AU members’ call for a Council preemptive the Agreement of Goodwill and tration in peace, conflict resolution and request to the Court to suspend ICC action. Confidence-Building for the Settle- reconciliation, and was properly registered (A mention of this request in the 2008 reso- ment of the Problem in Darfur. with local authorities. lution prompted the US to abstain.) At Other present, members seem agreed about the UN Documents • A/HRC/11/L.17 (18 June 2009) was a need for UNAMID’s renewal. They are likely Selected Security Council Resolutions resolution from the Human Rights to focus on areas of consensus to ensure Council establishing the mandate for that the operation achieves full deploy- • S/RES/1870 (30 April 2009) renewed the Independent Expert on human ment and fulfils its protection mandate to UNMIS. rights in the Sudan. the best extent possible. • S/RES/1828 (31 July 2008) renewed • S/2009/259 (20 May 2009) contained UNAMID. the press statement from the 17-18 The Doha meeting on Darfur in May and • S/RES/1593 (31 March 2005) referred May consultative meeting between the Washington forum on the north-south the situation in Darfur to the ICC. the Sudanese government and a process on 23 June, both with the partici- • S/RES/1591 (29 March 2005) and delegation from the AU, the Arab pation of the P5 special envoys for Sudan, S/RES/1556 (30 July 2004) imposed League and the Organisation of the possibly signal an emerging degree of sanctions. political cooperation among the perma- Islamic Conference. Selected Presidential Statement nent members and recognition of the need • S/2008/743 (26 November 2008) for sustained focus on and support to the • S/PRST/2009/13 (8 May 2009) listed the names of the five members political process. It remains to be seen called on Chad and Sudan to respect of the Sudan sanctions Panel of whether this will translate into effective and and fully implement their mutual Experts with a mandate to serve until inclusive collective action in New York. commitments. 15 October 2009. Latest Secretary-General’s Reports On the possibility of additional names for • S/2009/297 (9 June 2009) was a Other Relevant Facts targeted sanctions, members are divided. report on UNAMID. UNAMID: Joint AU-UN Special Some (such as Libya) are interested in • S/2009/211 (17 April 2009) was a Representative for Darfur adding rebel leaders, and others (like report on UNMIS. France) are willing to move forward only Rodolphe Adada (Republic of Congo) if additions would also include spoilers Selected Security Council Joint AU-UN Chief Mediator Meeting Records on the government side. Sanctions com- Djibrill Yipènè Bassolé (Burkina Faso) • S/PV.6139 (11 June 2009) was the mittees operate by consensus and this UNAMID: Size, Composition and Cost may mean a continuing standstill on the briefing of Under-Secretary-General • Maximum authorised strength: sanctions list issue. for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator John up to 19,555 military personnel, 3,772 The UK is the lead nation on Sudan. Holmes to the Council police and 19 formed police units (total police 6432) Underlying Problems • S/PV.6135 (5 June 2009) was the • Main troop contributors: Nigeria, Access to Darfur has been a problem for briefing of ICC Prosecutor Luis Rwanda, Egypt and Ethiopia UN bodies and humanitarian organisations Moreno-Ocampo to the Council. • Strength as of 23 June 2009: 13,455 ever since the situation entered the interna- • S/PV.6131 (28 May 2009) was the military personnel (including 12,814 tional security agenda. For Darfurians, briefing on the Council Mission to troops, 378 staff officers, 179 military freedom of movement (and association) Africa, 14 to 21 May 2009. observers and 84 liaison officers) and has been an ongoing problem as well. On • S/PV.6112 (27 April 2009) was the 2,975 police personnel (including the international side, in addition to the latest open UNAMID briefing. 1,997 police advisers and 7 formed expulsions of international aid workers, the • S/PV.6079 (5 February 2009) was units composed of 975 personnel) Sudan sanctions Panel of Experts faced the latest UNMIS open briefing. weeks of paralysing visa denials. On the

6 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org • Cost: 1 July 2008-30 June 2009: and also by the Council in a press state- $1.6 billion ment on 19 June. SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT UNAMID: Duration On 20 June the Somali speaker of parlia- Monthly 31 July 2007 to present; mandate ment, Sheikh Aden Mohamed Nur, asked expires 31 July 2009 neighbouring countries (including Kenya, July 2009FORECAST Ethiopia, Djibouti and Yemen) to intervene UNMIS: Special Representative of the militarily in Somalia to support the govern- Secretary-General and Head of Mission On 8 June Al-Shabaab ordered all interna- ment. On 22 June Somali President Sheikh Ashraf Jehangir Qazi (Pakistan) tional aid agencies, including the World Sharif Sheikh Ahmed declared a state Food Programme, to leave the southwest- UNMIS: Size, Composition and Cost of emergency. Al-Shabaab immediately ern region of Gedo, accusing them of • Maximum authorised strength: up to warned against any intervention and said it espionage. On 17 June MSF announced 10,000 military and 715 police personnel would fight any foreign troops. that it had decided to close its hospital • Strength as of 31 May 2009: 8,722 Reuters had reported earlier in June that in south-central Somalia because of troops, 540 observers, 184 staff Ethiopian soldiers were once again unacceptable risk levels. officers and 629 police. observed by residents as far as 30 kilome- • Main troop contributors: India, The International Contact Group on Soma- ters inside Somalia. While Ethiopia had Pakistan and Bangladesh lia met in Rome from 9 to 10 June under the admitted at the end of May to carrying out • Cost: 1 July 2008-30 June 2009: chairmanship of the Special Representa- reconnaissance missions on Somali terri- $858.77 million tive of the Secretary-General, Ahmedou tory, it denied the presence of soldiers, Ould-Abdallah. In a communiqué it called UNMIS: Duration saying it had no intention of going back for continued international support for the 24 March 2005 to present; mandate into Somalia and claimed the reports were TFG, including through quick disburse- expires 30 April 2010 fabricated by Islamist rebels to gain ment of pledges made at the April Brussels support for their fight against the TFG. Sanctions Committee Chairman donor conference. It also called for discus- Thomas Mayr-Harting (Austria) There were several attacks targeting sions on the recent requests by IGAD and journalists. On 2 June Ibrahim Mohamed the AU to impose sanctions on Eritrea. It Ali, the director of Universal TV, a Somali urged all parties to continue efforts to address the issue of impunity and called Somalia TV station based in London, was abducted on his way from Afgoye to Mogadishu. On on the UN and others to establish offices in Expected Council Action 7 June two armed men shot and killed the Mogadishu as soon as possible. In July the Council will receive the Secre- director of the Somali radio station Radio Developments in the Sanctions tary-General’s regular report on Somalia. A Shabelle, Mukhtar Mohammed Hirabe. Committee Key Issues briefing is likely. There is also a possibility According to the National Union of Somali of a Council open debate due to the grow- Journalists (NUSJ), Hirabe was the fifth On 11 May the Somalia Sanctions Com- ing concerns about the security situation. journalist killed in Somalia this year. On mittee adopted revised guidelines for its 9 June Somali media suspended broad- work. It later granted an exemption The Somalia Sanctions Monitoring Group casting to protest the killing, and NUSJ requested by the US to fund and deliver is expected to provide a midterm briefing called on the international community to weapons or ammunition for the TFG. to the Sanctions Committee and the take action. The Council requested the Secretary- Committee’s chairman, Mexican Ambas- General in December to reestablish the sador Claude Heller, is scheduled to brief The situation for civilians, particularly in Somalia Monitoring Group. However, its the Council. Mogadishu, remained “extremely alarm- members were not appointed until ing” according to the Office for the Key Recent Developments March. It was therefore not fully opera- Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Also, Following a period of relative calm, the tional until May. In July it is expected to the International Committee of the Red rebel groups Al-Shabaab and Hisbul Islam provide a midterm briefing and be ready Cross, Médecins sans Frontières (MSF), intensified attacks against the Transitional to present to the Committee a draft list and Oxfam International expressed grave Federal Government (TFG) towards the of individuals and entities to be consid- concern. The UN High Commissioner for end of June. On 17 June Mogadishu’s ered for imposition of sanctions. Refugees said on 9 June that the situation police chief Ali Said was killed when for civilians was unacceptable and that the Key Issues government forces attacked an insurgent fighting was conducted in clear violation of A key issue is the level of international base in Mogadishu. On 18 June a suicide international humanitarian and human support for the TFG, bilaterally and through bomber killed Somalia’s minister of national rights law. It estimated on 26 June that UN channels, to enable it to withstand security, Omar Hashi Aden. Al-Shabaab more than 250 civilians had been killed, insurgent attacks, and for the AU Mission claimed responsibility. At least 25 others 900 wounded and 160,000 people dis- in Somalia (AMISOM). On 25 June the also died. The attack was condemned by placed since fighting erupted at the General Assembly’s Fifth Committee the AU, the UN, the Intergovernmental beginning of May. approved funding for the continuation of Authority on Development (IGAD) and the the logistical support package for AMISOM League of Arab States in a joint statement,

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 7 for the period 1 July to 31 December in the sanctions regime for Somalia which allows Eritrea must have full support from amount of approximately $138.8 million. for targeted individual measures against African members. those who obstruct humanitarian assis- A closely related issue is whether the cur- On the broader sanctions issues, divisions tance is a further issue. rent UN strategy for Somalia is sufficient or are expected as well. Also, because of pro- whether additional measures are needed Options cedural issues the establishment of a list of as requested by the Somali government in At press time, discussions were underway individuals and entities to be subject to its appeal for foreign intervention. It seems among Council members about possible targeted sanctions is likely to take time. It likely that new initiatives will emerge for action in July. Main options for the Council remains to be seen, however, whether the greater UN action in the sanctions area. include: Monitoring Group’s expected draft sanc- Revisiting the UN peacekeeping idea n reinforcing previous messages and tions list may create some momentum. seems less of an issue. calling in particular for immediate inter- UK is the lead country on this issue in national support for the TFG both As to regional military action, Ethiopian the Council. bilaterally and through mechanisms Information Minister Bereket Simon said, already in place; according to the BBC, that any further UN Documents n exploring additional measures if Ethiopian action would be based on a requested by IGAD or the AU; and Selected Security Council Resolutions decision by the international community. n expediting work in the Somalia Sanc- • S/RES/1872 (26 May 2009) renewed However, it is widely thought that any tions Committee to establish the list of authorisation of AMISOM until 31 Ethiopian military involvement would individuals and entities subject to January 2010, approved its funding be counterproductive. targeted sanctions. from assessed UN contributions and Another key issue is the role of foreign requested the Secretary-General to In addition the Council could: fighters and outside interference, notably implement the phased approach n provide much more precise steering on from Eritrea, and the impact on regional recommended in his 16 April report. international involvement in political stability. Concern appears to be growing • S/RES/1863 (16 January 2009) reconciliation efforts, in particular as that the current situation is attracting for- renewed authorisation of AMISOM regards the Special Representative’s eigners with links to Al-Qaida and others for up to six months, approved using role (this issue may be addressed in the wanting to wage holy war in Somalia, thus UN resources to strengthen AMISOM Secretary-General’s July report which strengthening the insurgency. There are and expressed the Council’s intention is expected to include recommenda- also concerns about regional implications to establish a UN peacekeeping tions on ways to strengthen the Djibouti of an escalation of the conflict. Kenya in operation by 1 June 2009. peace process); particular has said that a further deteriora- • S/RES/1853 (19 December 2008) n condemn the recent attacks against tion in Somalia would be a threat to regional renewed the mandate of the Somali journalists, recalling its resolu- stability and should not be allowed. Monitoring Group for 12 months. tion 1738, which specifically calls for • S/RES/1851 (16 December 2008) A related question is what role Eritrea is protection in armed conflict for journal- expanded the antipiracy authorisation playing in supporting the insurgents. In ists and media professionals; and to include action on land in Somalia June an IGAD delegation visited New York n express support for the establishment, and called for enhanced coordination. to ask Council members to support its at the appropriate time, of an indepen- • S/RES/1846 (2 December 2008) request for sanctions on the government of dent commission of inquiry to investigate renewed authorisation of action Eritrea. (There was less focus on IGAD’s serious crimes committed in Somalia against piracy in Somalia for call for a no-fly zone and a blockade of and request the Secretary-General to 12 months. seaports in Somalia.) The Council asked develop recommendations in that regard. • S/RES/1844 (20 November 2008) the Sanctions Monitoring Group in a state- Council Dynamics imposed targeted sanctions. ment in May to investigate reports that The Council is united in its concern for the • S/RES/1738 (23 December 2006) Eritrea had supplied arms to insurgent current situation in Somalia, but most condemned intentional attacks groups. It is unlikely to take any action until members do not seem ready to launch any against journalists, media profession- it has received credible evidence, but a new initiative for immediate action. Some als and associated personnel, and Council initiative in this area is another are waiting to see what decisions will requested that the Secretary-General possible issue. emerge from the AU summit scheduled in include as a sub-item in his next A major underlying issue is the suffering of Libya from 24 June to 3 July. reports on the protection of civilians the civilian population and the continuing in armed conflict the issue of the safety African members of the Council are divided deterioration in the humanitarian situation. and security of journalists, media pro- on the IGAD request for sanctions on In previous decisions on Somalia, the fessionals and associated personnel. Eritrea. While Uganda seems supportive, Council has repeatedly called for respect Selected Presidential Statement Libya and Burkina Faso are seen as for international humanitarian law but has reluctant. Other Council members are • S/PRST/2009/15 (15 May 2009) never substantively addressed the issue concerned about the Eritrean role, but condemned the renewed fighting by of accountability for those responsible seem to think that any initiative to coerce Al-Shabaab and other extremists, for violations. Implementing the current

8 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org demanded an immediate end to the • Strength: 36 international civilians; violence, and called on the Sanctions 20 local civilians (as of 31 May) SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Monitoring Group to investigate Chairman of the Somalia reports that Eritrea had supplied arms Sanctions Committee Monthly to insurgent groups. Claude Heller (Mexico) July 2009FORECAST Selected Secretary-General’s Reports AMISOM • S/2009/210 (16 April 2009) was the • Maximum authorised strength: Information on sexual violence in relevant report requested by resolution 1863 8,000 troops plus maritime and air Secretary-General’s country-specific reports on a possible UN peacekeeping components has been superficial, with no analysis of deployment in Somalia. • Strength as of June 2009: about 4,300 trends. Specific paragraphs were included • S/2009/146 (16 March 2009) was the Ugandan and Burundian troops. only in reports on the DRC and Somalia. report on piracy submitted pursuant • Key resource contributors: China, Sexual violence against girls has been to resolution 1846. Italy, Japan, Sweden, the UK, the US, better addressed in country reports on • S/2009/132 (9 March 2009) was the the EU and Arab League children and armed conflict. most recent regular report. • Duration: February 2007 to present: Between 20 June 2008 and 15 June 2009 Latest Monitoring Group’s Report AU mandate expires on 17 January the Council adopted 16 resolutions (on 2010 and Council authorisation • S/2008/769 (10 December 2008) Haiti, Liberia, Chad, Afghanistan, Sierra expires on 31 January 2010. Other Leone, Sudan, Burundi, the DRC, Somalia, • SC/9685 (19 June 2009) was a Timor-Leste and Côte d’Ivoire) including Council press statement condemning Women, Peace and Security a reference to the goals of resolution the suicide bombing that killed the 1820 or a condemnation of violence Somali Minister for National Security. Expected Council Action against women. The Council is expected to hold a debate in • S/2009/312 (16 June 2009) was a On 14 January the Council adopted a July on implementation of resolution 1820 letter from Eritrea reaffirming its revised aide-memoire facilitating its con- on sexual violence in conflict. (The Secre- rejection of accusations that it had sideration of issues related to the protection tary-General’s report is due on 30 June). supplied arms to any party in Somalia. of civilians. It inserted a section on women At press time it was unclear whether the • S/2009/260 (20 May 2009) was a affected by armed conflict. letter from Ethiopia submitting the report would be received on time and if IGAD communiqué of 20 May. the Council would consider it in July or The Council last held an open debate on • S/2009/256 (19 May 2009) was a August. It was also unclear whether there women, peace and security on 29 October letter from Eritrea rejecting accusa- would be any formal Council action 2008. It adopted a presidential statement tions that it had supplied arms to following the debate. urging states and international and regional organisations to increase women’s partici- groups opposing the TFG. Key Recent Developments • S/PV.6124 (13 May 2009) was the pation in conflict prevention, conflict Sexual violence against women has con- Council’s last open meeting on resolution and peacebuilding. It called tinued in many places including Burundi, Somalia. upon the Secretary-General to appoint Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, Iraq, Afghani- • S/2009/172 (31 March 2009) was a more women to pursue good offices and stan, Haiti, Liberia, Myanmar, Somalia, letter from the Secretary-General requested a report on resolution 1325 Nepal and Timor-Leste, and has increased informing the Council of the (the 2000 resolution on women, peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo appointment of the fifth expert to and security) including information on (DRC), Sudan, Chad and the Central the Monitoring Group. obstacles to women’s participation. African Republic since the adoption of • S/2009/136 (6 March 2009) was a resolution 1820 in June 2008, according to UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Con- letter from the Secretary-General the relevant Secretary-General’s country- flict—a group of 12 UN entities aimed at informing the Council of the specific reports. improving coordination and accountability, appointment of four experts to the supporting national efforts to prevent sex- Monitoring Group. Implementation of resolution 1820 has ual violence and responding to the needs been weak. Parties to armed conflict have of survivors—has developed an Analytical Other Relevant Facts often failed to protect civilians from sexual Inventory of Responses by Peacekeeping violence, and only in a few countries were Special Representative of the Personnel to War-Related Violence Against Secretary-General steps taken to allow better victim access to Women, which catalogues existing protec- justice and to create police women protec- Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah (Mauritania) tion tactics used by peacekeepers. This tion units. Despite commitments to combat UNPOS will be available to troop contributors. The sexual violence in peace agreements (such Department of Peacekeeping Operations • Cost: approx. $16 million (revised as in the DRC and Côte d’Ivoire), these has been tasked to develop gender guide- 2009 budget) have not been fully implemented. Assis- lines for peacekeeping personnel to • Duration: 15 April 1995 to present; tance to victims and reparations continue facilitate resolutions 1325 and 1820, to be mandate expires on 31 December 2009 to be insufficient. completed in 2009.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 9 From 22 to 24 June the UN organised a col- 24 June. A positive development, however, of the Secretary-General’s broader rec- loquium in New York entitled “Addressing was the sentencing on 5 June by a DRC ommendation in his latest report on sexual violence in conflict mediation: military court of five militia fighters guilty protection of civilians to establish com- implementing resolution 1820”. It brought of sexual crimes to thirty years in prison missions of inquiry to examine violations together technical experts on ceasefires, and ordered them to pay damages to over of international humanitarian law; protection of civilians, justice, disarma- 135 victims. n where impunity prevails or local justice ment and social protection and mediators. mechanisms are overwhelmed, Options It developed guidance to bring up sexual authorise or support ad hoc judicial With the view to strengthening resolution violence in pre-ceasefire agreements; to arrangements to address sexual violence; 1820 implementation, the Council could: list sexual violence as a prohibited act n warn that it will, if necessary, refer situa- n request an assessment of current efforts under a ceasefire agreement; to ensure tions of sexual violence to the ICC; and across the UN system to implement that disarming, demobilisation and reinte- n request that sexual violence issues resolution 1820 and recommendations gration as well as security sector reform become part of the mandate of gender for improvement; processes prevent sexual violence and advisers, in the context of a broader n establish an 1820 reporting cycle, per- provide protection; to cover sexual vio- mainstreaming of sexual violence issues haps with a specific annex with global lence in justice processes; and to provide into all UN agencies. analysis of prevalence of sexual reparations. The colloquium was followed violence; Key Issues by an Arria formula meeting. n recommend appointing a Secretary- The Council is likely to review resolution DRC General special representative or 1820 implementation efforts. Key issues are: Most of the attention has focused on imple- personal envoy on sexual violence 1. Collection of Information on Sexual mentation of resolution 1820 in the DRC. in conflict; Violence: Prevention, protection, or n request the Secretary-General to prosecution cannot occur without infor- UN Action and the UN Organization Mis- personally take up with all Special mation and analysis. But data is lacking. sion in the DRC (MONUC) have developed Representatives their responsibility to A problem seems to be the lack of a comprehensive strategy on combating engage forcefully on the issue of sexual confidentiality, witness protection and sexual violence, creating a common violence with relevant parties to conflict; assistance to victims in the context of framework for action in the DRC by all n request analysis of sexual violence data collection. Related issues seem UN agencies. It identifies key issues such issues in all reports to the Council and to be weak coordination among UN as weak political will by the DRC emphasise the need for more systematic agencies, the absence of standardised government and from some UN agencies, data collection; definitions and methodologies, restricted the need for a centralised funding n encourage development of UN strate- access to sensitive areas and general mechanism, and the lack of data and gies to combat sexual violence in all funding deficits. analysis on sexual violence. affected areas, using the precedent of 2. Leadership among UN Agencies: On 3 March the Council’s DRC Sanctions the strategy developed in the DRC; Resolution 1820 implementation by the Committee imposed an assets freeze and n request the Department of Political entire UN system is a multi-sectoral travel ban on three individuals identified in Affairs to ensure that sexual violence issue. A question is whether a personal 2008 by the Expert Group report as respon- dimensions are considered in all media- envoy or special representative on sible for sexual violence. tion processes with which the UN is sexual violence tasked to strengthen UN involved; and coordination, provide political impetus During its May visit to the DRC, Council n call on troop contributors to strengthen and act as an in-house advocate should members met victims and gave the gov- pre-deployment training on ways to be appointed. Whether UN Action’s ernment the names of five army officers address sexual violence and request the activities in the DRC can be replicated in who should be arrested for sexual violence Department of Peacekeeping Opera- other areas may also be addressed. (although the list did not include Bosco tions to include this in training advice to 3. Security Council Mechanism: Another Ntaganda currently indicted by the Interna- troops contributing countries. issue is how the Council can more sys- tional Criminal Court (ICC) on charges of tematically address sexual violence in The Council could also review the 1820 war crimes). No arrest warrants have so far country-specific situations on its agenda. agenda and: been issued. To date only four soldiers A question is whether to establish a new n establish a working group on sexual have been convicted for failing to assist mechanism or use existing ones as ave- violence against women or decide to persons in danger. The absence of a cred- nues for addressing sexual violence. For incorporate sexual violence issues in the ible vetting process for the Congolese instance, the Council could decide in work of the Council expert group on army and lack of willingness from the DRC July to expand the list of triggers for the protection of civilians; government to seriously address impunity Children and Armed Conflict Working n request relevant UN agencies to ensure at the highest level of Congolese armed Group to include rape and other grave that more assistance be provided to forces continues to be a problem. This was sexual violence against children. victims; emphasised by former force commander 4. Dialogue with Non-State Actors: The n establish a commission of inquiry into for the eastern DRC Patrick Cammaert latest Secretary-General’s report on sexual violence in one or more situa- during a press conference at the UN on protection of civilians recommended tions—it could also do this in the context

10 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org that states support or at least not impede Conflict to include sexual violence and efforts by humanitarian organisations to those who believe it is an insufficient engage with armed groups to protect response as it would leave out all women SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT civilians. The report also said that over 18. Japan, France, the US and the UK Monthly engagement can provide entry points in particular seem inclined to use the new for dialogue on sexual violence. aide-memoire and the expert group on July 2009FORECAST 5. Mediation and Sexual Violence: An protection of civilians. issue is how to better incorporate sexual Council members seem generally to agree latest report on protection of civilians violence issues into peace processes. on improvement of data collection and in armed conflict. While supporting greater participation of analysis. The US, the UK, France, Japan • S/2009/160 (27 March 2009) was the women as mediators and as parties to and Austria seem ready to consider the latest report on MONUC. negotiations, the Council may also establishment of a commission of inquiry, • S/2008/693 (10 November 2008) was consider encouraging the systematic although Japan and the US have budget- the latest report on children and inclusion of sexual violence provisions in ary reservations. Russia seems reluctant if armed conflict in the DRC. peace agreements. it focuses only on sexual violence and on • S/2008/622 (25 September 2008) was Council Dynamics certain conflicts. the latest report on women, peace France, the US, the UK, Costa Rica, Austria and security. The US has the lead on this issue. At press and some others consider this upcoming • S/2007/643 (28 October 2007) was a time it was still determining its strategy for 1820 report as a landmark opportunity report on protection of civilians in the Council discussions. on which to build implementation. A armed conflict. majority of members seem to favour regu- UN Documents Latest Council Meeting Record lar 1820 reports. • S/PV.6005 and res. 1 (29 October Selected Council Resolutions There is some debate as to whether 1325 2008) was the latest open debate on • S/RES/1820 (19 June 2008) recogn- and 1820 should be addressed separately. women, peace and security. ised that sexual violence as a tactic of Some members (Austria, France, and the war can exacerbate situations of Useful Additional Sources UK) support the creation of a sexual vio- armed conflict, demanded all parties n Executive Summary of the Comprehen- lence mandate because this issue is a high to protect civilians from all forms of sive Strategy on Combating Sexual profile one. They also think that this would sexual violence and requested a Violence in DRC, Office of the Senior provide political leadership, engagement report from the Secretary-General. Adviser and Coordinator for Sexual Vio- with non-state actors, and better UN coor- • S/RES/1807 (31 March 2008) lence, 18 March 2009 dination. Most of them seem to think that a imposed sanctions against n A framework for a holistic approach to personal envoy would be a better option individuals involved in sexual resolutions on protection of civilians, for funding reasons. Japan is particularly violence in the DRC. children and armed conflict, and women, reluctant about options which would • S/RES/1794 (21 December 2007) peace and security, Liam Mahony and require additional funding for this issue. requested MONUC to pursue a Roger Nash, 10 November 2008 Others disagree with establishing a focal mission-wide strategy to strengthen point on sexual violence and believe that prevention, protection and response UN efforts should be linked to more toward to sexual violence. Children and 1325 implementation. Russia and China in • S/RES/1325 (31 October 2000) was Armed Conflict particular favour this approach. the resolution on women, peace Expected Council Action and security. Most Council members are reluctant to In July the Council is expected to consider create a mechanism similar to the Working Selected Council the annual report on the activities of the Presidential Statements Group on Children and Armed Conflict for Working Group on Children and Armed sexual violence. Some believe it would be • S/PRST/2009/8 (21 April 2009) Conflict from 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2009. too burdensome. Russia believes that sex- stressed the need for more women The Council is likely to be briefed by both ual violence is not a peace and security participation in mediators’ teams. France, which was chair of the Working issue per se as it is difficult to differentiate • S/PRST/2009/1 (14 January 2009) Group until the end of 2008, and Mexico, between a tactic of war and random crime. was the latest statement on protection which took over in January 2009. Russia also considers that sexual violence of civilians including the revised should not be addressed by the Council aide-memoire. By the end of July, the Council is also independently from other violations against • S/PRST/2008/39 (29 October 2008) expected to take up the issue of expanding civilians. was a statement on women, peace the criteria for including parties to armed and security focused on women’s conflict in the annexes to the Secretary- A debate also exists between those who participation General’s report on children and armed believe that a first step should be expand- conflict, as foreshadowed in its 29 April Selected Secretary-General’s Reports ing the list of triggers for consideration by presidential statement. Currently, the the Working Group on Children and Armed • S/2009/277 (29 May 2009) was the recruitment of children is the single trigger

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 11 for placing an entity on the Secretary- armed conflict in Afghanistan was pub- or deterioration of each specific situation General’s annexes, but the presidential lished on 10 November 2008. The Council in his reports on children and armed statement recognised the value of expand- first discussed it in December. Mexico has conflict; ing this to include the crimes of killing and been working with the US and Russia to try n deciding to evaluate the work of the maiming, rape and sexual violence against and resolve the issue. It now appears that monitoring and reporting mechanism children in the context of an armed conflict. conclusions might be released on 1 July and the Working Group at regular covering children and armed conflict in intervals; and Since the establishment of the Working both Afghanistan and the DRC (which was n requesting the Working Group to provide Group in 2005 the Council’s practice has also first discussed in December). other options for applying pressure on been to consider the Working Group’s persistent violators, apart from targeted annual report under “other matters”. How- The Working Group began discussions on sanctions. ever, if the discussion on expanding the 16 June on expanding the thematic issue criteria for inclusion in the Secretary- of criteria for the Secretary-General’s Key Issues General’s annexes results in a formal annexes, as requested in the April A procedural issue for the Council is Council decision, a meeting of the Council presidential statement. This will feed into whether a resolution is needed or whether to adopt it is likely. the upcoming debate. Mexico, as chair of a presidential statement will suffice for the Working Group, had earlier held bilat- expanding the trigger for parties on the Key Recent Developments eral meetings with all Working Group Secretary-General’s annex and other pos- The presidential statement, adopted after members to determine positions. Mexico is sible elements. If the Council decides to a day-long open debate on 29 April, reiter- expected to circulate a draft with elements focus only on expanding the criteria to ated the Council’s strong condemnation of for either a resolution or presidential include sexual violence and killing and the continuing recruitment and use of chil- statement shortly. maiming, a decision recorded in a presi- dren in armed conflict. Moreover, it also dential statement is a possible option. recognised the importance of including There have been three Secretary- However, setting up a new mechanism killing and maiming and acts of rape and General’s reports on children and armed specifically tied to sanctions committees sexual violence that are prohibited under conflict released this year: Central African suggests that the greater weight of a international law as criteria for listing in the Republic on 3 February, Sudan on 10 resolution would be appropriate. annexes to the Secretary-General’s report. February and Myanmar on 1 June. It The presidential statement asked for the appears that the report on Sri Lanka may A connected issue is whether having a Council to take action on this matter within be released shortly. But no conclusions resolution in July—whatever is decided— three months. It also highlighted the have been issued since 5 December 2008. could be useful, even if not legally obligation of parties to armed conflict to necessary, to signal the importance the Options comply with applicable international law, Council places on this issue. Options for a resolution or a presidential reiterated the Working Group’s request for statement include: An underlying substantive issue is how to administrative support, and called on par- n expanding the criteria for inclusion in the increase pressure on persistent violators? ties once again to prepare and implement annexes of the Secretary-General’s One suggestion involving a system of com- time-bound action plans. The presidential annual report to include killing and munications between the Working Group statement also emphasised the need to maiming and committing acts of rape and the relevant sanctions committees is take immediate action against perpetrators and other sexual violence against on the table. A related issue is how to deal of serious violations against children and children in situations of armed conflict; with persistent violators if there are no to bring them to justice. The Working Group n establishing a systematic channel of sanctions in place. was asked to adopt timely conclusions and communication between the Working continue its review of its working methods. Another issue is ensuring that a new deci- Group and relevant sanctions commit- sion strengthens existing mechanisms and The Working Group when dealing with tees. In situations where the Council has does not undermine the operations of the country-specific issues tends to proceed not imposed sanctions, one option current structures like the monitoring and by adopting sets of conclusions based on would be to enable the Working Group reporting mechanism on children and its discussion of Secretary-General’s to ask the Council to adopt resolutions armed conflict as well as the Working reports. with targeted sanctions against individu- Group. A better sense of how many new als, and to empower it to serve as a The Working Group has stalled in 2009 situations would come on to the annexes sanctions committee in such situations; largely due to inability to reach agreement as a result of these new criteria may be and on its conclusions on Afghanistan. The useful in this respect. n reiterating the need for time-bound main problem appears to have been differ- action plans and possibly asking for a An important issue is determining the ences between Russia and the US over review of factors that have limited the listing and delisting criteria for the groups whether the International Security Assis- implementation of action plans. committing sexual violence and killing tance Force in Afghanistan has violated and maiming, within the context of armed international humanitarian law within the Other possible elements include: conflict. context of children and armed conflict. The n requesting the Secretary-General to Secretary-General’s report on children and include an assessment of the progress

12 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org A continuing issue is how best to engage Turkey and Vietnam, there are some red with non-state actors, how to encourage lines such as some modes of interactions more groups to agree and how to imple- with non-state actors. SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT ment time-bound action plans. Monthly UN Documents A potential issue is the slowdown in July 2009 Selected Security Council Resolution FORECAST Working Group decision making, bearing in mind that it has not released any conclu- • S/RES/1612 (26 July 2005) requested sions since the end of last year. the Secretary-General implement a • S/PV.5834 (12 February 2008) monitoring and reporting mechanism Conclusions of the Security Council Council Dynamics and set up a working group on Working Group There is now some agreement that the children and armed conflict. • S/AC.51/2008/15 (5 December 2008) trigger should be expanded. However, Selected Presidential Statements on Chad. there are differences over the need for a • S/AC.51/2008/14 (5 December 2008) resolution and what other areas should • S/PRST/2009/9 (29 April 2009) on Somalia. be addressed. Most Council members recognised the importance of • S/AC.51/2008/13 (5 December 2008) appear open to either a resolution or including in the Secretary-General’s on Uganda. presidential statement, but many are annexes those that commit acts of • S/AC.51/2008/12 (5 December 2008) waiting to see how the substance develops killing and maiming and sexual on Nepal. before deciding. Some, like Austria, have violence in situations of armed • S/AC.51/2008/11 (21 October 2008) indicated that if a resolution jeopardises conflict and asked for the Council to on Sri Lanka. having the trigger expanded, then a presi- take action within three months. • S/AC.51/2008/10 (3 October 2008) on dential statement would be preferable. • S/PRST/2008/28 (17 July 2008) reiter- the Philippines. China, which had earlier in the year not ated the need for stronger focus by all been open to expanding the trigger, is parties concerned on the long-term Selected Letter now agreeable but would rather it be effects of armed conflict on children. • S/2008/455 (11 July 2008) was the done through a presidential statement than • SPRST/2008/6 (12 February 2008) letter on the Working Group’s activi- a resolution. reaffirmed the Council’s commitment ties from 1 July 2007 to 30 June 2008. to address the impact of armed Other In the past Russia had wanted all six viola- conflict on children and expressed its tions (recruiting child soldiers, killing and readiness to review past resolutions • S/2006/275 (2 May 2006) set out the maiming, sexual violence, attacks on and build on the resolution 1612. terms of reference for the Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict. schools, abduction of children and denial Selected Reports of humanitarian access) considered by the • A/63/227 (6 August 2008) was the • S/2009/278 (1 June 2009) was the monitoring and reporting mechanism to be latest report by the Special Represen- report of the Secretary-General on used in expanding the trigger. It now tative to the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in appears open to starting with an additional Children and Armed Conflict. Myanmar. two criteria, as long as one of them is killing • S/2009/158 (26 March 2009) was the and maiming. Russia’s approach to the report of the Secretary-General on conclusions on Afghanistan may be related children and armed conflict. Nepal to its approach to killing and maiming and • S/2009/84 (10 February 2009) was a new interpretation of humanitarian law. Expected Council Action the report of the Secretary-General In July the Council is expected to consider China has been placing emphasis on on children and armed conflict in the future of the UN Mission in Nepal setting clear priorities and improving the Sudan. (UNMIN). Its mandate expires on 23 July. efficiency of the monitoring and reporting • S/2009/66 (3 February 2009) was the The Secretary-General’s report is likely to mechanism. The other area it has stressed report of the Secretary-General on contain an analysis of the implications of is the need to cooperate fully with children and armed conflict in the developments for the future of the peace governments with groups listed in the Central African Republic. process and UNMIN’s role. Secretary-General’s annexes. It appears to • S/2008/782 (12 December 2008) was want the Working Group to have greater the report of the Council mission to At the time of writing the Nepal government control over listing and delisting of the Afghanistan from 21 to 28 November had not yet formally asked for an extension groups on the Secretary-General’s lists. 2008. although it has indicated to UN officials • S/2008/693 (10 November 2008) was that it is likely to do so. France has worked closely with Mexico in the report of the Secretary-General transferring its institutional memory and Key Recent Developments on children and armed conflict in continues to be an involved player, although A series of events led to the resignation on the DRC. less actively than in the past. Many of the 4 May of Nepalese Prime Minister Pushpa elected members are actively involved and Security Council Debate Records Kamal Dahal, a Maoist leader who is known most appear supportive of having a sub- • S/PV.6114 and res. 1 (29 April 2009) as Prachanda. These events raised consti- stantive outcome in July. For members like • S/PV.5936 and res. 1 (17 July 2008) tutional and procedural questions relating

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 13 to the powers of the prime minister, the Following the withdrawal of the Maoist Key Issues president and the Nepalese army. On 20 UCPN-M party, a new coalition govern- A key issue is how much the political devel- April the army chief, General Rookmangud ment was formed, led by Madhav Kumar opments in May, the deep political Katawal, was asked to provide clarification Nepal of UML. These events resulted in polarisation and lack of trust and confi- on several issues. These included the street protests and strikes. On 11 June the dence among parties will affect the peace recruitment of personnel by the Nepalese Office of the UN High Commissioner for process. The development of multiple army in late 2008, the extension of the Human Rights (OHCHR) in Nepal power centres is a concern. terms of eight retiring brigadier generals expressed its concern that increased vio- and the boycott of the national games by lence by political parties and affiliated For the Council, immediate issues include Nepalese army participants because groups could jeopardise the peace pro- whether to renew the mandate for UNMIN Maoist army athletes were taking part. cess. There were also protests following in July and whether to seek to play an active the new coalition government’s reinstate- role in persuading the government to On 3 May the largest coalition partner, the ment of Katawal as army chief on 19 June. establish a high-level coordination com- Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist mittee and other multiparty mechanisms Leninist (UML) party, withdrew from the The Army Integration Special Committee, such as a peace and reconciliation government, leaving Prachanda’s party, set up on 16 January, appears to have commission to encourage political leaders the Unified Communist Party of Nepal- stopped its consultations. The Special to reengage in multiparty discussions. Maoist (UCPN-M) in the minority. Committee’s role is to supervise the inte- gration and rehabilitation of former Maoist Also an issue is the unrest following the On 3 May the Cabinet sacked the army combatants. It was meant to implement pull-out of the UCPN-M and the new chief Katawal, Prachanda then appointed decisions on integration and rehabilitation government’s decision to reinstate the Chief of General Staff Kul Bahadur Khdaka, within six months. The Technical Commit- army chief. There are press reports the second in command of the army, as tee under the Special Committee appears indicating that Prachanda plans to start acting chief. However, on that same day to have continued its meetings. another “people’s movement…to establish President Ram Baran Yadav wrote to civilian supremacy”. Katawal and instructed him to continue as There had been some movement on the army chief. Prachanda resigned the next issue of child soldiers before the political An issue of concern is that former combat- day, pulling his party out of the government. crisis in May. The Special Committee had ants, including almost 3,000 minors, have on 11 February requested the government now been in camps for two years and could The Secretary-General’s 24 April report to go ahead with discharging and rehabili- become increasingly restive if there are provided an overview of developments and tating Maoist army personnel disqualified no signs of imminent release. A related a midterm review. It said that there had during the UNMIN verification process, question is ensuring that integration and been examples of “not insignificant posi- including 2,973 minors. However, all dis- rehabilitation does not result in large tive measures” such as public consultations cussions appear to be suspended for now. numbers of former combatants released on the new constitution, revival of long- into Nepalese society without jobs. dormant government bodies and peaceful A video of Prachanda stating that the by-elections in six constituencies. The tone number of UCPN-M combatants was Another increasing concern is whether the of the report was guardedly positive inflated during the UNMIN verification led drafting of the constitution can now be although it warned of differences among to some Nepali parties questioning the completed by the May 2010 deadline. political parties and an atmosphere of mis- UN’s verification process and asking for re- Continuing issues which could affect the trust. (Many of the differences have become verification of the UCPN-M soldiers. peace process are: more acute in the following months.) UNMIN, in a press statement, made it clear n lack of progress on return of property; that it had been asked to register and verify The Secretary-General’s Representative in n the need to keep political youth groups only according to whether combatants had Nepal, Karin Landgren, briefed the Council under control; joined the service before 25 May 2006 or on 5 May. The stand-off between the n stalling on setting up transitional justice were born before 25 May 1988. Nepalese Army and the leader of the mechanisms which could establish governing coalition, the UCPN-M, had by The OHCHR presence was renewed for accountability for human rights viola- that time come to a head, resulting in the three months in early June by the Nepalese tions; and resignation of the prime minister. Following government. This appears to be an interim n meeting the demands of traditionally the debate, the Council adopted a presi- measure while further consideration is marginalised parties and groups. dential statement where it expressed its given to the request for OHCHR to stay for Options concern over the political crisis in Nepal another two years. Among the options are: and underscored the urgent need for the During his visit in June, Indian Foreign Sec- n choosing not to renew UNMIN (which is government and all parties to work retary Shivshankar Menon said India was possible but unlikely given develop- together. It also reaffirmed its support for committed to assisting Nepal in its transi- ments since the January renewal); UNMIN and recalled the Nepalese govern- tion to multiparty democracy and in the n extending UNMIN’s mandate by the ment’s commitment to discharge minors peace process. The Nepalese prime minis- period requested by the Nepal govern- from the cantonment sites. ter is expected to visit India in August. ment with no mandate change; and n extending UNMIN’s mandate with

14 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org changes to its mandate such as formally • S/2009/1 (2 January 2009) was the including the provision of assistance to report of the Secretary-General on the Technical Committee established the request of Nepal for UN assis- SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT under the Special Committee. tance in support of its peace process. Monthly Council and Wider Dynamics Selected Meeting Records July 2009FORECAST Given the deterioration in the political situ- • S/PV.6119 (5 May 2009) was the ation, most members support the meeting record of the 24 April urbanisation), the root causes of conflict in continuation of UNMIN and feel that with- Secretary-General’s report. many countries in the subregion remained drawing would clearly send the wrong • S/PV.6069 (16 January 2009) was to “to be addressed in an effective and political signal. Nor do they think this is the the meeting record of the Secretary- durable manner”. right time for further downsizing and mov- General’s January report. ing towards an exit strategy. Some feel Djinnit highlighted priorities for the region, Other that, in line with the ongoing UK-France along with UNOWA’s engagement on those peacekeeping review, possible bench- • S/PRST/2009/12 (5 May 2009) issues, including: marks should still be put in place, but expressed concern about the political n the challenge of economic insecurity perhaps once the implications of the crisis in Nepal. due to rising global food prices and food changed political situation are clearer. • UNMIN press statement on the insecurity, compounded by threats of a recruitment of new personnel global economic recession; There is, however, an underlying wariness (23 December 2008) n the spread of cross-border organised about UNMIN staying on in a simple moni- crime, especially drug trafficking, toring role for too long. The sense is that Other Relevant Facts because of the increasing use by crimi- the Nepalese government is unlikely to ask Representative of the Secretary-General nal networks of porous borders and for a different mandate, but some mem- and Head of Mission weak state and security institutions in bers would prefer to see a new mandate Karin Landgren (Sweden) West Africa to transfer narcotics bound better adapted to current realities and for Europe from Latin America; clarifying the respective responsibilities Size and Composition n major setbacks to the considerable of UNMIN and the Nepalese government. About 275 including about 73 arms progress in consolidating democratic monitors China continues to emphasise the need to governance in the region from military complete UNMIN’s role as soon as possi- Duration coups in Mauritania and Guinea and ble. However, it is likely to go along with a 23 January 2007 to 23 July 2009 attempts on the life of the then-President request from the Nepalese government to Cost of Guinea-Bissau João Bernardo Vieira renew UNMIN’s mandate. from within the country’s armed forces $88.8 million (Vieira was later assassinated, appar- Members including France, Austria and ently by elements from the armed forces Costa Rica voiced their concern about the on 2 March); delay over the discharge of minors during United Nations Office for n opportunities and risks presented by the May debate and are likely to bring this West Africa electoral processes; issue up again. n the continued fragile political and secu- Expected Council Action India, a non-Council member with a keen rity situation in the Sahel region; and In July the Council is expected to consider interest in the issue, believes that it would n concern about the role and the capaci- the report of the Secretary-General on the not be good for UNMIN to get involved in ties of security sector institutions in many UN Office for West Africa (UNOWA) due by issues such as the separation of forces West African countries. 30 June. The mandate of UNOWA expires which are highly political and likely to result on 31 December 2010. Djinnit also updated the Council on sup- in a long-term presence. port provided to the delimitation and Key Recent Developments demarcation process along the Camer- UN Documents On 21 January the Council was briefed oon-Nigeria boundary, in his capacity as Security Council Resolutions during an open meeting by the head of chairman of the Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed • S/RES/1864 (23 January 2009) UNOWA, Said Djinnit, on the latest report Commission. He said that following the extended UNMIN until 23 July 2009. of the Secretary-General on the activities successful completion of the transfer of • S/RES/1740 (23 January 2007) of UNOWA. According to the report, authority in the Bakassi Peninsula from established UNMIN for 12 months. UNOWA’s recent work has focused on Nigeria to Cameroon on 14 August 2008, regional and cross-border developments efforts had been centred on expediting the Selected Reports of the such as proliferation of small arms and Secretary-General boundary demarcation process and pro- light weapons in the West African subre- motion of confidence-building measures • S/2009/221 (24 April 2009) was the gion. Djinnit said that in addition to between the two countries. (For decades, interim report reviewing progress in perennial challenges confronting the the oil rich peninsula was the subject of the peace process and implementa- region (including youth unemployment, intense and sometimes violent disputes tion of UNMIN’s mandate irregular migration and rapid or unplanned between the two countries until they agreed

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 15 to a UN-supported resolution process, with the Council’s support for the work an exchange of letters regarding the International Court of Justice settling of UNOWA; the appointment of Said Djinnit as the matter with a ruling in 2002. In 2006 n considering the Secretary-General’s Special Representative for West Nigeria recognised Cameroonian sover- report but delaying action; Africa and Head of UNOWA. eignty over the peninsula in the Greentree n utilising the discussion of the report to • S/2007/754 (21 December 2007) and Agreement, signed under the auspices of exchange views in a regional context on S/2007/753 (28 November 2007) was former Secretary-General Kofi Annan.) fragile situations not on the Council’s an exchange of letters regarding the agenda but subsumed under the extension UNOWA until 31 December On 16 June in New York, Secretary- regional mandate of UNOWA (e.g. 2010 and more frequent reporting. General Ban Ki-moon and representatives Guinea, Mauritania and Niger, in line with • S/2005/16 (14 December 2004) from Nigeria and Cameroon held the first the Council’s presidential statement of 5 conveyed the Secretary-General’s high-level meeting between the three par- May about the resurgence of unconstitu- intended mandate functions and ties since the transfer of the Bakassi tional changes of governments in Africa), activities of UNOWA from 1 January Peninsula. The representatives agreed to along with those on the Council’s agenda 2005 to 31 December 2007. hasten action on outstanding tasks that are not immediately due for • S/2004/858 (25 October 2004) and regarding the court’s ruling, particularly consideration on its programme (e.g. S/2004/797 (4 October 2004) was an delimitation and demarcation of their Guinea-Bissau); and exchange of letters regarding the common land boundary. n building on its collaboration with the extension UNOWA for three years. Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeep- Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) by • S/2001/1129 (29 November 2001) ing Affairs Alain Le Roy made a five-nation emphasising the role for UNOWA in welcomed the intention of the Secre- tour of West Africa from 10 to 20 June visit- working with the PBC on consolidating tary-General outlined in S/2001/1128 ing Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Liberia, peace in the West African subregion and to establish UNOWA for three years Mali and Nigeria. During the visit he dis- including in a possible statement its from January 2002 to 31 December cussed the consolidation of peace and support for cooperation between the 2004, subject to a review after its first stability in the region and how to enhance Commission and UNOWA in consolidat- year of operation. ing peace in the region. UN support-related regional and national Selected Secretary-General’s Reports efforts with senior government officials. Le Council Dynamics • S/2009/39 (15 January 2009) was the Roy also consulted the 15-member Eco- The Council has not issued any statement last report of the Secretary-General nomic Community of West African States on UNOWA since the renewal of its man- on UNOWA. (ECOWAS) in the Nigerian capital Abuja, date in December 2007. But the current • S/2008/426 (30 June 2008) was as well a number of UN political missions in midterm point could afford the Council the first semi-annual report of the the region, including UNOWA, the UN Inte- members the opportunity to review its work Secretary-General on UNOWA. grated Peacebuilding Office for Sierra in light of the Secretary-General’s report • S/2007/294 (18 May 2007) was a Leone and the UN Peacebuilding Support and possibly highlight emerging priorities, midterm review of UNOWA initially Office in Guinea-Bissau. including organised crime and uncon- envisaged for July 2006. Key Issues stitutional changes of government. (In • S/2007/143 (13 March 2007) was the The key issue for the Council at the December 2007, when welcoming the report on cross-border issues in midpoint of UNOWA’s current three-year extension of the mandate, the Council West Africa. mandate will be to assess the extent to requested more frequent reports—semi- • S/2004/797 (4 October 2004) was a which the refinement of the Office’s annual as opposed to 18-month midterm review of activities and performance mandate has been successful in imple- mandate reports—in order to be more reg- of UNOWA spanning the January mentation and possible ways to enhance ularly informed and assuage concerns of 2003 to July 2004 period. its operation. some countries, including the US, about Selected UNOWA Studies and the continued utility of the Office.) Concept Papers Another closely related issue is the kind of support UNOWA could offer to specific Burkina Faso is the lead country on this Available at http://www.un.org/unowa/ regional initiatives to address relatively issue in the Council. unowa/studies/studies-cp.htm newer challenges like the growth of • Working Document on Sanctions in organised drug trafficking, including pos- UN Documents Africa (June 2007) • Security Landscape and Peace Con- sible support for the ECOWAS Regional Selected Presidential Statement solidation in West Africa (March 2007) Plan of Action in the fight against illicit • PRST/2009/11 (5 May 2009) was the • Youth Unemployment and Regional drug trafficking and organised crime in presidential statement expressing Insecurity in West Africa – A UNOWA West Africa. concern about the resurgence Issue Paper, 2nd edition (August of unconstitutional changes of Options 2006) government in Africa. Options for the Council include: • Life after State House: Addressing n issuing a statement highlighting key Selected Letters Unconstitutional Changes in West issues raised in the Secretary-General’s • S/2008/128 (26 February 2008) and Africa – A UNOWA Issue Paper upcoming report and possibly reiterating S/2008/127 (21 February 2008) was (March 2006)

16 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org • Youth Unemployment and Regional UNOCI had provided technical, logistical Insecurity in West Africa – A UNOWA and financial support. He expressed con- Issue Paper, 1st edition (December cern that momentum towards holding SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT 2005) elections was being lost, especially since Monthly • Elections scheduled between April the timeline for any election seemed to July 2009 2005 and December 2007 in West depend on progress in the country’s FORECAST Africa (June 2005) reunification process. Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeep- • Security Sector Reform and Conflict The Secretary-General’s 13 April report on ing Alain Le Roy visited Côte d’Ivoire from Prevention in West Africa: Challenges UNOCI indicated that the overall security 10 to 12 June to assess developments. He and Opportunities – Dakar Workshop situation in the country was stable but frag- held discussions with all the main national (November 2004) ile, with largely unrestricted freedom of political actors during the visit on prepara- • The Regional Impact of the Crisis in movement of people, goods and services tions for the November poll, and reiterated Côte d’Ivoire (April 2004) throughout the territory. According to the the support of UNOCI for ensuring secure report, Côte d’Ivoire had reached a stage and peaceful elections. Other Relevant Facts where the two critical processes of reunifi- Special Representative of the cation and elections needed to be Key Issues Secretary-General completed in order to restore normalcy. (It The key issue for the Council is ensuring Said Djinnit (Algeria) is anticipated that his upcoming report will the successful holding of presidential elec- UNOWA: Size and Composition propose possible adjustments in the role tions on 29 November, especially in light of and configuration of UNOCI.) repeated postponements. Staff Strength (as of 31 May 2009): 11 international civilians; 14 local civilians As part of the preparations for the Novem- A related issue is when to amend the man- UNOWA: Duration ber elections, a ceremony was held on 26 date and troop level of UNOCI. (In resolution May in the former rebel stronghold of 1865, adopted in January, the Council 29 November 2001 to present; mandate Bouaké to mark the transfer of authority expressed its “intention to review by 31 expires on 31 December 2010 over the northern part of the country from July 2009 the mandates of UNOCI and the the Forces nouvelles (under its control French forces which support it, the level of Côte d’Ivoire since September 2002) to the Ivorian gov- troops of UNOCI and the benchmarks… ernment. Soro, who presided over the in light of the progress achieved in the Expected Council Action event, stressed that it was not merely electoral process” and requested the The Council is expected to renew the man- symbolic but rather an embodiment of the Secretary-General “to provide to it a report date of the UN Operation in Côte d’Ivoire political will of signatories of the Ouaga- to this end three weeks before this date”.) (UNOCI) which expires on 31 July. It will dougou Agreement to achieve reunification. consider the Secretary-General’s report, Options due by 10 July, and is expected to be On 29 May the Council issued a presiden- Options available to the Council include: briefed by the Secretary-General’s Special tial statement welcoming a communiqué n renewing the mandate of the peacekeep- Representative for Côte d’Ivoire, Choi adopted on 18 May by the Permanent Con- ing mission for another six months Young-jin. sultative Framework of the Ouagadougou without any modification until after Political Agreement (CPC). (This was the election; Key Recent Developments established in 2007 following the Ouaga- n modifying the mandate or troop levels of The political situation in Côte d’Ivoire has dougou Agreement and involves Ivorian UNOCI (Council members have been moved from gloom to cautious optimism. President Laurent Gbagbo, Prime Minister inclined towards considering mandate In mid-April, supporters of the former rebel Soro, and the leaders of the main opposi- modification in recent times, in part, to Forces nouvelles had accused the national tion parties, Alassane Ouattara and Henri bring pressure to bear on the Ivorian unity government of hindering the pro- Bédié.) The CPC has proposed a new political parties on the ground by signal- cesses, reached under the March 2007 elaborate electoral timeframe anticipating ling that the UN peacekeeping presence Ouagadougou Agreement, leading to the presidential elections on 29 November. cannot be assured permanently and the holding of presidential elections. At the The Council in its statement underlined the consequent need for commitments and same time, they called on their leader, Ivo- need for effective implementation of the goals to be met by them in the peace and rian Prime Minister Guillaume Soro, to step five stages leading to the elections: electoral process. Members are also down from his government post. But the n publication of the provisional voters list interested in proactively exploring situation shifted on 14 May when Soro at the end of voter registration; options for UNOCI and the French announced 29 November as the date for n publication of the final voters list; Licorne force’s future engagement in the the long-delayed polls. n production of identification and voters country); and cards; n reminding the parties that additional Choi briefed the Council on 28 April and n distribution of identification and voters sanctions would be likely against those said UNOCI’s work in 2008 had focused cards; and who may obstruct the peace process or largely on the country’s electoral process, n electoral campaigning. the electoral process. particularly on the identification and registration of voters, a process in which

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 17 Council Dynamics postpone the presidential elections international civilian personnel, 645 Council members seem relieved that a to 30 November 2008. local staff and 300 UN Volunteers concrete electoral timetable has finally • S/PRST/2007/8 (28 March 2007) • Key troop-contributing countries: been set with the endorsement of all the endorsed the Ouagadougou Bangladesh, Ghana, Jordan, major Ivorian political actors. If progress Agreement. Morocco and Pakistan. on the electoral process remains on track Latest Secretary-General’s Report Approved Budget most Council members seem ready to S/2009/196 (13 April 2009) 1 July 2008 - 30 June 2009: extend the mandate of the peacekeeping $497.46 million force till after the November election. There Selected Letters is support for a review to modify the mis- • S/2009/5 (5 January 2009) and sion after the elections. However, Council S/2008/793 (16 December 2008) members remain cautious in light of the were the letters from the Secretary- Chad-Central numerous postponements of previously General appointing experts to the African Republic scheduled elections. Côte d’Ivoire Sanction Committee’s Group of Experts. Expected Council Action France is the lead country on this issue in • S/2008/834 (30 December 2008) In July the Council is expected to consider the Council. was the letter containing the fourth the Secretary-General’s report on the UN Mission in the Central African Republic and UN Documents supplementary agreement to the Ouagadougou Agreement. Chad (MINURCAT), including an update Selected Council Resolutions • S/2008/694 (11 November 2008) on the development of a strategic work • S/RES/1865 (27 January 2009) was a letter from Burkina Faso plan with indicative timelines to measure extended the mandate of UNOCI until transmitting the press statement of and track progress on the implementation 31 July 2009. the 10 November CPC meeting in of benchmarks. The current mandate of • S/RES/1842 (29 October 2008) Ouagadougou. MINURCAT expires on 15 March 2010. extended the sanctions regime until Other Key Recent Developments 31 October 2009 and decided that • S/PV.6113 (28 April 2009) was a On 24 April Assistant-Secretary-General any obstruction to the electoral pro- briefing by the Secretary-General’s for Peacekeeping Operations Edmond cess would be subject to sanctions. Special Representative, Choi Young- Mulet briefed the Council on the Secretary- • S/RES/1643 (15 December 2005) jin, on the situation in Côte d’Ivoire. General’s first report on the MINURCAT renewed until 15 December 2006 the • S/2007/144 (13 March 2007) con- since the transfer of authority from the EU sanctions regime and established a tained the Ouagadougou Agreement. Mission in the Central African Republic diamonds embargo. and Chad (EUFOR) to the UN on 15 March. • S/RES/1609 (24 June 2005) Other Relevant Facts Mulet said critical shortfalls in equipment increased UNOCI’s contingents and had weakened MINURCAT’s operational authorised the temporary redeploy- Special Representative of the capability. Its military component, man- ment of military and civilian police Secretary-General dated for 5200 troops, stood at about half personnel among the UN Mission in Choi Young-jin (Republic of Korea) its strength as of 22 April. Liberia, the UN Mission in Sierra Force Commander Leone and UNOCI. Mulet advised that the UN-trained Chadian Major-General Fernand Marcel force known as the Détachement intégré Selected Presidential Statements Amoussou (Benin) de sécurité (DIS), which is tasked with pro- • S/PRST/2009/16 (29 May 2009) was a Police Commissioner viding law and order in refugee camps and presidential statement welcoming the Major-General Gerardo Cristian other humanitarian sites in eastern Chad, CPC’s 18 May communiqué. Chaumont (Argentina) was fully operational with 850 personnel. • S/PRST/2008/42 (7 November 2008) Challenges for the DIS were ill-discipline expressed deep concern about the Group of Experts and its vulnerability to attack, prompting postponement of presidential elec- El Hadi Salah, Algeria (customs and the Chadian government to propose tions, urged the Ivorian parties to coordinator of the Group of Experts) equipping them with AK-47 submachine complete the identification and regis- Grégoire Bafouatika, Republic of Congo guns. He said the UN Secretariat would tration of voters operations before the (aviation) conduct a midterm review of the concept end of January 2009 and expressed James Bevan, UK (arms) and performance of the DIS. its determination to fully support the Joel Hernando Salek, Colombia electoral process on the understand- (finance) The Chad-Sudan border situation deterio- ing that elections will be organised Noora Jamsheer, Bahrain (diamonds) rated significantly in May. At talks in Doha before the end of spring 2009. Size and Composition of UNOCI from 29 April to 4 May, both countries had • S/PRST/2008/11 (29 April 2008) • Strength as of 31 May 2009: 9,048 agreed to renew diplomatic ties and cease welcomed the approval by the Ivorian total uniformed personnel, including cross-border attacks. However, Chad on 5 authorities of the Independent 7,661 troops, 197 military observers; May accused Sudan of “sending several Electoral Commission’s proposal to 1,190 police; supported by 486 armed columns” into its territory and on 6

18 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org May requested a meeting of the Council carried out by insurgents in June on the “to discuss the attack perpetrated by the town of Birao which falls within the man- Sudan against …Chad.” date of MINURCAT. The last attack took SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT place on 21 June resulting in the death of On 8 May the Council held an open meet- Monthly three civilians and injury of six members of ing during which it was briefed on the the armed forces, the torching of over 100 July 2009FORECAST unfolding situation by Assistant-Secretary- homes and a massive displacement of the General for Rule of Law in Peacekeeping town’s population. The head of MINUR- n organising a separate informal technical Dmitry Titov. He said MINURCAT lacked CAT, Victor da Silva Angelo, visited the briefing at the expert level on conduct the ability to observe and track developing capital Bangui on 23 June to discuss the and structure of the MINURCAT ahead of incidents. He urged the Council to join the deteriorating security situation with the Council’s consideration of the Secre- Secretariat in appealing to potential troop national authorities. tary-General’s report, in line with contributors to provide MINURCAT with the paragraph 28 of resolution 1861. This missing capacities in order to enable it to Key Issues provision requests the Secretary- carry out its mandate. Titov indicated that, The key issue for the Council is that the General “to provide the Security Council, at the time of meeting, the MINURCAT progress towards fulfilment of the MINUR- with the same regularity [i.e. as his force stood at 2,396 personnel—repre- CAT benchmarks remains elusive in light of quarterly report on the security and senting 46 percent of its authorised the worsening political and military situation. humanitarian situation, along with the strength—and lacked 14 of the 18 military fulfillment of the exit benchmarks and A related issue is the delayed deployment utility and reconnaissance helicopters. MINURCAT’s mandate] a specific update of the full complement of MINURCAT and on the military situation”. (Similar require- Representatives of Chad and Sudan traded the resulting need to ensure that MINUR- ments were recently inserted in accusations, assigning unilateral faults to CAT effectively carries out its mandate to mandates for regular technical briefings the other country for the then ongoing contribute to protect vulnerable civilians to improve the quality of Council over- Chadian government forces military (including refugees and internally sight of missions, for example, in the clashes with the rebels. displaced persons) as well as UN and DRC and Côte d’Ivoire); and associated personnel, and to facilitate the Subsequently, the Council adopted a pres- n adding the names of Sudanese and delivery of humanitarian assistance. idential statement condemning renewed Chadian rebel leaders who receive military incursions in eastern Chad by Another issue limited to the wider regional sanctuary in Chad and Sudan respec- “Chadian armed groups, coming from context is the need for capacity to credibly tively to the Sudan sanctions list. outside”. It expressed concern at the con- monitor the border, to help resolve the Council Dynamics sequent threat posed to the safety of the security tensions between Chad and There is consensus among Council civilian population and the conduct of Sudan which have been manifested in the members about the need to uphold humanitarian operations and called on the apparent proxy wars in which each govern- MINURCAT’s protection of civilians parties to respect and implement their ment has supported rebels in the other mandate and to contain the spillover of the mutual commitments. country’s territory. Darfur conflict into Chad. Chad’s armed forces entered Sudanese Options Council members remain concerned with territory to attack Chadian opposition fight- Options available to the Council include: the difficulties of force generation and ers, while Sudan was also reported to have n issuing a statement based on key issues obtaining related military assets. undertaken military strikes against Suda- raised by the Secretary-General, and nese rebel camps in eastern Chad. developments on the ground, including While members are aware of the high a call for international support to assist stakes of continued tension between Chad On 12 June the Chadian government MINURCAT meet the full complement of and Sudan, and mindful of the potential released 84 child soldiers, from among its authorised capacity; benefit should the mission’s mandate be 236 insurgents captured in clashes with n increasing the size of the DIS based on modified to monitor the border, no Council rebel units in eastern Chad in late May, to the Secretary-General’s recommenda- member has emerged to promote this the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). UNICEF tions (at press time the Secretariat was course of action. said the children had been coerced into undertaking an assessment mission to joining rebel ranks. Chad to review the work of the DIS, but it UN Documents In the Central African Republic (CAR), while was not yet certain whether the mission’s Selected Security Council Resolutions there was marked progress in implement- findings will be incorporated in the • S/RES/1861 (14 January 2009) ing the recommendations of the December Secretary-General’s report or submitted renewed MINURCAT’s mandate until 2008 national dialogue held between the separately); 15 March 2010 and authorised the government, opposition, rebel groups and n taking a fresh look at the possibility of deployment of a military component civil society, the security situation in the assigning a border-monitoring mandate to replace EUFOR. northern parts of the country remained to AU/UN Hybrid Operation in Darfur • S/RES/1778 (25 September 2007) volatile, with continued reports of resur- (UNAMID) and MINURCAT, to constrain established MINURCAT and gent rebel activity. Two major attacks were cross-border rebel activity; authorised the EUFOR.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 19 Selected Security Council MINURCAT: Size, Composition and Cost Forces of Rwanda (Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda, or FDLR). It also Presidential Statements • Authorised strength as of 14 January highlighted similar violations by elements • S/PRST/2009/13 (8 May 2009) con- 2009: 300 police, 25 military liaison of the Congolese army (Forces armées de demned renewed military incursions officers, 5,200 military personnel la République démocratique du Congo, or in eastern Chad by “Chadian armed and an appropriate number of civilian FARDC). Crimes included “arbitrary execu- groups, coming from outside”. personnel tions, reprisal killings, abductions and • S/PRST/2008/22 (16 June 2008) • Strength as of 31 May 2009: 3,043 total willful destruction of property, perpetrated was a statement on the June rebel uniformed personnel, including 2,770 mainly by the LRA and the FDLR, and sex- offensive in Chad. troops, 32 military observers, and 241 ual violence, forced labour, looting and • S/PRST/2008/15 (13 May 2008) police officers, as well as 364 interna- ill-treatment of civilians perpetrated by condemned a Darfur rebel attack tional civilian personnel, 215 local FARDC soldiers.” Finally, the report also near Khartoum. civilian staff, and 114 UN volunteers noted continued presence of children in • S/PRST/2008/3 (4 February 2008) • Main police contributors: Côte the ranks of the brigades recently inte- Latest Secretary-General’s Reports d’Ivoire, Senegal, Burkina Faso, grated into Congolese army and serious Benin and France • S/2009/199 (14 April 2009) was the human rights abuses committed by former • Main military contributors: France most recent MINURCAT report. commanders of armed groups currently and Ireland • S/2008/601/Add.1 (15 September 2008) integrated into the national army. described the financial implications for • Cost: approved budget 1 July 2008– the establishment of a UN military force. 30 June 2009: $315 million The Group of Experts said it has evidence • S/2008/532 (7 August 2008) was a MINURCAT: Duration that a number of former military officers of the rebel National Congress for Defence of report on children and armed conflict September 2007 to present; mandate the People (Congrès national pour la in Chad. expires 15 March 2010 defense du people, or CNDP) who are now Other in the government military forces (FARDC) • S/PV.6121 (8 May 2009) was the are operating parallel command structures. Council meeting to discuss renewed Democratic Republic of This included documentary evidence, and cross-border rebel activity in Chad. the Congo testimonies from senior FARDC officers • S/2009/232 (6 May 2009) was a letter and sources close to CNDP, that former Expected Council Action from Chad requesting a Council CNDP warlord Bosco Ntaganda was acting The Council is expected to consider the meeting on the situation between as a de facto FARDC deputy commander Secretary-General’s report on the Demo- Chad and Sudan. for military operations in the Kivus. Ntaganda, cratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), due on • S/2009/231 (5 May 2009) was the note who was indicted by the International Crim- 30 June. The Council is expected to be verbale from the Chadian government inal Court (ICC) in 2006 on three counts of briefed by the Secretary-General’s Special accusing Sudan of facilitating the war crimes, including recruiting and using Representative for the DRC, Alan Doss. renewed cross-border rebel activity. child soldiers, was placed on the sanctions The mandate of the UN Organization • S/PV.6111 (24 April 2009) was the list in November 2005. meeting of the Council to consider the Mission in the DRC (MONUC) expires on Secretary-General’s MINURCAT report. 31 December. Council members visited the DRC as part of a mission to Africa from 14 to 21 May. • S/2009/214 (21 April 2009) was the Key Recent Developments letter from the Secretary-General Following the mission, the Council on 28 On 7 May Congolese parliamentarians transmitting two reports on the May held a public meeting at which Ambas- adopted a law granting amnesty to militias activities of the EUFOR. sador Jean-Maurice Ripert of France in the east of the country, as part of the pro- • SC/9614 (17 March 2009) welcomed reported on the mission’s visit to the DRC, cess to bring peace to provinces of North the successful transfer of authority where he led the delegation. He said that and South Kivu. The amnesty covers acts on 15 March 2009 from EUFOR to the situation in the Great Lakes Region had of war committed since 2003 but not war MINURCAT. improved, particularly as a result of the rap- crimes, nor does the amnesty legislation • S/PV.6029 (3 December 2008) was a prochement between the Congolese and apply to crimes committed by foreign rebel briefing by John Holmes, the Under- Rwandan governments. However, MONUC groups. It will take effect after being signed Secretary-General for Humanitarian still remained indispensable. Sexual vio- into law by President Joseph Kabila. Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordi- lence was widespread and assistance with nator, on the situation in Chad and On 4 May the Group of Experts submitted security sector reform remained crucial. the Sudan. its interim report to the Sanctions Commit- Ripert also said that deployment of 3,000 tee. It referred to violations of human rights additional troops, approved by the Council Other Relevant Facts and international humanitarian law in Ori- (troops are to be provided by Egypt and Jordan) was expected on the ground in MINURCAT: Special Representative of ental Province as well as North and South the Secretary-General Kivu by members of foreign armed groups, June and July. namely the Ugandan rebel Lord’s Resis- Victor da Silva Angelo (Portugal) In late May government forces and MONUC tance Army (LRA) and the Rwandan Hutu forces began a joint military offensive militias known as the Democratic Liberation 20 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org (Kimia II) in North Kivu against the ethnic May 2008 and transferred him to the ICC in Hutu Rwandan militia FDLR to stem the lat- July 2008.) ter’s attacks against civilians in the area. SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Key Issues There are also reports of several mutinies The key issue for Council members at this Monthly by disgruntled Congolese soldiers in North time is effective implementation of July 2009FORECAST Kivu over non-payment of salaries by army MONUC’s mandate to protect civilians. commanders, including an incident on 17 Supporting the strengthening of demo- June when a UN base in eastern DRC was cratic institutions and the rule of law and UN Documents fired on by FARDC soldiers. assisting in the establishment of a secure Selected Security Council Resolutions and peaceful environment for the holding Units of LRA fighters continued looting, • S/RES/1857 (22 December 2008) of free and transparent local elections are destroying property and kidnapping in renewed the sanctions regime for the also key tasks at this time. northeast DRC, resulting in the displace- DRC and extended the Group of ment of more than 12,000 civilians. A related issue is whether the Council will Experts’ mandate until 30 November. Operation Lightning Thunder, which was put renewed political support behind UN • S/RES/1856 (22 December 2008) carried out between December and March efforts to generate the additional capaci- renewed MONUC’s mandate and by the DRC, Uganda and South Sudan ties authorised by the Council in November continued authorisation of the forces, was unsuccessful in eliminating the 2008 to reinforce the rapid reaction capac- additional 3,085 troops for MONUC LRA presence. To support the Congolese ity of MONUC to protect civilians. At press until 31 December 2009. army efforts, MONUC forces were also time, none of the additional troop and aerial • S/RES/1843 (20 November 2008) deployed over the weekend of 23 May to a capacities approved for the mission in authorised the temporary deployment village near the northeastern town of November 2008 had yet been deployed to of an additional 3,085 troops to Dungu where LRA elements had allegedly the country. reinforce MONUC’s capacity. committed atrocities. • S/RES/1807 (31 March 2008) lifted Options the arms embargo for government On 5 June a Congolese military court Possible options for the Council include: forces, strengthened measures handed down thirty-year sentences to five n taking the opportunity of the Secretary- related to aviation and customs. militia fighters, found guilty of rape and General’s report and the impressions • S/RES/1698 (31 July 2006), 1649 (21 other sexual crimes, and ordered them to gleaned from the Council visit in May to December 2005) and 1596 (18 April pay financial damages to more than 135 issue a comprehensive updated policy 2005) strengthened sanctions, female victims. statement with guidelines, priorities and including provisions in resolution benchmarks for MONUC; 1698 against actors recruiting and On 15 June the ICC confirmed that the n requesting the DRC Sanctions Commit- using children in armed conflict in former Congolese Vice-President Jean- tee to update its list of individuals and the DRC. Pierre Bemba would face charges relating entities deemed to be obstructing the to the actions of his former rebel Movement Latest Presidential Statements peace process; for the Liberation of Congo (Mouvement de • S/PRST/2008/48 (22 December 2008) n considering the Secretary-General’s Libération du Congo, or MLC) troops in the welcomed regional efforts to address report but deferring action, and only Central African Republic (CAR) in 2002 and the security threat posed by the LRA. scheduling subsequent meetings as 2003. Bemba faces trial on three counts of • S/PRST/2008/40 (29 October 2008) appropriate in light of the evolving situa- war crimes and two of crimes against condemned the offensive by the rebel tion the ground; and humanity, including criminal responsibility CNDP in the eastern region of the n following up the allegations against for rapes, murders and pillage. MLC fight- DRC and noted the request for Bosco Ntaganda in light of his role in ers were accused of committing atrocities, reinforcement of MONUC. FARDC and the associated responsibility when they became involved in the conflict • S/PRST/2008/38 (21 October 2008) that this puts on the Kabila government. in CAR to support then-embattled CAR expressed concern about the resur- President Ange-Félix Patassé. Bemba’s Council Dynamics gence of violence in the eastern parts lawyers moved to the have case dismissed, While Council members have been satis- of the DRC and requested a compre- saying the militia was not under his com- fied with the mending of fences between hensive analysis of the situation. mand once they had crossed the DRC Rwanda and the DRC, and also with the Secretary-General’s Report border into CAR. (Bemba had previously decision to reconfigure MONUC to enable • S/2009/160 (27 March 2009) was the held the post of DRC vice-president in 2003 it to better carry out its protection mandate, latest report on the DRC. as part of a peace agreement which he they are concerned about delays in getting subsequently lost in the national election additional capacities on the ground to Other against President Kabila in 2006. Bemba enable MONUC to deal effectively with the • S/2009/253 (4 May 2009) was the went into exile in 2007 after being charged protection of civilians mandate. latest report of the Group of Experts with treason following violent clashes on the DRC. France is the lead country on this issue between his bodyguards and the Congo- • SC/9633 (9 April 2009) was the latest in the Council. lese army. Belgium arrested Bemba in Council press release on the situation in the DRC.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 21 • SC/9608 (3 March 2009) was the staff, 606 UN volunteers On 7 May the Secretary-General’s special press release on the addition of four • Approved budget (1 July 2008-30 envoy for the implementation of resolution individuals to the assets freeze and June 2009): $1,242.73 million 1559, Terje Rød-Larsen, briefed the Coun- cil following his latest report. He said that travel ban list by the DRC Sanctions Duration Committee. reconciliation efforts among Lebanese 30 November 1999 to present; mandate • S/2009/105 (19 February 2009) was factions had created a favourable environ- expires on 31 December 2009 the letter from the Secretary-General ment for strengthening sovereignty while on the revised concept of operations relations with Syria were improving. He and rules of engagement for MONUC. expressed concern at the continuous • S/PV.6083 (17 February 2009) was a Lebanon porous nature of the Syrian-Lebanese briefing on the humanitarian situation border. Recurrent security incidents high- in the DRC by Under-Secretary-General Expected Council Action lighted the proliferation of weapons and for Humanitarian Affairs John Holmes. A Secretary-General’s report on resolution armed groups in Lebanon. In addition, • S/2009/52 (27 January 2009) was a 1701, which in 2006 called for an end to the there had been a growing concern that letter from the Secretary-General conflict between Israel and Hezbollah in Hezbollah had engaged in militant activi- about difficulties being encountered Lebanon, is due at the end of June. Council ties beyond Lebanese territory. consultations are expected in early July. in attempts to secure additional In May and June the Lebanese authorities The focus of Council attention is likely to be troops and capacities for MONUC. arrested 35 Lebanese nationals on charges the political situation in Lebanon following • SC/9576 (16 January 2009) expressed of spying for Israel. The government sent the recent parliamentary elections. It is still concern about LRA activities. several letters to the Council complaining unclear whether the Council would take • SG/SM/12029 (30 December 2008) that Israeli spy networks inside Lebanon action following discussions on the report, was the Secretary-General’s press violated resolution 1701. statement on the LRA. but at press time it seemed unlikely. • S/2008/791 (15 December 2008) was Key Recent Developments Options One option is for the Council to remain silent. the response from Rwanda to the Lebanese legislative elections were held accusations of the DRC Group of on 7 June. The “March 14 Alliance” led by Another option is to welcome the 1701 Experts Saad Hariri, the son of slain Prime Minister report in a presidential statement and: • S-8/1 (1 December 2008) was the Rafik Hariri, won a majority of seats in par- n congratulate Lebanon on the elections, resolution on DRC adopted by the liament (71 of 128) against the opposition express hope that the government will Special Session of the Human “March 8 Coalition” led by Hezbollah. Poll- be formed soon and will commit to Rights Council. ing was quiet with a high turnout, but there implementing Council resolutions; were charges of vote-buying. The opposi- n ask the Lebanon Independent Border Other Relevant Facts tion quickly conceded. Hezbollah said on Assessment Team (LIBAT) to undertake Chairman of the DRC 10 June that it was ready to open a new a new field visit and report back to the Sanctions Committee page in its relation with the March 14 Council, or alternatively reiterate the Ambassador Baki ilkin (Turkey) alliance; but that it would wait to see what need for full implementation of its previous it has to offer before joining the govern- Group of Experts recommendations regarding enhanced ment (Hezbollah’s boycott of the Syrian-Lebanese border control; and • Christian B. Dietrich, USA (aviation) government had previously led to a deep n urge all parties to make more efforts to • Claudio Gramizzi, Italy (arms) political crisis in Lebanon). On 25 June the implement resolution 1701, in particular • Dinesh Mahtani, UK (finance expert Shi’a speaker of parliament, Nabih Berry, for Israel to pull out from Ghajar and stop and coordinator) was re-elected. On 27 June Hariri was its overflights; for Lebanese factions to • Mouctar Kokouma Diallo, Guinea appointed prime minister. resume national dialogue and address (customs expert) Hezbollah’s weapons; for Syria to make • Raymond Debelle, Belgium (regional On 8 June Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon more efforts toward border delineation; expert) congratulated Lebanon on the peaceful and for Syria, Lebanon and Israel to conduct of elections and called on all Leb- Special Representative of the Secretary- engage in discussions on the status of General and Head of Mission anese to respect the results. He said he the Sheb’a Farms. Alan Doss (UK) looked forward to the full consolidation of Lebanon’s sovereignty, stability, unity and MONUC Interim Force Commander Key Issues political independence in accordance with A key issue is whether Lebanese factions Lieutenant General Babacar Gaye Council resolutions. will agree on a cabinet composition. The (Senegal) opposition hopes for a national unity Another positive development for imple- Size, Composition and Cost of Mission government, preserving the current mentation of resolution 1701 was Israel’s arrangement which provides it with veto • Strength as of 31 May 2009: 16,626 handing over to the UN on 12 May data power, as enshrined in the Doha Agree- troops, 681 military observers, 1,074 on cluster munitions fired over southern ment of May 2008. The veto formula seems police, 969 international civilian Lebanon in 2006. personnel and 2,154 local civilian opposed by the March 14 Alliance, but to avoid political confrontation a further 22 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org national unity government is a possible incidents), stabilisation and extension of outcome. The issue therefore is whether Lebanese control over the whole territory. Hariri would agree to the former veto SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT It seems that the UN has had difficulties arrangement or whether a new compro- finding contributors for the maritime task Monthly mise solution will be explored. It also force deployed along the Lebanese coast remains to be seen whether Hezbollah will July 2009FORECAST with the aim of curtailing arms smuggling. show flexibility (the Christian party of Although there are fears that UNIFIL ground Michel Aoun, belonging to the opposition, from Lebanon informing the Council forces will also find it difficult to find seems to consider veto power a condition that Israel permitted Lebanese citizens contributors because of European com- for participation in the government). The suspected of spying for Israel to cross mitments in other parts of the world, core Council is likely to closely follow these the Blue Line between the two coun- contributors France, Italy and Spain have developments because a stalled situation tries, in violation of resolution 1701. so far remained committed to UNIFIL. could reinstitute the political crisis • S/2009/264 (20 May 2009) was a witnessed in 2007 and 2008. UN Documents letter from Lebanon saying that Israeli spying networks inside Lebanon were More generally, a key question for the Selected Council Resolutions a violation of Lebanese sovereignty. Council at this point is whether making • S/RES/1832 (27 August 2008) • S/2009/227 (4 May 2009) was a letter pronouncements on the current political extended UNIFIL until 31 August 2009. from Syria on resolution 1559. process, with or without specific language • S/RES/1701 (11 August 2006) called relating to implementation of resolution for a cessation of hostilities between Other Relevant Facts 1701, would have any added value. Hezbollah and Israel. Secretary-General’s Special Coordinator Council Dynamics • S/RES/1680 (17 May 2006) strongly for Lebanon The US and France both seem satisfied encouraged Syria to delineate its Michael Williams (UK) with the current state of political process. common border with Lebanon. Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for While they strongly support full implemen- • S/RES/1559 (2 September 2004) urged Implementation of Resolution 1559 tation of resolutions 1701 and 1559 (which withdrawal of all foreign forces from in 2004 urged withdrawal of all foreign forces Lebanon, disarmament of all militias, and Terje Rød-Larsen (Norway) from Lebanon) they continue to remain extension of the Lebanese government’s UNIFIL Force Commander cautious about not interfering in Lebanese control over all Lebanese territory. Major-General Claudio Graziano (Italy) politics through Council pronouncements. Selected Council Size and Composition of UNIFIL as of 31 Presidential Statements May 2009 US policy continues to be based on support • S/PRST/2008/17 (22 May 2008) for the president and the March 14 Alliance. • Authorised: 15,000 troops welcomed the Doha Agreement. However, the US seems to prefer at this • Current: 12,158 military personnel. • S/PRST/2008/8 (15 April 2008) was time to project its support through discreet • Troop Contributors: Belgium, Brunei, the latest statement on implementa- bilateral channels. US initiatives for major China, Croatia, Cyprus, El Salvador, tion of resolution 1701. new Council statements seem unlikely. France, FYR of Macedonia, Germany, Selected Secretary-General’s Reports Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Overall, Council members continue to • S/2009/218 (24 April 2009) was the India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, believe that many elements of resolution latest report on resolution 1559. Nepal, Norway, Poland (Poland 1701 have now been implemented • S/2009/119 (3 March 2009) was the announced in April that it would with- (exchange of prisoners, renewed Syrian- latest report on resolution 1701. draw by October), Portugal, Qatar, Lebanese contacts, handing over of cluster • S/2008/582 (25 August 2008) was the Republic of Korea, Sierra Leone, munitions maps). Most members see the latest LIBAT report. Slovenia, Spain, Tanzania and Turkey remaining issues (status of the Sheb’a • S/2007/382 (26 June 2007) was the Cost Farms, Israeli occupation of Ghajar, disar- first LIBAT report. mament of militias, delineation of the 1 July 2008 - 30 June 2009: $680.93 Syrian-Lebanese border) as intrinsically Council Official Records million (A/C.5/62/30) linked to progress on the broader regional • S/PV.6120 (7 May 2009) was a brief- Useful Additional Sources picture, especially the Syrian-Israeli peace ing by Terje Rød-Larsen on his latest n The Power Relations in Parliament: An track. There are hopes that progress 1559 report. Overview of What Has Changed and between Israel and Syria would allow Selected Letters What It Means, Maya Khourchid, NOW movement on these issues and that the • S/2009/307 (11 June 2009) was a Lebanon, 19 June 2009 Council can now afford to be more relaxed. position paper by Lebanon on n Analysis and Important Updates on the 7 Nevertheless, all Council members remain resolution 1701. June 2009 Lebanese General Elections, committed to implementation of resolution • S/2009/293 (4 June 2009) was a letter Deen Sharp 1701. All are also conscious of the large from Lebanon on Israeli violations of n Lebanon’s Elections: Avoiding a New and costly UN Interim Force in Lebanon Lebanese territorial integrity in May. Cycle of Confrontation, International (UNIFIL). It has contributed to increased • S/2009/287 (2 June 2009) was a letter Crisis Group, 4 June 2009 security (there have been no recent Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 23 Notable Dates for July Important Dates over the Reports for consideration in July Document Requesting Report Horizon

30 June SG report on the DRC (MONUC) S/RES/1856 n An international conference on the mid- 30 June SG report on resolution 1701 S/RES/1832 dle east peace process is to convene 30 June SG report on Women, Peace and Security S/RES/1820 in 2009. 30 June SG report on West Africa (UNOWA) S/2007/754 n Presidential elections are expected in 10 July SG report on Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) S/RES/1865 Afghanistan on 20 August 2009. 13 July SG report on Nepal (UNMIN) S/RES/1864 n Presidential elections are expected in 13 July SG report on Sudan (UNAMID) S/RES/1828 Côte d’Ivoire on 29 November 2009. 14 July SG report on Chad and CAR (MINURCAT) S/RES/1861 17 July SG report on Somalia S/PRST/2001/30 n Legislative elections in Chad are cur- mid July SG report on Sudan (UNMIS) S/RES/1870 rently slated for 2009. mid to end of July SG report on review of Council resolutions on Iraq S/RES/1859 n Gubernatorial elections in the DRC are by end of July or SG report on Iraq (DFI and IAMB) S/RES/1859 currently slated for 2009. early August n Parliamentary elections for Iraq are pro- July 2009 Mandates Expire Relevant Document visionally scheduled for end of 2009 or 23 July Nepal (UNMIN) S/RES/1864 early 2010. 31 July Sudan (UNAMID) S/RES/1828 n Palestinian presidential and legislative 31 July Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) S/RES/1865 elections are to be held in January July 2009 Other Important Dates 2010. n Elections (presidency and parliament, 13 July Trial of former Liberian President Charles Taylor is expected to resume. south Sudanese presidency, state gov- 15 July 1718 Sanctions Committee (DPRK) report is expected (S/RES/1874). ernors, southern parliament and state 25 July Regional presidential and parliamentary elections in the Kurdistan region of Iraq are scheduled. assemblies) in Sudan are expected in 31 July The 1267 monitoring team (Al-Qaida and Taliban sanctions) is expected February 2010. to submit its report on states’ implementation of resolution 1822. by end of July The Chairman of the Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict is expected to report to the Council on activities of the Working Group from SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT STAFF 30 June 2008 to 1 July 2009. Colin Keating, Executive Director Also expected in June: Joanna Weschler, Director of Research • The Council will hold an open debate on the Middle East. Amanda Roberts, Programme Coordinator • The Council will hold an open debate on post-conflict peacebuilding. Robert Afriyie, Research Analyst • AU Summit will be held 24 June - 3 July 2009. Anne-Gaëlle Claude, Research Analyst • Referendum on the Status of Forces Agreement between the US and Iraq is expected to be held Shamala Kandiah, Research Analyst in Iraq by 30 July 2009. Nina Pregellio, Research Analyst Astrid Forberg Ryan, Research Analyst Brian Lockstone, Communications Consultant Robbin VanNewkirk, Publications Coordinator Jamaal A. Young, Programme Assistant

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