Churches, Cathedrals, and Chapels: a Teacher's Guide. Education on Site. INSTITUTION English Heritage Education Service, London (England)

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 461 571 SO 029 517

AUTHOR Morris, Richard; Corbishley, Mike TITLE Churches, Cathedrals, and Chapels: A Teacher's Guide. Education on Site. INSTITUTION English Heritage Education Service, London (England). ISBN ISBN-1-85074-447-5 PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 43p.; For other teacher's guides in the series, see SO 029 518-521. AVAILABLE FROM English Heritage Education Service, 23 Savile Row, London, England W1X lAB, United Kingdom. Tel: 020 7973 3000; Fax: 020 7973 3443; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Active Learning; *Archaeology; British National Curriculum; Christianity; *Churches; Community Characteristics; Cultural Background; Cultural Education; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign.Countries; *Heritage Education; History Instruction; *Local History; Social Studies; World History IDENTIFIERS *England

ABSTRACT This book aims to:(1) provide information that sets places of worship in their religious, historical and social contexts; (2) explore interdisciplinary links; and (3) offers ideas for study, projects, and follow-up work. "Church" is a word with two senses: a body of believers and a building where people worship. This book is about the buildings, but it is important for pupils to be reminded that Church members regard their buildings as expressions of living faith, not inert monuments. The chapter titles include: (1) "Definitions and Settings"; (2) "What Went On in a Church?"; (3) "When Were Churches Built?"; (4) "Under and around the Church"; (5) "Repair, Restoration, and Re-Use"; (6) "Educational Approaches"; and (7) "Churches across the Curriculum." A timeline, bibliography, and resources section complete the text. (EH)

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ___11.1111161.64doi. tr.)

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TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Points of view or opinions stated in this INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. Books in theEducation on Siteseries are written especially for teachers, tutors and students to help them make the best use of the historic environment.

Cover illustrations: The cathedral church of Wells in Somerset. The cathedral was built in two main phases c1180-1260 and c1285-1345. This view is of the west front with hundreds of niches for sculpture, carved by a team of masons in c1230-1243. (Skyscan Balloon Photography). Back cover : Pupils investigating the Primitive Methodist Chapel, built in 1867, in Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex (Mike Corbishley).

The activities on pages13and 14 remain the copyright of English Heritage but may be reproduced without written permission by educational establishments for free distrib- ution for educational use. Edited and produced by Mike Corbishley Designed by Alan McPherson Drawings by Dai Owen (pages12- 14,29and31)and Sean Whittle ( pages23and32-33) Printed by Hythe Offset, Colchester rcX7 Printed on recycled paper 111111

First published1996by English Heritage © Copyright English Heritage,1996 ISBN 1-85074-447-5 3 EDUCATION ON EITE

A iv

a 4 ENGLISH HERITAGE CHURCHIES, CATEIEDRALS AMID CHAPIELS CONTENTS ABOUT THIS BOOK 3

TIMELINE 4 DEFINITIONS AND SETTINGS 6 Churches 6 Cathedrals, abbeys and priories 6 Medieval chapels 9 Nonconformist buildings 10 WHAT WENT ON IN A CHURCH? 12 Activity: The Parish Church 13-14 After the Reformation 15 WHEN WERE CHURCHES BUILT? 16 The founding of local churches: 950-1150 16 Rebuilding and enlargement: 1100-1300 18 Industrial Revolution and Gothic revival: 1800-1900 18 UNDER AND AROUND THE CHURCH 20 Below the floor 20 Out in the churchyard 22 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND RE-USE 24 EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES 26 Location 26 Recording 29 Understanding 30

CHURCHES ACROSS THE CURRICULUM 34 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES 35 Acknowledgements 36 CURCIQ CATHIEDRALS AND CHAPELS ABOUT THIS BOOK

Most places have at least one church or chapel. Towns usually contain a number. Locally accessible, these buildings, their sites and surroundings, offer practical and analytical learning opportunities, not only for history and religious education, but also for maths, science, technology, geography, artand links between them. 'Church' is a word with two senses: a body of believers ('the Christian Church') and a building where believers meet for worship. This book is about the buildings, but it is important for pupils to be reminded that Church members regard their buildings as expressions of living faith, not inert monuments. Like history itself, a ABOVE: St. Marks Church, church is not a finished or 'given' North Audley Street, London, built in 1824-8 with artefact, but something dynamic, a neo-Greek front. still in process of change. TOP RIGHT: Lindisfarne Holy Island was founded in AD 635. The priory church This book aims to: seen here dates from the twelfth century. BELOW TO RIGHT: A Church equip teachers with information of England chapel for the that sets places of worship in villagers of Stones Green, an outlying hamlet of a large their religious, historical and social parish in Essex. This chapel, contexts built of wood and corrugated iron, replaced a stone building in about 1929. explore interdisciplinary links RIGHT: St Swithuns Church, Compton Beauchamp, Oxfordshire. offer ideas for study, projects, BELOW: Ely Cathedral. This and follow-up work. view of the east end shows the thirteenth-century chancel, enlarged from the Cathedrals are used to receiving Norman original. On the large numbers of visitors who wish right is the Lady Chapel, to explore the building. Some built c1335-1353. cathedrals have materials specifical- ly produced for teachers and their pupils. However, most churches and chapels are unused to groups of people visiting for educational purposes. Most, of course, are still used for worship and attract the loyalties and affections of local people, whose relatives may be buried there. Members of the congregation are usually pleased to see their church as a focus for lively interest, but some may resent any suggestion, even if unintended, that their building is merely an ancient monument. As with any resource, you should visit in advance to find out who to contact and how best to fit in with services and meetings. CHURCEEES CATHIEDRALS AND CHAPELS TIMELINE

300+ By the early fourth century AD 668 Theodore, a monk from Asia Minor, c 1050 The Romanesque style, already there are churches in Roman Britain. is appointed to the see of Canterbury. He adopted in some progressive monastic and arrives in England in 669, and during the cathedral churches, begins to make its 670s and 680s establishes an expanded appearance in parish churches. 432 Patrick evangelises in Ireland. The network of dioceses. length of Patrick's missionary work is 1066 Norman Conquest. During the next uncertain: 432 is its traditional starting fifty years almost all existing cathedrals, date. 674 Benedict Biscop (an English noble- man) establishes a religious community churches of religious communities, and a and church at Monkwearmouth, followed majority of parish churches are rebuilt in c 563 Religious community founded at by a second church at nearby Jarrow in the Romanesque style, with a new sense of Iona. 681. scale. 1078 Legates are sent from Rome to reor- 596 Augustine and a group of monks are ganise the English Church. despatched from Rome by pope Gregory I 731 Bede completes his Ecclesiastical to convert Ethelbert, king of Kent. By 579 History. During the first half of the 8th century literary activity, the arts and archi- 1086 Domesday Survey. Ethelbert had married Bertha, a Frankish tecture flourish. Missionary activity is car- princess, who was already a Christian. ried from England into Germany. 1093 Work begins on a new cathedral at 597 Augustine and his missioners reach 793 Lindisfarne is raided by the Danes. Durham. Technologically advanced, its Kent. Ethelbert welcomes them, and in spaces are to be covered by the first surviv- following years they build or restore ing system of ribbed vaults in Europe. several churches in and around 900+ Churches for the use of local, secu- Canterbury. lar populations are founded in increasing c 1175 Early English Gothic, which takes numbers during the 10th and 1 lth cen- the pointed arch as a leading theme, begins 604 Episcopal sees established in London turies. to displace the Romanesque style. and Rochester.

lst-lOth Centuries llth Century 12th Century 13th Century 14th Century

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

627 A church is built in York, in which c 800-900 Monastic communities and 1200 Almost all medieval parish churches Edwin, king of Northumbria, is baptised dioceses in much of northern and eastern are now standing. by Paulinus, a Roman missionary. England are weakened by Danish incur- sionsinitially by looting, but subsequent- c 1250 First essays in Decorated style, ly and probably more fundamentally by 632 Edwin is killed in battle by Penda which employs bar tracery (permitting seizure of their estates and the displace- much enlarged and ornate windows) and (pagan king of Mercia) and his ally ment of supportive local leaders. King Cadwallon (the Christian king of delights in embellishment and sinuous pat- Alfred (871-99) laments the decline, but terns. Gwynedd). church building and renovation continue. 1320+ First inventions in Perpendicular - 634-5 Oswald, Edwin's effective successor a wholly English stylebegin to appear. as king of Northumbria, invites Irish 970 A conference held in Winchester her- alds fresh efforts to reform monastic and From around 1350 until the Tudor age monks at Iona to send a mission to his Perpendicular holds sway. kingdom. They establish a religious com- ecclesiastical life. A number of religious munity on Lindisfarne. communities are reformed or refounded in 1380 John Wycliffe translates the Bible following years. into English. 661+ Wilfrid oversees the construction of a monastic church at Ripon, the crypt of which survives beneath the present (later) cathedral. A crypt of broadly similar char- acter and date, also of Wilfridian origin, exists under the church at Hexham.

664 Disagreement between churchmen of Irish and Roman tendency on such matters as the correct method of calculating Easter is settled, in favour of Rome, at the Synod of Whitby.

E- RIGHT: This is an artist's impression of a Christian church built in Colchester between AD 320 and 340 and remained in use until least AD 400. Its remains were excavated by the Colchester Archaeological Trust. 7 TIMEUNE

1711 Parliament establishes a 1817 First edition of Thomas Rickman's 1529-40 Henry VIII reforms Parliament Commission for Building Fifty New Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of and dissolves monasteries. The Church of Churches in London. When the English Architecture: one of the earliest England is formed with the monarch as its Commission's work ceases in 1733 the successful attempts to establish a reliable head. total of completed projects is 19. typological framework for medieval architecture, and which coins the stylistic 1729 The Wesley brothers and others names of Early English, Decorated and form a Holy Club in Oxford. For their Perpendicular. 1545-7 Dissolution of chantries. methodical devotion they are nicknamed by 1550 Some congregations gather to 'methodists'. 1818 Church Building Act establishes a hear the Word of the Lord apart from the Commission for 'building and promoting Church of England. Many such 1744 First annual the building of additional churches in Separatists eventually become Methodist general populous parishes'. Congregationalists (or the Independency). conference. 1832 Congregational Union of England 1784 Methodist and Wales. societies are given legal 1554-58 Brief Catholic restoration under status. Some 356 chapels 1832 Parliament approves a Bill for Mary Tudor. now exist in England and Wales. establishing a 'General Cemetery' in the vicinity of London. Kensal Green garden 1559 Elizabeth I re-establishes authority 1791 John Wesley dies. There are now cemetery opens in 1833. Others follow at of the monarch over the English Church. some 100,000 Methodists. Norwood (1837), Highgate (1839), Abney Park (1840) and elsewhere. 1609 John Smyth begins to baptise adult 1791 Relief Act legalises the building of believers. Roman Catholic churches. 1839 Formation of Cambridge Camden Society, which by 1844 argues that the 1643 Presbyterian Assembly of Divines. Decorated style was the architecture more perfectly matched to Christian doc- 1652 Large increase in membership of trine than any other, and urges the Society of Friends. restoration of existing churches and the building of new ones accordingly.

entury 16th Century 17th Century 18th Century 19th Century 20th Century

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

1662 Following the Act of Uniformity, some 2,000 ministers refuse to subscribe, 1843 John Claudius Loudon publishes his secede from the Church of England and influential treatise On the laying out, form Presbyterian churches. planting, and managing of Cemeteries.

1687 Declaration of Indulgence, which ,s2,,,J, 4 1849 John Ruskin describes 'restoration' allows Roman Catholic and nonconformist as 'destruction accompanied with a false worship. .ur description of the thing destroyed'. ,Alf 17, Gre A AT!, SwA 1689 Act of Toleration exempts 1856 Work of the Church Building Protestant dissenters (except Unitarians) Commission ends. 612 new churches from some penal laws and guarantees their ql have been erected. freedom of worship. From now on non- _ lAts;)q' conformist places of worship and meeting kt i fa, 1877 William Morris and others found the Ell tc.11,,,AA are built, and survive, in increasing num- *. P ...-14 Alp...;,1 Society for the Protection of Ancient bers. - ._,, I.---ja- 4.1. Buildings. Hostile to restoration, their doc- EV E i -E. R-3..-I i E o i 1..13 Tee. trine of conservative repair will be the gir= Hr- aqplt 1 Ai f 1 Mr 'iMotil,.` . ....oii. ,:a 1-li . t. , I i 11 . 1 J foundation of 20th-century conservation philosophy. ,a*C..A2. .P-E."tAt,.. li V P ,,,,tril ,4 Poi. P ittC7'' 0..er.1 j'' 4 g s, 4 ILL 4 IvjorZWI g 7:4 ,It° = r in , :mrst,...1 1914 Dibdin Commission is established to XX% i:%.,1 'A 1.1.,:,..`A4 examine the Church of England's system i Mil g FA Itlift g g i '4: 1 for the care of parish churches. The strat- , 1 , ,..: '4 LI.;.:;41`, t egy it recommends a network of A I 1 .f 'iiti ii: iii 0 * Diocesan Advisory Committees - forms the basis of Anglican conservation care today. 1972 United Reformed Church is founded by union of Congregationalists and Window in 'Albion Chapel', Ashton-under- Presbyterians. Lyne, Lancashire, built 1890-5 in a Late The imagery on eighteenth-century Gothic idiom for the Congregational (now memorials is often concerned with United Reform) Church. The glass is of mortality (skull and crossed bones, the outstanding quality, and here shows scenes tools of the sexton, the hourglass, sundial from the life of the Roman emperor and candle) especially in the early part of Constantine, who made a pilgrimage to the the century. Holy Places. CHURCHES CATHEDRALS AND CHAPELS DEFINITIONS AND SETTINGS CHURCHES elderly, and the reception of guests. 'Church' can refer to all kinds of In an age before the Welfare State building, but for present purposes religious communities also the word is limited to parish specialised in providing charity for churches. A parish is a local unit of the elderly, displaced or sick. Their pastoral care. Parish churches are actions thereby reflected well upon places for rites of passagebap- the patrons who provided the tism, marriage, burialand regular resources. devotion. Together with their sur- Great churches were sponsored rounding spaces they are also by royalty or aristocracy, who places of communal life and meet- enabled religious communities to ing. exist by providing sites for their monasteries, and land (which yield- CATHEDRALS, ed agricultural produce that could be converted to income) in return ABBEYS for prayers. AND PRIORIES A cathedral community or great Cathedrals are usually imagined as church can thus be seen as repre- big and special churches. Many of; senting a bargain between the them are, but neither size nor patron(s) who made it possible, architectural form actually define a and the priests, monks or nuns who cathedral, which is properly the Vertical photograph of the Anglo-Saxon formed its community. A patron principal church of a bishop's dio- cathedral at Canterbury, partially excavat- expected to have an easier time it in cese. The bishop's authority is ed in advance of reflooring in 1992-93. Purgatory because of the masses symbolised by his cathedra: a throne said by the community (s)he had or chair. Move the chair to another founded. church, and you move the cathe- although archaeological excavations All great churches were prayer dral. The diocese of Bath and give us glimpses of what they were factories, but cathedrals had extra Wells, for instance, is so called like. functions as the churches.of bish- because at different times the A few great churches, like the ops who exercised pastoral supervi- cathedra stood in both. During the abbey churches at Tewkesbury sion over the parish churches and last 150 years a number of large Abbey or Romsey, were taken over priests in their dioceses. Cathedrals parish churches in growing indus- by local communities after 1540, were thus accompanied by a num- trial towns like Bradford, Coventry and survive in use as large parish ber of other specialised buildings, and Sheffield were promoted to churches. cathedral status. For archaeological purposes What were cathedrals, abbeys and priories great churches for? can usually be regarded as a single Cathedral and monastic churches category, convehiently thought of were for the use of religious com- as 'great churches'. Bear in mind munities: men or women who lived that cathedrals remain in active use,a life in common, according to a whereas most monastic churches formal regime or rule. Such are either in ruins (often in the carechurches were therefore parts of of English Heritage) or have disap- larger groups of buildings where peared since the Reformation. the canons, monks or nuns lived, Many of our great churches origi-ate and slept. These functions in nated before the Norman their turn required further build- Conquest, some in the missionary ings for the processing of food, age of the seventh and eighth craft working, care of the sick and centu:ries when England was converted to Christianity by bishops, holy men and women from Italy, RIGHT: Cadaver tomb in Tewkesbury Frankish Gaul, and Ireland. A Abbey. Such grisly memorials appear in the fifteenth century, reminding us of the number were rebuilt and enlarged late medieval preoccupation not only with in the ninth-eleventh centuries. Few mutability, but also with the need for the living to provide spiritual support for the traces of these enterprises are to be dead. In this sense, 'society' in the wortratir seen above ground Norman Z'medieval period was trans-temporal, irk-wd* rebuilding was near-comprehensiVe-embracing all Christians, whether alive or departed. DEIFIINIITIIONS AND SETTINGS such as a palace for the bishop, grand houses for the leaders of the cathedral community, and a chapter housea religious conference room where the community could meet. The senior members of the community ranked as noblemen, and each of their houses would be something like a complete manorial complex, with facilities for visitors, 0 servants, storage of produce, and ABOVE: St Alban's Cathedral, showing the stables. great length of the nave.

Cathedral size LEFT: Old Sarum, Wiltshire: a Norman cathedral complex within a former Iron Why are some cathedrals so large? Age hillfort. Early in the thirteenth Why, for instance, are the naves of century the cathedral was abandoned in abbeys like St Albans or Ely so favour of a new site nearby: Salisbury. long? Were they meant to hold lots of people (for example big secular congregations at important festi- LEFT: Altar-shrine, Whitchurch vals)? Or could it be that size was Canicorum, Dorset. The niches enabled those who venerated the saint to place an expression of wealth, an expres- themselves in close proximity to the sion of honour both to God and the relic(s). saint whose house the church was? Height and length lent solemnity to BELOW: York Minster, a view from the ritual, especially processions, and west. The visible cathedral building is mostly Gothic, with architectural styles allowed spatial, almost theatrical, from c1230 to c1472. On the right of the effects in the liturgy. Size also Minster is one of 19 surviving parish churches in York (there were 45 by 1300). allowed space for numerous sub- It is St Michael-le-Belfrey, probably sidiary altars, representing a com- earlier than thirteenth century but rebuilt pany of saints. completely in 1525-37. Saints and cults The cult of saints permeated medieval religion and society. Saints were holy men and women who were believed to radiate special power. The Latin word for this power was virtus, meaning something like 'force' or 'potency'. Saints continued to radiate virtus after they died, which is why their graves and remains became centres of devotion and religious tourism pilgrimage. Anything which came into contact or close proximity with a saint was itself charged with virtus. Hence, the temporary resting places of saints and items of clothing or objects which touched them were also deeply venerated or highly sought after. Saints were believed to be close to God, and could thus act as inter- mediaries between heaven and earth. Kings and aristocrats who endowed great churches might look to their patrons saints for support in temporal affairs. Interest in saints helps to explain the consider- able number of side altars and chapels which existed both in great and parish churches. Each altar invoked its own saint, and many contained relics. DEIFRNI[TRONS AND SETTINGS

or your house?) However, until the The author of such designs (no sixteenth century designers workedfemale medieval architects have yet more on vellum than on paper. been recognised) was called magis- Vellum was valuable, and often re- ter, 'master', or magister operi, used so that earlier designs were 'master of the works'. Usually they erased. Here is a good illustration were masons, but some were mas- of the historian's maxim that ter carpenters. The role they ful- absence of evidence is not always filled was wider and more 'hands evidence of absence! on' than that of a modern architect, Even so, a few examples of pro- often embracing the work of the ject drawings have survived in contractor, engineer, and site man- different parts of Europe. They ager, as well as designer. Some demonstrate that project drawings medieval masters are known to us were used, and that the people by name. Occasionally we meet behind them had strong creative their faces, usually in sculpture or personalities. Models were also on a tomb, staring out across used, sometimes for demonstrationthe centuries from the buildings purposes, to show a patron what they designed. (s)he was getting.

Medieval buildings: Anonymous individual, possibly an Making the architect, in the chapter house at Southwell, Nottinghamshire. This may be drawings a self-portrait. Medieval builders worked without optical Masons and architects instruments like the level Absorbing questions with which (which measures relative pupils can engage directly arise height) or theodolite from the construction of great (which measures angles). churches. How were they designed, Nor did they use stan- and how were designs realised? dardised measures, Lessons in the use of sources can although there is be learned from how earlier histori- evidence for unusual ans approached these questions. different units of Some Victorian scholars imagined measure at different that great churches were built by times and places, an monks, or that medieval people measuring rods. How, were gifted with a facility for coop- then, did they prepare a erative action which society has site and set out a design since lost. at full scale? One reason why some early schol- Geometry is the key. ars held fallacious ideas about Sophistic-ated layouts design and building was their lack can be scaled up or of accessible sources and experi- down, and transferred ence in using them. Surviving from design to site, medieval building accounts had not without mathematical been fully studied or published. calculation. The fact that such records tended to be kept by monks or clerics (by definition, the people most likely to be literate and numerate: 'clerk') created an impression that building projects were entirely run by The stone grave cover of a master mason of the fif- monks. teenth century from This supposition was reinforced Crowland Abbey, Lincolnshire. The by the dearth of original design inscription reads, 'Here lies drawings. In retrospec6his should Master William of not have been surprising. Working Wermington, the Mason, on the soul of whom God of His documents become expendable Grace gave absolution'. His when the work is finished. In an effigy holds a proportional age before photocopiers it would be set square and compasses and is shown wearing a surprising if many project drawings monk's cowl and a long of the medieval period had come flowing robe. down to us. (Could you find the working drawings for your school DEFENIETEONS AND SETTINGS

MEDIEVAL CHAPELS Historically, a chapel was a church parts of the parish, or found it dif- The word chapel as we use it todayof secondary or satellite status. Theficult for people to reach the parish covers two broad and distinctly dif-word seems to derive from Latin church at certain times of year (for ferent kinds of building: capella a 'cloak' (the underlying example, because of long distances, sense may have been `shelter'). swollen rivers or impassable roads): a church (or part of a church) Medieval chapels ranged from hence, 'chapel-of-ease'. which was secondary to a main small, simple buildings to large and Such chapels were institutionally church elaborate churches which were subordinate to the mother church founded after the parishes were of the parish (see page 3 for a defined, usually during or after the modern example). For the same a place of worship for noncon- twelfth century. reason, 'chapel' can also refer to a formists. Parochial chapels often served subsidiary part of a parish church people who lived in outlying or cathedral, with its own altar.

Chapels No one knows how many chapels existed in medieval England, but it is clear that there were many thousands of them, of different .4 WO kinds. For example: MINI I mortuary or charnel chapel: associated with a cemetery or for :11 .1% storing bones

manorial chapel: a room for ..,11111I Iii' family worship attached to a "4" IEFE-rjj manor house or other magnate residence

well chapel: upon or beside a spring (from the Old English ABOVE: Odda's Chapel, Deerhurst, Glos. BELOW: Gate church of St Swithun, word wylla, 'spring') or pool, Founded c 1055, the close relationship Winchester. Medieval long-distance often credited with miraculous between this chapel and the neighbouring travel was difficult and sometimes (later) house reminds us of the close dangerous. Town gates were points at properties of healing or augury connection which existed between church which to say a prayer or make an founding and local landowners. offering to safeguard a forthcoming journey, or give thanks for one gate, bridge or causeway completed. chapels: for the convenience of travellers who could pray for safe passage as they set out on journeys (which were often risky) or give thanks upon return

chantry chapel: either within a church or a building in its own right, where masses were said or sung for the soul of the founder. Most chapels were abandoned after the Reformation and have disappeared. Their sites are often lost and await discovery. Sources likely to give clues to a chapel's former existence include:

Chantry certificates. A chantry was an endowment for a priest or chapel or altar. Field and place names: where Antiquarian drawings such sources have been examined, Maps (usually located in the the whereabouts of chapels which Archaeological air photographs. .county record office) have vanished may be noted in Sites and Monuments Records (see page 36) 1 2. DIEIFEMTIONS AND SETTENGS NONCONFORMIST BUILDINGS Since the sixteenth century the word chapel has acquired another meaning. From around the time of the Civil War it also came to denote buildings used by nonconformists or dissentersso called because they dissented from some of the doctrines of the Church of England and wished to meet or worship separately. Hence, while Anglicans go to church, Methodists or Baptists go to chapel. Some nonconformist denominations, like the Quakers, do not engage in organised worship at all. Their buildings are called meeting houses. Meeting houses Broadly speaking, the Civil War TOP LEFT:Puritan chapel of mid-seventeenth century, built by Sir Robert Dyneley in the grounds of his house at Bramhope, West Yorkshire. can be taken as the starting point TOPRIGHT: Quaker meeting house and cemetery in Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. for an independent tradition of ABOVE LEFT:One of five preaching stations established in 1843-5 by Lion Walk Congregational Church, Colchester at Old Heath, known locally as the 'Tin nonconformist building. Tabernacle'. Dissenters of many different kinds ABOVERIGHT: Baptist Church at Thorpe, in Essex, built in 1802. for example Baptists (General and Particular), Quakers, Independents, Congregationalists existed sooner, but it was after the , 1640s, and particularly after the IgA131ii;7_111; g1001.3 Toleration Act 1689, that noncon- rqtrqt.ril: formists began to erect buildings of 'A Or MG 7/ their own. a Nonconformity IJ ABOVE:Plaque to and buildings Stockwell St chapel. Nonconformity, almost by defini- "Ast tion, involves diversity of opinion, ABOVE:Stockwell Street chapel, Colchester Essex. reflected in a correspondingly wide RIGHT: United Reformed Church in Kendal, Cumbria. BELOWRIGHT:Standing at the side of an alley in range of building types. Leading Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, The Old Baptist Chapel (but not universal) themes in the was formed in the seventeenth century from an arrangements of chapels include existing timber-framed hall-house of c.1500. provision for prayer, sermons and hymns. Hence, furnishings, fittings and galleries often contribute much to a chapel's historical interest. The smallest, more remote chapels and meeting houses are sometimes characterised by a strong vernacular feel, using materials, proportions and features which may also appear in other local buildings. As nonconformity gained in strength and social respectability, so larger and more elaborate chapels were -constructed, on more prominent sites. The pro- gression from modest buildings in the hinterlands of domestic property to conspicuous high street loca- tions is one which can be followed in many market towns and cities. RIGHT: Methodist Church built in 1899 as the Primitive Methodist Meeting Hall, Kendal, Cumbria. DEIFENIMIONS AND SETTINGS

Architectural styles splendour. In Halifax, for instance, Chapel-builders in the nineteenth Church of England and Bear in mind that as these buildings century took little direct part in the Congregationalist mill-owners were begun much later than most battle of the styles which gripped built grand churches in different parish churches, it is often possible the Church of England. However, parts of the town. From a distance,to date them from written records they did find ways of proclaiming so high do their steeples soar, a as well as by study of their fabrics. their institutional distinctiveness. new visitor might find it difficult to Many chapels display foundation- Classical forms, for instance, guess where their denominational or date-stones: evidence largely abandoned by Anglicans allegiances lay. which is both documentary and after the 1840s, remained popular archaeological. But be careful: with many nonconformists for Change in chapel buildings such stones were sometimes re- some time afterwards. The tower, Unlike most parish churches, used and so may not date the wall another feature reminiscent of chapels and meeting houses may atthey are in. Anglicanism and its medieval past, first glance sometimes seems like was at first commonly avoided. architectural 'single statements' As time passed the significance ofthat is, that they were built in one BELOW: The Baptist chapel at Goodshaw, Lancashire, now in the care of English stylistic symbolism waned. Many campaign. However, closer study Heritage, is one of very few which nonconformist buildings have been will commonly reveal alterations has been the subject of archaeological built in an idiom of medieval or and different phases of work, and excavation. Gothic revival pastiche, and the same archaeological principles INSET: The interior of the chapel shows towards the end of the nineteenth of study as apply to parish church- eighteenth-century box pews with numbered doors and a gallery on three century a number were designed toes are relevant for nonconformist sides. rival the Anglicans in architectural chapels.

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-..-k--,-- -n - r,,....., - . . ... ,... .,... _, ,. 1.4 -,--i-vr-F-,22---1-r.--- .__. CHURCHES, CATHEDRALS AND CHAPIELS WHAT WENT ON IN A CHURCH?

Each part of a church had a partic-ceremonies (like burial, baptism Medieval use focused on altars, ular use or uses, some of which and marriage) began. Because of and related objects of devotion like changed as time passed. These their special, frontier, status statues of saints, or the rood (an included: porches were also places for sealingOld English word for cross) which bargains, making vows, and con- often stood on a screen that divided The nave (from Latin navis, 'a firming business transactions. the chancel from the nave. ship', a common symbol for the Furnishings and fittings will help Virtually all churcheseven very Church) was the place of ordinary pupils to reconstruct how churches small onescontained at least two people. Here parishioners stood or were used at different times. or three altars; some had more. sat (little is known about seating before the late fourteenth century, when benches began to be infi-o- duced) to listen to and watch the mass. Benches were sometimes incorporated into the walls of the nave. The origin of the phrase 'the sick go to the wall' comes from this feature. Sermons became increas- ingly important after about 1300, and some churches contain a medieval pulpit. Other features in the nave would be a font, in which people would be initiated to the Church, and one or more subsidiary altars (see below, p.15). Nave walls would often be limewashed and painted with episodes of religious devotion some of a quasi-mythological char- acterand sometimes a representa- fion of Purgatory or the Last Judgement.

The chancel (which literally -E means an enclosure) was the eastern part of the church. It contained the principal altar, and was ABOVE: St Swithun's Church, Compton Beauchamp, Oxfordshire, thirteenth-century screened off and set apart for use wall paintings. by the officiating clergy. Aisles Flanking the nave, and BEND SIDES IN TO sometimes the chancel, were often CENTRAL KEW-INES.. one or more aisles (from Latin ala, 'a wing'). Today these look like ca=> 4=1:41 overflow space for the congregation, but in the medieval period aisles were often compartmen- talised, the different portions being set apart as family burial chapels, and for the use of guilds. Entrance Parishioners usually It entered the church by a nave door KEYLINE sometimes sheltered by a porch. This was a special placethe boundary between the secular The photocopiable family activities on the next two pages of this book were world and the realm of the spirit r. originally drawn and designed as part of the History at Home project in Cumbria. and the point at which important 1D You may photocopy them and fold them using the key lines. What do CHURCHyou think TheWINDOW shape STYLES of churchDETAILS windows ANP CLUES TO LOOK FOR Is thereit tallTHE aIA church a high near tower you? likePARISH Does this 4one look or new does or old?it 4BrickOr is something made or stone? from? else? What shape are the windows? giveschanged a good over centuries,indication andof F21 have a spire? ferentthatAre the fimes?there church any You wasclues could built which look at showdif-for date. Norman c1100AD Early English c 1200AP Decorated c.1300A9 Perpendicular c.1900AP differentblocked-up styles windows of windows, and doors, dif- 2-4 ferentmateria toes and age of building straight line joints. onebeenWhere you added a can new tooften wall an oldseehas IdltsAntil dit chancelseparatedRay from the the clergy congregafion in the scam one?clockDoes ftlike have this a `. UNcthe join JOINT. as a STRAIGHT MITIIMME TRU 171E1M9 Gross.in the nave. Rood means the decorateA GAR \ND a ANGELroof. They used to A PILLAR is a mft, . voar were richly coloured. GAPITAL,atcolumn its top which whicha has is Ttp isIs itthe in churchthe middle on a ofhill, lots or often carved 7 %FF.- 1' jj -.buildings around standof4? shops out or from houses? the Does it TheTRIPLE parish RICER clerk PULPIT sat in the lower deck, " ":"%-?*4-`, topthewhile deck.middle the deck, parson but read preached the service from the from oldestsamegravestones?Does ftshape date have you orArea churchyardnot? canthese Whatfind all onthe iswfth athe BOX PEWS gravestonesgravestone? change? Do the styles of Yew trees have 169 theThe churchyard. lychgate marks the entrance to werecongregation.eighteenth originally century paid They for theyhelped by thebecame keep richer out popular members the draughts. for allof membersthe parish. of In the the centuries.graveyardsoften grown for1 in 7 seeA church this symbol is used anywhere? for Christian worship. Po you THINGS TO LOOK FOR INSIPE HaveTHE ARKS a look at the arches. Round headed arches WhenMUSIC people.sing in this church, do they have an As you walk inside a church, what do you notice are theusually pillars? older Are than the pointed capitals ones.plain Whator decorated? shapes organ or a piano to help them? What111E PULPIT is it made from? youglassAreGLASS tellthe or windowswhetherstained glass? the full.of stained Can clear first?.people Is it around, very quiet the andsound still, of ortraffic are thereoutside? lots of beautifullychurchesInTHE very ROOF big have decoratedchurches a wooden you with roof. may angels Somefind and a oldstone coats roofs vault, of are arms. but most survive.Sometimes triple decker pulpits medievalI/ictorian?glass is very glass Occasionally modern survives. or some differentchurch.ThereMEMORIALS may Mat kinds be is some ofit about?memorials? writing Are on therePo walls you of the insideSometimes theecogne church important inany carved people of the tombs. were local buried names? Allllif ALTAR the seats in church face the 11-IE BELIS oryousame holy will way. table. be Asfacing Can you ayou sit table, down find altar, out theywherepeopleThe bellsrung? theyto services.are are rung hung? Canto summon Howyou see are When people read the Bible in church, is altarcolour?coveredwhat isit up isWhatdoes useda step itis havefor? on in it?the Ifa specialTheit's standTherethereof thea ormight special lectern. resurrection be placean The eagle eagleto and read carved is ita from?symbol into the andrecessaltarCHANCEL a you small for will the in cupboard thesometimesholy wall water by called the seestoop aan IsPARISH there anMST old wooden chest in the church? This is the Parish Chest in toIsCHRIS-LINING therebe christened? a font for children ascension of Jesus. aumbrey. 18 chest.churchwardenswhich Whydocuments do you each used think kept to there bea key kept. were and It threetheyusually allkeys? hadhad threeto be locks.present The to vicaropen andthe oldchairs?WhereSEATS pews areThe with people seats doors, aremeant usuallyknown to sit? inas Are thebox NAVEthere pews. wooden Some churchespews, or individualstill have very 19 WHAT WENT ON IEN A CHURCH? AFTER THE New-built churches REFORMATION New churches of this period com- After the Reformation people were monly consisted of a rectangular instructed to believe that statues, nave with galleries, designed to images and saints were idolatrous. bring everyone within easy hearing Statues and altar slabs were throwndistance of the pulpit. Since the out, or in some cases hidden in the importance of the Eucharist was hope that a time would come when downplayed (such a service might they could be reinstated. only be held once a year) the chan- Wallpaintings were whitewashed cel was unimportant, often consisting of no more than a shallow Squints either side of the chancel arch in over. This is why, even today, the small, aiseless church at Ashley, medieval wall paintings are some- recess. Hampshire, suggest that the church times hidden behind limewash But there was continuity too. The contained at least two altars at the east end medieval tradition of the parish of the nave. and await rediscovery. Parish worship between the Civil church tower, and bells, remained strong. So too did the influence of Extra altars allowed dedications toWar and the early years of Victoria's reign was mainly about local lords. The squire's pew, high- additional saints (see page 12), and sided, often prominently placed, could be a focus for the identity of sitting, listening and singing. Altars were reduced to one now a wood-sometimes with its own fireplace groupings within the parish, such and private door, reminds us of as a prominent family, a group of en tableand emphasis in worship shifted from the mass to prayer- eighteenth-century Sundays when neighbours who belonged to a fra- sermons were long and the ternity (a kind of club which book liturgy and sermons, reflected still in some churches where a Anglican squirearchy still looked combined social and religious upon the local church as 'theirs'. activity), or a guild. pulpit incorporating a clerks' desk Clues to former altar positions still survives. include squints (holes bored through masonry to allow sight- lines between different altars), cor- bels or image housings for statues of saints, aumbries and piscinas (cupboards and washing places for the Eucharistic vessels). Subsidiary altar positions may also point to the former whereabouts of chantries.

Fourteenth-century altar, reset, in the parish church at Asthall, Oxfordshire.

RIGHT: Carved pew ends from the Church of St Andrew, Aysgarth, North Yorkshire. CHURCHES, CATHEDRALS AND CHAPELS WHEN WERE CHURCHES BUILT?

Whatever they look like today, bear in mind that most of England's parish churches originated in just two epochs: the years of later Anglo-Saxon and early Norman England (roughly, AD 900-1150), and the nineteenth century. In between, parish churches were often modernised or rebuilt, but less often founded. The table, on this page, gives a rough idea of the sequence of events. THE FOUNDING OF LOCAL CHURCHES: 950-1150 Churchfounding was at its height between the late nineth and twelfth centuries. The Church itself had little hand in it. The work seems to have been undertaken mainly by local lords, sometimes their wives or widows, who built churches for themselves families and house- holds on their estates, and treated them as private property. Only rather later were these buildings broadened into public use, coming to be regarded as in some sense The intimate relationship between church and motte-and-bailey at Burton-in-Lonsdale, everybody's concern and under the North Yorkshire, reminds us that the site was closely controlled by a Norman lord in the control of the bishop rather than a twelfth*century. lay order. Local landholders may have been Cathedrals keen to have churches of their own 900-1150: most medieval as special burial places, in imitation parish churches founded Foundation 'First main building of the royalty and aristocracy who date witnessed by founded and endowed monasteries, 1100-1200: rebuilding on a surviving fabric larger scale almost always 600 Canterbury 1070 to ensure a steady stream of now in stone 604 London ?1675-1710 (Wren) prayers for their souls after they 642 Winchester late 11th century died. 1200-1500: piecemeal 655-870 Peterborough early 12th century Clues to this proprietary context enlargement 673 Ely late llth century for many churches are often visible 676 Hereford early 12th century 1540-1650: destruction of 680 Worcester 1084 today. The link between churches medieval patterns of worship 681Gloucester 1089 and centres of local secular power c690 Exeter early 12th century is often witnessed in the,juxtaposi- 1650-1800: prayerbooks and 704 Wells late 12th century tion of a church and a manor house preachers 727 Oxford 1150 793St Albans late llth century or motte-and-bailey castle. 1800-1900: industrial 954 Lincoln 1092 The growing network of churches revolution and Gothic 997 Durham 1093 in private hands created a challenge revival: many new parish 1075 Chichester late llth century to the authority of the Church. To churches built, especially in 1076 Old Sarum late 11th century expanding industrial towns 1077 Rochester 1077-80 whom, for instance, was a local 1080 York 1080-1100 priest answerable: the lord who 1092 Carlisle late 11th century appointed him, or his bishop? 1094 Norwich (moved to Norwich) In the twelfth century bishops 1227 Salisbury (transferred from Old Sarum) tackled this problem by extending their authority over local churches. 21. WHEN WERE CHURCHESUffILT?

Later on, churches are sometimes found next to great houses, or marooned in parks following the clearance of the settlements that accompanied them. Such settings, though hundreds of years later than the dates of origin, may nevertheless point back to the period when churches belonged to local mag- nates.

RIGHT: The medieval church at Sledmere, N Yorkshire, has been engulfed in a landscaped park surrounding the great house.

Development and rebuilding This illustration shows the growth Only a minority of churches was Such stones are usually grave- of a parish church from small and ever comprehensively rebuilt. stones, and may indicate the for- simple beginnings in the tenth or More usually, modernisation took mer presence of an associated eleventh century to a large, devel- place by a series of additions madechurch which is earlier than the oped plan by the end of the at different times. A common way present building. medieval period. Darkly shaded of modernising a church was to areas represent floor space avail- cut new, more fashionable, win- Older architectural fragments able for general congregational dows through existing walls. which have been re-used. Try to use. Similarly, small churches of the ascertain how such pieces would eleventh and twelfth centuries have been used originally: what do were often enlarged by the addi- they tell us about the appearance tion of aisles and side chapels, of the earlier church? with arcades pierced through the original structure. Signs of these Features like doors or windows processes are commonly visible. which have been pierced through Other clues to an origin that may older walls. be a good deal older than today's structure can include: A few churches were never much changed, and remain close to their Anglo-Saxon or Viking-age original size and layout in the carved stones, either re-used in eleventh or twelfth century. the fabric or loose in the church.

The expansion in size is not wholly explained by the need to accommodate more people: a desire on the part of important families and fraternities or guilds to treat parts of the church as 'theirs' (for example for family tombs, or special altars dedicated to favoured saints) is also involved. The floor area reaches its largest extent after the great famines and epidemics of the fourteenth century, when England's population may have been halved. Some churches, like this twelfth-century building at Up Waltham, Sussex, have changed little since they were built. Even here, however, notice that there have been changes in window style and position. The presence of earlier windows is ghosted in 22,the rendering. WHEN WERE CHURCHES 1.111UIELT? REBUILDING AND ENLARGEMENT: 1100-1300 Churches founded before the end of the Anglo-Saxon period (roughly, by 1050) are thought mainly to have been built of wood. Placenames like Woodchurch' or Woodkirk' remind us of this, and archaeological fieldwork is beginning to confirm it. Wood decays fairly rapidly, so Anglo-Saxon timber churches had limited lives. (Only one example, at Greenstead, Essex, recently dated to the second half of the eleventh century, is known to have survived.) In any case, from the early eleventh century the fashion grew of replacing timber churches with larger buildings constructed of Like hundreds of other churches, St Botolph, Bossall, N Yorkshire was rebuilt in the stone. Many hundreds of twelfth century, on a larger scale than its predecessor. While many parish churches of eleventh/early twelfth-century this period were built on an axial plan - that is, with tower, nave and chancel in line - buildings remain in use, while St Botolphs has a cruciform layout, like a miniature version of a cathedral. in thousands of other cases these generally simple, two- or three-cell H.OF: HOI Il'qNri-vM"I"Eft.tii:Ii..st:A:NowNcimEofEwnoN.,1 D. SEDDiNG ARcHte .41;1 plans became the nuclei for later yot #411, 1 !, enlargement. /f/1/4 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND GOTHIC REVIVAL: 1800-1900 The second great age of church founding corresponded with urban growth and rising population of the Industrial Revolution. Hence, many churches were built in expanding towns. Unlike their medieval predecessors, most can be exactly dated. 'Often we know who built them, and in some cases correspondence and drawings for the new buildings survive in archives. Positions of churches can tell us much about the stages of urban economic development: for example where workers lived, the catch- ment areas of particular businesses; or the siting of a church for aes- thetic reasons as part of calculated town planning. Styles reflect links between architecture and theological theory. Some nineteenth-century churchmen regarded Gothic as a uniquely Christian style.

RIGHT: Drawing Holy Trinity, Sloane Street, Chelsea, London by J D Shelding. The church, built in 1888-90 is largely Arts and Craft Gothic in style. 2,31 WHEN WERIE CHURCHES DOUHILT?

Preferences for particular Anglo-Catholic attitudes denominations sometimes show us During the nineteenth century the allegiances of patrons (for 'prayerbook' interiors were example millowners, machine usually cleared out. Many manufacturers). In time, certain Victorians wished to reinstate towns became dominated by Eucharistic worship. The impor- families with religious emphases to tance of the chancel was thus match. restored, and there were wide- spread efforts to return church' Diversityor the lack of itmay interiors to what was imagined as a echo the economic structure of a more medieval, 'catholic' format. town. Britain's industrial cities in Commonly, it is the Victorian inte- the nineteenth century were not rior with its stone pulpit, pews, uniform. Manchester, for instance, painted woodwork and choir stalls was in the hands of relatively few which is still in use today. Learned textile masters, whereas textbooks were produced which Birmingham flourished through prescribed the appearance and lay- specialisation in metalworking out of furnishings, fittings, and dif- trades, reflected in greater religiousferent floor levels. These layouts diversity. were more fantasy than facsimile: in many respects, Victorian clergy While fashionable resorts of high and architects had no idea what society like Tunbridge Wells, Bath, medieval church interiors had actu- Cheltenham or Brighton had cen- ally looked like. tral churches for the upper classes, such places also had their working- class areas, with churches and BELOW: Interior of the church of St ABOVE: St Bartholemew's church, Ann George, Stockport, Cheshire built in Street, Brighton, designed by E E Scott chapels to serve them. 1893-97. and built in 1872-74. CHURCHES, CATHEDRALS AND CHAPELS UNDER AND AROUND THE CHURCH

BELOW THE FLOOR Visible within the church may be Inside a church you could ask you features which help us to recon- pupils to work out what might lie struct former rituals. Common below the floor. Useful clues examples include: include: Squints, which help locate sites Inscribed grave slabs, suggestingof former altars burials beneath (but are such slabs in their original positions?) Rood stairs, pointing to the site of a vanished chancel screen. Rood stairs themselves are often blocked up but some traces may remain.

Slots (that is, 'chases') representing fixings of former timber screen work, dividing up side chapels, or post-Reformation furnishings (like box pews, often stripped out by the Victorians). Rood stair in Great Oakley parish church, Essex.

Graves lab decorated with a shroud in the pavement of a church at Norbury, Derbyshire. Excavating a church Nave of parish church of St Edmund, Kellington, North Yorkshire, under excavation Slabs with iron rings or hand- in late December 1990 in holds (intended for periodic lifting, advance of engineering works to giving access to family vaults or prevent mining subsidence. The brick-lined shafts) camera looks east, towards the o chancel. The ragged pits towards 0ciceconms the right of the picture are shafts of Remains to do with the develop- seventeenth and eighteenth-centu- ment of the building. For instance, ry graves which have been if an arcade has been cut through excavated by archaeologists. The an earlier wall, the columns may be earthen channel which runs up the St. Mary's Church, Little Oakley, Essex. centre of the photo marks the cen- standing on the foundations or Excavations inside the church revealed the burial of a priest of the late twelfth tral aisle, wherein many graves reduced wall of the previous build- century. were dug between the box pews that ing (see Avebury church page 31). existed to left and right in the eighteenth century. The south wall of the nave (to right) dates from the Buried remains which may not be late eleventh century. The arcade signposted in the floor or fabric, of the north aisle stands upon the but may nevertheless be present, reduced wall of its northern could include: counterpart. At the top of the picture can be seen the bases of walls which projected inwards to frame a Traces of an earlier church (for narrow Norman chancel arch, example of Anglo-Saxon or early below a much wider arch that was Norman date) inserted in the nineteenth century. Cobble foundations in the fore- ground carried the eleventh-centu- Archaeological evidence for use ry west wall. Patches of white stone of the site before the church within the nave originally formed a was founded (for example traces of complete rectangle which was subsequently dissected by grave- prehistoric or Roman agriculture or digging and other disturbances. occupation). The rectangle was probably the foundation for a small late-Anglo- Saxon church. Remains under the RIGHT: Rudston, East Yorkshire: prehis- floor of your local church may be toric monolith (in an area rich in prehis- . no less complicated than these. toric sites) beside the parish church.9 t \UPI IT`1\111) N1110 1111 (111.IT(II

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memo UNDER AND AROUND THE CHURCH OUT IN THE Bell-cage Bells were sometimes hung in a CHURCHYARD free-standing structure of wood or If your church is of medieval originstone. Medieval records disclose it is likely that the churchyard will that bells could also be hung from contain burials going back for up totrees. a thousand years. Some churCh- yards are older still. The church- Schoolhouse The teaching of yard may either be larger or of dif- pupils was sometimes a supple- ferent shape to the first cemetery, mentary duty of chaplains or and careful study of its surface andchantry priests (priest paid to say boundaries may give clues to such masses for the souls of the dead). Bell-cage, probably from the seventeenth changes of outline. Chantry duties were not unduly century at Wrabness, Essex. onerous and left time available for Churchyard monuments the education of local children. In Medieval churchyard monuments the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries rarely survive in their original literacy was becoming more wide- positions, but they are commonly spread. After the Reformation, found re-used as building material money and bequests which had in the church, or in churchyard previously been channelled into walls. chantries (masses for the souls of the dead) was sometimes redirected towards alternative charitable pro-

vision, like schools. ' Dwellings Medieval or sixteenth/seventeenth-century houses sometimes stand on the fringe of the churchyard. In certain cases these were built by the rector or parish to provide rental income. t, Charnel house A building to contain human bones which were

either periodically gathered when E9 burial became too dense, or else collected when they were disturbed. ABOVE: Bones gathered in the charnel Some charnel houses were under- house at Hythe, Kent. ground chambers (for example below the floor of the porch) Mausoleum A structure, usually of the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, for the dead of a local family of high status. Of course, there are gravestones of parishioners who have died Medieval gravestones re-usett as coping within the last two or three cen- stones on the churchyard wall at Skipwith, turies. These may only be the most Humberside. recent monuments, which are likely to have displaced earlier memorials as a result of continuous burial on Features and structures which are consecrated ground. sometimes to be seen in churchyards include: Lychgate Entrance structure to the churchyard, taking its name from the Anglo-Saxon word for corpse: /ic (pronounced lich'). Churchyard cross An important feature in medieval processional ritual. Comrnonly, only the cross bases survive.

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I 0 0 S S CHURCHES, CATHEDRALS AND CHAPELS REPAIR, RESTORATION AND RE-USE

Victorian parish churches often illustrate the distinction between restoration and repairconcepts which play a large part in conservation philosophy today:

Restoration is an attempt to restore a building to its supposed appearance at some former stage in its history.

Restoration requires the 'cleans- ing' of extraneous features which are older or younger than the stylistic stage to which the building is returned.

Repair is simply the renewal of worn-out fabric. This approach respects all parts of a church for what they are. Repair can be tactful and non-assertive, and where new work is needed for structural reasons, it may be differ- entiated from what was there beforea new contribution rather than an attempt to replicate.

Repair can also include 'conservation' techniques, where the original material is preserved in its current state, but not renewed or copied. Nineteenth-century restorers destroyed much Norman and late-medieval church fabric, and seventeenth/eighteenth-century furnishings, in their efforts to reinstate the purity of high medieval Gothic. Apart from its destructive- ness, an obvious drawback of restoration is the difficulty of deciding precisely, to which stage of a building's history it is to be 'returned'. c _ , ,_,-.---______-':--- -E

RIGHT: Repair or restoration? Work to stabilise the church of St Wilfrid, Hickleton, S Yorkshire, fractured by mining subsidence, has resulted in what is -F effeetively a new building. 291 REPAIR RESTORATHON AND RE-USE

During the later nineteenth century there was violent antagonism between the restorers and the repairers who wished to cherish churches as they stood. ; The repairers eventually formed a society: the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. Both the Society and its principles flourish today, although tensions between philosophies of use and conservation are still much in evidence, and pull in different direc- tions:

Change to accommodate new patterns of worship

Church as it is (.5:4w4sati:os Repair as facsimile '.4.

Repair as found I 014AL 1

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RIGHT: Not all changes to churches occurred long ago. A change in today's styles of worship and the meetings or gatherings associated with church life might result in the addition of an extra room. This sensitively-designed extension to St Andrew's Church, Eaton in Norfolk E . j.1 is by Purcell Miller Tritton and Partners (.) of Norwich. I

Maintenance of churches Over the centuries, constant grave digging in the churchyard has raised the ground surface level, often to an extraordinary amount (see right). This will usually cause problem of damp seeping into the walls and damaging rendering on the outside or plaster on the inside walls of the church. One remedy often taken by church authorities is to have a channel dug around the church to provide a dry area against the walls. These channels are sometimes filled in with drains and gravel but are more often left open. This work should always be supervised by an archaeologist as valuable evidence may be recorded, for example about earlier phases in the building's history or burials (see far right). 30 CHURCHES CATHEDRALS AND CHAPELS EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES

LOCATION There are many ways of locating QUERIES PREPAlIATORY TO VItilTATION, TO BE ANSWEUED BY THE O1'FIC1ATINO CLEBOYMAN. I. Wlmt is the name nod address churches and chapels, using maps, of the ltwainbent 1'and the date of his inst itat he; sad imluetion r-r# . ,n other records and discovery in your 47,:e/82fr local environment. 2. I las he during the last year beim resident in the Parish for the 275' Az.{ ea.at frt. 02,42.-17 a C. o days prescribed hy Law? Using documents From the beginning of the eigh- 3. Does he perthri the whole duty, 44,1...csedsusr... aseVess-t-e.-s- teenth century there exist visitation or has In, ni, assistant Curate? returns for Anglican churches. hiZz 4. Ihies he hold any other Benefice, Questionnaires were sent to each fir111.1,0 any other Car., P and if church, to be returned to the bish- so, 'What op. Questions were asked about the 5. Is the Curate,if any, dulyIi- provision of education and Sunday y.'iioeil ?--What is the date uf his schools, the average number who Lieell. attend divine service, if there were 17-4 // any obstacles to people attending, ah /0,30 #:4. 8. State the dutY performed in your .er--° eir7. 7 or whether there are any noncon- (hurch or Chapel in each week ; /1.97714-..ti., AZ specifying how Alen I thito. Ser. a.8a....11, C A.4044:4 formist or other places of worship vim isswformed. the hours at whieliit ego HHHH the "1494.Li es.% within the parish. Visitation returns munber of Sermons preached. atwoler will be found in the relevant diocesan record office or in the county record office. 12. What is the average number of 127 eggsoss sAss axe. yourI %maul:whin?Isitin- J....L. CrVal,ing ir doensuingr ate. - ove..4 Visitation returns are a good source from which to build up a picture of the state of the Church 17. !lase you adoptedany other R- e mode of rot/thong them miler of England within a parish but instruction hy Adult or Evcning other sources are also useful, for Schools? And. if SO, what success . hale von found to attend such example SchAs? Iffze--(1 61('

Trades directories 20. Is your t'llitrell or 1.1ut1el in gond Ara. acs -e-s s.ase togat.:471 and duly provi.led uith fill, (lungs nee...arc for the decenticr..a.ajA Maps and town plans pertlimmtwo itt ')ivine lienice, ac- ..1,,tOe7.4.-, &AA cording to law PI)o yi air Church- OCA.P0 wardens regularly discharge their atiOgue duties? Newspaper reports. v.v PA; Using the evidence 74I 02. /2"Cp...VI 42. efsvv... AZOIL,) from maps 22. Is there any .4her matter whhh you thinkitespedhud te bring Churches and chapels are usually under the Arehhishop's uetiee? marked on maps, at least from the nineteenth century onwards. Early editions of the Ordnance Survey iii eed 0.4.: £m. az_Itz.6 will help you locate a monastery,

fields can be named after Bumpstead, Essex and Church Part of estate map of Aldham, Essex of churches or chapels, or indicate Way Field ( 'land on the road to the 1639. that the land was owned by the church') in Holmer, Herefordshire Church. Church Yard in Alveley, are examples. Shropshire, Chapel Field in He lion

Local churches in the Domesday Book The Domesday survey of 1086 was not primarily concerned with ecclesiastical buildings. Churches, chapels, monasteries and priests are erratically recorded; in some areas a few are mentioned and in others many, but seldom all. In Suffolk, about 360 churches are recorded, while across the border in Essex only 17 are mentioned. It has been estimated that there were between 400 and 450 churches in Suffolk and about 350 in Essex at the time of the survey. The absence of reference to a church is thus an unreliable guide to whether a particular church was in existence by 1086. Archaeological evidence shows, for example, that a church existed at Little Oakley in Essex (see entry below), when the Domesday surveywas being carried out.

Plomesgate Hundred, Suffolk. rPLVMESGATA.H. Cefefortd; ten& Comes in driio Oa The Count holds Chillesford in lodrship; Ulf, a free man, in the lib ho In foca & comdat anis de eli . t.r . e. cp. x .m.t.xxx .ac. 5. t jurisdiction and under the patron- fep. I .uitt. 7 . trIt .bor .Tnc 7 p .1 .car 7 dirn in dmo .rt. i.Tnc 7 age of the Abbot of Ely before 1066; 80 acres as 1 manor. Always 2 potteaa .car 7 dirn hom .modo.i.Eccta.v.ae .libm trz . 7 uat 1 villager; 4 smallholders. Then xIII .fot.7. Int . d.Et . In .libi h;oles .xx.ae .4 .1. caL 7 uat xt. and later 1 ploughs in lordship, .2 now 1; then and later on 1 men's denarioS. ploughs, now 1. a church, 5 acres of free land. Value 13s 4d. And 3 t free men; 20 acres. Always 1 plough. Value 40d. Hundred of Tendring, Essex.Germund holds (Little) Oakley from Ralph which Ednoth piund de Tendringa. Adem ten& .Germunsa de .R R. qd tenuit t t held asa manor, for 5 hides. Then Ednod 4) Man .7 cp. v . hid . 7 . dirn . tE vir . nil!' . rii. xvit . SEp . lin.bord. 7 villagers, now 17. Always 4 t t , t t t 5 7 . vii 1 . fer . 7.111 . car . in diiio . 7. Ili . car . hom . Silo . xxxi ii. pore. smallholders; 8 slaves; 3 ploughs -5 in lordship; 3 men's ploughs. .II.ac . fti . I . pifc . Past . c . ou .tE . II . runc . 7 . xi ir . an.1.. porc .1. . ou . th. t t t t 9 Woodland, 33 pigs; meadow, 2 . III . runc . nu . an . xxviI .porc . cxv III . ou . To". 7 p tlat . vr I .lib .1h . rx. acres; 1 fishery; pasture, 100 sheep. Then 2 cobs, 13 cattle, 50 pigs, 50 sheep; now 3 cobs, 4 cattle, 27 pigs, 118 sheep. Value then and later L7; now [L19. 32 EDUCATHONAL APPROACHES

Chapel detectives PARKESTON QUAY, formed by the GreatEastern] Railway Co. and opened for traffic in 1883, issi Although founded comparatively upon the Stour, 2i miles up the river, and wa recentlythe majority between structed for developing their Continental traffic. the late eighteenth and early twenti- quay, with station and loop line, occupied four y construction, and cost about £500,000.Although eth centuriesthousands of non- higher up the river than the old pier, there is a conformist chapels have disap- of time in starting from Parkeston quay, on acco the clearer course, and consequently the boat train peared, or have been converted to London later than hitherto.About 600 acres of Ian secular uses. Reasons may include: been acquired by the compan, the greater porti claimed froni the bed of the river, by a curved e ment ai miles long ;in the centre of the curve .7 quay, 1,800 feet long, affording berths for seven Overprovision (reflecting times while seven more can be moored in the river.Th of religious fervour, denomination- wall is formed by screw piles, those in front being :in diameter, and those at the back being x foot al or congregational fission) fol- . between them are concrete cylinders of seven ring lowed by congregational or denom- and 9 feet in outside diameter, sunk in pairs. inational mergers, with consequent quay are two goods warehouses, each 52o feet long by cooWedding photograph of 1946 at feet wide. A passenger gangway 40 feet wide leads to Llanrhaidr-y-Mochnant chapel, redundancy of buildings the central building of 350 feet frontage, which serves for the station and hotel.All the buildings and platforms North Wales. are erected upon piles,of which there are more tha Decline in chapel going x,000, sunk to the ancient bed of the river. The church of St. Nicholas is a structure of white bric in the debased Perpendicular style, consisting of chance Matter-of-fact outlook: most of nave, aiales and an embattled western tower, with pinn cies and spire, containing a clock and 8 bells :it was re the free churches regard their built and enlarged in 1821 by subscription and a rate buildings as 'special' only for as there are three partially-stained windows in the chance and in tlie vestry is a tablet containing the names of th long they are in use for worship vicars of this church from 1336 to 1874: there are x,so sittings,of which r,000 are free.The register date sdroricu'L' from the year 1550. The living is a vicarage, averag Changes of site. You could try to :tithe rent-charge L'45, net yearly value .651, in the gi -of J. E. A. Gwynne esq. F.S.A. of Folkington mano find out how many nonconformist Polegate, Sussex. buildings existed in your area. St. NicEolas Mission room, Bathside, erected in Ma Clues to former sites or their 1879, is a wooden building, and will seat 40 persons. There is an iron Mission church at Parkeston, seating whereabouts may include: about too persons. The Catholic church, dedicated to our Lady of Mount Carmel, on the main road to Dovercourt, is a small Rdificeof brick in the Late Decorated style and was QUAKERS ALLEN ;built from designs of E. Welby Pugin, in 1869 :it has roo sittings :the Rev. Robert Kelly is resident priest. Here is a Baptist chapel, erected in 1821, with 250 seats ; a Congregational chapel, built in x800, and seating 200 persons ; a Primitive Methodist chapel, buil with zoo sittings ;a Wesleyan Methodist chap in 1829, and seating soo adults and 6o chil another Wesleyan chapel at Parkeston, erecte ST-HELENS LANE with 260 sittings. The burial ground of St. Nicholas parish, Dovercourt, covering an area of 5 acres, was 1855, and containi a mortuary chapel;it is control of a Burial Board_of six members. ABOVE: Extract from Kelly's Directory of Essex 1895. RIGHT: Re-used non-conformist chapels. street names (for example 'Chapel Row', 'Zion Street')

converted buildings

entries in trades directories nineteenth-century maps

old wedding photographs

denominational lists

local directories

memories of local people. Do not overlook buildings you may have walked past many times, without recognising them for what they once were! RIGHT: Ordnance Survey map of Bradford-on-Avon 1889. 33 EDUCATI[ONAL APPROACHES RECORDING There are many opportunities for pupils to have opportunities to record church and chapel buildings and their associated memorials. The building Churches and chapels provide useful resources to practise measurement and drawing. You might also consider recording in other ways, such as photography or video. Pupils can use angles to plan a building by using triangulation. Triangulation involves having three measurements in order to produce a triangle. One of these is a base- line, either a fixed feature such as a straight wall, or a line between two pegs as A B in the drawing below. et, Point C is measured from each of the points A and B and drawn to scale using compasses. The other method of drawing a ground plan is to use a similar base line and measure at right angles Recording graveyard memorials ing), and that the positions from it. In this drawing the base could include the methods of of some stones may appear to be at line is X Y. Point Z is taken from odds with the sequence (for a tape laid along the ground, mea- making a plan of the location of example, because stones have been suring at right angles to a point on all the tombstones moved from their original the church wall marked W. positions and re-erected). recording each memorial on a form Location: Were there parts of the churchyard developed at photographing each memorial. particular decades in the past? Where were the largest or most After making the record, pupils impressive graves located? will be able to analyse their data which will help them build up a Family Trees: Do gravestones picture of families and communi- provide data to draw family ties such as trees? Can conclusions be drawn about family size in the past? A church wall can be drawn to scale using a simple clinometer. Sequencing: All the graves in a churchyard can be collated Names and occupations: Are into chronological order. Bear in their popular first names at Recording gravestones mind that this sequence may particular periods? What occupa- About 20 million memorials are contain gaps (stones may be miss- tions are represented? thought to exist in churchyards in Britain. Recording a complete graveyard is important because the gravestones themselves, and especially their inscriptions, provide us with a wealth of historical evidence - evidence which is fast disappear- ing through erosion, neglect and deliberate clearance of churchyards. You could use proper Grave Memorial Recording Forms (information from the Council for British Archaeology, see page 36). ca.ve 61.110111:::ECORCIIIIG con- 7 On the back of this form (in use right) there is space to record the a whole inscription and draw the memorial or fix a photograph.

RIGHT: A school churchyard prole'et in Essex. EDUCATIONAL APPROACREES Then and now If you can find an old illustration of a church building you could com- pare it, in detail, with what you can see today. This might be an exercise to carry out on site or you could use an example in the classroom. On site, you could ask pupils School with added classroom provision -er; to record the differences by: taking photographs This vestry was added to the building. drawing sketches will have been made to accommodate a larger congregation. Some- making notes times it will be because the style of worship changed. You can prepare your pupils to understand recording on aural or video tape. evidence for change by priming them with examples of buildings You may also find that the con- with which they will be more famil-trasting illustrations provide plenty Here, it is easy to see that this twentieth- for century house has been added to. iar. of other discussion points You will often see examples of example, people's clothes and the UNDERSTANDING extensions in schoolsperhaps in rural nature of a place in the last your own. century. Looking at differences You might then go on to look at Churches and cathedrals, and, to a church buildings to see the range ofHow old is it? lesser extent, chapels all show additions, or subtractions. Few churches are of a single date. changes over time in the fabric of Most were modified, modernised, the building. Sometimes the change enlarged or made smaller at different times. A typical church is an anthology of styles, with architectural contributions made at differ- Case Study: St Paul's ent times. Different styles can be Church, Frizington, used to unravel the sequence of the Cumbria. building. Rather like fashions in Margaret Wiltshire, the Head rock music or clothes, styles in Teacher of Frizington Primary medieval building were seldom sta- School, decided to carry out a tic. Between about 1100 and 1500 study of the parish church as forms of windows, doors, roofs, part of a local history project with mouldings and masonry were Year 5/6 pupils. This formed part people's lives. Back at the church of a joint project between English the pupils, now in groups, Heritage and the Department of focused on different aspects of Teaching and Educational Studies the church to investigate how they at Lancaster University. The aim could make it more accessible to was for the pupils to visually impaired people. The pupils: become familiar with their parish church as part of a created tactile material such as Victorian Britain topic: Frizingtontiles from clay, art straws, is an ex-mining village mostly wood and wire built in the nineteenth century recreated walls using clay increase awareness of the needs of visually-impaired people, made a tactile floor plan especially pupils. created a large print guide The pupils visited the church, book and audio cassette guide. interviewed the vicar and the verger and researched the history Finally the pupils were able to of the building. They then spent evaluate their own work when some time working with a tutor they invited a group of pupils and students from Lancaster from the Royal National Institute University learning about visual for the Blind at New College, Successive interruption of one feature by impairment and how it affects Wor_cester to visit their church. 35 another in the church at Avebury, Wiltshire. EDUCATIONAL APROACHES

of a building were erected. For You could construct a relatively example, if a window has been easy exercise for you pupils using a pierced through a wall, then the local parish church. The best way wall must be earlier than the win- of recording is to rnake a sketch of dow. This kind of relationship is the wall, number or letter the indi- called relative chronology. vidual features and then use the Archaeologists produce matrix dia-architectural features illustration grams - flow diagramsto record to produce a flow chart The exam- the relationships of excavated fea- ple below is taken from the church tures or sets of building activity in at Wroxeter, Shropshire (see also upstanding structures. page 23). ABOVE and BELOW: Ramsey church, Essex. The drawing was made in 1851; the photograph was taken in 1996. Stratigraphy at Wroxeter Church LATER

INSERTED WINDOW 19th CENTURY

INSERTED INSERTED WINDOW 15th CENTURY INSERTED DOOR WINDOW 14th CENTURY LATE 13th CENTURY

INSERTED NAVE EXTENSION WINDOW 13th CENTURY EARLY 13th CENTURY

C`i NORMAN CHANCEL almost alWays in a state of change. . . Nineteenth-century antiquaries classified these styles, providing a system of names and dating of the A Norman and several Gothic styles SAXON NAVE EARLIER which we still use today. The nineteenth century was the second great age of church building, when architects tended either ABOVE: Recording the stratigraphy of to recollect medieval styles in a Wroxeter church in matrix form. kind of free paraphrase, or else to RIGHT: Wroxeter church, Shropshire, a view from the north showing the features imitate them directlythe Gothic of the building analysed in the above revival. matrix. Don't be put off by confusing stylistic labels or technical jargon. BELOW: Drawing of the north wall of A pupil does not need to remember Wroxeter church showing the succession of building alterations from A to H as whether Perpendicular comes displayed in the matrix diagram above. before or after Early English, or to know what tracery is, in order to see that a traceried window differs from a window with no tracery at all. The essential things to look for are differences and contrasts, and then to sort different stages of work into a logical sequence. This introduces principles of phasing, and methods of dating processes which are basic to archaeological excavation, as well as the analysis of buildings. Phasing simply means sorting out the order in which different parts EIDUCATIIONAL APPROACHIES

How were buildings used? to see whether the fixtures and points especially with reference to One method of using the physical fittings help work out what each the plans of the cinema, church evidence to work out how a build- room or space might have been and chapel. For example: ing might have been used is to pre- used for sent plans to pupils. Below are a the cinema has aisles but is this series of simplified plans from a to find a focus to each building, for the audience to reach the stage? range of buildings, from the famil- if there is one iar (a 'typical' house) to the more the church has a central aisle difficult (law court) to church to find evidence for the routes which reflects the religious practice buildings. You could photocopy (atpeople might have taken inside or in parish churches a larger size) these drawings for usearound each building in class. You can then ask the but pupils: to reach a conclusion about the type of building giving reasons as there is no requirement for a to look carefully at the scale of based only on the evidence in the processional aisle in noncon- each building plans. formists buildings, the centre of the floor is filled with pews. to see if it is domestic or public There will be obvious discussion

RIGHT: Modern detached house, ground floor plan. A: front door and hall; B: garage; C: lavatory; D: kitchen; E: utility room ? F and G: dining room and lounge - which is most likely to be which ?

ABOVE: Modern primary RIGHT: Law court, based on the 1818 school, built on one level. design for the court house at Ballyconnell, Co Cavan. A: main entrance B: office A: entrance; B: niches for statues C: staff toilets C: spiral stairs to prisoners' cells D: classrooms D: dock E: kitchen, stores and E;seating for lawyers and court staff boiler room F: seating for jury F: open dining hall G: judge!s bench G: hall H: judge's chamber 37 EDUCATHONAL APPROACHES

LEFT: Parish church, based on All Saints, Feering in Essex, with a fourteenth-century north aisle to the nave and a fifteenth-century bell tower. A: entrance and porch B: tower C: nave D: aisle E: chancel F: vestry

ABOVE: Nonconformist chapel, based on the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, Newbury, Berkshire, built in 1837. A: main entrance B: side entrances to access gallery C: seating D: pulpit E: table

RIGHT: Cinema, based on the Odeon, Elephant and Castle, London, built in 1966. A: entrance and foyer B: ticket office C: staff rooms D: manager's office E: men's lavatories F: powder room and women's lavatories G: auditorium and screen CHURCHES9 CATHEDRALS AND CHAPELS CHURCHES ACROSS THE CURRICULUM

Churches, cathedrals and chapels can be used to bring together a number of different curriculum areas.

ENGLISH rrrTrTrrlrf-rqt...... , c; ra-g. Pupils will be able to increase their fal--114111674111101M111 allIANIMININ-r, knowledge about language, for lomoimmoucmW14111111111MWEIM example by using modern guides to churches and comparing that type LEFT: A drawing of a redundant church, of writing with both tourist guides by a primary school for other places to visit and reports pupil, showing how it and guides from, say, earlier in this is being converted century. into flats. MATHS HISTORY DESIGN There are a number of different At Key Stage 1, churches will usu- AND TECHNOLOGY elements which are fundamental ally provide an easy access to an Churches and cathedrals offer an to the maths curriculum which canold, or even ancient, building whichexcellent introduction to issues of be found in buildings but perhaps will have many connections with structural engineering. You can especially in church buildings. You older people in the community, investigate how forces and thrusts might consider: through oral history, documents behave, for example, and the struc- and photographs. The church will tural principles of arches and often be the ideal starting point for vaults. shape, through ground plans; a local history project at Key Stage design, through windows and doors2 and one in which you can demonstrate to parents and gover- ART measurement, through making nors a real connection with the A church will provide all the visual drawings of individual features or local community. elements you need to give pupils the whole building. first-hand experiences in art, for GEOGRAPHY example, pattern, texture, tone and SCIENCE The location of a church can form shape. You could examine and research' a central part of work in geography, the different methOds church especially for mapping skills. You RELIGIOUS builders used in the past. Lime might also consider the question of EDUCATION mortar, which is still used today, how materials were brought to Specific suggestions are made in was produced by adding water to churches in the medieval period the Model Syllabuses for incorpo- quicklime (calcium oxide) and when water was the preferred rating a visit to a local church, sand. The water and lime com- medium for bulk carriage. As a rulewhich may be part of your own bined to produce calcium hydrox- of thumb, costs of land transport school's syllabus. However, you ide (hydrated lime), which then setbegan to exceed the costs of mate- might also consider a number as the surplus water was lost by rials themselves above a distance ofof other issues, for example: evaporation. 12 miles. You might investigate, for Rural churchyards are often example: important havens for plant and the closure or re-use of many insect communities. Botanical sur- chapels in recent times (see veys offer projects which can what the components of church-page 28) be both instructive and practically es (large timbers, for instance) tell beneficialfor example, results canus about the more remote elements the adaptation of existing be used to help devise a manage- of the medieval communications churches or chapels for use by ment plan for the churchyard. system other religions, for instance by The church itself may provide Hindus or Muslims nesting and roosting sites for birds whether there are any materials (for example, swallows, martins (for instance, stone brought from the existence of purpose-made and owls) and many churches con-afar) which reflect canal and rail- buildings for non-Christian faiths, tain bat roosts. way building in the eighteenth and for instance synagogues. nineteenth centuries CHURCHES, CATHEDRALS AND CHAPELS RESOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS FOR Materials Child, M, Discovering TEACHERS Clifton-Taylor, A, The pattern ofChurchyards, Shire, 1989, ISBN English building, Faber, 0-85263-6. Churches 1972, ISBN 0-571-09525-9. Jones, J, How to record grave- Chatfield, M, Churches the yards, Council for British Victorians forgot, Moorland Investigation and recording Archaeology/RESCUE, 1984, Arnold, H G et al, Hallelujah! ISBN 0-906780-43-8. Introduction Publishing, 1989. Evocative, illus- Recording chapels and meetingto the why and how of studying trated tour of some buildings which and recording graveyards. escaped nineteenth-century houses, Council for British restoration. Archaeology, 1985, ISBN 0- Child, M, Discovering Church 906780-49-7. Introductory guide BOOKS FOR PUPILS Architecture, Shire, 1991, to the history, diversity and study Corbishley, M, The Middle Ages, ISBN 0-85263-328-9. of nonconformist buildings. Facts on File, 1990, ISBN 0-8160- Clarke, B F L, Church builders Braithwaite, L, Exploring 1973-8. With a section on the of the nineteenth century, British Cities, a & C Black, 1986,medieval church and cathedral David & Charles, 1969, ISBN 0-7136-2748-4. A useful building. ISBN 0-7153-5141-9 guide, illustrated with Fewins, C, Be a Church Curl, J, Stevens, Victorian nineteenth-century maps, to a Detective: a Young Person's Churches, Batsford/English range of buildings including Guide to Old Churches, The Heritage, 1995, ISBN 0-7 134- churches, cathedrals and chapels. National Society and Church 7491-2. Cameron, K, English Place House Publishing, 1992, ISBN 0- Friar, S, A companion to the Names, Batsford, 1996, ISBN 0- 7151-4790-0. An excellent English Parish Church, Alan 7134-7378-9. Up-dated classic ref-introductory guide for pupils. Sutton, 1996, ISBN 0-7509-0461- erence work on the interpretation Macaulay, D, Cathedral: The 5 of place names. Story of Its Construction, Morris, R, Churches in the Cocke, T et al, Recording a Collins, 1974, landscape, Dent, 1989, church: an illustrated glossary, ISBN 0-00-192150-9. ISBN 0-460-86014-3 Council for British Macdonald, F & James, J, A Needham, A, How to study an Archaeology Practical Medieval Cathedral, Simon & old church, Batsford, 1944. Out Handbook 7, 1996, ISBN 1- Schuster, 1991, of print but buy a copy if you see 872414-56-7. Extremely useful, ISBN 0-7500-0787-7. one. It is full of clear drawings. inexpensive and reliable guide to Pluckrose, H, Local History Rodwell, W, Church the anatomy and features of parish Detective: Churches, Simon & Archaeology, Batsford/English churches. Schuster, 1993, Heritage, 1989, ISBN 0-7134- Parsons, D, Churches and ISBN 0-7501-0450-3. 6294-9. Well-illustrated, lively and chapels: investigating places of as yet unsurpassed introduction to worship, Council for British TEACHING church archaeology. Archaeology Practical Handbook 8, 1989, ISBN 0-906780-86-1. STRATEGIES Compact introduction to the study Books in the English Heritage Cathedrals of churches and chapels. Advice onEducation on Site teacher's Harvey, J H, Cathedrals of first steps in recording. guide series which have specific England and Wales, Batsford, sections on or particular 1974, ISBN 0-7134-0616-X. Churchyards reference to churches: Tatton-Brown, T, Great Barnicoat, J, Newspapers and Cathedrals of Britain, BBC and tombstone recording Education, English Heritage, Books, 1989, ISBN 0-563-20730- Burgess, F, English Churchyard 1994, ISBN 1-85074-511-0. 2. Memorials, Lutterworth Press, Cooksey, C, Using Abbeys, Wilson, C, The Gothic 1963. The most authoritative book English Heritage, 1992, Cathedral: the Architecture of on churchyard memorials. ISBN 1-85074-328-2. the Great Church 1130-1530, Burman, P & Stapleton, H, The Copeland, T, Maths and the Thames & Hudson, 1990, Churchyards Handbook: Historic Environment, English ISBN 0-500-34105-2. Advice on the history and sig- Heritage, 1992, nificance of churchyards, theirISBN 1-85074-329-0. Chapels and meeting housescare, improvement and main- Copeland, T, Geography and Barton, D a, Discovering tenance, Church House the historic environment, Chapels and Meeting Houses, Publishing, 1988, ISBN 0-7151- English Heritage, 1993, ISBN 1- Shire, 1990, ISBN 0-7478-0097-9. 7554-8. An invaluable guide. 4,10'85074-332-0. A LITOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES

David, R, History at Home, management techniques for nature Education Officer English Heritage, 1996, ISBN 1- conservation in rural churchyards. CBA 85074-591-9. Bowes Morrell House Davies, I and Webb, C, Using Cathedral Archaeology, English 111 Walmgate Documents, English Heritage, Heritage, 1996, 21 minutes. York YO1 2UA 1996, ISBN 1-85074-478-5. Investigates the ways archaeologistsTel: 0904 671417 Moffat, H, and Neave, D, record and excavate evidence in Fax: 01904 671384 Looking at Buildings - The cathedrals, using Canterbury and e-mail: 100 271.456 @ com- East Riding, English Heritage/ Norwich as case studies. puserve.com Penguin Books, 1995, ISBN 0140- 710-647. LOCAL SOURCES For a detailed list of organisations Pownall, J and Hudson, N, concerned with churches, cathe- Science and the historic Reference library drals and chapels please contact environment, English Heritage, Here you may find regional and either English Heritage Education 1992, ISBN 1-85074-331-2. local studies, monographs on Service or the Council for British Purkis, S, Using Memorials, some individual buildings, publica-Archaeology at the addresses on English Heritage, 1995, ISBN 1- tions to do with context (for exam- this page. 85074-493-9. ple histories of particular towns, the industrial revolution), journals Acknowledgements Videos of local and county historical, The authors would like to thank the Videos in English Heritage's archaeological and record societies following people for help with this Frameworks of Worship series contain a wealth of information. book: Mick Sharp for providing touch many of the themes in this some of the photographs, Lewis book. The series introduces County Record Office Braithwaite for providing prints of different aspects of the historical For primary sources such as writ- nineteenth century maps, the Essex development of churches and con- ten records and historic maps, Archaeological Society for allowing siders some of the ways in which the Record Office is an invaluable the use of the Kelly's Directory of archaeologists gather and use infor-source. Most offices publish leafletsEssex, the Essex Record Office for mation. Suitability begins with Keywhich explain what their collectionspermission to use the estate map of Stage 4, but teachers of younger contain and how they may be con-Aldham, Dick and Marjorie pupils will find them rewarding. sulted. Within or linked to the Richards for locating a family wed- CRO may also be the Diocesan ding photograph and Purcell Miller In Memoriam: the archaeologyArchive, which will contain many Tritton and Partners for providing of graveyards, English Heritage, parish records, including faculties the photograph of St Andrew's 1990, 21 minutes. Links between (licences) for alterations and Church, Eaton, the Reverend ecology, archaeology, art and rebuilding. Many cathedrals have Stanley Smith. social history are explored in a their own libraries. video which suggests how a churchyard or cemetery may be Sites and Monuments OPPOSITE: Advertisement from Kelly's used as an outdoor classroom. Directory of Essex, 1895. (Essex Record (SMR) Archaeological Society) The SMR is a database for the his- Buildings and Beliefs, English toric environment. Used chiefly for Heritage, 20 minutes. An planning purposes, it is also an exploration of the relationship educational tooland may contain between form and function, a large collection of aerial pho- Our Education Service aims to structure and spirituality. tographs. SMRs are mostly located help teachers at all levels make at county level, but some are based better use of the resource The Master Builders: the con- upon districts or towns. of the historic environment. struction of a great church, Educational groups can make English Heritage, 1991, 23 min- The Council for British free visits to over 400 historic utes. Introduction to issues of Archaeology's concern for the properties cared for by English construction and technology of archaeological study of churches is Heritage. The following booklets Beverley Minster. reflected in a lengthy list of publi- are free on request. Free cations. Advice on how to get start- Educational Visits, Using the Chapels: the buildings of non- ed is available from the CBA's Historic Environment. Our conformity, English Heritage, Education Officer, who may put Resources catalogue is also 1989, 18 minutes. Introduction to you in touch with one of the hon- available. Please contact: the diversity and functional orary Education Liaison Officers characteristics of nonconformist English Heritage architecture. who operate in each CBA Region. The Council fo,T . Education Service iVreliaeorOgy dan eecbiiiiiierid other 429 Oxford Street Gods Acre: nature conserva- contacts and resources, and put London tion in the churchyard, English you in touch with your local W1R 2HD Heritage, 1993, 24 minutes. SMR or archaeological society. A Explores the relationship between list of publications (including a Tel: 0171 973 3442 churchyards as cultural sites and number of church excavation Fax: 0171 973 3443 ecology, and introduces some 41reports) is available free on request. IRON 33t7IIMINGS

New and Second-hand Churches, Chapels, Mission and School Rooms, Cottages, Shepherds' and Keepers' Ruts, Stables, Coach-houses, Farm Buildings, Sheds for Manufacturing Purposes, irao.

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4 2 Most places have at least one church or chapel. Together with cathedrals, these buildings, their sites and surroundings offer an inexhaustible range of teaching and study opportunities. This book places them in their historical context, introducing sources and suggesting themes, exercises and project ideas for curriculum work.

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Written by Richard Morris, a writer and lecturer on the archaeological study of churches who is the Director of the Council for British Archaeology and Mike Corbishley, Head of Education at English Heritage, who has excavated several churches and carried out project work with schools on religious buildings. This book is one of our Education on Site series, suggesting educational strategies for the use of sites and buildings. ci NGLISH HERITAGE I

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Author(s): Richard Morris and Mike Corbishley

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