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A Summary of Conservation Planning

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A Summary of Conservation Planning TTHHUUNNDDEERR BBAASSIINN WWYYOOMMIINNGG EECCOOLLOOGGIICCAALL AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT OOFF TTEERRRREESSTTRRIIAALL EECCOOSSYYSSTTEEMMSS JJOONNAATTHHAANN HHAAUUFFLLEERR,, CCAARROOLLYYNN MMEEHHLL,, AAMMYY GGAANNGGUULLIII,, AANNDD SSCCOOTTTT YYEEAATTSS EECCOOSSYYSSTTEEMM MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT RREESSEEAARRCCHH IINNSSTTIIITTUUTTEE SSEEPPTTEEMMBBEERR 22000088 i Ecological Assessment of Thunder Basin Wyoming 2008 Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 . Purpose ...................................................................................................................... 2 . Scope ......................................................................................................................... 2 . Background................................................................................................................. 2 . Phase 1 – The Thunder Basin Ecological Assessment ....................................................... 3 Key Issues ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Primary Components of this Document ........................................................................................................ 3 2.0 LANDSCAPE FEATURES AND LAND USE HISTORY .............................................. 5 . Landforms .................................................................................................................. 5 . Geology ...................................................................................................................... 5 . Climate ....................................................................................................................... 7 . Soils ........................................................................................................................... 7 . Surface Hydrology and Drainage Patterns ..................................................................... 8 Historical Land Use of the Region ............................................................................................................... 10 3.0 THE CONSERVATION STRATEGY .................................................................... 13 . Overview of Conservation Strategies ............................................................................ 13 Coarse Filter Strategies ............................................................................................................................... 13 Fine Filter Strategies ................................................................................................................................... 14 Combination Strategies .............................................................................................................................. 15 . Selected Conservation Strategy ................................................................................... 15 4.0 NATIVE ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY ..................................................................... 17 . Natural Disturbance and the Historical Reference .......................................................... 17 Fire ............................................................................................................................................................. 18 Grazing ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 Black-tailed Prairie Dogs ............................................................................................................................. 22 Historical Evidence ..................................................................................................................................... 23 . Native Terrestrial Ecosystem Diversity ........................................................................ 28 Disturbance States ..................................................................................................................................... 28 Ecological Sites ........................................................................................................................................... 29 Ecosystem Diversity Matrix ......................................................................................................................... 64 . Modeling the Historical Reference ................................................................................65 Model Attributes and Assumptions ............................................................................................................. 67 Results of the SIMPPLLE Model Simulations ............................................................................................... 68 5.0 TODAY’S TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY .............................................. 71 . Assessing Today’s Ecosystem Conditions ...................................................................... 71 i Ecological Assessment of Thunder Basin Wyoming 2008 Previous Studies .......................................................................................................................................... 71 Methods ..................................................................................................................................................... 72 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 76 General Characteristics of Terrestrial Ecological Sites ................................................................................. 82 Characteristics of Terrestrial Ecological Sites x Disturbance States ............................................................. 86 . Today’s Terrestrial Ecosystem Conditions ................................................................... 117 6.0 CUMULATIVE CHANGES TO NATIVE ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY ........................... 119 . Conversion of Terrestrial Ecosystems ......................................................................... 119 . Indirect Alteration of Terrestrial Ecosystems ............................................................... 122 Native Ecosystem Diversity ...................................................................................................................... 122 Exotic Species ........................................................................................................................................... 126 7.0 SPECIES DIVERSITY ..................................................................................... 129 . Fine Filter – Species Assessment ................................................................................ 129 . Non-Habitat Limited Species ..................................................................................... 130 . Species of Greatest Conservation Need ...................................................................... 132 Mammals ................................................................................................................................................... 135 Birds ......................................................................................................................................................... 142 Reptiles and Amphibians .......................................................................................................................... 149 8.0 KEY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................... 153 9.0 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION NEEDS .............................................................. 156 10.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... 159 11.0 REFERENCES CITED ..................................................................................... 160 APPENDIX A ......................................................................................................... 168 ii Ecological Assessment of Thunder Basin Wyoming 2008 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Thunder Basin region, located in eastern Wyoming (Figure 1), is recognized as one of the most ecologically significant grasslands in the United States (Forrest et al. 2004, The Nature Conservancy 2008). It is an area of open prairies, occasional badlands, and steep but low hills with colorful soils and vegetation. It includes mixed and short-grass prairies which support rich plant and animal communities, including numerous grassland obligate species identified as species of concern. The area also supports sagebrush ecosystems and a number of sagebrush obligate and sagebrush associated species of concern. Ranching and energy production play a key economic role. Thunder Basin supports some of the largest coal mines in the world as well as substantial oil and gas production. Land ownership is mixed, with a majority of the land in private ownership, but with substantial public lands including lands of the Thunder Basin National Grasslands, Bureau of Land Management, and State of Wyoming. Subsurface ownership is mixed as well, with the Federal government being by far the largest mineral owner. Figure 1. Location of the Thunder Basin planning area within Wyoming. The Thunder Basin Grasslands Prairie Ecosystem Association (Association)
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