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HISTORISKA NYHETER - SPECIALNYHETER Specialnummer Om Kensingtonstenen Statens Historiska Museum År 2003 Special HISTORISKAHISTORISKA NYHETER - SPECIALNYHETER Specialnummer om Kensingtonstenen Statens historiska museum År 2003 Special Kensingtonstenens gåta - The riddle of the Kensington runestone 2 HISTORISKA NYHETER - SPECIAL Är Kensingtonstenen kulturarv? Vem är det egentligen som bestämmer vad som är kulturarv? Vad är det som gör att vissa föremål, texter, sägner, byggnader eller fornminnen är så viktiga för vår självförståelse att de till- skrivs alldeles speciella värden? Ännu för 15 år sedan var svaren på dessa frågor självklara. Kultur- arvet utforskades vetenskapligt och en samhällelig apparat av tjänste- män och institutioner gav det sanktion. Kulturarvet var det som ex- perterna bestämde att det skulle vara. Kulturarv handlade då om lag- stiftning och normer, allmänna råd och tillämpning. Bakom regler och begrepp, alla fotade i ett experternas samförstånd och i en fiskal utövning, stämplades ett kulturhistoriskt värde eller ett riksintressant kulturarv på miljöer och föremål. I kraft av sin profession och sin kunskap, men också med diffusa begrepp omöjliga att förstå eller få kläm på om man inte var insatt, upprätthölls kulturarvets praktik. Legitimiteten i denna verksamhet bestod i terminologi, akademiska examina och en lagstiftning som gav makt. Ett elitistiskt kulturarv Allt längre bort hade allt det som betydde något för ”vanliga männis- kor” kommit. Glappet hade ökat markant mellan det institution- aliserade kulturarvet, formellt kategoriserat och infört i planer och register – och de vardagsnära minnen och berättelser som alltid om- ger oss. Ett elitistiskt kulturarv, om man så vill, stod i allt skarpare kontrast till den dimension av värden som vi brukar i vårt dagliga liv. Kensingtonstenen har under årens lopp fått en stor betydelse för de skandinavisk-amerikanska immigranternas identitet, trots att flera experter konstaterat att den sannolikt är en historieförfalskning. Regardless of its branding as a forgery by several experts, the Kensington Runestone has served and continues to serve as a collective symbol around which identity is created. Foto: Lars Westman Runstensmuseet Runstensmuseet är en av stadens stora turistattraktioner. Kensing- tonstenen ägs av handelskammaren i Alexandria. Vägg i vägg med museet finns stadens spritbutik. Utanför museet vakar den jättelike- vikingen Big Ole. Befolkningen i Alexandria är kluven till stenens äkthet. Men de flesta menar att man härstammar från vikingarna. Ordet viking an- vänds i många sammanhang, i allt från butiksnamn till american footballteamet ”Minnesota vikings”. LuAnn Patton är chef för Runstens- museet i Alexandria. LuAnn Patton is the director of the Runestone museum in Alexandria HISTORISKA NYHETER - SPECIAL 3 Tack och lov har detta drastiskt förändrats. Svaren på frågorna om vem och vad som är kulturarv är idag inte längre entydiga. Synen på kulturarvet har förändrats. Nu förs en diskussion om hur kulturar- The Kensington Runestone – ven konstrueras, som ett led i en maktutövning där identitetsbyggen is it cultural heritage? är en viktig ingrediens. Historia har alltid använts för speciella, mani- festa eller latenta, syften. Nu förs ett samtal om hur kulturarvsprocessen By Kristian Berg kan öppnas till en dialog med alla de som använder historia i någon form. Och hur kulturarven i ett samhälle skall fungera som en resurs Who actually determines what is cultural heritage? What ma- för demokrati, det vill säga hur identiteter skall kunna byggas utan kes certain objects, texts, legends, buildings or ancient monu- exkluderande inslag. Vi är sakta på väg mot en humanistisk kultur- ments so important to our self-understanding that they are arvspraktik, där allas rätt till sin historia inte längre är en utopi. credited with special merits? Kensingtonrunstenen belyser denna förändring på ett mycket kon- Answers to this question were still quite clear 15 years ago. kret sätt. Runstenen, som nu ställs ut på Historiska museet, hittades i Cultural heritage was scientifically investigated and sanctioned by Kensington, Minnesota på 1890-talet. Runorna på stenen säger att an apparatus of administrative workers and institutions within den är från 1300-talet och att nordbor har ristat den. Stenen har un- society. Cultural heritage was whatever experts said it was. der årens lopp fått en stor betydelse för många av de skandinavisk- While whatever meant something to ‘ordinary people’ receded amerikanska immigranternas identitet, trots att flera experter konsta- increasingly further. The gap vastly grew between institutionalized terat att den är en historieförfalskning. Runstenen fungerar, och har cultural heritage – correctly categorized and inserted in plans and fungerat, trots experternas förfalskningsstämpel, som en kollektivt records – and ever-present down-to-earth memories and tales. identitetsskapande symbol. Och diskussionen om autenticitet eller för- Nowadays, questions as to who or what is cultural heritage falskning fortsätter. no longer provide clear-cut answers. Our view of cultural heritage has changed. Current discussion deals with how cultural heritage Debatt och diskussion is constructed as part of exercising power, where identity structures Berättelser kring ett gemensamt ursprung skapar sammanhållning, såväl play an important part. History has always been used for special, inom den egna gruppen som gentemot ”de andra”. Särskilt tydligt är manifest or latent, objectives. Discussion is now underway on how detta i unga nationer, som i USA under 1800-talet. Den amerikanska cultural heritage processes can be opened into a dialog among all nationen har under historiens lopp integrerat de nordiska symbolerna. those who make use of history in various ways. And also how De har fungerat som replipunkter i ett samhälle under stark utveck- cultural heritage in society can function as a resource for democracy, ling, där historia och ursprung haft stor betydelse för människors sam- i.e. a resource which lacks exclusive qualities for the building of manhållning och kultur. identities. We are slowly moving towards humanistic cultural Men Kensingtonstenens symbolbetydelse är inte för all framtid heritage practices where everyone’s right to their history is no fastlagd och statisk, det är det som gör den så spännande. Nya forsk- longer a utopia. ningsrön och reflektioner kring stenens historia skapar nya innebör- The Kensington Runestone illustrates this change in very der. Tolkningarna bryts mot varandra i en vital diskussion om äkthet concrete manner. The stone, currently on show at the Museum of eller förfalskning, om de olika möjliga förklaringar som kan finnas. National Antiquities, was found in Kensington, Minnesota, in the Till Kensingtonsstenens gåta. 1890s. The runes on the stone state its origin from the 1300s, and Ett kulturarv som debatteras och diskuteras är ett levande kul- that it was inscribed by Scandinavians. Over the years, it has gained turarv. När amatörer och experter möts i ett lyhört samtal om troliga great significance for the identity of some Scandinavian-Ameri- eller otroliga förklaringsmodeller – då minskar glappet mellan kultur- can immigrants despite experts declaring it a fake artifact of his- arvet som historiebruk och kulturarvet på piedestal. Om Historiska tory. Regardless of its branding as a forgery by experts, it has museet genom utställningen av Kensingtonstenen i någon mån kan served and continues to serve as a collective symbol around which bidra till detta samtal, då är resultatet mycket tillfredsställande. För identity is created. det ligger en hel del sanning i att kulturarv ärver vi inte – det förvär- Stories based on a common background create affinity within var vi. the group, but also contrast the group against ‘the others’. This is KRISTIAN BERG particularly clear in young nations, such as 19th century USA. In the course of history, the American nation has integrated the Scan- dinavian symbols. They have functioned as rallying-points in a society undergoing rapid development, where history and histori- cal roots have been of great importance to the culture and solidarity Detta är en specialutgåva av” Historiska nyheter”, utgi- of individuals. ven i samband med utställningen ”Kensington-stenens gåta” på Statens historiska museum mellan 23 oktober But the cultural significance of the Kensington Runestone is och 25e januari 2003. not settled and static for all time; and this is what makes it so Det är en utställning om identitetskapande genom historia. Utställningen är också ett exempel på ett le- exciting. New research and considerations on the stone’s history vande kulturarv, som debatteras och diskuteras inte add new components. Interpretations clash with one another in a minst i de artiklar som finns i denna tidning. vigorous discussion on authenticity versus forgery, and on the Ansvarig utgivare: Kristian Berg various possible explanations available. Explanations providing Tryckeri: Edita Ljunglöfs solutions to the Kensington Runestone riddle. ISBN: 91-89176-24-3 Cultural heritage which is debated and discussed is living cultural heritage. When amateurs and experts meet with open minds to discuss likely and unlikely models of explanation, that is ”Kensingtonstenens gåta” är ett sam- when the gap between cultural heritage as historical usage and arbetsprojekt mellan Historiska mu- cultural heritage on a pedestal diminishes. If through exhibition seet, Tidningen Vi och Amerikanska of the Kensington Runestone, the Museum of National Antiquities ambassaden. Projektet har sponsrats can in some way contribute to this discussion,
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