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Crop Loss Assessment 1990 Book Crop Loss Assessment in Rice papers given at the International Workshop on Crop Loss Assessment to Improve Pest Management in Rice and Rice-based Cropping Systems in South and Southeast Asia 11-17 October 1987 sponsored by International Rice Research Institute Food and Agriculture Organization Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for Technical Cooperation) Consortium for International Crop Protection 1990 International Rice Research Institute P.O. Box 933, 1099 Manila, Philipppines The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with the help and approval of the Government of the Philippines. Today IRRI is one of the 13 nonprofit international research and training centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR is sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The CGIAR consists of 50 donor countries, international and regional organizations, and private foundations. IRRI receives support, through the CGIAR, from a number of donors including the Asian Development Bank, the European Economic Community, the Ford Foundation, the International Development Research Centre, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the OPEC Special Fund, the Rockefeller Foundation, UNDP, the World Bank, and the international aid agencies of the following governments: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and United States. The responsibility for this publication rests with the International Rice Research Institute. Copyright © International Rice Research Institute 1990 All rights reserved. Except for quotations of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani- cal, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of IRRI. This permission will not be unreasonably withheld for use for noncommercial purposes. IRRI does not require payment for the noncommercial use of its published works, and hopes that this copyright declaration will not diminish the bona fide use of its research findings in agricultural research and development. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publica- tion do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IRRI concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 971-22-0001-9 Contents Foreword Preface CROP LOSS ASSESSMENT: BACKGROUND, RATIONALE, AND CONCEPTS Crop loss assessment: a historical perspective and rationale 1 J.C. Zadoks Crop loss and pest and pesticide management 11 D.G. Bottrell Crop loss assessment: a review of representative approaches and current technology 19 P.S. Teng Current knowledge on crop losses in tropical rice 39 P.S. Teng, C.Q. Torres, F.L. Nuque. and S.B. Calvero COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY FOR CROP LOSS ASSESSMENT Quantifying insect populations and crop damage 55 P.T. Walker Practical methods for quantifying diseases and pathogen populations 67 R.E. Gaunt Weeds: generating populations, field sampling, and data analysis 75 K. Moody Monitoring the physical environment for yield loss studies 87 S.M. Coakley Remote sensing and image analysis for crop loss assessment 93 F.W. Nutter, Jr. Sampling insects and diseases in rice 107 B.M. Shepard and E.R. Ferrer Empirical models for predicting yield loss caused by stem borers 131 P.T. Walker Generating plant disease epidemics in yield loss experiments 139 F.W. Nutter, Jr. Determining pest-loss relationships and quantifying loss 151 P.T. Walker Using yield physiology to model pest losses 161 R.E. Gaunt Insect pest-loss relationships: characteristics and importance 171 P.T. Walker Empirical disease-yield loss models 185 R.E. Gaunt Yield losses due to weeds in rice in the Philippines 193 K. Moody Assessing multiple pest populations and their effects on crop yield 203 K.B. Johnson APPLICATIONS OF PEST AND LOSS ASSESSMENT TECHNOLOGY TO PEST MANAGEMENT Systems analysis and modeling in pest management 215 K.L. Heong A multiple-pest economic threshold for rice (a case study in the Philippines) 229 F. Palis, P.L. Pingali, and J.A. Litsinger Methodology used in the IRRI integrated pest survey 243 F.A. Elazegui, J. Soriano, J. Bandong, L. Estorninos, I. Johnson, P.S. Teng, B.M. Shepard, J.A. Litsinger, K. Moody, and H. Hibino Information management systems in rice pest surveillance 273 K.L. Heong EPIPRE: research - development - application of an integrated pest and disease management system for wheat 281 J.C. Zadoks Using pest surveillance data in Thailand 291 P. Menakanit, A. Upanisakorn, L. Menakanit, S. Sriarunothai, and U. Dechmani Genetically sound strategies for disease management 297 K.M. Chin Using historical weather and pest data for pest zoning 303 S.M. Coakley Requirements for an economic interpretation of crop losses 313 H. Waihel Recommendations 321 Participants 328 Foreword Each year, a large proportion of potential rice yield is lost because of insect and weed infestations and diseases. In 1987, the value of losses just from diseases was about US$12.5 billion, not counting the costs of disease control chemicals and their application. To achieve adequate and stable supplies of rice, it is important, and indeed necessary, that losses be accurately measured and potential losses predicted. That will enable techniques to be developed to manage the losses. Knowledge on crop losses caused by specific pests also is needed to formulate strategies for the rational use of pesticides. This is particularly important now, given the growing awareness about the relationship between the quality of our environment and the quality of life. IRRI is embarking on a bold new course, outlined in its strategic plan IRRI toward 2000 and beyond, that is placing greater emphasis on sustainable production practices and environmentally sound technology. Part of the strategy positions the concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as a central theme in generating acceptable pest management knowledge. The International Workshop on Crop Loss Assessment to Improve Pest Manage- ment in Rice and Rice-based Farming Systems in South and Southeast Asia, held 11- 17 October 1987 at IRRI, was particularly relevant in helping to shape IRRI's future research direction. Crop loss assessment will provide the basis for determining which pests are causing economic damage and when pesticides are required or justified. Over a longer time frame, crop loss data collected in different ecosystems by national programs also will enable evaluation of changing pest situations as other forms of production technology are adopted by farmers. This more strategic look at rice-based farming systems will lead to improved pest management, especially of migratory pests that do not recognize political boundaries. The workshop also demonstrated the manner in which IRRI would like to cooperate with other interested agencies, to convene meetings that address crucial issues of common concern. This undertaking is just one activity in a series of joint efforts in which IRRI is able to play the role of initiator, convenor, and research partner. In a world that has become more vulnerable and fragile, only such cooperative approaches will be able to help us find viable solutions in time. The workshop was supported jointly by the United States Agency for Interna- tional Development (USAID), through a grant to the Consortium for International Crop Protection pest and pesticide management project. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), the Food and Agriculture Organization inter- country program on rice in South and Southeast Asia, and IRRI. In all, about 160 participants from 21 countries attended. The organizing committee included Dr. Paul S. Teng, workshop coordinator, Dr. J. Michael Bonman, Dr. Kwanchai A. Gomez, Dr. Peter E. Kenmore, Dr. James E. Litsinger, Dr. Edwin D. Magallona, Dr. T. W. Mew, Dr. Keith Moody, Dr. Prabhu L. Pingali, and Dr. B. Merle Shepard. The book was edited by Dr. LaRue Pollard and Ms. Emy Cervantes. Klaus Lampe Director General Preface This book contains papers given at the International Workshop on Crop Loss Assess- ment to Improve Pest Management in Rice and Rice-based Farming Systems in South and Southeast Asia held at IRRI in October 1987. Such a workshop had been recom- mended by participants in a February 1987 meeting on Pesticide Management and Integrated Pest Management for Southeast Asia in Pattaya, Thailand. They felt that this timely topic could assist countries in the region to better justify and rationalize their Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Crop loss assessment is a scientific activity in pest management that is aimed at increased understanding and improved quantification of the effects of pests on crop growth and development. The activity ranges across different levels of scale, from plant processes involving single plants to an ecosystem. Few reliable estimates of the magnitude of crop losses caused by the major
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