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Interpretation and Conclusions "LIKE NUGGETS FROM A GOLD MINEu SEARCHING FOR BRICKS AND THEIR MAKERS IN 'THE OREGON COUNTRY' B~f' Kmtm (1 COfwer~ ;\ th¢...i, ...uhmineJ Ilt SOIl(mla Slale UFU vcr,il y 11'1 partial fulfiUlT'Ietlt of the fCqlJln:mcntfi for the dcgr~ of MASTER OF ARTS tn Copyright 2011 by Kristin O. Converse ii AUTHORlZAnON FOR REPRODUCnON OF MASTER'S THESISIPROJECT 1pM' pernlt"j(m I~ n:pnll.lm.:til.m of Ihi$ rhais in ib endrel)" \Ii' !tbout runt\er uuthorilAtlOO fn.)m me. on the condiHt)Jllhat the per",)f1 Of a,eocy rl;!'(lucMing reproduction the "'OS$. and 1:Jf't)vi~ proper ackruJwkd,rnem nf auth.:If'l'htp. III “LIKE NUGGETS FROM A GOLD MINE” SEARCHING FOR BRICKS AND THEIR MAKERS IN „THE OREGON COUNTRY‟ Thesis by Kristin O. Converse ABSTRACT Purpose of the Study: The history of the Pacific Northwest has favored large, extractive and national industries such as the fur trade, mining, lumbering, fishing and farming over smaller pioneer enterprises. This multi-disciplinary study attempts to address that oversight by focusing on the early brickmakers in „the Oregon Country‟. Using a combination of archaeometry and historical research, this study attempts to make use of a humble and under- appreciated artifact – brick – to flesh out the forgotten details of the emergence of the brick industry, its role in the shifting local economy, as well as its producers and their economic strategies. Procedure: Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis was performed on 89 red, common bricks archaeologically recovered from Fort Vancouver and 113 comparative samples in an attempt to „source‟ the brick. Documentary research was conducted, both to guide the comparative clay sampling, and to create a regional history of brickmaking. It was hoped that these methods would result in the identification of early centers of brick production and individual brickmakers, whose behaviors could be tested against Margaret Purser‟s economic boomsurfing model. Findings: INAA results showed that Fort Vancouver brick separated into four distinct geochemical groups; a doublet, or pair of similar bricks; and six outliers, indicating they came from at least eleven separate geographic locations. Group A was likely from Wilsonville, Oregon; and Group D from Astoria, Oregon. Group D had a northern Willamette Valley provenance, and Group B appeared to be a foreign import, probably from England. Historical research documented the existence of numerous brick producers contemporaneous with Fort Vancouver. iv Fort Vancouver'so proc:ut~nt ofbridt was mVfe "'OOlplex than Pfe'Vlously undemood. lbey ~t1y obtruDed brick from AJI)tooa. On:iOO; Wi15tl.wiUe. OreSt)ft; I k\.~wen· defined Iocatioo '0 the oorthetn WilIamttle Valley; _ weU U J'O"ibty impordna RId. common brick from England, Although the individuals who made the brick recove:red at Fort Va#l\:ou\er were lk)f identified. It W3.1J possible to billie industry as I whole apiut t~ bt'lOIDSurf(;r model. It 1ppC~ that brickma.kc~ In the On:,on Country wUitf!d boomsuffcr ~tr..ttgies in pwwit IJf tbeir livelihooeJ", Chair. ________________________ MA Prop'am~ Cultural Rcsoortc§ Management Sonoma 5t* Univemty v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply indebted to: Margie Purser, Sonoma State University Leah Minc, Oregon State University Michelle Jolly, Sonoma State University Oregon State University Radiation Center Tessa Langford, Fort Vancouver National Historic Site Heidi Pierson, Fort Vancouver National Historic Site David Brauner, Oregon State University Dennis Wylie, Oregon State Parks Bill Hidden, Hidden Farms Chuck Anderson, Columbia Brick Plant Clark Niewendorp, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Oregon Historical Society Research Library Staff for generously donating their time, expertise, patience, and bricks. ***** I‟d also like to thank: Alex Wolf Janet Converse Grant Converse Drew & Hailey Converse Paul Converse for their love, support, clay collection, and editing …to name but a few of their contributions to this project. ***** And finally, this work is dedicated to Jesse Otero and Katie-dog for bringing me daily joy and valiantly trying to keep me sane. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 If Bricks Could Talk… ................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of this Study ...................................................................................................... 3 The Search for a Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 4 The New Western Historians .......................................................................................... 5 Purser‟s „Boomsurfer‟ Model ....................................................................................... 10 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2: A HISTORY OF „THE OREGON COUNTRY‟ ..................................... 15 Early Non-Native Peoples in the Oregon Country ....................................................... 15 The Establishment of Fort Vancouver .......................................................................... 16 Ex-Trappers in the Willamette Valley .......................................................................... 22 Boosters and Merchants ................................................................................................ 24 The Missionary Presence .............................................................................................. 24 „Oregon Fever‟ and the „Land Rush‟ ............................................................................ 26 Gold Fever! ................................................................................................................... 27 Early Commercial Centers ............................................................................................ 29 Transportation of Goods ............................................................................................... 31 Overview of the Regional Economy ............................................................................. 33 Settlement in „Northern Oregon‟ .................................................................................. 36 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3: USE AND MANUFACTURE OF BRICK .............................................. 40 Bricks as Ballast ............................................................................................................ 40 Building with Bricks ..................................................................................................... 41 Desirability of Brick ..................................................................................................... 44 Industry Trends ............................................................................................................. 45 Brick Availability Over Time ....................................................................................... 47 Nineteenth Century Brick Making ................................................................................ 49 Clay Extraction ............................................................................................................. 50 Tempering ..................................................................................................................... 52 Molding the Brick ......................................................................................................... 54 Drying the „Green‟ Brick .............................................................................................. 56 Firing ............................................................................................................................. 57 Evolution of Technology .............................................................................................. 60 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 4: DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE OF BRICKS AND CLAY ................... 64 Bricks at Fort Vancouver .............................................................................................. 64 Earliest Bricks in the Willamette Valley ...................................................................... 69 Mission Bottom ............................................................................................................. 69 Wheatland (Yamhill County) ........................................................................................ 70 Salem and Vicinity (Marion County) ........................................................................... 70 Oregon City ................................................................................................................... 73 St. Paul and Surrounding French Prairie (Marion County) .......................................... 75 French Prairie/Champoeg ............................................................................................. 76 Aurora/Hubbard ............................................................................................................ 77 Portland ......................................................................................................................... 77 vii The Tualatin Plains ......................................................................................................
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