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Una Apuesta Por El Acceso La mayoría de libros de Virus editorial se encuentran bajo licencias libres y para su libre descarga; una apuesta por el acceso libre al conocimiento y la cultura, que consideramos imprescindible en una sociedad en la que las desigualdades sociales también se traducen en desigualdad a la hora de acceder a los contenidos culturales. Pero los proyectos autogestionarios y alternativos, como Virus editorial, suelen tener importantes límites económicos, que en ocasiones afectan a su soste- nibilidad o impiden asumir proyectos más costosos o arriesgados. En la medida en que ofrecemos buena parte de nuestro trabajo para lo común, creemos importante crear también formas de cola- boración en la sostenibilidad del proyecto: a) Puedes hacerte soci@ de Virus ingresando un mínimo de 50 € a modo de cuota anual, recibien- do una novedad de tu elección y obteneniendo descuentos en tus compras en nuestra web. b) Puedes suscribirte a Virus durante un año, aportando 200 €, recibiendo todos los libros de Virus durante 12 meses, dos libros de fondo y descuentos en tus compras en nuestra web. c) También puedes hacer una donación de cualquier cantidad a través de Paypal. Jesús Castañar Pérez Teoría e historia de la revolución noviolenta Con prefacio de Howard Clark y prólogo de Pedro Oliver Virus editorial Creative Commons LICENCIA CREATIVE COMMONS autoría - no derivados - no comercial 1.0 - Esta licencia permite copiar, distribuir, exhibir e interpretar este texto, siempre y cuando se cumplan las siguientes condiciones: Índice Autoría-atribución: se deberá respetar la autoría del texto y de su traducción. Siem- pre habrá de constar el nombre del autor/a y del traductor/a. No comercial: no se puede utilizar este trabajo con fines comerciales. No derivados: no se puede alterar, transformar, modificar o reconstruir este texto. Agradecimientos 8 Los términos de esta licencia deberán constar de una manera clara para cualquier uso o distribución del texto. Estas condiciones sólo se podrán alterar con el permiso Prefacio, por Howard Clark 9 expreso del autor/a. Este libro tiene una licencia Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs-NonCommercial. Prólogo, por Pedro Oliver Olmo 13 Para consultar las condiciones de esta licencia se puede visitar: http://creative com- mons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/1.0/ o enviar una carta a Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbot Way, Stanford, California 94305, EEUU. 1. Dificultades para el estudio de la noviolencia 17 © 2013 de la presente edición, Virus editorial Los ámbitos de la noviolencia 20 © 2013 del texto, Jesús Castañar Pérez Una nueva definición de acción noviolenta 24 Diferentes perspectivas 26 2. Primeros casos documentados de acción noviolenta 33 Los orígenes de la desobediencia política 37 Título: 3. Los cambios políticos durante los siglos XVI y XVII 41 Teoría e historia de la revolución noviolenta Absolutismo, liberalismo y pacifismo en el siglo XVII 44 Maquetación: Virus editorial 4. La gestación de la cultura revolucionaria en el siglo XVIII 51 Diseño de cubierta: Pilar Sánchez Molina La Revolución Francesa y el humanismo ilustrado 55 Primera edición: diciembre de 2013 Lallevir SL / VIRUS editorial 5. La idea de revolución en el siglo XIX 59 C/ Junta de Comerç 18 baixos, 08001 Barcelona Las tácticas revolucionarias noviolentas del movimiento obrero 60 T. / Fax: 93 441 38 14 El nacimiento del pacifismo 61 C/e.: [email protected] La revolución noviolenta en el anarquismo 63 www.viruseditorial.net | www.viruslibreria.net Impreso en: 6. Thoreau y el abolicionismo norteamericano 67 Imprenta LUNA La no-resistencia 70 Muelle de la Merced, 3, 2.º izq. 48003 Bilbao 7. Experiencias de resistencia noviolenta en el siglo XIX 77 Tel.: 94 416 75 18 La Revolución Húngara 78 Fax.: 94 415 32 98 C/e.: [email protected] El independentismo irlandés 80 El SPD alemán 82 ISBN-13: 978-84-92559-48-0 El movimiento demócrata persa 84 Depósito legal: B-26491-2013 8. Las luchas indigenistas noviolentas 89 14. El punto de vista musulmán: Abdul Gaffar Khan Parihaka 90 y los Khudai Khidmargar 163 La «Danza de los espíritus» 94 El ejército noviolento pastún 165 9. El pacifismo moral de Tolstói 97 15. Otros movimientos noviolentos durante La influencia de Tolstói 101 el periodo de entreguerras 171 La idea de revolución en Tolstói 104 El Movimiento del 1 de Marzo en Corea 172 Contradicciones 107 El Movimiento del 4 de Mayo en China 173 La independencia de Egipto 175 10. La resistencia civil de las suffragettes 111 El putsch de Kapp 176 La influencia de las suffragettes 115 La resistencia del Ruhr 177 11. Experiencias de resistencia noviolenta antes La independencia de Samoa Occidental 179 Movimientos noviolentos en América 181 de la Primera Guerra Mundial 119 La Gran Intifada 182 La revolución rusa de 1905 119 La revolución finlandesa de 1905 121 16. Las primeras formulaciones teóricas de la noviolencia 187 La campaña de Gandhi en Sudáfrica 121 Clarence Marsh Case y la coerción noviolenta 188 Los boicots chinos 125 Richard Gregg y la fuerza moral de la noviolencia 191 El movimiento contra la guerra en España 126 Krishnalal Shridharani y la guerra sin violencia 196 12. Los objetores de conciencia Las aportaciones de A. J. Muste y Aldous Huxley 198 y la Primera Guerra Mundial 129 17. Bart de Ligt y la Internacional de Los objetores de conciencia 132 Resistentes a la Guerra 203 Insubordinaciones y resistencia pragmática 135 La conquista de la violencia 205 La división en el anarquismo 136 La Guerra Civil española 209 Los ideólogos de la oposición a la guerra 138 La objeción de conciencia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial 211 Los movimientos contra la guerra 139 La posguerra 141 18. Acciones noviolentas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial 215 13. Mohandas Gandhi: ahimsa y satyagraha 145 Resistencia noviolenta en la Europa ocupada 218 La campaña de de no-colaboración de 1920 148 El rescate del pueblo judio 219 La campaña de desobediencia civil de 1930 149 La resistencia noviolenta danesa 221 La campaña de desobediencia total de 1942 153 La resistencia noviolenta noruega 223 La independencia de India 154 La oleada de movimientos noviolentos en Centroamérica 225 El legado de Gandhi 155 19. El desarrollo de la acción directa noviolenta en los Estados Unidos tras las Segunda Guerra Mundial 229 La caza de brujas 232 El Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 235 Aportaciones teóricas 238 Otros movimientos noviolentos de posguerra 244 La reformulación del concepto de desobediencia civil 245 El auge de la apología de la violencia revolucionaria 247 20. Gene Sharp y la política de la acción noviolenta 251 La teoría del poder 256 Obras posteriores 258 21. Las alternativas a la defensa militar: el antimilitarismo y las teorías de la defensa civil 263 El enfoque ético: la defensa noviolenta 268 22. Aportaciones teóricas contemporáneas 275 En memoria de mi abuelo Narciso Pérez «Zamarra», cuyos Aportaciones de la Academia 280 espeluznantes relatos de la Guerra Civil española ayudaron a Aportaciones desde fuera de la Academia 282 conformar mi vocación pacifista y noviolenta Literatura en castellano 286 23. La campaña de insumisión en el Estado español 289 El movimiento noviolento durante el tardofranquismo 292 Los objetores de conciencia 295 Los años de vacío legal 297 La insumisión 301 El «plante» 305 La insumisión en los cuarteles 308 El antimilitarismo postinsumisión 311 24. Perspectivas 315 Prefacio Howard Clark* Agradecimientos Este libro nace de la necesidad de recopilar este saber del que no hay casi nada editado en idioma castellano y que se presenta muchas veces de forma disper­ sa e inconexa en lengua inglesa. Se trata del libro que me hubiera gustado leer hace muchos años, cuando me iniciaba en el activismo político y que espero sirva de inspiración a toda la gente que lucha por acabar con la injusticia en el mundo. La intención es que sirva de introducción y estímulo para que el lector sepa qué otras lecturas buscar para profundizar en el tema, o sepa poner en contexto a las diferentes ideas y gentes que aportaron algo a las teorías y prácticas de la acción noviolenta. El texto ha sido fruto de años de investigación solitaria no obstante, tengo que agradecer el apoyo mostrado por el proyecto a Pedro Oliver Olmo, que además me puso en contacto con los editores. También fueron vitales para el La Primavera Árabe, que empezó con las protestas en Túnez y que se extendió resultado final las correcciones y aportaciones de José Manuel López Blanco, a Egipto, Libia, Siria, Bahréin y Yemen, nos recuerda dos puntos cruciales de María Paz Hacha y Ana Martínez León, de la Asamblea Antimilitarista de la acción noviolenta. Primero, que es contagiosa. Lo hemos visto antes con los Madrid y especialmente las de mi editor Patric de San Pedro. movimientos anticoloniales después de Gandhi, con los movimientos contra También hay que agradecer a la Internacional de Resistentes a la Guerra, el racismo después del Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles norteamericano, y en concreto a Howard Clark, Javier Gárate y Andreas Speck, su inspiradora con movimientos por los derechos de las mujeres, y posteriormente de LGBT, labor que me ha llevado a entrar en contacto con diferentes activistas, movi­ con las revoluciones contra la burocracia comunista en 1989, así como con mientos y teóricos de buena parte del mundo. La sección española de la IRG, las transiciones de Georgia y Ucrania tras la caída de Milosevic en Serbia. Alternativa Antimilitarista MOC, y dentro de esta el Grupo Antimilitarista El ejemplo de éxito en la lucha es probable que desencadene otras luchas en de Carabanchel y la Asamblea Antimilitarista de Madrid han sido mis verda­ situaciones similares. De hecho, el ejemplo de lucha creativa, consiga o no sus deros maestros y su labor nunca será reconocida como se merece.
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