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Proefschrift UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) De geest in dit huis is liefderijk: het leven en De Werkplaats van Kees Boeke (1884-1966) Hooghiemstra, D.A. Publication date 2013 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Hooghiemstra, D. A. (2013). De geest in dit huis is liefderijk: het leven en De Werkplaats van Kees Boeke (1884-1966). General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:05 Oct 2021 De geest in dit huis is liefderijk Het leven en De Werkplaats van Kees Boeke (1884-1966) Academisch proefschrift Ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D. C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promotie ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op vrijdag 11 januari 2013, 13.00 uur door Daniela Anouk Hooghiemstra Geboren te De Bilt De geest in dit huis is liefderijk; D. Hooghiemstra [PS] 2e proef pag 1 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. dr. N.C.F. Van Sas Co-promotor: Prof. dr. H.W. Von der Dunk Overige leden: Prof. dr. H.J.C. Blom Prof. dr. J.C. Kennedy Prof. dr. J.D. Imelman Prof. dr. P. de Rooij Prof. dr. M. Schwegman Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen Open Domein nr. 48 De geest in dit huis is liefderijk; D. Hooghiemstra [PS] 2e proef pag 2 Daniela Hooghiemstra De geest in dit huis is liefderijk Het leven en De Werkplaats van Kees Boeke (1884-1966) Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers · Utrecht Amsterdam · Antwerpen De geest in dit huis is liefderijk; D. Hooghiemstra [PS] 2e proef pag 3 Dit boek kwam tot stand met financiële steun van het Fonds voor Bijzondere Journalistie- ke Projecten, het Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds, het sns Reaalfonds en het Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis. Dit boek is tevens verschenen als dissertatie aan de Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen van de Universiteit van Amsterdam, onder begeleiding van prof. dr. N. C. F. van Sas (pro- motor) en prof. dr. H. W. von der Dunk (co-promotor). Copyright © 2013 Daniela Hooghiemstra Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd en/of openbaar gemaakt, door mid- del van druk, fotokopie, microfilm of op welke andere wijze ook, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van bv Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Franz Lisztplantsoen 200, 3533 jg Utrecht. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from bv Uitgeverij De Arbeiderspers, Franz Lisztplantsoen 200, 3533 jg Utrecht. Omslagontwerp: Steven van der Gaauw Omslagillustratie: Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis (iisg) isbn 978 90 295 8614 6 / nur 321 www.arbeiderspers.nl De geest in dit huis is liefderijk; D. Hooghiemstra [PS] 2e proef pag 4 Lord I believe, help thou mine unbelief Marcus 9:24 De geest in dit huis is liefderijk; D. Hooghiemstra [PS] 2e proef pag 5 De geest in dit huis is liefderijk; D. Hooghiemstra [PS] 2e proef pag 6 Inhoud Inleiding 9 1. Thuis 15 2. Nieuwe horizonten 56 3. De apostel van Bilthoven 91 4. De eerste tien jaar van De Werkplaats 146 5. Kees Boeke als pedagoog 184 6. Oorlog 201 7. Vernieuwing 252 8. Agnus Dei 311 9. Finale 325 Dankwoord 331 Verantwoording 334 Noten 338 Geraadpleegde archieven 399 Literatuur 400 Geïnterviewde personen 407 Register 408 Bijlagen 408 Levensgrafiek door Kees Boeke 000 De Werkplaatsliederen 000 De geest in dit huis is liefderijk; D. Hooghiemstra [PS] 2e proef pag 7 De geest in dit huis is liefderijk; D. Hooghiemstra [PS] 2e proef pag 8 Inleiding Het schrijven van een biografie heeft iets van het aangaan van een huwe- lijk. Je hebt een indruk van iemand, maar weet niet wat je kunt verwach- ten. Toen ik aan dit boek begon, had ik één zorg. Wat als Kees Boeke mij zou gaan vervelen? Wat als ik op hem uitgekeken zou raken? Wat als ik op een dag niet meer zou wíllen weten wat hij waarom gedaan heeft? Kees Boeke staat bekend als christen-anarchist, als onderwijsvernieu- wer, als musicus en als de man die prinses Beatrix opleidde. Maar voor zijn strijd vond hij nooit een term en de bewegingen die hij oprichtte, stierven een roemloze dood. Hij had baanbrekende ideeën over scholing, maar een sluitend onderwijssysteem vond hij niet. Hij was een getalen- teerd violist, componeerde diverse liederen en dirigeerde legendarische muziekuitvoeringen, maar een professioneel musicus of dirigent werd hij nooit. Het ‘gemeenschapsleven’ dat hij op zijn school, De Werk- plaats, nastreefde, wekte de belangstelling van koningin Juliana maar stond haaks op het leven dat prinsessen gewend zijn. Zij haakten dan ook voortijdig af. De school die Boeke in 1926 in Bilthoven oprichtte en die nog steeds bestaat, wordt als zijn erfgoed beschouwd. Maar het is de vraag of dat zijn verdienste is, of die van de mensen om hem heen. Als iemand Kees Boeke in het bereiken van zijn doelen gehinderd heeft, is het Kees Boeke. De vele talenten die hij had, leidden tot een permanente innerlijke strijd. Hij studeerde natuurkunde, maar wilde werken ‘voor God’. Hij voer op intuïtie, maar kon het niet laten om sys- temen te bouwen. Hij streefde naar vrijheid, maar hunkerde naar or- de. Hij pleitte voor zelfontplooiing, maar kon slecht overweg met te- genspraak. Hij wilde een nieuwe wereld stichten, maar verafschuwde de macht. Kees Boeke stelde zijn doelen zo hoog dat hij wel moest falen. Maar de ongebruikelijke combinatie in zijn persoonlijkheid van wereldvreemd- heid en scheppend vermogen maakte hem ook uniek en inspirerend voor anderen. Geboren in 1884 en gestorven in 1966, stond hij met een been in de negentiende eeuw toen de twintigste zich aandiende. Zijn leven speelde zich af tegen de achtergrond van een sociale, politieke en culturele or- kaan, die de wereld in een tijdsbestek van nog geen vijftig jaar totaal ver- 9 De geest in dit huis is liefderijk; D. Hooghiemstra [PS] 2e proef pag 9 anderd heeft. Van (kerkelijk) collectief naar ‘ik-tijdperk’, van paard-en- wagen naar vliegtuig, van dorp naar wereld. Het stof van twee allesver- nietigende oorlogen daalde op hem neer. De reconstructie van het leven van Kees Boeke behelsde ook een reconstructie van de wereld die hem bijna een eeuw lang omringde. Voor mij, ex-leerling van zijn school De Werkplaats (1971-1986), was dat een openbaring. De Werkplaats was in 1926 door Kees Boeke opge- richt met het doel de oude wereld te vervangen voor een nieuwe. Religi- euze, sociale en politieke scheidslijnen moesten wijken voor een nieuwe ‘mensengemeenschap’, waar iedereen kon zijn wie hij of zij wilde zijn. Zonder religieuze, sociale of etnische gegevenheden, zonder dwang en zonder keurslijf. Meer dan naar een nieuwe vorm van onderwijs zocht Boeke op De Werkplaats naar een nieuwe vorm van samenleven. Maar daartoe moest eerst van alles begraven worden. De kerk, die eeuwenlang een overheersende rol gespeeld had, mocht niet meer mee- doen. Klassenverschillen die altijd bepalend geweest waren, mochten niet meer bestaan. Macht en bezit, toch een rode draad in de wereldge- schiedenis, moesten worden uitgeschakeld. De Werkplaats moest een nieuwe mens helpen opstaan. Een mens die vrij was om ‘te worden wie hij is’. Een mens voor wie niet macht, maar samenspraak beslissend was, die niet eigen bezit, maar gezamenlijk be- heer nastreefde en die niet door dwang van bovenaf, maar door drang van binnenuit tot het goede zou komen. Een mens die niet alleen maar handelde met het hoofd, maar ook met het hart, voor wie de praktijk niet minder was dan de theorie en voor wie kunst en muziek niet onderdeden voor wetenschap. Toen ik in 1972 aankwam op de kleuterschool van De Werkplaats, was Kees Boeke al vijf jaar dood. Maar het onorthodoxe ideaal van zijn ‘kin- dergemeenschap’ had de tand des tijds doorstaan. Sterker nog, het had in de loop van de jaren zestig nieuw elan gekregen. De ideeën die Boeke in de jaren twintig ontwikkelde, beleefden na de Tweede Wereldoorlog een revival. Het willen heruitvinden van de wereld, het willen weggooi- en van het ‘oude’, was tegen de tijd dat ik mijn schoolcarrière begon, in volle gang. Kees Boeke was visioniair: zijn behoefte om zich aan kerk, staat en kapitaal te ontworstelen was algemeen geworden. Achteraf be- zien was zijn school een voorproefje van de bevrijding die nog in het ver- schiet lag. Van wat kerk of religie betekend hadden, laat staan nog steeds bete- kenden, werd mij als kind weinig gewaar. Wat er in de Bijbel stond, ver- nam ik voor het eerst toen ik in 1986 ging studeren. Van het feit dat re- ligieuze gezindte of sociale afkomst in het leven een rol konden spelen, 10 De geest in dit huis is liefderijk; D. Hooghiemstra [PS] 2e proef pag 10 had ik geen idee.
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