Canadian Translation of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

ISSN 0704-3716

CANADIAN TRANSLATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

No. 4683

Anadromous arctic char in the Eidfjord watercourse

by J.W. Jensen, and I. Steine

Original Title: Sjoroye i Eidfjordvassdraget, Hardanger

From: Fauna (Oslo) 33: 39-40, 1980

Translated by the Translation Bureau (AMG) Multilingual Services Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada

Department of Fisheries and Oceans Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center St. John, Nfld.

1980

5 pages typescript I , • • DE4PARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS

MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION DES SERVICES CANADA DIVISION MULTILINGUES c Tres Yé› TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - EN Norwegian English

AUTHOR - AUTEUR John W. Jensen and Ivar Steine

TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS Anadromous arctic char in the Eidfjord watercourse.

TITLE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS) TITRE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÉRES ROMAINS) Sjei*e i Eidfjordvassdraget, Hardanger

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PUBLISHER - ÉDITEUR PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL DATE OF PUBLICATION NUMÉROS DES PAGES DANS Norwegian Zoological Journal Centre DATE DE PUBLICATION L'ORIGINAL 39-40 YEAR ISSUE NO. VOLUME PLACE OF PUBLICATION ANNÉE , NUMÉRO NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES LIEU DE PUBLICATION NOMBRE DE PAGES DACTYLOGRAPHIÉES Osl 1980 33 1 _5

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Anadromous arctic char in the Eidfjord watercourse, Hardanger. by John W. Jensen and Ivar Steine

FAUNA, vol 3, No 1, 1980 • published by the Norwegian Zoological Journal Centre, . . Oslo. .. ... - . . . .. '. - - . _. -. - .. - .. . ., J.W. & Seine, 1. 1980. Anadromous arctic char in the Eidfjord river systent,Har- Jensen . . • - • — • . • ' - - danger: Fauna 33, 39-40.. ' . - .

.The anadromous arctic char Salvelinus alpinus (L.) is a circumpolar -fish of the Arctic - Ocean. On the Norwegian Coast its distribution to the south has been litnifed -to Kongsnes Ri- - • . ver at 65°N. In Auzust 1970 -anadromous• arctic char were caught in the Eidtjorti river sv- . .• stern in the Hardanger Fjord, 470 km SSW of the fiver Ktingsnes. Many glacier-fed riVers of the Norwegian west coast have water cold enough to be colonised by the anadromous char. - A surface tetnperature of 13.5-14.0 0 in the cOnstal waters seems to limit the anadromous char in the south.

J.W. Jensen. — Universitetet i "Frondheitn, Det koikelige Norske Videnska'oers Selskal-. Museet, N-7000 Trondheim. I. Steine, — Bergen Pedagogiske Hogskole, N-5000 Bergen. .

Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) is a northern circumpolar fish species. The anadromous form - which migrates in the sea - is found in the coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean and moves upriver in Alaska, Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Northern Norway and Siberia. It is common along the coast of Northern Norway and ascends in many locations together with salmon and sea (anadromous) trout. The Kongsnes river o in the bottom of Indre (Inner) Folla (6.5 North) is the southernmost river in Norway with sea trout (Fig. 1). Its occurence here is regular. In the river in Bindalen (dal=valley), 21 km further north, only six sea trout were found in a controlled catch of 1531 ascending fish during the period 1969-74 (Heggberget 1974).

In August 1979 sea trout were caught in the Eidfjord watercourse in Hardanger. The new location is 470 km south-southwest of the Kongsnes river, as the crow flies. MNEDiTED TP.AMSIIIMON Fcl•

SEC 5-25T (Rev. 6/78 1 2. (39)

The Eidfjord watercourse consists of the Elo river which is two km long from the fjord to the Eidfjord lake. The Eidfjord lake is a 2 typical fjord lake; it has an area of 3.67 km and its greatest depth is 79 m. The lake has two large inflows: Anadromous fish can move • km in the Bjoreio and 2.5 km in the Veig. Both rivers are fed from mountain areas which are snowcovered until late in the summer; the Bjoreio is also fed from Hardangerà4kul(glacier). The water temperature in the rivers is between 110 and 14°C; it reaches 150- 16°C for short periods. There are small differences between the river/ the various sections in the watercourse but the glacial water keeps the temperature in the Bjoreio clown during the warmest summer periods. Six sea char were recorded during the period of August 9-11, 1979. These were typical glossy ascending fish, and weight analyses of scales and otoliths show typical sea growth. There is no inland char in the Eidfjord watercourse but there is salmon, sea trout and freshwater trout. Four sea char were caught in trial fishing with standard series of nets; one maskebitar4 (netbiter?) was hanging in a salmon net and one was caught with a rod near the end of the fish ladder in Veig (Fig. 1). Four checked sea char were 31-35 cm long and weighed 310-510 g. According to Nordeng (1961) and Mathisen & Berg (1968) this is the normal size of sea char in the Salang-and Vardnes rivers in Troms. Growth analyses of three of the char showed that they became smolt as three year olds with lengths of 15-22 cm. They had been in the sea for two seasons with a growth of 7-17 cm per year. Compared to conditions in the north this is a good growth. According to Nordeng (1968) it is normal that sea char in rivers in Northern Norway become smolt after three to seven years and are then 18- 26 cm long. All four checked char were males and were going to spawn the same falL, 3. (39-40)

The Eidfjord watercourse is known for its good salmon and sea trout fishing. In connection with the present power development - with transmission from Bjoreio to Simadal (valley) in the north - the average annual catches in the watercourse are calculated as 6-7 tons of which 60% are salmon and 40% sea trout. Four tons are caught in nets in Eidfjord lake while three tons are caught by 'Mae (unknown* ) and rod in the rivers (Jensen & Steine 1979). The mesh width in salmon nets is 58 mm and sea char of the current size is not retained. In catches with trial series of bottom nets with mesh widths of 20-45 mm, the ratio between sea trout and sea char was 4:1. Net catches of sea trout in 1979 are calculated to be 1,000 and a further 1,000 smaller sea trout were probably caught in the rivers. At the end of the fishing season, on August 25, there is always a good residual population of sea trout. The number of sea trout of the size caught by the trial net series is assumed to be at least 1,000 in Eidfjord lake around August 10. If it is taken into consideration that char is normally more difficult to catch in nets than trout, it is likely that there were several hundred sea char in Eidfjord lake. It is thus not a question of single roaming individuals but a fairly large upriver migration. (*local term?) Char is characterized as a cold-stenothermal species. Its range toward the south depends naturally oritemperatures. Nordeng (1968) assumes that the sea char prefers riv:ers where the temperature does not exceed 12°C. The rivers in the Eidfjord watercourse will at times be warmer but th+emperature is levelled out in the Eidfjord lake which probably very rarely becomes warmer than 13°C. There are many watercourses in Vestlandet (Western Norway) wich satisfy such requirements because they are cooled by melt water from large snowfields and glaciers. The temperatures in the Sima river and the Osa watercourse, i.e. the watercourses adjacent to Eio in the north, were for example not above 10°C in 1974-75. The range of the sea (anadromous) char toward the south is not limited by temperature conditions in the rivers. 4. (40)

Huitfeld-Kaas (1924) points out that the sea (anadromous) char at the Norwegian coast rarely moves to south of the 5°C isotherm for mean annual air temperature and it does not pass the 12° isotherm for July-August. The barrier must, however, be based on sea temperatures*. Such conditions i_are present at this time, measured at four meters depth (Midttun 1975). It is apparent that the mean surface temperature for 10 day intervals . . Figur. I. Utbredelsen ;Iv foye (svart felt) 6g sjoroye (svart strek)i-Skandidavia. etter Huitfeld-Kiias (1924). in coastal waters at 65°North does Innfelt kart over Eigordvassdraget. The distribution of arctic chin. (black) and atiadro- not exceed 13.5-14.0 °C which must molts arctic char (black line) in Scandinavia. after Huitfeldt-Kaas (1924). Inserted tnap over the Eidliord be considered a barrier toward the riversreetn. south for sea (anadromous) char along * the coast of Norway.( and necessarily on maximum summer temperatures.) Important environmental requirements, such as temperature, feed animals and spawning conditions, appear to be satisfactory for the reproduction and establishment of sea (anadromous) char in the Eidfjord watercourse. It must be expected to split off a freshwater population which will be located in the watercourse and particularly in Eidfjord lake. Compared to salmon and trout, char has strong breeding power and easily forms dense populations with stagnation in growth and spoilage as a consequence. Arctic char is also fax superior to the two other species as far as utilization of the feed base is concerned, it takes all types of feed animals including plankton crayfish. Arctic char will to a large extent outcompete salmon and trout fry in the Eidfjord lake which to-day probably produces half of the smolt in the watercourse. Generally speaking, it would be a great disadvantage to have arctic char in salmon/sea trout watercourses. Those who are engaged in breeding of fry in West Norway must be warned against getting sea (anadromous) char into their instal- lations, either as parent fish or as fry. PmEnITET. rcr

5. (40)

LITTERATURE T.G. Heggberget, 1974. "Fishery-biological investigations in parts of the itbj0ra watercourse with salmon population (1973). K. norske Vidensk. Sesk. Mus. (Royal Norwegian Scientific Society Museum) Zooloeical series. 1974-3. 1-45. H. Huitfeld-Kaas, 1924. "Immigration and range in Norway of freshwater fish, with an appendix dealing with crayfish" Arch. Hydrobiol. 40, 223-314 J.W. Jensen & I. Steine, 1979. "Development of Eidfprd Nord (Power , fishing/ development) and salmon/sea trout in the Eid- fjord watercourse". Statement by fishery experts. 0.A. Matisen & M. Berg, 1968. Growth rates of the char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.) in the Vardnes river, Troms, Northern Norway. Rep. Inst. Fresw. Res. Drottningholm 48, 177-186. L. Midttun, 1975. "Series of observations of surface temerature and salt content in Norwegian coastal waters in 1936-7e Fisken og Havet (Fish and Sea), series B, No 5, 1-51. H. Nordeng,1961. On the biology of char (Salmo alpinus L.) in Salangen, North Norway. I. Age and spawning frequency determined from scales and otoliths. Nytt Mag.Zool. (New Mag. Zool.) 10, 67-123. H. Nordeng, 1968. "Sea (anadromous) char". I:edited by K.W. Jensen. "Encyclopaedia for Sportsfishermee Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo, pp 1237-1248. EMPS 0 D 4e4effeffl A ..befflee. VOL. 33 NR. 1 1980

Meteee

CA UTGITT AV Ntl NORSK ZOOLOGISK TIDSSKR1F,TSENTRAL OK l OSLO

. 4 • 4C.* • Spin'ces. cd error in lioni s4cal .Liken 'from Sjoroye I Eidfjordvassdraget, Hardanger -1. Cos. 6(/). 64-93. ,.W & Youngs, W.D. JOHN W. JENSEN .OG IVAR STEINE . . • Cornell tini- • . . • . . . .. • • • .1I' aethods for fish .stock . '• Jensen, J.W. & Steine, I. 1980. Anadromous • arctic char in the Eiclfjord river systemjittr- ., Ii1Q1it)fl analYSis. FAO danger. Fautia 33, . No. 4. ome. og.t.ilvekst 1 irho1/1 /:os The. anadromous arctic char Salvelinus alpinus - (L.) is a .circumpolar fish of the Arc!ic Sot-lands- -.1 overbefbiket Ocean. On the Norwegiaii -cOast its distribution to the south has been liMiiectto Kongsnes Ri- Universitelet i ver at 65°N, Iii August 1970 anadromous arctic char were caught inthe Ficifjord river sy- stem in theHardanger Fjord, 470 km SSW of the river Kongsnes. Many glacier-fed rivers of dyse av bestumfflbrhol- the Norwegian west coast have water cold enough to . be colonised by the anadroMous.clmr. litta L.. L.Dalsvotn, Opp- A surface temperature of 13.5-14.0 0 in the Coastal waters . seems' to linit the .anadromous -Univer.sitetet i char in the south.

.,.ling for 19/4. Fiskeri- J.W. Jensen: - Universitétet i Trondheim, Det Konizelige NorSke Videnskabers Selskab. • ; for vilt og,ferskvann- . NInseet, N-7000 .Trondheim. I. Steiner - Bergen- Pedagogiske Flogskole,- N-5000 Bergen.• • • • • • , Jynarnics and exploita old brown trout, Salmo I leirialalsvatn,. Sotehern geye Salvelinus alpinus (L.) er èn nordlig cir- •.nlandsaure: fire sjoroyer bic tait under proVe.fl- tiw.. Res. - Drouninghohn kumnolar. fiskeart. Den. sjoyandrende, ana- ske med standard -, garnse_rier, én ..:maskebiter drome formen er utbredt i Nordishavets kyst- -hang i et laksegarn og én.ble tait pà stang mer - :hic strategy in a brown vann . ôg gàr opp i elver i Alaska, Gronland, Is- grensen for fiskeopPgang i Veig.(Fig. 1). Fire estern • Norway. Zoo/. land, Svalbard, Nord-Norge og Sibir. Den er kontrollerte sjoroyer var • 31 cm lange -og vanlig fangs kysten av Nord-Norge og gàr veide 310-510 g. Dette eretter Nordeng (196 I ) • ' of scales of the brown mange steder opp sammen med laks og gjoaure. àg Mathisen 8.: Berg (1963) vanlig storrelse pà • -;. the backcalculation of •I -63. - Kongsneselva, i botnen av Indre Folla, pà 65°N, ..sjoroye i Salangselya og Vardneselv.a i TrOms. er den sorligstè elva i Norge som har 1 9•54. So. me effects of in- .sjoroye . Vekstanalyser mitre av royene viste at de-var . ,.11iner on the Kamloops (Fig. 1). Forekornsten her er àrviss. I Àelva i Bin- blitt smolt som tre-àringer ved lengder fra 15 til ;) Columbia. Trans. Ain. dalen, 21 km lengre nord, var (let derimot bare 22 cm.. De hadde vert to sesonger i havet-med seks sjoroyer i en kontrolleit fangst av 1531 tilvekst 7-17 cm pr. àr. Sammenlignet med for- . into. the. methods of oppgangsfisk- i perioden 1969 ,-74 (fieggberget holdene i nord er dett e . en god vekst. Ifolge . ;sites. Cons. bit. Exp-lor, 197,4). . . . Nordeng (1968) er det vanlig at sjoroy.a i nord- I august 1979 ble sjoroye fanget i Eidfjord- norske elver Or ut soin smolt etter tre til sju àr. \.. 1962. On the competi- vassdraget Hardanger.- Den ilye forekomsten 18 til- 26 coi lange.. • ,,.cies4n: Le Cren, i•e exploitation of none- ligger i luftlinje 470, km SSV for Kongsneselva. Aile de fire. kontrollerte royene var hanner )Nford University Press, Eidfjordvassdraget bestàr av den 2 km lange som skulle gyte samme host. Eio som gàr fra fjorden og opp til Eidaordvatnet • Eidfjordvassdraget er .kjent for sitt godeliske - K. 1975. Siotistik og « (Fig. 1). Eidljordvatnet er en typisk fjordsjo, med etter -laks og sjoaure. I forbindelse med den pii- •: lag, Kobenhavn. et areal pà 3.67 km 2 og storste dyp 79 m. Vatnet gileride kraftutbyggingen, overforing av Bjoreio ‘..ology of fishes. 4. ed. bar 2 store tillop. I Bjoreio kan anadrome fisk gà tu l Simadal i nord, er den. gjennoinsnittlige àrs,. • rual New York. 5 km, i Veig. 2.5 km. Begge fàr tillop fra fjellom- fangst.i vassdraget beregnet tu l 6-7 twin ; .for- pffish population (bola- - rider mm er snodekt lenge utàver sommeren og delt riled 60% faits og 40% sjoaure.- Fire toim •',groundfbr rational ex- Bjoreio ogsà fra Hardangerjokulen. Vanntèmpe- tas pà gam i Eidfjordvàtnet, mens 3 ttinn forde- of fishery resources. gh. raturen i elvene ligger mellom 11 og 14°, og nàr ler seg pà kjzer- og stangfiske i elvene.(Jensen ii(Ab.age and growth of i korte perioder 15-16°C. Det et smà for- Steine 1979). MaskeVidd.en i laksegarna er 53 .rutta L.) in Lake Bens- skjeller mellom de ulike elvestrekningene av mm og sjoroye av den aktuelle storrelsen gàr • Res. Dronninghohn 38, vassdraget, men i de Varmeste periodene om gjennom disse. • I . fangsten â proVeserier av sornmeren holder brevannet temperaturen nede bunngarn, maskevidder fra 20 tu l 45 mm, var I 969. llitlinefry: ■V.FI • i 13joreio. forholdet -rnellom anion sjoaure og sjoroye 471. ■ 11 Francisw. ----- I perioclert 9-11. august 1979 ble seks sjoroy- Garnrangsten av sjoaure i 1979 er beregnet til jakob Dybwads for- er registrert. Det var typisk blank oppgangs- 1000 stykker og i elvene bic det antakelig tatt yt- risk, og vekstanalyser av skjell og otolitter viser terligere 1000 mindre sjoaurer. Ved• slutten ay ti'aphic method of.desc- typisk slovekst. Det er ikke innlandsroye i Eid- fiskesesongen, 25. 3., er det alltid en god i-estbe.s- , ,intals. 131o/.Bull. 90(2), fjordvassdraget, men derimot laks, sjoaure og in- taiid av sjoaure. An tall -sjoaure ay. den. stOrrelsen

Fauna 33. 39-740• 0410 1980. 39.

ieeeexegeegw,.4 weemeremetteenete im-,,,,Ieelmeesci, mere CeMelematrem 1`.Fe ‘‘h. ,,- 1,mreerAriezif tertnen for lufttemperaturens irsmiddel,.og ikke passerer 12°-isotermen for joli-august. Barrieren mi imidlertidligge i sjoternperaturee og nociven- cligvis i de maksitnale sommertemperaturer. Slike-foreligger nil, -milt pà • 4 m dyp (Midtttm • 1975). Det viser segaL den Midleiœ,overflatetem- • •peratur i kystfarvannéne pi 65°N fer -1- 0-dagers intervall ikke.overstiger 13,5,14.0 °C, spril.mi betraktes soin harriere. for sjoroye mot syci pi • norskekysten.. _ . • Viktige miljekrav,.sorn . temperatur,-nœrings-- •dyr og gyteforhold, virker tilfredsstillende for-at sjeroya han reprodusere og etablere•seg i Eid- fjordvassdraget: Den mi forventes à spalte av en. ferskyannsb.estand, -soin vil leve •stasjonert i vassdraget og szerlig i Eidtiorclvatn. Sammenlik- net med laks og aure har roye en •stor forme-

vaIfl , ; ringsevne 0g .danner lett tette...bestander,,.med vekststagnasjon o forderving som Roya . • er.ogsii de andre to artene lane overlegen nir det. gjeldei "à utnytte nœringsgtunnlaget, den • tar .aile typer . nœringsdyr, ogsi -planktonkrePs. ; Figur I: Utbredelsen ay .re .ye '(svart .feft)- cig Sjeroyé .Roya vil.istorgrad konkurrere ut yngel . avlaks • (svart strek) i Skandinayia, etter HUitfeld-Kaas (1924). - • leg aurè i Eidflordvatnet:sem iida'g .sannsynlig- . "Innfelt kart. over Eidijerdvassdraget. . vis produserer- halvparten. av.-vassdragets smolt. The distrilndion of arctic .ch-ar (black) and anadro- • Gener• elt vil dèt vœre en •stor ulempe à fi roye i tnous .arctic char (black line) in Scandinavia, after laks/sjoaurev.assdrag. De soin driver m.ed ynge- Huitliddt-Kaas (1924). Inserted tnap over the EicWord ' loppdrett pi Vestlandet mi advares mot à fi sjo- - river systcnit. ....,.. roye inn i .sine anlegg; som stamfisk eller soin yngel.

soin prevegarnseriene beskatter, -burde runcit LITFE RAT U R - 10:8.. were • minst. 1000 . i Eidfjordvatn. Nàr en Heggbêrget: T.G. 1974. • Fiskeribiologiske tinclerse -' betraktning at roye vanligvis er vans- kelseri'cie lakst.ifrencle deter av Abjoravassdraget . • keligere à ta pi garn enn aure, har det sannsyn- 1973.. K. norske . Vidensk. Selsk. Mus. Rapport ligvis vied flère hundre sjoroyet i EidfjordYgtnet. Zool. Set-. 1974-3. 1-15." • Det er.altsà ikke snakk om enkelte streifindivid, H. 1924. -Einwandrung und Verbrei- men en ganske Stor oppvandring. tung der Silsswasserfische in Norwegen mit ei- Réya er karakteriSert soin en kafd-Stenoteim nem - Anhang über - den Krebs..Arch. Hydrobiol. art: Utbredelsen mot syd er rimeligvis tempera- 40;•223-314, turbetinget. Norcleng (1968) antar at sjoroya fo- Jensen, J.W. & Steine, 1. 1979. Eidfiord Nord-uthvg- gingen og laks-Isloaurefisket i Eidjlordvasscira retrekker elver der temperaturen ikke overstiger . get. Fiskerisakkyndig uttalelse. . . 12°C: ElVene i -Eidfjordvassdraget vil i•perioder Mathisen, O.A. &i Berg, M. 1968. Growth Rates of .vœre. varmere, . men . temperaturen utjevnes i • the Char, Salvelinus alpinus (1..),. in the Vardnes - Eidfjordyatnet som sannSytiligyis ytterst.sjelden River, Trams, Northern Norway. Rep. Inst. Fres- ••vil bli varmere enn 13°C. -Det er mange vassdrag wat. Res: Droitninghalm 48, 177 —186. pà Vestlandet som tilfredsstiller slike krav, fordi Nlidttun, L. 1975. Observasjonsserier .av overflate-- • de nedkjoles. ay smelteyann fra store snofonner temperatur og saltholdighet i norske kystfarvann • og isbreer. F.eks.. gikk temperaturen i Simaelv « _.1936-=-70. Fisken og havet. serie..B. etr..5, 17-51. og Osavassdraget,- •abovassdragene til i Nordeng, 1-1. 1961. On the biology of char (Sahno al- .. pinus1..) in Sidangen, North Norway. 1. Age and nord, ikke over 10 °C i 1974-1975. SjorOyas • spawning frequency determined from scales and . utbredelse mot sycl Cr ikke begrenset av tempe- - otohths. Nyti Mag. Zoo'. 10. 67-123. raturforhold i elvene. Nordeng, -1-1. 1968. Sjoroye, - I: Jensen, K.W. (ed.). Huitfeld-Kaas (1924) viser tu l at sjéroya pû SPortsliskernes leksikott. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, norskekysten sjelden kommer syd for 5°C-isp- • Oslo, s. 1237-1248. •

• 40