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Skrifter125.Pdf (7.318Mb) NORSK POLARINSTITUTT SKRIFTER NR. 125 SVEIN MANUM STUDIES IN THE TERTIARY FLORA OF SPITSBERGEN, WITH NOTES ON TERTIARY FLORAS OF ELLESMERE ISLAND, GREENLAND, AND ICELAND A PALYNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION WITH 26 FIGURES IN THE TEXT AND 21 PLATES NORS K PO LARI N STITUTT OSLO 1962 DET KONGELIGE DEPARTEMENT FOR INDUSTRI OG HÅNDVERK NORSK POLARINSTITUTT Observatoriegt. 1, Oslo, Norway Short account of the publications of Norsk Polarinstitutt The two series, Norsk Polarinstitutt - SKRIFTER and Norsk Polarinstitutt­ MEDDELELSER, were taken over from the institution Norges Svalbard- og Ishavs­ undersøkelser (NSIU), which was incorporated in Norsk Polarinstitutt when this was founded in 1948. A third series, Norsk Polarinstitutt - ARBOK, is published with one volume per year. SKRIFTER inc1udes scientific papers, published in English, French or German. MEDDELELSER comprises shorter papers, of ten being reprints from other publi­ cations. They generally have a more popular form and are mostly published in Norwegian. SKRIFTER has previously been published under various titles: Nos. 1-11. Resultater av De norske statsunderstøttede Spitsbergen-ekspe­ dit ioner. No. 12. Skrifter om Svalbard og Nordishavet. Nos. 13-81. Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet. 82-89. Norges Svalbard- og Ishavs-undersøkelser. Skrifter. 90- . Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter. In addition a special series is published: NORWEGIAN-BRITISH-SWEDISH ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1949-52. SCIENTIFIC RESULTS. This series will comprise 6 volumes. Hitherto 20 papers have been published, and the series will pro­ bably be completed in 1963. Topographic and hydrographic surveys make an important part of the work done by Norsk Polarinstitutt. A list of the published maps and charts is found on the back of SKRIFTER. A complete list of publications (inc1uding maps and charts) is enc10sed in SKRIFTER NR. 123. ÅRBØKER Arbok 1960. 1962. Kr. 15.00. LANDSCAPE IN VESTSPITSBERGEN Photograph taken in Adventdalen, at an altitude of about 100 metres, in mid-July. Patches of Dryas octopetala L. flowering in the foreground. (Photo: S. MANUM.) NORSK POLARINSTITUTT SKRIFTER NR. 125 SVEIN MANUM STUDIES IN THE TERTIARY FLORA OF SPITSBERGEN, WITH NOTES ON TERTIARY FLORAS OF ELLESMERE ISLAND , GREENLAND, AND ICELAND A PALYNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION WITH 26 FIGURES IN THE TEXT AND 21 PLATES NORSK POLARINSTITUTT OSLO 1962 PUBLISHED BY NORSK POLARINSTITUTT DISTRIBUTED BY OSLO UNIVERSITY PRESS OSLO 1962 Preface The present work was commenced on the suggestion of Mr. H. MAJ OR, Geologist at Norsk Polarinstitutt, who at the time was investigating the Tertiary coals of Vestspitsbergen. It was hoped that the pollen and spores contained in the coals would provide a means of correlating the individual seams in the area. However, the material did not appear promising for a solution of the stratigraphical prob­ lems, and since it was placed in the hands of a botanist the mere botanical aspect attracted the greater interest. Comparisons with some other floras of similar age and latitudes formed a natural extension of the work. I acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. H. MAJOR not only for his readiness to help with geological information and for valuable discussions, but also for the material, which had been collected during several Spitsbergen expeditions, and which he placed at my disposal. My thanks for additional material are due to Mr. F. F. BARNES, Coal Geologist at the Alaskan Geology Branch of the U. S. Geological Survey (Alaska material), Mr. B. E. KOCH, Geologist at Gmnlands Geologiske Unders0gelse (Greenland material), Mr. R. W. FEYLING-HANSSEN, Geologist at Norges Geologiske Unders0kelse (material from Sarsbukta), and to Mr. P. SUNDING (material from the upper plant-bearing series, Spitsbergen). The samples from Iceland were generously supplied by the late Mr. J. ASKELSSON, Reykjavik. Professor o. A. H0EG of the University of Oslo, in whose department most of the investigations were made, has promoted the work in every respect. Thus I wish to express my deep gratitude for his never-failing willingness to place his experience at my disposal, and for his efforts to provide the best possible working facilities. I am also indebted to Professor G. ERDTMAN, Palynologiska Laboratoriet, Stockholm, and Professor R. POTONIE, Amt fiir Bodenforschung, Krefeld, for the opportunities to visit their institutions and for help whilst there. To Dr. I. C. COOKSON, Melbourne, I wish to express my appreciation for valuable discussions and helpfull criticism of my English during her visits in Oslo. The financial support from Norges Almenvitenskapelige Forskningsnld is gratefully acknowledged. Contents Introduction 7 Geology 7 Material 9 Preparation of material .. ... .. .. ............. ... .... ...... 12 Nomenclature . .. ... .... ..... ..... ... ............... ... ... 13 Descriptions of pollen and spores from the Spitsbergen Tertiary .. ..... ..... 18 List of descriptions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 Descriptions . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 20 Some quantitative analyses .... .... ........... ... ................... ... 67 The Tertiary flora of Spitsbergen ......... ... ... .......... .... ... .. 69 Earlier works 69 The macrofossil record ........................................... 69 The microfossil record ............................................ 70 Annotated list of Spitsbergen Tertiary plant fossils .................... 72 Systematic survey of the flora with a comparison of the fossil records 83 The climatic character of the flora 91 The age of the flora with a comparison of the plant-bearing sequences .... 91 Notes on the Lower Tertiary floras of some northernlocalities outside Spitsbergen Ellesmere Island .................................................... 95 Material ........................................................ 95 Systematic survey 95 Discussion ...................................................... 98 Greenland ........................................................ 100 Material .... ......... ........... .................... ........ 100 Systematic survey . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 Discussion ... ....... ... .... .......... ............ ............... 102 Iceland . ...... ... ........ ....... ............ ............ ...... .. 104 Material ..... .... ................ ..................... .... ... 104 Systematic survey ....... ....... ..... ....... .... .... ..... ..... 105 Discussion . ... ... ... ...... ......... ...... ... ...... ... ...... 108 General comparison . ... ........ ... ........ .......... ... ... ...... 110 Further localities . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 116 Alaska . ... .... ............. ............... ........... ... ... ... 116 U.S.S.R. ......................................................... 116 Summary. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 117 Bibliography . .... ... ...... ....... ... ............. .... .............. 120 Index .............................................................. 125 Explanation of plates 131 Introduction Geology The Tertiary sequence in Spitsbergen was briefly treated by ORVIN (1940) and described in more detail by NATHORST (1910). The distribution of the Tertiary system is shown in the map (text-fig. 1). The Tertiary is represented in Vest­ spitsbergen, which is the largest island in the Spitsbergen archipelago, and in Prins Karls Forland. In Vestspitsbergen the Tertiary beds are preserved mainly in a syncline south of Isfjorden where the thickness of the formation in some places is nearly 2000 metres. Continental as well as marine beds are represented. NATHORST (1910) divided the formation into six series, the lower- and uppermost of which are of interest to the present investigation as they contain coal seams and other plant­ bearing horizons. The lowermost series (NATHORST'S "Lower light sandstone series") is 110- 130 metres thick, and the basal 50-60 metres contain several coal-seams from which most of the material examined has been collected. The following descrip­ tions of the seams are based on personal communications with Mr. H. MAJoR. MAJoR has distinguished and named five main seams which, however, have developed differently in the various parts of the area. The "Svea-seam" is situated less than 10 metres above the base of the Tertiary sequence; the thickness is 3.5-4.5 metres in the Sveagruva-Reindalen district where the seam was formerly worked by the Sveagruva mines; in the Longyearbyen district the seam is very weakly developed. Next in the sequence is the "Todal-seam", which has also been worked by Sveagruva, where it occurs in thicknesses of up to 1 metre. This seam is also weakly developed around Longyearbyen. The "Longyear-seam" is the most developed one around Adventdalen where the thickness is 0.7-2.0 metres; it is at the present worked by the Longyearbyen mines. The "Svarte­ per-seam" and the "Askeladd-seam" are both rich in ashes and are more or less frequently interrupted by bands of carbonaceous rock. The "Askeladd-seam" terminates the succession of coal seams in the bottom series. In some localities in the lowermost part of the coal-bearing sequence there is a shale particularly rich in plant fossils (the "Taxodium-shale''1, NATHORST 1910, p. 384). Several marine horizons in the coal-bearing sequence indicate that the sedimentary basin was a low area close to the sea. The uppermost series (NATHORST'S "Upper plant-bearing sandstone series") is separated from the lowermost one by
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