Unis|Course Catalogue

COURSE UNIS | CATALOGUE the university centre in svalbard

2012-2013 2 UNIS | ARCTIC SCIENCE FOR GLOBAL CHALLENGES UNIS | ARCTIC SCIENCE FOR GLOBAL CHALLENGES 3

Semester studies are UNIS offers Bachelor-, Master and PhD courses available at Bachelor level courses in: level (two courses at unis | providing a total of Arctic Biology (AB) 30 ECTS). At Master Arctic Geology (AG) and PhD level UNIS offers 3-15 ECTS courses lasting from Arctic Geophysics (AGF) a few weeks to a full semester. In the 2012-2013 academic year, UNIS will be offering altogether 83 courses. An over- Arctic Technology (AT) INTRODUCTION view is found in the course table (pages 10-11).

The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) is the world’s Students Admission to courses Academic requirements: northernmost higher education institution, located in at UNIS requires that About 400 students from all over the world attend courses ADMISSION Department of Arctic Biology: Longyearbyen at 78º N. UNIS offers high quality research the applicant is en- annually at UNIS. About half of the students come from 60 ECTS within general natural science, of which 30 ECTS based courses at Bachelor-, Master-, and PhD level in Arctic rolled at Bachelor-, abroad and English is the official language at UNIS. The REQUIREMENTS | within the field of biology Biology, Arctic Geology, Arctic Geophysics and Arctic Tech- Master- or PhD level international setting and the small and intimate campus, nology. at a Norwegian institution of higher education, a Scandinavian makes UNIS a unique destination that provides students Department of Arctic Geophysics: institution of higher education or a NOKUT (The Norwegian hands-on experience in Arctic studies. The student evalu- 90 ECTS within the field of mathematics, physics or geo- UNIS’ geographical position provides unique advantages, Agency for Quality Assurance in Education) approved inter- ations show that students rate their UNIS experience as physics enabling students and faculty to use the High Arctic nature national institution of higher education. awesome. as laboratory, arena for observations and data collection. Department of Arctic Geology: Most courses include fieldwork and/or excursions. Applicants must also fulfill discipline/academic require- 60 ECTS within general natural science, of which 30 ECTS Scientific staff ments and, where applicable, any additional course require- within the field of geology/geosciences History UNIS’ staff consist currently of about 20 professors and ments set by UNIS. associate professors, 23 adjunct professors and over UNIS was established in 1993 to provide university level Department of Arctic Technology: 140 guest lecturers who specialize in Arctic issues. UNIS Note on safety: UNIS has strict safety guidelines that must education in the Arctic, to carry out high quality research, 60 ECTS within the field of mathematics, physics, mechanics researchers collaborate with Norwegian and foreign be followed when students and staff are in the field. The and to contribute to the development of Svalbard as an or chemistry research institutions and are involved in a large number safety aspects of the fieldwork will be part of the admission international research platform. UNIS is a share-holding of joint research projects. As a result, there are excellent evaluation process. company, owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Education MASTER AND PHD LEVEL opportunities for UNIS students to get involved in a wide and Research. (300- and 800-level courses) range of exciting research projects. BACHELOR LEVEL (200 level courses) The applicant must be enrolled in a relevant Master or PhD UNIS offers a quality based educational system recognized program at his/her home institution. by the Norwegian authorities. Education strategy Full time semester study (30 ECTS). • UNIS offers cutting edge research- and field based The applicant must be enrolled in a Bachelor program at his/ Note: You might also find relevant courses in other UNIS In 2011 UNIS signed a formal agreement with all the Norwegian education in Arctic science and provides students her home institution. departments than your program department. universities to further strengthen cooperation and to ensure state of the art research infrastructure. that UNIS courses complement the education provided by • UNIS offers an international educational setting UNIS arranges some interdisciplinary courses each term at the Norwegian mainland universities. Doing parts of a Master/PHD at UNIS: that motivates excellence in academic achievements. Bachelor level. See the course table for more information. • UNIS shall be an active partner in the international A student who has been accepted as a Master or PhD networks of Arctic universities, promoting student ex- student at his/her home educational institution may carry change programs. out parts of his/her Master or PhD at UNIS. This requires a separate application and an academic contact person at UNIS. Guidelines are found at www.unis.no/studies under “Admission”. 6 UNIS | ARCTIC SIENCE FOR GLOBAL CHALLENGES 7

Longyearbyen is on top of literally on top of the world! the world HOW TO | Photo: Eva Therese Jenssen APPLY |

1 Register your preliminary application online at: Application deadlines www.unis.no. Autumn semester: April 15 Spring semester: October 15 2 An application form will then be sent to your registered e-mail. Note: Some Master/PhD courses may have extended deadlines. Complete your application by returning the applica- 3 tion form and required documentation to UNIS. The admission procedure 4 You have to attach official credentials when submit- UNIS will notify all applicants about the status of their ting the application form. Application forms that application (“accepted”, “on waiting list” or “declined”) do not contain the required documentation will not about 5-7 weeks after the application deadline. be considered in the admission process. Note: Students on waiting lists should be prepared to Only certified copies of original transcripts and accept an admission offer on short notice. 5 diplomas are accepted. Official translation to Norwegian or English is required.

ACADEMIC MATTERS |

Academic calendar International students will be matriculated at the Univer- Autumn semester 2012: July – December sity of Tromsø if no other arrangements have been made. Spring semester 2013: January – June The registration process will take place after you have ar- rived at UNIS. Credits and grades Deadline for semester registration UNIS uses the European Credit Transfer System, ECTS for credits. One semester of full-time study is 30 ECTS and one Autumn semester: September 1 year is 60 ECTS. UNIS follows the ECTS standard grading Spring semester: February 1 system, with a descending scale from A (top mark) to E for pass and F for fail. Semester registration requires payment of the semester fee within the registration deadline. Currently the semester In order to pass a course at UNIS the student must pass all fee is NOK 420 (ca. 55 Euro). Students who fail to register assessments that are part of the course. within the deadline will not be registered for the exams.

Mandatory assignments: Please note that most courses Transcripts and certificates include mandatory activities (fieldwork, lab work, etc.), that UNIS does not issue official grade transcripts as UNIS is a must be completed and approved in order for a student to university centre and not accredited to provide academic take the final exam. See course descriptions for details. degrees. A transcript can be issued upon request by the Norwegian university in which the student is registered at. Registration and matriculation aRCTIC Dette er en bildetekst som Students admitted to UNIS, who are enrolled at other Nor- TECHNOLOGY skal følge overskriften. Her UNIS courses as part of your skriver du en bildetekst. wegian universities, will remain registered at these univer- university education STUDENTS... | Photo by: Ola Normann sities. These students must pay the semester fee and reg- We recommend all our students to get their UNIS courses ister for exams at their home university. This procedure can approved by their home institution in advance. be done from UNIS. 8 UNIS | ARCTIC SCIENCE FOR GLOBAL CHALLENGES 9

practical UNIS is located in the the Svalbard Svalbard Science Centre. Science Centre information | | Photo: Nils Petter Dale

Academic expenses Accommodation There is no tuition fee, but currently a semester fee of NOK The student housing facilities in Longyearbyen is owned 420 (ca. 55 Euro). If you are on an overnight scientific cruise, and administered by the Student Welfare Organization in fieldwork or excursion you will have to pay a fee of NOK 200 Tromsø (SiTø). The student housing is located in Nybyen, per day for food. about 3 km from the UNIS campus. Please note that there is no public transportation system in Longyearbyen. Financing The student housing in Nybyen consists of six barracks with UNIS is a member of UNIS participates in the UArctic student exchange program, UNIS offers no financial aid or scholarships. UNIS does not a total of 142 single bedrooms. There are no family rooms university the University of the North2North, enabling students at other UArctic member help students with applying for financial assistance either available. See www.sito.no for more information. Arctic (UArctic). UArctic institutions to receive scholarships for studying a semester within or outside of Norway. UNIS students are themselves of the arctic |is an international at UNIS. Special requirement and application deadlines responsible for financing their studies. The cost of living on non-governmental apply. More information: General information before arrival Svalbard is approximately the same as in the rest of Nor- organization dedicated to higher education in and about www.uarctic.org/north2north way. The Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund (Statens Information regarding how to get to Svalbard, what to bring, the Circumpolar North. Students at UNIS can participate Lånekasse) stipulates the cost of living at about NOK 9000 and general information about Svalbard and Longyearbyen, in online courses of the Circumpolar Studies Program (BCS). Young researchers at UArctic institutions can get training (ca. 1110 Euro) per month. Norwegian students can apply for can be found at www.unis.no/studies under “Student life”. with shorter courses in relevant fields. An overview of these support from Statens Lånekasse. In addition you will get necessary practical information with are found at UNIS offers two course combinations your admission letter. www.uarctic.org/fieldschool that can be included in the BCS:

Polar Meteorology arctic environmental and Oceanograhy technology All students must UNIS is the core of AGF-213 and agf 214 at-209 and at-210 about participate in the the unis the Svalbard Science UNIS safety train- Centre, an international (30 etcs) (30 etcs) safety | ing. All UNIS stu- campus | arctic centre of expertise For further information on the BCS, see dents are insured in research and www.uarctic.org/bcs during UNIS field activities, however during leisure time you education, inaugurated in April 2006. Other scientific institutions, will need private insurance coverage. It is your responsibility such as The Norwegian Polar Institute, EISCAT and Svalbard to ensure that you have the appropriate types of insurance. Science Forum, are also located in the building. This includes travel-, accident- and health insurance. UNIS can offer modern lab facilities, PC labs, wireless network UNIS has no responsibility for activities the students choose all over the building, study rooms and a modern library. UNIS can offer modern to do in their spare time. Students must take necessary safety More information is found at www.unis.no/studies under modern lab lab facilities. facilities precautions and make the preparations essential for private “Student life”. | Photo: Riko Noormets trips.

The students who have attended the safety course at UNIS will be allowed to borrow rifles and ammunition for protection against polar bears when out in the field. The Student Council has also purchased various items of field equipment, which students can borrow. 10 UNIS | COURSES AT UNIS 2012-2013 UNIS | COURSES AT UNIS 2012-2013 11

200-level = Bachelor * = Interdisciplinary courses COURSES AT 300-level = mASTER S = Starts in June or July UNIS 2012-2013 | 800-level = PhD

COURSE COURSE NAME ECTS AUTUMN 2012 SPRING 2013 COURSE COURSE NAME ECTS AUTUMN 2012 SPRING 2013

ARCTIC BIOLOGY ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS AB-201 Terrestrial Arctic Biology 15 X AGF-210 The Middle Polar Atmosphere 15 X AB-202 Marine Arctic Biology 15 X AGF-211 Air – Ice – Sea Interaction I 15 X AB-203* Arctic Environmental Management 15 X AGF-212 Snow and Ice Processes 15 X AB-204 Arctic Ecology and Population Biology 15 X AGF-213 Polar Meteorology and Climate 15 X AB-205 Seminar series on impacts of climate change in the Arctic 5 X X AGF-214 Polar Ocean Climate 15 X AB-206 Introduction to Svalbard’s terrestrial flora and fauna 5 X (S) AGF-215 Satellite Monitoring of a Changing Arctic 15 X AB-320/820 Arctic Marine Zooplankton of Svalbard Waters 10 X AGF-216* The Stormy Sun and the Northern Lights 5 X AB-322/822 Flux of Matter and Energy from Sea to Land 10 X (S) AGF-301/801 The Upper Polar Atmosphere 15 X AB-325/825 Biotelemetric Methods 10 X AGF-304/804 Radar Diagnostics of Space Plasma 15 X AB-329/829 Arctic Winter Ecology 10 X AGF-311/811 Air – Ice – Sea Interaction II 10 X AGF-345/845 Polar Magnetospheric Substorms 10 X ARCTIC GEOLOGY AG-204 The Physical Geography of Svalbard 15 X ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY AG-209 The Tectonic and Sedimentary History of Svalbard 15 X AT-205 Frozen Ground Engineering for Arctic Infrastructure 15 X AG-210 The Quaternary History of Svalbard 15 X AT-209* Arctic Hydrology and Climate Change 15 X AG-211 Arctic Marine Geology 15 X AT-210* Arctic Environmental Pollution 15 X AG-212 Holocene and Modern Climate Change in the High Arctic AT-211 Ice Mechanics, Loads on Structures and Instrumentation 15 X 10 X (S) Svalbard landscape – The Svalbard US REU AT-301/801 Arctic Infrastructures in a Changing Climate 10 X AG-313/813 The Fossils of Svalbard and the Evolution of Life 5 X AT-307F Arctic Offshore Engineering – Fieldwork 3 X AG-323/823 Sequence Stratigraphy; a Tool for Basin Analysis 10 X AT-324/824 Techniques for the detection of Organo-Chemical 10 X AG-325/825 Glaciology 10 X Pollutants in the Arctic Environment AG-326/826 Quaternary Glacial and Climate History of the Arctic 10 X AT-327/827 Arctic Offshore Engineering 10 X AG-330/830 Permafrost and Periglacial Environments 10 X AT-329 Cold Regions Field Investigations 10 X AG-332/832 Arctic Terrestrial Quaternary Stratigraphy 10 X (S) AT-330/830 Arctic Environmental Toxicology 10 X AG-334/834 Polar Petroleum Provinces 10 X AT-331/831 Arctic Environmental Pollution: Atmospheric 10 X AG-335/835 Polar Seismic Exploration 10 X Distribution and Processes AG-338/838 Sedimentology Field course 10 X (S) AT-332/832 Physical Environmental Loads on Arctic Coastal and 10 X AG-340 Arctic Glaciers and Landscapes 10 X (S) Offshore Structures AG-341/841 Geological Constraints of CO Sequestration 10 X (S) 2 GENERAL COURSES AG-342/842 The Marine Cryosphere and its Cenozoic History 10 X AS-101 Arctic Survival and Safety Course (1 week) 3 X AG-343/843 Carbonate sedimentology field course 5 X (S) AFS-201 International Polar Field School 10 X (S) AG-844 Dynamics of Calving Glaciers 5 X SH-201 The History of Svalbard (2 weeks) 6 X AG-345/845 Dating methods and application in Arctic terrestrial and 10 X marine Quaternary Geology These are the courses UNIS offers in the academic year 2012-2013. A complete list of all UNIS courses are found on the web: www.unis.no/studies 12 UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY 13

ARCTIC BIOLOGY

Despite the apparent harshness of the High Arctic, many RECOMMENDED COURSE COMBINATIONS: organisms are well adapted to this environment. The fauna and flora of Svalbard includes more than 1,800 marine invertebrate species, 1,200 terrestrial or freshwater inverte- Autumn Spring brate species and over 170 higher plant species in addition ab-201 ab-203* to the 21 mammal and 28 bird species. ab-202 ab-204 UNIS emphasizes the biological studies (taxonomy, diversity, ecology, physiology) of the fauna and flora of Svalbard at-209* related to the physical and chemical environment. Easy access to key habitats gives students and staff at UNIS a at-210* unique opportunity to identify and quantify environmental threats in addition to basic knowledge of the Arctic. * = Interdisciplinary courses

Field activities are undertaken year-round in combination with regular classroom lectures and laboratory exercises. This integrated approach provides students with a first- hand experience of the biological processes and the natural history of the terrestrial, limnic and marine flora and fauna in an Arctic environment.

More information about Arctic biology at UNIS can be found at this webpage: www.unis.no/studies/biology

AB-201 studentson excursion ab-201 in Magdalenefjorden. students | Photo: Steve Coulson 14 UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY - BACHELOR COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY - BACHELOR COURSES 15

Terrestrial Arctic For invertebrates, the emphasis will be on the ecology of Marine Arctic Biology The excursions include pelagic and benthic localities, and AB-201 | Biology (15 ECTS) those groups that are of greatest significance on Svalbard. AB-202 | (15 ECTS) if possible also sea ice localities. Sampling techniques and Limnology is included as an element of this course with both analytical methods for environmental variables will be pre- field projects and linked lectures. Among the vertebrates sented. The role of key species in special ecosystems, e.g. Course period: Course period: Autumn semester, annually the ecology of terrestrial birds and mammals and fresh- Autumn semester, annually the ice-edge, under-ice and bottom biotopes will be demon-

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: water fish will be discussed. The link between terrestrial LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: strated. Students will take part in projects to be presented English and marine ecosystems through seabirds and sea-mammals English at the end of the course.

CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: will be discussed, but this will be dealt with in more detail CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: None in course AB-202. None Teaching methods and activities: GRADE: GRADE: The course extends over a full semester. Letter grade (A through F) Teaching methods and activities: Letter grade (A through F) COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: Curriculum ca. 650 pages based on The course extends over a full semester. Curriculum/reading list: Sakshaug et al. (eds): “Ecosystem Total lecture hours: ca. 50 hours. scientific papers and book chapters Barents Sea” (2009). In addition ca. 80 pages from articles Seminar: 20 hours. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Total lecture hours: 50 hours. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Lab exercises: 40 hours. Pernille Bronken Eidesen Tove M. Gabrielsen E-mail: [email protected] Total seminar hours: 20 hours. E-mail: [email protected] Excursions: 10 days COURSE COSTS: Laboratory work: 6 days. COURSE COSTS: Field costs NOK 1400 Excursion: 10 days (7 days field cruise, 3 days in the vicinity NOK 1400 Compulsory assignment: (7 days scientific cruise x NOK 200 per day) of Longyearbyen). (7 days scientific cruise x NOK 200 per day) Approved reports. Compulsory assignment: Required previous knowledge/ Participation in field excursions. Required previous knowledge/ ASSESSMENT course specific requirements: course specific requirements: Method Time Percentage of final grade 60 ECTS within general natural sciences, of which 30 ECTS 60 ECTS within general natural sciences, of which 30 ECTS ASSESSMENT within the field of biology. within the field of biology. Written exam 5 hours Method Time Percentage of final grade 100% Learning outcome: Learning outcome: All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Knowledge about the development, structure and function Graded report 25% After the course, the students will have knowledge about of arctic terrestrial and fresh water biological communities. the marine Arctic flora and fauna, and how marine eco- Thorough understanding of environmental problems in Written exam 5 hours systems are built up and function. The students will get terrestrial and limnic environments. Develop skills in plan- 75% hands on knowledge in the collection and identification of ning a small research project, collect field data, analyse All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. marine flora and fauna from benthic, pelagic and sea ice data, and write a scientific report. ecosystems.

Academic content: Academic content: The course offers an introduction to terrestrial and fresh The course gives an introduction to the most important water biological communities of the Arctic, approached by Arctic marine organisms, from plankton to whales, and their considering the development of the arctic terrestrial biota, adaptations and physiological responses to their environ- adaptations of organisms to Arctic terrestrial habitats ment. Microorganisms, plankton, invertebrates and fishes and how the organism interacts, both within and between will be described as a background to understand algae and trophic levels, with a special emphasis on the vascular animal associations in pack-ice, ice-free water masses and plants and invertebrate fauna of Svalbard. The role of the on the bottom of Arctic seas and fjords. climatic history and the current physical conditions of the Arctic as well as the biological interactions in shaping arctic The treatment of subjects such as seabirds and sea-mam- communities will be explored in comparison with communi- mals includes their distribution and migration patterns, life- ties of other terrestrial and limnic regions. The structure history and physiological adaptations. Energy budgets will and diversity of plant communities, both at species and be highlighted. Emphasis will also be put on the complex- gene level, will be studied in relation to evolutionary his- ity of Arctic marine ecosystems from primary producers to tory, plant traits, climate, soil properties, soil micro-flora top predators, the biomass and productivity at different and herbivory. trophic levels, and how the arctic marine system functions. Food chains and energy transport paths will be discussed. Elementary physical oceanography will be included in the lectures. 16 UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY - BACHELOR COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY - BACHELOR COURSES 17

Arctic Environmental An introduction to the Svalbard community; the Svalbard Arctic Ecology and Population The theories presented will be exemplified with case stud- AB-203 | Management (15 ECTS) Treaty; international conventions, and legal regulations as AB-204 | Biology (15 ECTS) ies from various Arctic organisms. a framework for managerial rule in the Svalbard region, Arc- An introduction to Arctic field and lab studies will be given tic Council and international organizations; structure, legal to illustrate different aspects of ecology and population bi- Course period: Course period: Spring semester, annually basis and fields of responsibilities for institutions involved Spring semester, annually ology.

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: in the management of Arctic natural resources; the philoso- LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: English phy of Arctic management, basic information on the Arctic English Teaching methods and activities: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: geophysical environment, ecosystems and resource dy- CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: None namics, human presence in the Arctic geophysical environ- None The course extends over a full semester.

GRADE: mental, ecosystem, and natural resources; challenges and GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) conflict scenarios relating to resource management in the Letter grade (A through F) Total lecture hours: 60 hours. Total seminar hours: 30 hours. COURSE MATERIALS: Arctic including impact assessment procedures; environ- COURSE MATERIALS: Curriculum/reading list: 650 pages based on mental strategies, encroachment analysis and assessment The course is based upon the book by Gotelli, NJ. Laboratory work and field excursions: 30 hours. scientific papers and book chapters (4. ed.): “A primer of Ecology” (291 pp.); com- systems for ecological key components relating to environ- pendiums, relevant book chapters and articles COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Compulsory assignment: Steve Coulson ment and resource management. The course introduces from the primary literature (ca. 300 pp.). Field and laboratory exercises. E-mail: [email protected] students to procedures, methods and technology central to COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Ole Jørgen Lønne COURSE COSTS: environmental monitoring and management planning. None E-mail: [email protected] COURSE COSTS: ASSESSMENT Teaching methods and activities: Ca. 4 days field work (NOK 800.-). Method Time Percentage of final grade The course extends over a full semester. Required previous knowledge/ course specific requirements: Graded paper Total lecture/seminar and excursion hours: 70 hours. Required previous knowledge/ 20% The course is interdisciplinary. Students must meet the course specific requirements: prerequisites for UNIS bachelor studies in Biology, Geology, Compulsory assignment: Written exam 5 hours 60 ECTS within general natural sciences, of which 30 ECTS 80% Geophysics or Technology. Presentation. within the field of biology. All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Learning outcome: ASSESSMENT Learning outcome: To provide comprehensive knowledge of management sys- After the course, the students will have knowledge about tems, legal framework and challenges pertaining to the en- Method Time Percentage of final grade fundamental theories of modern ecology including single vironmental and the utilization of natural resources in the species populations, two-species interactions and com- Arctic, focusing on the Svalbard archipelago. The course is Presentation munity and systems measures. The student will have the designed for students who wish to include Arctic environ- 20% basis for understanding how various organisms meet the mental conservation and management of natural resources challenges of life in the Arctic. They will be able to explore as part of their professional training. An emphasis is placed Written exam 5 hours 80% simple models using the software system R. They will earn on discussing issues raised during the course with the in- skills in how to handle selected tools used in ecology to col- habitants of Longyearbyen. Students will gain first-hand All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. lect and process biological data and to write scientific re- experience of current key Arctic issues. ports based on the data collected during fieldwork. An ability to assess conflicting demands and aspirations as well as understand cultural differences will be fostered. Role playing workshops will provide further insight into the Academic content: role of cultural differences in the management of Arctic The course gives an introduction to the challenges that vari- regions. Skills will be enhanced through a combination of ous organisms meet when living in the Arctic, and describes excursions and interviews with local administrators. In- how individuals adapt to and populations and communi- sights gained will be communicated via a series of student ties are affected by the arctic environment. The concept of presentations. food-webs will be introduced. The fundamentals of population dynamics are presented, Academic content: emphasizing single species dynamics, trophic interactions, and effects of environmental changes in time and space The development of management strategies and practice (climate, habitat heterogeneity). The adaptations to life is presented against a background of knowledge concerning in the arctic will be introduced looking particularly at life- the geophysical, biological processes and politics character- history parameters and reproductive strategies. Past and izing the Arctic. The focus is on the Svalbard region of the future effects of climate change on the ecology and popula- European Arctic. tion biology of Arctic organisms will be discussed. 18 UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY - BACHELOR COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY - BACHELOR COURSES 19

Seminar series on impacts of climate Teaching methods and activities: Introduction to Svalbard’s Teaching methods and activities: AB-205 | change in the Arctic (5 ECTS) AB-206 | terrestrial flora and fauna (5 ECTS) Two seminars (one week each) each semester. Students This is a ten day intensive course, held at the end of July. must attend both seminars within one semester to get After introductory lectures during the first day, we will Course period: credits for the course. Each seminar will have a non-overlapping Course period: spend one day in the field in the vicinity of Longyearbyen Autumn and spring, annually topic, and will be compressed into one-week sessions. Students Summer, annually where we will set out insect traps and collect plant mate- LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: may hence follow the course for two or only one semester in LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: rial. The next two or three days will be focused on vascular English English parallel to the other 200-courses. plants, with complimentary lectures, fieldwork, and labora- CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: tory exercises. Then the insect traps will be retrieved and None None Each seminar will consist of ca. 15 hours of lectures and 15 the sampled material prepared and identified in the labora- GRADE: GRADE: Pass/fail hours of discussion sessions/debates were the students are Letter grade (A through F) tory during the following two to three days. Lectures, labora using the course literature and lectures to debate given topics. tory exercises and field trips these days will be focused COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: Reading lists will be handed out for each semester, Systematic and species knowledge of about 100-120 around the fauna. and will include selected books, book chapters, Compulsory assignment: vascular plant species, and the relevant fauna taxa relevant news / media and primary literature COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Total lecture hours: 10 hours. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Participation in the seminars. Pernille Bronken Eidesen Jørgen Berge E-mail: [email protected] Total seminar hours: 3 hours. E-mail: [email protected] COURSE COSTS: Laboratory work: 18 hours. COURSE COSTS: ASSESSMENT None Excursions: 5 day trips of various lengths (one full day, four None shorter days). Method Time Percentage of final grade Compulsory assignment: Required previous knowledge/ 2 approved essays To attend field excursions and laboratory exercises. Required previous knowledge/ 100% course specific requirements: course specific requirements: All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. 60 ECTS within general natural sciences, of which 30 ECTS ASSESSMENT This course cannot be applied for separately. Open only to within the field of biology. fulltime bachelor students in Biology at UNIS. The course is strongly recommended as a preparation for Method Time Percentage of final grade students following the autumn course AB-201 Arctic Ter- Learning outcome: restrial Biology, and students participating in AB-201 will be Written exam 4 hours prioritized. 100% Insights into likely biological consequences on a continued warming of the Arctic. We will discuss various aspects re- All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. garding past and present climate, and how our environment Learning outcome: (ranging from individual species to ecosystems) is likely to Will learn how to use identification keys and to recognize change following changes in the climate. A special focus will the common terrestrial species or taxa in Svalbard, with be at species / systems unique for the arctic. main focus on vascular plants, invertebrates and birds. The course will give insight into phylogeny, taxonomy, system- Academic content: atics, species concepts and the various techniques used in systematic research. Each seminar will focus on given topics related to climate change, impacts/effects on ecosystems and a comparison between current and past changes in the climate. One Academic content: or two invited main lecturers will present their views and The intentions are to give bachelor students an introduc- insights each time, and students will be expected to partici- tion to the main taxonomic groups present in Svalbard, the pate actively through both reading and presenting provided importance of systematic research, nomenclature (Latin) background material. Open discussions and handing in a and the difficulties related to taxonomy in many arctic spe- personal essay on the topic. Main topics covered over time cies, which often have wide distribution ranges, and show included detectable effects on terrestrial and marine eco- high levels of intraspecific variation. systems, past vs. present changes, main challenges for environmental management, local vs. pan-arctic effects and threats related to loss of sea ice. 20 UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY - MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY - MASTER COURSES 21

Arctic Marine Zooplankton of Teaching methods and activities: Flux of Matter and Energy Students will study the interdependence of land and marine AB-320 | Svalbard Waters (10 ECTS) AB-322 | from Sea to Land (10 ECTS) environments for important groups of arctic inhabitants. The course extends over 4-5 weeks and runs in combination This connection between land and sea will be described with AB-820: One-week theoretical introduction and pre- and quantified on the basis of current understanding of the Course period: paration of field activities will be followed by a two-week Course period: topic. Autumn, every second year research cruise. During this cruise, sampling will be con- Summer, every second year LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: ducted in different localities around Svalbard (fjord and LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: English English In order to import first-hand experience, an important part off-shelf). The last part of the course (around 2 weeks) will of the course will consist of one week of intensive fieldwork, CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: contain lab exercises focused on species identification and CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: 10 ECTS with AB-820 10 ECTS with AB-822 as well as the development of a model for these paired eco- other relevant analysis of the collected material on which an GRADE: GRADE: systems. Letter grade (A through F) approved lab report will be submitted. Letter grade (A through F) COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: Teaching methods and activities: Curriculum: Primary scientific literature: Total lecture hours: 30 hours. Will be announced 300-350 pages, in addition to lectures Laboratory/exercises/seminars: 30 hours. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: This course extends over 4-5 weeks and runs in combination COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Scientific cruise: ca. 2 weeks. Geir Wing Gabrielsen with AB-822. Teaching will be achieved via a combination Jørgen Berge E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] of intensive fieldwork, seminars and lab work. Specialists COURSE COSTS: in marine biology, ornithology and terrestrial ecology will COURSE COSTS: Compulsory assignment: 7 x NOK 200 = NOK 1400 Ca. NOK 3000 teach on the course. (Scientific cruise: NOK 200 per overnight stay) Approved lab report and approved oral presentation. Total lecture hours: 30 hours. ASSESSMENT Required previous knowledge/ Laboratory work: 20 hours. Required previous knowledge/ course specific requirements: Excursion/fieldwork: 7 days. Method Time Percentage of final grade course specific requirements: Enrolled in a relevant master programme in biology. It is rec- Compulsory assignment: Enrolled in a master program in biology and knowledge similar ommended to have some knowledge in chemistry. Practical exam 3 hours to AB-202 Arctic Marine Biology. 50% Participation in the laboratory and fieldwork. Learning outcome: Written exam 5 hours Learning outcome: 50% The student will gain a thorough understanding of all as- ASSESSMENT The students will gain insight into the taxonomy, bio- All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. pects of matter, nutrient and energy fluxes from sea to geography and ecology of the main zooplankton species in the land in the Arctic. The student will be able to learn new Method Time Percentage of final grade Svalbard waters and the polar basin North of Svalbard. The methods to study fluxes in Arctic ecosystems. course has a special emphasis on hands-on identification Graded report 50% of zooplankton as well as processes important for Academic content: understanding the Arctic ecosystem, including: The course will focus on connections across the land-marine Written exam 4 hours 50% boundary. The importance of the marine environment and • Thorough knowledge about common arctic marine productivity for some Arctic terrestrial ecosystems will be All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. zooplankton species dealt with. • Insight into food web interaction in a high arctic ecosystem The main topic of interest will be Arctic seabirds that nest • Practical experience in the use of acoustics for detecting in large, dense colonies, their dependence on the hydrologi- and analysing biomass/movements of biomass cal regime and biological productivity of the waters around Svalbard, and their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Bird Academic content: droppings have an important fertilising effect on the veg- Lectures deal with identification of zooplankton species, etation in the vicinity of colonies. The lush greenery below life history traits of arctic zooplankton, trophic interactions a nesting cliff is an eye-catching feature of an otherwise and vertical migration (both seasonal and diel). The practi- impoverished arctic landscape. These oases are important cal field work will be designed by the teachers and imple- grazing areas for herbivores such as the Svalbard reindeer mented into the course. It will vary from year-to-year de- and are hunting grounds for carnivores such as the arctic pending on selection of research projects by the lecturers. fox. 22 UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY - MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY - MASTER COURSES 23

Biotelemetric Methods radio transmissions associated with the use of telemetric equip- Arctic Winter Ecology The course is structured in two modules: AB-325 | (10 ECTS) ment and instrumentation of wild animals will be dealt with in AB-329 | (10 ECTS) • An introductory module addressing geophysical char- lecture and discussion sessions. Students will have the oppor- acteristics of seasonal, northern environments, physi- tunity to join field work in on-going research programmes – the cal properties of snow and ice, basic thermodynamics, Course period: Course period: Spring, every second year specifics of which will depend on the availability of such research Autumn and spring, every second year (starts in radiation and spectral topics, energy flow in ecosys- late autumn and continues in winter/early spring) LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: projects within the time frame of the course. tems, metabolic processes etc. English LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: • A field based module focusing on ecosystem func- English CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: Topics include: tion during winter: -vegetation structure and plant 10 ECTS with AB-825 1. Basic principles for radio signal transmission & antenna theory CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: traits related to winter survival, plant carbon balance 10 ECTS with AB-829 GRADE: 2. Telemetric technology, regulations and during winter and plant-herbivore interactions. – ter- Letter grade (A through F) management of frequencies GRADE: restrial invertebrates, diversity and strategies for win- Letter grade (A through F) COURSE MATERIALS: 3. Ethics (animal welfare) in biotelemetry/biologging ter survival. – terrestrial vertebrates, anatomical and COURSE MATERIALS: Curriculum/reading list: Ca. 350 pages 4. Introduction to VHF-based telemetry and GPS- physiological properties, energy budgets and activ- (30-35 scientific articles) Curriculum/reading list: Ca. 100 pages positioning systems in biotelemetry- trans- ity, feeding ecology, population dynamics, and social COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Course responisble: Kit M. Kovacs mitters applications and limitations Steve Coulson structures. E-mail: [email protected] 5. Telemetry & biologging equipment - a E-mail: [email protected] UNIS contact person: Steve Coulson COURSE COSTS: E-mail: [email protected] manufacturers perspective Teaching methods and activities: 6. User “issues” – another manufacturer’s None COURSE COSTS: This course runs in combination with AB-829. Teaching is Ca. NOK 600 perspective – trouble shooting 7. Maps, mapping and GPS technology - Practical applications achieved via a combination of lectures, laboratory and field 8. Acoustic telemetry - Methods & Science questions studies. The course is divided into two periods, two weeks Required previous knowledge/ in November and two weeks in the following March. This 9. Range size, habitat use etc. (Storage, and course specific requirements: Required previous knowledge/ retrieval of data and the integration of animal enables students to establish field experiments at the start course specific requirements: tracks and terrestrial environmental data) Enrolled in a Master programme in biology of the winter and collect the results towards the end of the 10. An introduction to GIS tools winter period. Long term overwintering trails are estab- Enrolled in a relevant master programme in biology. Basic lished during the first period. These are collected during the knowledge of statistics and computing (completed under- 11. Design considerations/limitations in Learning outcome: marine mammal biotelemetry second period and the data examined. The course focuses graduate programme in biology). Students will acquire an understanding of the biology of 12. Biotelemetry and biologging with Sval- on field studies to introduce the participants to the Arctic the Arctic winter, the environmental conditions that the bard’s marine mammals – case studies winter environment. Learning outcome: animals and plants experience and strategies employed to 13. Linking marine mammal telemetry & the en- successfully overwinter. Students will also gain hands on Upon completion of the course students will have a good working vironment - MAMVIS & statistical tools Compulsory assignment: experience of fieldwork during the polar winter. knowledge of available technologies (including an understanding 14. Remote methods in sea bird research – None of the physics behind the technology) and procedures for bio- transponders, photographic & case studies telemetric and biologging studies and an introduction to the 15. Fish tracking Academic content: most current analytical tools for dealing with telemetry data. 16. Physiological telemetry - applications and potential The course aims to provide Master students in biology with ASSESSMENT They will have experience in the field using a variety of different 17. Looking into the future.... a comprehensive introduction to processes and mecha- “tag” technologies and practical experience analysing telemetric nisms among organisms living in seasonal, northern and Method Time Percentage of final grade data. They will also have Arctic safety training and field excursion Teaching methods and activities: arctic environments. Special emphasis is placed on winter experience. The course is intended for PhD students working with survival, adaptations, the impact of the physical environ- Written exam 4 hours The course extends over 4 weeks in combination with AB-825. 100% projects involving field studies of vertebrate taxa. PhD students ment on ecosystems and living organisms, and their ex- will have had practical training in all facets of running a scientific, pressed anatomical and physiological characteristics. How All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Total lecture hours: ca. 35 hours. telemetric study, from funding acquisition to journal manuscript these influence life history strategies, demography, popu- Total demonstration and exercises hours: 25 hours. submission. lation dynamics, ecosystem structures and function and Excursions: 3-4 excursion days. trophic interactions is discussed. The consequences of cli- Academic content: mate change for arctic ecosystems and organisms will be Compulsory assignment: considered. The course includes lectures, demonstrations, computer labs and practical exercises that introduce students to a selection of the All course activities are compulsory. Students will attend lectures, most relevant techniques for biotelemetry and biologging field seminars, computer workshops, demonstrations, field exercises studies. This includes VHF-telemetry, satellite-based tracking etc. Additionally, students will present research seminars, oral with GPS and “phone-tag” technologies, transponders, acoustic reports from course activities and literature critiques and partici- sensing systems and selected physiological and behavioural pate in lab practicals. PhD students will in addition draft applica- sampling telemetric methods. tions for research funding of a telemetry-based project. Relevant technologies and analytical tools for environmental remote sensing will also be introduced. ASSESSMENT The course will include practical exercises and data processing methods. Laws and regulations pertaining to animal welfare and Method Time Percentage of final grade

Oral exam 100%

All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. 24 UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY – PhD COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY – PhD COURSES 25

Arctic Marine Zooplankton of Teaching methods and activities: Flux of Matter and Energy from Students will study the interdependence of land and marine AB-820 | Svalbard Waters (10 ECTS) AB-822 | Sea to Land (10 ECTS) environments for important groups of arctic inhabitants. The course extends over 5-6 weeks andnd runs in combina- This connection between land and sea will be described tion with AB-320: One-week theoretical introduction and and quantified on the basis of current understanding of the Course period: preparation of field activities will be followed by a two- Course period: topic. In order to import first-hand experience, an important Autumn, every second year week research cruise. During this cruise, sampling will be Summer, every second year part of the course will consist of one week of intensive LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: conducted in different localities around Svalbard (fjord and LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: English English fieldwork, as well as the development of a model for these off-shelf). The last part of the course (around 3 weeks) will paired ecosystems. CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: contain lab exercises focused on species identification and CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: 10 ECTS with AB-320 10 ECTS with AB-322 other relevant analysis of the collected material on which a GRADE: GRADE: Teaching methods and activities: Letter grade (A through F) final written report will be submitted. Letter grade (A through F)

COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: The course extends over 4-5 weeks and runs in combination Curriculum: Primary scientific literature: The last week of the PhD course is dedicated to writing a Will be announced with AB-322. Teaching will be achieved via a combination 400-450 pages, in addition to lectures scientific report / paper based on the data from the cruise, COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: of intensive fieldwork, seminars and lab work. Specialists COURSE RESPONSIBLE: and will include seminars on data analysis and presentation, Course responisble: Geir Wing Gabrielsen in marine biology, ornithology and terrestrial ecology will Jørgen Berge and report writing. E-mail: [email protected] teach on the course. E-mail: [email protected] UNIS contact person: Jørgen Berge COURSE COSTS: E-mail: [email protected] Ca. NOK 3000. Total lecture hours: 40 hours. COURSE COSTS: Total lecture hours: 30 hours. (Scientific cruise: NOK 200 per overnight stay) Laboratory/exercises/seminars: 40 hours. 7 x NOK 200 = NOK 1400 Laboratory work: 20 hours. Scientific cruise: Ca. 2 weeks. Excursion/fieldwork: 7 days.

Compulsory assignment: Compulsory assignment: Required previous knowledge/ Required previous knowledge/ course specific requirements: Laboratory work and oral presentation course specific requirements: Participation in laboratory and field work and writing an article/report on fluxes in Arctic ecosystem. Enrolled in a PhD program in biology and knowledge similar Enrolled in a relevant PhD programme in biology. It is rec- to AB-202 Arctic Marine Biology. ASSESSMENT ommended to have some knowledge in chemistry. ASSESSMENT Learning outcome: Method Time Percentage of final grade Learning outcome: Method Time Percentage of final grade The students will gain insight into the taxonomy, bioge- The student will gain a thorough understanding of all Final written report ography and ecology of the main zooplankton species in 1/3 aspects of matter and energy fluxes from sea to land in the Graded report Svalbard waters and the polar basin North of Svalbard. The Arctic. The student will be able to learn new methods to 50% course has a special emphasis on hands-on identification Written exam 5 hours 1/3 study fluxes in Arctic ecosystems. The students will also be of zooplankton as well as processes important for under- able to integrate data from sea and land based studies in Written exam 4 hours standing the Arctic ecosystem, including: 50% Practical exam 3 hours order to determine the fluxes on Arctic ecosystems. • Thorough knowledge about common arctic marine 1/3 All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. zooplankton species All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Academic content: • Insight into multiple ecological interactions in a high arctic ecosystem The course will focus on connections across the land-marine • Practical experience in the use of acoustics for detect- boundary. The importance of the marine environment and ing and analysing biomass/movements of biomass productivity for some Arctic terrestrial ecosystems will be dealt with. The main topic of interest will be Arctic sea- Academic content: birds that nest in large, dense colonies, their dependence on the hydrological regime and biological productivity of the Lectures deal with identification of zooplankton species, waters around Svalbard, and their impact on terrestrial life history traits of arctic zooplankton, trophic interactions ecosystems. Bird droppings have an important fertilising and vertical migration (both seasonal and diel). effect on the vegetation in the vicinity of colonies. The lush The practical field work will be designed by the teachers and greenery below a nesting cliff is an eye-catching feature implemented into the course. of an otherwise impoverished arctic landscape. These oases It will vary from year-to-year depending on selection of re- are important grazing areas for herbivores such as the search projects by the lecturers. Svalbard reindeer and are hunting grounds for carnivores such as the arctic fox. 26 UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY – PhD COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC BIOLOGY – PhD COURSES 27

Biotelemetric Methods Topics include: Arctic Winter Ecology The course is structured in two modules: AB-825 | (10 ECTS) 1. Basic principles for radio signal trans- AB-829 | (10 ECTS) • An introductory module addressing geophysical char- mission & antenna theory acteristics of seasonal, northern environments, physi- 2. Telemetric technology, regulations and cal properties of snow and ice, basic thermodynamics, Course period: Course period: Spring, every second year management of frequencies Autumn and spring, every second year (starts in radiation and spectral topics, energy flow in ecosys- late autumn and continues in winter/early spring) LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: 3. Ethics (animal welfare) in biotelemetry/biologging tems, metabolic processes etc. English 4. Introduction to VHF-based telemetry and GPS- LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: • A field based module focusing on ecosystem func- English CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: positioning systems in biotelemetry- trans- tion during winter: -vegetation structure and plant 10 ECTS with AB-325 mitters applications and limitations CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: traits related to winter survival, plant carbon balance 10 ECTS with AB-329 GRADE: 5. Telemetry & biologging equipment - a during winter and plant-herbivore interactions. – ter- Letter grade (A through F) manufacturers perspective GRADE: restrial invertebrates, diversity and strategies for win- Letter grade (A through F) COURSE MATERIALS: 6. User “issues” – another manufacturer’s ter survival. – terrestrial vertebrates, anatomical and COURSE MATERIALS: Curriculum/reading list: Ca. 350 pages perspective – trouble shooting physiological properties, energy budgets and activ- (30-35 scientific articles) Curriculum/reading list: Ca. 150 pages 7. Maps, mapping and GPS technology - Practical applications ity, feeding ecology, population dynamics, and social COURSE RESPONSIBLE: COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Kit M. Kovacs 8. Acoustic telemetry - Methods & Science questions Steve Coulson structures. E-mail: [email protected] 9. Range size, habitat use etc. (Storage, and re- E-mail: [email protected] COURSE COSTS: trieval of data and the integration of animal COURSE COSTS: Teaching methods and activities: Ca. NOK 600 tracks and terrestrial environmental data) None 10. An introduction to GIS tools This course runs in combination with AB-329. Teaching is 11. Design considerations/limitations in ma- achieved via a combination of lectures, laboratory and field rine mammal biotelemetry studies. The course is divided into two periods, two weeks Required previous knowledge/ Required previous knowledge/ in November and two weeks in the following March. This course specific requirements: 12. Biotelemetry and biologging with Sval- course specific requirements: bard’s marine mammals – case studies enables students to establish field experiments at the start Enrolled in a relevant PhD-programme in biology. Basic know- 13. Linking marine mammal telemetry & the en- Enrolled in a PhD programme in Biology. of the winter and collect the results towards the end of the ledge of statistics and computing (completed undergraduate vironment - MAMVIS & statistical tools winter period. Long term overwintering trails are estab- programme in biology). 14. Remote methods in sea bird research – tran- Learning outcome: lished during the first period. These are collected during the sponders, photographic & case studies second period and the data examined. The course focuses Students will acquire a deep comprehension of the biology Learning outcome: 15. Fish tracking on field studies to introduce the participants to the Arctic of the Arctic winter, the environmental conditions that the 16. Physiological telemetry - applications and potential winter environment. Upon completion of the course students will have a good working animals and plants experience and strategies employed to 17. Looking into the future.... knowledge of available technologies (including an understanding successfully overwinter. The combination of complimentary PhD students will prepare a report and presentation based of the physics behind the technology) and procedures for biotelem- lectures, and field-based practical work will further their around selected material from the scientific literature dur- Teaching methods and activities: etric and biologging studies and an introduction to the most cur- understanding of the environmental challenges faced by or- ing the mid-course period. This will be presented to the rent analytical tools for dealing with telemetry data. They will have The course extends over 4 weeks in combination with AB-325. ganisms overwintering in Arctic regions and the strategies course during period two in March. This is compulsory and experience in the field using a variety of different “tag” technolo- employed to ensure successful overwintering. Student- forms 30% of the course assessment. gies and practical experience analysing telemetric data. They will Total lecture hours: ca. 35 hours. lead project work will enhance skills in experimental design also have Arctic safety training and field excursion experience. The Total demonstration and exercises hours: 25 hours. and analysis including the demands and limitations of field Compulsory assignment: course is intended for PhD students working with projects involving Excursions: 3-4 excursion days. work in extreme environments. field studies of vertebrate taxa. PhD students will have had prac- Report (graded). tical training in all facets of running a scientific, telemetric study, Compulsory assignment: Academic content: from funding acquisition to journal manuscript submission. All course activities are compulsory. Students will attend The course aims to provide PhD students with a compre- ASSESSMENT lectures, seminars, computer workshops, demonstrations, hensive introduction to processes and mechanisms among Academic content: Method Time Percentage of final grade field exercises etc. Additionally, students will present re- organisms living in seasonal, northern and Arctic environ- The course includes lectures, demonstrations, computer labs and search seminars, oral reports from course activities and lit- ments. Special emphasis is placed on winter survival, adap- Report/ practical exercises that introduce students to a selection of the erature critiques and participate in lab practicals. PhD stu- tations, the impact of the physical environment on ecosys- presentation 30% most relevant techniques for biotelemetry and biologging field dents will in addition draft applications for research funding tems and living organisms, and their expressed anatomical studies. This includes VHF-telemetry, satellite-based tracking with of a telemetry-based project. and physiological characteristics. How these influence life Written exam 4 hours GPS and “phone-tag” technologies, transponders, acoustic sens- history strategies, demography, population dynamics, eco- 70% ing systems and selected physiological and behavioural sampling system structures and function and trophic interactions is All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. telemetric methods. Relevant technologies and analytical tools for ASSESSMENT discussed. The consequences of climate change for arctic environmental remote sensing will also be introduced. ecosystems and organisms will be considered. The course will include practical exercises and data processing Method Time Percentage of final grade methods. Laws and regulations pertaining to animal welfare and radio transmissions associated with the use of telemetric equip- Research proposal 10% ment and instrumentation of wild animals will be dealt with in lecture and discussion sessions. Students will have the opportunity Oral exam 5 hours to join field work in on-going research programmes – the specif- 90% ics of which will depend on the availability of such research projects All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. within the time frame of the course. 28 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY 29

ARCTIC GEOLOGY

The geology of Svalbard comprises an outstanding succession of Proterozoic, Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rocks bachelor overlain by an array of Quaternary deposits. courses | Long sections of the geological record are characterized by the interplay between tectonic controls such as basin development, fold and thrust belt formation and sedimentation. RECOMMENDED COURSE COMBINATIONS:

The stratigraphy of the Quaternary deposits reflects both the development of the present-day Arctic and climatic Autumn Spring change through interglacials and glacials. ag-210 ag-204 Large parts of the archipelago are covered by glaciers, and ag-211 ag-209 the ice-free areas experience continuous permafrost. The present-day processes related to permafrost and glaciers can be studied in detail. at-209* ab-203* at-210* UNIS can offer excellent facilities during your stay at the institution, and you will become part of an active geology * = Interdisciplinary courses group.

More information about Arctic geology at UNIS can be found on this webpage: www.unis.no/studies/geology

Arctic Arctic Geology students on Geology excursion in Billefjorden. students | Photo: Elise Strømseng 30 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY - BACHELOR COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY - BACHELOR COURSES 31

The Physical Geography There will also be a discussion of geomorphological process- The Tectonic and Sedimentary The course will also give insight into coal mining, the min- AG-204 | of Svalbard (15 ECTS) es such as glacial erosion, glacial deposition, frost weather- AG-209 | History of Svalbard (15 ECTS) eral resources of Svalbard, and the hydrocarbon potential ing, mass movement, permafrost deformation, and frost of the Barents Sea area. Fieldwork and practical exercises heave and contraction in connection with freezing and on core and seismic data is an important part of the course, Course period: Course period: Spring semester, annually thawing. Also hydrological processes such as snow cover Spring semester, annually during which students will study examples of a large part of

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: formation and ablation, surface and subsurface drainage of Svalbard’s history and receive training in sedimentological, English water, river flow and sediment transport will be discussed. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: stratigraphic and structural techniques. An independent re- English CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: search project on a topic related to the course content will None CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: be carried out during the term and presented as a written Teaching methods and activities: None GRADE: report and in a seminar. Letter grade (A through F) The course extends over a full semester. GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) COURSE MATERIALS: Teaching methods: Curriculum / reading list: Ca. 900 pages Total lecture hours: 45 hours COURSE MATERIALS: Book chapters, articles: Ca. 900 pages COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Total exercises hours: 35 hours (obligatory) The course extends over a full semester. Hanne H. Christiansen Fieldwork/excursion days: minimum 4 days (obligatory) COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: E-mail: [email protected] Course responsible: To be announced UNIS contact person: Study Administration Total lecture hours: 45 hours. COURSE COSTS: E-mail: [email protected] Total seminar hours/ laboratory work: 25 hours. From none to ca. NOK 1000 Compulsory assignment: COURSE COSTS: Excursion: 11 days. Fieldwork and reporting of this in exercise hours, exercise 11 field days (some of which are daytrips from work presentations. Longyearbyen). Maximum price for overnight trips (7 days á NOK 200): NOK 1400 Required previous knowledge/ Compulsory assignment: course specific requirements: ASSESSMENT Field excursions and practical exercises. 60 ECTS in natural sciences at university level, whereof 30 Method Time Percentage of final grade Required previous knowledge/ ECTS must be within Earth sciences. course specific requirements: Written term ASSESSMENT 60 ECTS in natural sciences at university level, whereof 30 project (incl. Learning outcome: 40% ECTS must be within Earth sciences. Method Time Percentage of final grade presentation) Understanding of the linkages between climate, meteorol- Written term ogy, geomorphology, hydrology, and ground and glacier ice Written exam 3 hours Learning outcome: project (incl. thermal regimes in permafrost and glacier regions in Sval- 60% 40% A thorough understanding of the geological evolution of presentation) bard. During field excursions and project work, students All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Svalbard and the Barents Sea from the Precambrian to the will obtain training in field methods, mapping techniques Written exam 3 hours Cenozoic, and use of the geological record on Svalbard to and methods of data interpretation (including group work). 60% illustrate important geological principles. Students are in- The students will gain practical understanding of a variety All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. troduced to techniques from sedimentology, structural ge- of glaciological, geomorphological and hydrological process- ology, stratigraphy, palaeontology and geophysics, and will es through field excursions. gain practical knowledge of geological methods through exercises in the classroom and in the field. Students will be Academic content: introduced to scientific method by carrying out a small in- Glaciers cover about 60 % of the area of Svalbard, while dependent research project and practice oral presentations the rest is underlain by continuous permafrost. In this geo- and scientific writing. graphical setting, the course introduces the most important meteorological, glaciological, geomorphological and Academic content: hydrological processes on Svalbard. In the Svalbard Archipelago there is a well-developed and well exposed stratigraphic record that comprises Precam- The climatic conditions on Svalbard, the energy exchange brian, Late Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic strata. at the ground surface, the ground thermal regime and the Based on the extensive research that has been carried out availability of water will be emphasized as essential factors in the area, the course will offer students an understanding controlling the distribution of glaciers, permafrost and per- of the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of Svalbard and iglacial landforms. Glacier mass balance, thermal structure the Barents Sea from the Precambrian to the Cenozoic. Im- and geomorphic activity of Svalbard glaciers will be covered, portance is attached to the understanding of the tectonic with emphasis on the interaction between glaciers and per- development and changes in the sedimentary environment mafrost. over time. The geological evolution of Svalbard will be used to illustrate important geological subjects such as the formation of sedimentary basins, fold and thrust belts, hydrocarbon formation and sequence stratigraphy. 32 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY - BACHELOR COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY - BACHELOR COURSES 33

The Quaternary History The lectures will illustrate Quaternary geological subjects Arctic Marine Geology The course also covers the modern sediments, sediment AG-210 | of Svalbard (15 ECTS) such as paleoclimatic variability within the Arctic, the for- AG-211 | (15 ECTS) sources and sedimentation rates as well as role of the sea mation of glacial and interglacial sedimentary sequences in ice in the Arctic climate history. History of Arctic explora- glacial, glacifluvial and lacustrine environments, postglacial tion and current status of mapping of the Arctic Ocean, and Course period: Course period: Autumn semester, annually relative sea level and isostatic land uplift. Introduction to Autumn semester, annually its present geography and physiography will be reviewed.

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: Quaternary methods, geochronology and paleoclimatic LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: The role of glaciations in the formations of the geological English proxies will be given. English structure, sediment stratigraphy and morphology of Sval-

CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: bard as well as other high latitude continental margins will None Fieldwork (boat excursion and tent camp) is an important None form an essential part of the course. Typical glacial marine

GRADE: part of the course, during which students will study key GRADE: sedimentary environments, ranging from small basins Letter grade (A through F) locations along the West coast of Spitsbergen and receive Letter grade (A through F) in front of outlet glaciers, through fjords to continental COURSE MATERIALS: training in sedimentological, stratigraphical and geomor- COURSE MATERIALS: shelves and -slopes as well as deep-water abyssal plains Curriculum/reading list: Ca. 700 pages phological field techniques. Data collected in the field will Book chapters, articles: Ca. 750 pages will be discussed. Case studies from the Svalbard margin as COURSE RESPONSIBLE: form the basis of an independent synthesis and literature COURSE RESPONSIBLE: well as other presently and formerly glaciated margins will Anne Hormes Riko Noormets E-mail: [email protected] project to be completed during the term. E-mail: [email protected] be presented to illustrate characteristic sediment types and COURSE COSTS: COURSE COSTS: stratigraphic sequences associated with each sedimentary NOK 1400 Teaching methods and activities: 3-6 cruise days á NOK 200 = NOK 600-1400 environment. Modern marine geological field and laboratory methods and instrumentation used for collecting and an- The course extends over a full semester. alysing geophysical and sedimentological data will demonstrate some of the tools used in reconstructing the past Required previous knowledge/ Total lecture hours: 45 hours. Required previous knowledge/ oceanographic, sedimentary and environmental conditions. course specific requirements: Total seminar and laboratory hours: 25 hours. course specific requirements: Excursion: 4 days cruise and 4 days tent camp. 60 ECTS in natural sciences at university level, whereof 30 60 ECTS in natural sciences at university level, whereof 30 The course includes 3-6 days of marine geological/geo- ECTS must be within Earth sciences. ECTS must be within Earth sciences. physical cruise on a research vessel in the waters around Compulsory assignment: Svalbard. During the cruise, students will collect geophysical, oceanographic and sedimentological data that they will Learning outcome: Field work, cruise Learning outcome: summarize in a cruise report. The collected data will be fur- This course offers a thorough understanding of the Quater- After the course the students will understand the role of ther analysed in the lab after the cruise, and the results will nary geological evolution of Svalbard and the Barents Sea. ASSESSMENT the Arctic Ocean in the global climate system and are able be used in the students’ term projects. Primary focus will be on methods in stratigraphy, sedimen- to describe the main physiographic features, current sys- Method Time Percentage of final grade tology, geochronology, geomorphology and how former tems, sediment sources and transport mechanisms in the Teaching methods and activities: climate fluctuations and environments are reconstructed Arctic. They can also identify the major submarine glacial Written term based on Quaternary geological archives. landforms and landform assemblages, and based on their Total lectures/seminars hours: 42 hours project (incl. 40% distribution pattern, reconstruct the former ice sheet ex- Total labs/exercises/presentations: 35 hours presentation) Scientific cruise: 3-6 days Academic content: tent and dynamics in the fjords as well as continental shelf Written exam 3 hours and slope. The students will learn the modern marine geo- The course will give insight into the Quaternary geological 60% logical survey methods and instrumentation, gain practical Compulsory assignment: evolution of the landscape with its fjords, valleys, moun- All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. experience in basic sedimentological, geotechnical, geo- Seminars, laboratory exercises, cruise tains and marine terraces by repeated glacial and interglaci- physical and micropaleontological analysis of marine sedi- al cycles. During the last glacial cycle, 120,000-11,500 years ments, and practice basic seabed mapping techniques using ago, Svalbard was subject to two or three major glaciations open source software. ASSESSMENT with a major ice sheet over the Barents Sea and Svalbard. During their maximum, glaciers extended in fjords and Academic content: Method Time Percentage of final grade troughs out to the shelf break west of Spitsbergen. Land- form associations are studied in order to reconstruct dis- This course will start with an introduction to geology and Term report and tinctive ice sheet configurations with cold based and tem- oceanography of the world’s oceans, outlining the distribu- oral presentation 40% perate glacier regimes during former glaciations. The Late tion of main sediment types, their respective sources and Weichselian ended with rapid deglaciation during the period depositional environments. In the context of the global Written exam 3 hours 18,000-11,500 years ago. The following isostatic uplift left plate tectonics, the formation of the Arctic Ocean and the 60%

flights of marine terraces around Svalbard. During the early resulting change in the ocean’s circulation pattern will be All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. and mid-Holocene, Svalbard climate was milder than now discussed. Various proxies used in deciphering the associ- and most glaciers were probably smaller than at present. ated paleoceanographic, sedimentological and climatic vari- Glaciers expanded considerably during the Late Holocene ations are examined. culminating with the Little Ice Age, which ended on Sval- bard during the first decade of the 20th Century. 34 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY - BACHELOR COURSES 35

Holocene and Modern Climate Change Academic content: in the High Arctic Svalbard landscape AG-210 AG-210 students on AG-212 The Arctic is an area of active research because it is highly fieldwork in Billefjorden. | – The Svalbard US REU (10 ECTS) students Photo: Anne Hormes sensitive to climate change and because climatically-in- | duced environmental changes in this region can instigate Course period: further changes of global consequence. Despite this, little Autumn (only 2012) is known regarding sub-century climate change and decadal LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: scale variability in this Arctic region. The Svalbard REU pro- English ject is monitoring the rapidly changing Arctic cryosphere and CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: hydrosphere on Svalbard, and will facilitate interpretation None of high-resolution proxy records from the Svalbard region. GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) In the Svalbard REU program, undergraduate students are researching the glacier-river-lake system in Linnédalen to COURSE MATERIALS: Curriculum/reading list: Ca. 250 pages establish linkages between climate, glacier mass balance,

COURSE RESPONSIBLE: sediment transport and sedimentation. Our network of Hanne H. Christiansen monitoring instruments combined with summer fieldwork E-mail: [email protected] provides a growing database critical to understanding the COURSE COSTS: inherent variability of these natural systems. NOK 5000

number of students: A maximum of 6 students can be admitted Specifically, students will: 1) quantify the response of the glacial, fluvial and lacustrine systems to measured meteorological fluctuations; and 2) use these relationships to calibrate and interpret sedi- Required previous knowledge/ ment records from lakes to reconstruct late Holocene cli- course specific requirements: matic changes. 60 ECTS in natural sciences at university level, whereof 30 ECTS must be within Earth sciences. Preference will be Teaching methods and activities: given to students who have taken the UNIS undergraduate The course starts in summer and ends towards the end of programme in the Arctic Geology Department. the following autumn semester. It totals 10 lecture hours, and ca. 25 days of fieldwork in the Linnédalen area, Kapp Learning outcome: Linné, Svalbard. The field part of the course lasts 4-5 weeks in July- August. Additionally the students have to work in Students learn to conduct a field research project that con- the following autumn semester period on writing a report tributes to improving our knowledge of the Linnédalen gla- about their fieldwork project. The teaching is done in very cier-river-lake sedimentary system. Students learn to build close cooperation with the Svalbard US REU project. on the existing studies by using modern process studies to refine and extend interpretations of the sediment record Students will choose a research question for their own and infer sub-decadal changes during the late Holocene. fieldwork, and design methods to test it with, under the Students learn to address one or more of the following re- guidance of the course instructors. Projects may focus on search questions: factors influencing glacier ablation, sediment transport, or sedimentation in the lake. Faculty will help students learn 1. What are the processes linking the climate, glacial, flu- how to use field equipment and interpret data. Students vial and lacustrine systems? will gather data and samples during the summer fieldwork 2. How are measured environmental changes expressed that will form the basis of an independent synthesis project in the lacustrine sediments? that will complete their project during the term. 3. How can we best establish reliable transfer functions between sedimentation and meteorological variables that will allow the sediment record to be better inter- Compulsory assignment: preted as a climate signal? Participation in fixed fieldwork programme prior to project 4. How do the inferred climate records from the lacus- fieldwork, pre-reporting of project fieldwork. trine system complement other climate records?

ASSESSMENT

Method Time Percentage of final grade

Graded report 100%

All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. 36 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES 37

The Fossils of Svalbard and the Teaching methods and activities: AG-313 | Evolution of Life (5 ECTS) The course extends over two weeks in combination with AG-813. Total lecture and seminar hours: ca. 40 hours. master/ Course period: Autumn, annually Compulsory assignment: LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: English None. CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: 5 ECTS with AG-813

GRADE: ASSESSMENT Letter grade (A through F) Method Time Percentage of final grade COURSE MATERIALS: Courses that can be combined Curriculum/reading list: Ca. 450 pages Autumn 2012 without overlap in time: | COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: Essay Course responsible: Jørn H. Hurum 30% E-mail: [email protected] june ag-341/841 UNIS contact person: Riko Noormets Written exam 3 hours 70% ag-338/838 E-mail: [email protected] COURSE COSTS: All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. None july ag-332/832 ag-343/843

ag-340 Required previous knowledge: august ag-334/834 Enrolment in a master programme in geology or geophysics. ag-844 Fundamentals of structural geology and sedimentology.

september ag-323/823 Learning outcome: ag-326/826 october The course will enable the students to conduct a cross- ag-313/813 disciplinary study of biological evolution, palaeontology and november geology, emphasizing on the most important evolutionary steps in the history of life.

Academic content: Courses that can be combined We use world-class fossils of Svalbard to illustrate the evo- spring 2013 | without overlap in time: lution of life. The course will give an overview of Svalbard’s fossil riches and give a general framework of geological time and evolution. Main fossil groups found in the archipelago january are described and discussed. Although the main emphasis february is on Svalbard, comparative perspectives of Arctic fossils in ag-325/825 general and evolution of life will be brought in. The main focus will be on the fossil records of late Paleozoic, Mesozoic march ag-335/835 ag-330/830 and Paleocene. Economic activity as mining and oil will be april briefly mentioned. The history of science of paleontological ag-342/842 exploration at Svalbard will be outlined from its early beginnings in the 18th century until the present, including the may more spectacular finds. ag-345/845 june The lectures offer a broad survey of Svalbard’s fossils and students are encouraged to pursue individual interests through the required course work and additional reading. 38 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES 39

Sequence Stratigraphy - a Tool for Academic content: Glaciology Teaching methods and activities: AG-323 | Basin Analysis (10 ECTS) AG-325 | (10 ECTS) Lectures, practical classes and field exercises will focus on The course is run combination with AG-825. The course will the recognition of trends in facies stacking patterns and have a theoretical part with lectures and seminars, and a Course period: key stratal surfaces which may be used in sequence deline- Course period: practical part with computer-based exercises, excursions Autumn, annually ation and correlation. Field logging will lead to the creation Spring, annually and fieldwork. The practical part will allow students to see LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: of architectural panels at different scales across sections LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: and study glacial phenomena discussed in the lectures, and English English of the Late Paleozoic, Cretaceous and Paleogene of central will introduce them to glaciological field methods. There will CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: Spitsbergen with subsequent interpretation of these data CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: be field excursions to englacial caves (meltwater conduits), 10 ECTS with AG-823 10 ECTS with AG-825 in terms of paleoenvironment and sequence development. calving glaciers and surging glaciers, and the students will GRADE: GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) Practical work will include the recognition of sequence ar- Letter grade (A through F) be introduced to on-going research projects. The fieldwork chitectures through the analysis of well-data and seismic and excursions may be subject to changes, depending upon COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: Book chapters, articles, compendia; ca. 300 pages reflection profiles. Benn and Evans (2010): “Glaciers and Glaciation”, the weather conditions. Part 1 (256 pages), plus selected journal articles COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: (ca. 300 pages) Course responsible: William Helland-Hansen Teaching methods and activities: Total lecture hours: 30 hours. E-mail: [email protected] COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Exercise hours (obligatory): 20 hours. UNIS contact person: Snorre Olaussen The course extends over 4 weeks in combination with AG-823. Doug Benn E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Fieldwork or field excursion (obligatory): 4 days COURSE COSTS: COURSE COSTS: Total lecture hours: 16 hours. 1 week of field course Ca. NOK 1000 Compulsory assignment: (8 days á NOK 200 = NOK 1600) Total seminar hours: 14 hours. Fieldwork: 8 days. Exercises, fieldwork and field excursions. Project work and preparation for exam: 9 days. Required previous knowledge/ Required previous knowledge/ ASSESSMENT Compulsory assignment: course specific requirements: course specific requirements: Exercises, article presentations. Students should have a background in glaciology, physical Method Time Percentage of final grade Enrolment in a master programme in geoscience. (Under- geography and/or geology. Students should be enrolled as graduate students may be considered). master students at a university. Written exam 4 hours ASSESSMENT 100% Learning outcome: Learning outcome: All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Method Time Percentage of final grade After the course, the student Obtaining a comprehensive understanding of glaciologi- 1. will have an advanced understanding of sequence Field report cal processes, exemplified by Svalbard. They should gain a stratigraphic concepts and methods both for carbon- 40% special understanding of the response of glaciers to climate ate and siliciclastic rocks change. Students will obtain instruction and experience in 2. will be able to describe and analyse a sedimentary suc- Written exam 3 hours 60% glaciological fieldwork in a series of field excursions to local cession with focus on interpretation of depositional glaciers. environments All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. 3. will be fully capable of identifying genetically related Academic content: sedimentary units and their intervening discontinuity surfaces The course is a systematic survey of modern research 4. will learn how to use evidence for changes in base level into glacial processes, and the response of glaciers and and sediment supply within a succession as a tool for ice sheets to climate change. Lectures will cover recent stratal correlation and for predicting facies distribu- changes to arctic glaciers, the principles of mass balance tions in time and space measurement and modelling, glacier hydrology, glacier mo- 5. will be fully capable of evaluating which controls are tion and dynamics, surges, calving and numerical modelling. responsible for stacking and geometry of sedimentary Students will also have the opportunity to present talks on successions their own research projects. Discussions will concentrate on identifying the critical questions for future glaciological research, and how procedures might be devised to address these questions. 40 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES 41

Quaternary Glacial and Climate Sampling strategies and methods will be demonstrated Permafrost and Periglacial Teaching methods and activities: AG-326 | History of the Arctic (10 ECTS) and discussed in the field. Recent studies of paleo-ice dy- AG-330 | Environments (10 ECTS) The course is run in combination with AG-830. The course namics and landscape development in the Arctic will also will have a theoretical part with lectures and seminars, and be highlighted. The concept of distinctive ice dynamics and Course period: Course period: a practical part with excursions and fieldwork. The practical glacier regimes reflected in landscapes based on landform Autumn, every second year Spring, annually part will emphasize field methods relevant to permafrost- associations interrelated to cold-based non-erosive glacier LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: related research such as geomorphological mapping tech- English ice and fast flowing ice streams will be studied in depth. English niques, drilling in permafrost and installation and operation CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: of sensors and data loggers for measuring temperature and 10 ECTS with AG-826 10 ECTS with AG-830 Teaching methods and activities: other parameters of the active layer and top permafrost. GRADE: GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) The course extends over four weeks in combination with Letter grade (A through F) There will be field excursions to permafrost monitoring sites, rock glaciers, talus sheets, ice-wedges, pingos and COURSE MATERIALS: AG-826. COURSE MATERIALS: Articles, book chapters: Ca. 800 pages Curriculum/reading list: Ca. 650 pages rock free faces to visit on-going research projects and for collection of field data. The fieldwork and excursions may COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Total lecture hours: 54 hours. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Anne Hormes Total seminar hours: 6 hours. Hanne H. Christiansen be subject to changes, depending upon the weather conditions. E-mail: [email protected] Field exercises: 4 days. E-mail: [email protected] COURSE COSTS: COURSE COSTS: Total lecture hours: 30 hours. 4 days á NOK 200 = NOK 800 From none to ca. NOK 1000 Compulsory assignment: Exercise hours: 20 hours. Fieldwork or field excursion: 4 days. Field exercises, article presentations, weekly discussion seminars. Required previous knowledge/ Required previous knowledge/ The group field report must be presented orally and approved course specific requirements: course specific requirements: to allow the individual student to attend the written exami- ASSESSMENT nation. Scientific paper presentations, field and laboratory Enrolment in a master programme. Students should have Enrolment in a master programme. Background in physical exercises. general knowledge about quaternary geology, like AG-210 geography and/or Quaternary geology is recommended. Method Time Percentage of final grade or similar. AG-325 students will be given preference. Compulsory assignment: Written report Learning outcome: 30% Learning outcome: Field work, field excursions, field and laboratory exercises, oral presentation of group field report, scientific paper The students will gain a thorough understanding of natu- After having completed this course students will have Written exam 3 hours presentations. ral paleoclimatic variations and glacial history in the Arctic; 70% obtained a comprehensive advanced understanding of

how ice sheet configurations are reconstructed in various All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. geomorphic processes in regions with permafrost and Arctic key regions; the challenges of understanding geo- periglacial landforms, exemplified by Svalbard. The course ASSESSMENT chronological challenges with on-hand experience from on- will provide students with an insight into modern research going research. The students will be able to critically assess methods, including field methods and theoretical approaches Method Time Percentage of final grade glacial and paleoclimatic reconstructions from literature to understanding processes and impacts of climate on and develop alternative ideas. periglacial landforms, allowing them to analyse existing Written exam 4 hours 100% theories and plan research using relevant methods. Academic content: All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Academic content: The course will give insight into the development of the Arc- tic through the Quaternary with emphasis on the interac- The course has a specific focus on the interaction between tion between climate and terrestrial environment through permafrost, periglacial processes and climate, and how this glacials and interglacials. This will be done through litera- interaction controls the different periglacial landforms. The ture studies, state-of-the-art lectures and discussions of theoretical part will introduce permafrost basics, periglacial the Svalbard-Barents Sea, Greenland, Iceland, Arctic Cana- geomorphology, and the meteorological control on the da, Alaska, Northern Russia and Siberia. The course focuses permafrost distribution and the activity of periglacial pro- on terrestrial records although marine and ice core records cesses and landforms. The course will focus on arctic and will also be discussed in order to highlight environmental alpine landscapes. Seminars will deal with papers based on changes around the Arctic basin and to discuss causes for field studies in Svalbard or other cold-climatic regions, to climatic changes and feedback processes. improve the understanding of geomorphological processes, and to demonstrate the use of periglacial landforms to The preconditions of correlating different Quaternary re- reconstruct past environments and climatic conditions. cords are robust geochronologies. Therefore, dating tech- Discussions will concentrate on identifying the critical niques like Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), cos- questions for future permafrost and periglacial research, mogenic nuclide exposure and radiocarbon dating will be and how procedures might be devised to address these highlighted in case studies. questions. 42 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES 43

Arctic Terrestrial Quaternary As well as re-examining key stratigraphical sites, the stu- Polar Petroleum Provinces Case-studies from the major Arctic oil and gas producing AG-332 | Stratigraphy (10 ECTS) dents will be given opportunity to participate in collection AG-334 | (10 ECTS) fields on the Norwegian Continental Shelf will be used in ap- of novel stratigraphic data, if possible. plied methodology exercises for calculation of hydrocarbon reserves. This will be combined with an introduction to the Course period: Course period: Autumn, annually The students will present their field results in the form of a Autumn, every second year exploration history of the various basins, providing: the ex-

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: scientific report. The data and observations collected during LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: ploration process of oil and gas from a regional perspective; English the fieldwork will be used to critically assess the validity of English use of geophysical and geological data; knowledge, visions

CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: published interpretations of the Svalbard Late Quaternary CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: and ideas of source, reservoir and trap leading through an 10 ECTS with AG-832 stratigraphy. The report will be written during one week of 10 ECTS with AG-834 initial definition of a play, then to leads and finally to risked

GRADE: supervised time at UNIS, after the field excursion. GRADE: prospects in the Barents Sea and the Norwegian Sea. Meso- Letter grade (A through F) Letter grade (A through F) zoic and Cenozoic outcropping strata on Spitsbergen will be COURSE MATERIALS: The course is intended for master students in glacial and COURSE MATERIALS: used to demonstrate successful hydrocarbon play-models Articles, ca. 700 pages quaternary geology, physical geography and marine geology. Articles, and compendium: Ca. 450 pages to producing oil- and gas-fields. The link between onshore COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: It links to AG-326. (Quaternary Glacial and Climate History COURSE RESPONSIBLE: and offshore geology will be focused. This link will be used Course responsible: Ólafur Ingólfsson Snorre Olaussen E-mail: [email protected] of the Arctic), and is also recommended for students taking E-mail: [email protected] to demonstrate the exploration process from the use of UNIS contact person: Anne Hormes courses in Quaternary marine and glacial geology (AG-339 COURSE COSTS: data and G&G knowledge to generation of play concepts, E-mail: [email protected] and AG-340). 7 days á NOK 200 = NOK 1400 leads and prospects. COURSE COSTS: 8 days á NOK 200 = NOK 1600 Teaching methods and activities: Teaching methods and activities: The course is run in combination with AG-832. The course Required previous knowledge/ The course is run in combination with AG-834. The course extends over 3 weeks at UNIS, but students are required to course specific requirements: lasts for 4 weeks. Required previous knowledge/ read key-literature and prepare seminar presentation prior course specific requirements: to arriving at UNIS. Enrolment in a master program in geology or solid earth Total lecture hours: 24 hours. geophysics. Enrolment in a relevant master programme. Students are Seminar hours: 20 hours. required to have general understanding of glacial sedimen- Total lecture hours: 8 hours. Excursion and field work: 7 days. tology and stratigraphy. Total seminar hours: 16 hours. Learning outcome: Excursion: 8 days. The exposed strata and basins on Svalbard will enable the Compulsory assignment: Post-excursion work with data and report: 1 week. Learning outcome: student advanced knowledge on petroleum provinces in the Field work and exercises. Arctic. Data from wire line logs, core data and onshore/off- Based on field studies of sediment successions at key- Compulsory assignments: shore seismic on modern work stations will give the student stratigraphic sites on western Svalbard the students will hands on experience of the workflow in the industry. After ASSESSMENT obtain an understanding of the Quaternary history of Sval- Oral presentations of selected subjects concerning glacial completing the course, the students will gain insight in the bard, and of the long-term climatic fluctuations between history/glacial stratigraphy of Svalbard and participation in geological development of the main hydrocarbon bearing Method Time Percentage of final grade glacial and interglacial periods in the Arctic. field work. basins in the Arctic, and learn about the exploration process in frontier areas. The student will be skilled in regional Graded report 40% Academic content: ASSESSMENT geology of the Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic of the Arctic. The student will be familiar with obtaining data of the most The course takes advantage of relatively easy access from Written exam 3 hours UNIS to most key-stratigraphic sites on western Svalbard. Method Percentage of final grade common reservoir and source rocks in the North Atlantic 60% The course starts with introductory lectures on Svalbard Arctic. All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. geology and history of concepts concerning the Late Quater- Pre-excursion presentations 20% nary Svalbard-Barents Sea ice sheet. The lectures are Academic content: followed by seminars, where each student gives an oral Ship/field logging exercises. Excellent outcrops of Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic basin presentation on a selected subject concerning the glacial Industriousness on cruise 20% fill will be used to illustrate the main principles of source, and climate history of Svalbard, based on in-depth study Written report reservoir and traps within a hydrocarbon play. of the literature. Field work will be conducted during eight 60% After introduction to petroleum geology, students will be days, where several key stratigraphic sites will be studied for All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. introduced to the geological evolution and regional geology giving the student a better understanding of the Quater- of the main Mesozoic and Cenozoic petroleum provinces nary history of Svalbard and the Barents Sea region. Sites within the Arctic. An updated introduction to Arctic plate visited and studied include Kapp Ekholm (Billefjorden), tectonics and evolution will also be provided. Based on re- Linné-dalen (outer Isfjorden), Poolepynten (Prins Karls gional seismic reflection lines, well data and onshore field Forland), Skilvika (Bellsund), Brøggerhalvøya and Kongs- analogs the students will be able to construct the major T/R fjordhallet (Kongsfjorden). The focus of the terrestrial field cycles (first- and second-order sequences) and their related studies will be on interpretation of sedimentary successions depositional sequences. and geomorphology in order to reconstruct glacial history,

sea level changes and palaeoclimatic variations. 44 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES 45

Polar Seismic Exploration Teaching methods and activities: Sedimentology Field Course – Lectures will provide background information for the cur- AG-335 | (10 ECTS) from Depositional Systems to rent state of debate and students will be expected to criti- The course extends over 4 weeks in combination with AG-835. AG-338 | Sedimentary Architecture (10 ECTS) cally assess published facies models and interpretations in seminars. Course period: Total lecture hours: Ca. 35 hours. The field work will focus on gaining practical experience Spring, every second year Total seminar hours: 10 hours. Course period: with description and interpretation of sedimentological LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: Field exercises: Ca. 1 week. Autumn, annually English LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: data. The data collected in the field will be used to discuss CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: English published models and interpretations. Field excursions will Compulsory assignment: 10 ECTS with AG-835 CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: be carried out partly as daytrips in the area near Longyear- GRADE: Field exercises, computer exercises. 10 ECTS with AG-838 byen and partly as overnight excursions to other areas in Letter grade (A through F) GRADE: order to have access to the full range of sedimentary en- COURSE MATERIALS: Letter grade (A through F) vironments. For coastal, fluvial and glacial environments Book chapters, articles, compendiums: Ca. 350 pages ASSESSMENT COURSE MATERIALS: where modern analogues exist on Svalbard today, the COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Book chapters, articles: Ca. 600 pages physical processes responsible for deposition and resulting Alvar Braathen Method Time Percentage of final grade COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: sedimentary structures will be investigated and discussed. E-mail: [email protected] Course responsible: To be announced COURSE COSTS: UNIS contact person: Study Administration Field work on exposed sections of Quaternary deposits will Ca. 1 week of field course Graded report 30% E-mail: [email protected] be used to illustrate depositional processes and preserved (7 days x NOK 200 = NOK 1400) COURSE COSTS: facies and geometries on different time scales. Data on the 7 days á NOK 200 = NOK1400 Written exam 4 hours three-dimensional geometry of sedimentary successions 70% will be used for classroom exercises to discuss the process- response relationships such as climate and sea level signals Required previous knowledge/ All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. in the sedimentary record. course specific requirements: Required previous knowledge/ The course provides a background for courses in sequence course specific requirements: Enrolment in a relevant master programme. Students stratigraphy (AG-323), rift basin reservoirs – from outcrop

should have basic knowledge of the seismic method. Enrolment in a master programme. Students should have to model (AG-336) and Geological constraints of CO2 general knowledge about sedimentology and stratigraphy, sequestration (AG-341). The course is also recommended Learning outcome: like AG-209 or similar. for students taking courses in Quaternary geology. The students should gain insight in the specific challenges related to seismic exploration in polar environments and Learning outcome: Teaching methods and activities: how this influences on the seismic analyses. The students will gain a thorough understanding of sedi- The course extends over 4 weeks in combination with AG-838. mentary processes and resulting facies and geometries. Academic content: They will be able to carry out sedimentological analysis on Total lecture hours: 15 hours. outcrops or cores and critically evaluate published results Total seminar hours: 25 hours. The course gives in-depth knowledge in seismic explora- and interpretations. They will become familiar with stud- Excursions: 10 days. tion on snow, ice or frozen ground. Particular attention is on ies of modern and ancient sedimentary deposits and how seismic acquisition, processing and on the seismic proper- these are used to develop facies models and ideas on how The course relies on active student participation and field ties of frozen or partly melted materials, including gas hy- stratigraphic boundaries form. work, seminar presentations and discussions are prioritized drates, characteristic for Polar environments. over lectures. Lectures are used to explain basic principles and introduce topics and terminology, but students will The structure of the upper crust in polar areas is still rela- Academic content: work actively in the field, in the laboratory and in discussion tively poorly known. By seismic exploration the sound prop- The course takes advantage of the wide range of sedimen- seminars with re- investigations of published work or col- erties of the upper few kilometres of the earth is revealed. tary depositional environments available in the rock record lecting and interpreting new data. The course starts by introducing the basic principles behind on Svalbard. Outcrops of sedimentary basins from the Car- pressure (P) and shear (S) waves, and how they are utilized boniferous to the Tertiary are used to illustrate sedimenta- Compulsory assignment: in seismic exploration on snow, ice and in open sea in the ry facies and architecture from depositional environments vicinity of sea ice. The physical properties and elastic wave from terrestrial to deep marine. The course starts with an Field exercises, oral presentations of field results. propagation in porous (partly and fully frozen) sediments introduction to sedimentary facies and architecture and and ice are outlined, with emphasis on the effect of the to the influence of internal versus external forcing mecha- soil temperature. Furthermore, the foundation and seismic nisms on sedimentary deposits. The main part of the course ASSESSMENT properties of gas hydrates are discussed. The course fol- consists of alternating lectures, seminars and fieldwork Method Time Percentage of final grade lows by outlining the main procedures in seismic processing with the aim of investigating and critically evaluating fa- and interpretation. Finally, specific attention is paid on the cies models and interpretations for alluvial, coastal, shallow use of the seismic method in monitoring of CO sequestra- Written exam 4 hours 2 shelf, deep marine and glacial environments. Each topic is 100% tion, subsurface fluid flow and pressure alterations. treated separately. All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. 46 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES 47

Arctic Glaciers and Landscapes Teaching methods and activities: Geological Constraints of As the CCS value chain has significant political aspects, the AG-340 | (10 ECTS) AG-341 | CO2 Sequestration (10 ECTS) political agenda, the administrative demands, and the lob- Total lecture hours: 18 hours. byist aims and targets will also be introduced to the stu- Fieldwork on Foxfonna (mass balance): 2 days. dents. The course offers 5 days of excursion and field work, Course period: Residential field class at Grønfjorden: 5 days. Course period: emphasizing traps (seal) and reservoirs, geology of coal, Autumn, annually Trip to Tunabreen (boat): 1 day. Autumn, every second year coal production, power generation, and CO storage. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: Data analysis and presentations: 14 hours. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: 2 English English CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: Teaching methods and activities: None Compulsory assignment: 10 ECTS with AG-841 The course lasts for four weeks and runs in combination GRADE: Field work and data analysis sessions. GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) Letter grade (A through F) with AG-841.

COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: Book chapters plus specific articles and reports ASSESSMENT Articles, and compendium: Ca. 400 pages Total lecture hours: 24 hours. from Svalbard: Ca. 500 pages COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Seminar hours: 24 hours. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Method Time Percentage of final grade Snorre Olaussen Excursion/fieldwork: 5 days. Andy Hodson E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] COURSE COSTS: COURSE COSTS: Field report NOK 1600 Compulsory assignment: 5 days in field á NOK 200 = NOK 1000 40% Field work, exercises. Written exam 4 hours 60%

All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. ASSESSMENT Required previous knowledge/ Required previous knowledge/ course specific requirements: course specific requirements: Method Time Percentage of final grade Enrolment in a relevant master programme. Students Enrolment in a master programme in geology or solid earth should have general knowledge about glaciology and geo- geophysics. Graded report morphology, like AG-204 or similar. 40%

Learning outcome: Written exam 3 hours Learning outcome: 60% Use of Longyearbyen CO laboratory will illustrate the value 2 All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. After the course, students will have improved understand- chain from exploitation of coal, use of coal as energy providing of the glacial and geomorphological processes that op- er to CO2 storage. We use geological and geophysical data erate in Arctic glacial environments; first-hand experience together with fluid flow data from the CO2 laboratory drill- of key field techniques, and an improved appreciation of ing sites together with nearby outcrop observation to illus- how the processes studied shape the Arctic landscape. trate the processes for storage of CO2. Emission of climate gases will be addressed. After completing the course, the Academic content: students will gain insight in the value chain of CCS, knowledge of reservoir characterization and use of geological and Arctic glacier/permafrost thermal regimes, glacier mass geophysical data as input to reservoir modelling, and learn balance and hydrology, ice dynamics, calving processes, about methods of sub surface monitoring of the subsurface glacier surging, Svalbard’s landscape evolution: the role of glaciers and ice sheets, moraine building and disintegration since the LIA in a permafrost environment, surging glaciers Academic content: and landscape change. The main focus of the course will be on geologically based strategies and decision-making for optimal subsurface

CO2 storage, using the Longyearbyen CO2 project as a case.

Learning from other CO2 sequestration projects will enhance the understating of key challenges, such as reservoir sandstone properties and fracture systems in the reservoir and cap rocks. The course will also take advantage of the

local coal geology as well as potential CO2 reservoirs in the vicinity of Longyearbyen (outcrop and subsurface) to illustrate the general carbon cycle, including the techniques available for power generation from coals and the different carbon capture technologies. 48 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES 49

The Marine Cryosphere and its Specific emphasis is placed on describing and discussing avail- Carbonate sedimentology Topics discussed during the course range from thin section AG-342 | Cenozoic History (10 ECTS) able methods to study the geological history of the marine AG-343 | field course (5 ECTS) analyses to larger scale carbonate formation including: cryosphere. The course embraces the marine environment from 1. Diagenesis of carbonates shallow shelves to the deep ocean. Arctic and Antarctic analo- 2. Microfacies from thin sections Course period: Course period: Spring, annually gies and differences with respect to the Cenozoic history of the Autumn, every second year 3. Sediment sources and transport mechanisms

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: marine cryosphere will be discussed. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: 4. Depositional processes of carbonates and evaporates. English English 5. Upper Palaeozoic carbonate/evaporate depositional

CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: The main topics of the course are: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: system in the Arctic 10 ECTS with AG-842 1. General physical characteristics of the marine cryosphere: ma- 5 ECTS with AG-843 6. Carbonates as hydrocarbon plays, leads, prospects and

GRADE: rine based ice sheets, icebergs, sea ice and subsea permafrost GRADE: fields in the Arctic Letter grade (A through F) 2. Dynamics of marine based ice sheets and sea ice Letter grade (A through F) COURSE MATERIALS: 3. Marine glaciogenic landforms: mapping and interpretation COURSE MATERIALS: The course is recommended to be combined either with the Curriculum/reading list: Ca. 450 pages 4. Sea ice and glacial sediment proxies: from biomarkers to ice Curriculum / reading list: Ca. 300 pages AG-323 (Sequence Stratigraphy - a Tool for Basin Analysis), COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: rafted debris COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: AG-334 (Polar Petroleum Provinces), AG-336 (Rift basin Course responsible: Martin Jakobsson Course responsible: Lars Stemmerik E-mail: [email protected] 5. Past and present drift patterns of sea ice and icebergs: im- E-mail: [email protected] reservoirs: from outcrop to model) and/or AG-338 (Sedi- UNIS contact person: Riko Noormets plications for interpretation of paleo-proxies UNIS contact person: Snorre Olaussen mentology field course – from depositional systems to E-mail: [email protected] 6. The Cenozoic history of the marine cryosphere E-mail: [email protected] sedimentary architecture), and the AG-313 (The Fossils of COURSE COSTS: 7. Ice sheet modelling: limitations and possibilities to simu- COURSE COSTS: Svalbard and the evolution of life). NOK 400 -1000 4 days á NOK 200 = NOK 800 (depending on the amount of days in field) late the marine components 8. The cryosphere’s interaction with the marine environment Teaching methods and activities: and climate The course extends over 2,5 weeks in combination with AG-843. Required previous knowledge/ Required previous knowledge/ Geological/geophysical data, providing information on the spa- course specific requirements: course specific requirements: tial extent and dynamics of the Svalbard-Barents ice sheet dur- Total lecture hours: 15 hours. Enrolment in a master programme in geology or geophys- Total seminar/exercise hours: 15 hours. Enrolment in a master programme in Earth sciences. Funda- ing the Last Glacial Maximum, are compared with ice sheet mod- ics. Familiarity with the fundamentals of sedimentology. Excursion: 4 days. mentals of geology and sedimentology or AG-209, 210 or 211, or elling results in the laboratory computer exercises. This will give equivalent. Students who have attended AG-339 will be given the students a direct insight into the present limitations and Compulsory assignment: preference. possibilities to simulate the key components of marine based Learning outcome: ice sheets; ice streams and ice shelves. The course will enable the students to identify depositional Oral presentation of Micofacies analysis and fieldwork The course includes two seminars. As a pre-course assignment, Learning outcome: facies in a carbonate ramp or platform, analyse the spatial the students are asked to prepare a short talk about their master distribution of the carbonate facies belts and their relation The students will be able to define the components of the ma- projects specifying its relevance to the content of the course and ASSESSMENT to basin configuration and tectonic development. The stu- rine cryosphere and generally describe their physical characteris- present it in a seminar at the beginning of the course. Towards dent will learn to couple carbonate microfacies and diagen- tics, interaction with the marine environment and climate, and the end of the course, the students will present the results of Method Time Percentage of final grade esis to the carbonate factory. Cenozoic history. The students will learn how analysis of geologi- their course projects in a 10-15 min. oral presentation to the class cal records, such as mapped marine glaciogenic landforms and for discussion. Written exam 3 hours 100% sediment cores, can be used to reconstruct the paleo-history of The course includes 2-5 days field work based on the sea ice in Academic content: the marine cryosphere. Through field work in a tidewater glacial front of one of Svalbard’s tidewater glaciers. During the field We use world-class Carboniferous and Permian outcrops of All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. setting, hands-on experiences will be acquired in research aiming work geophysical, geological and oceanographic data will be ob- Svalbard to illustrate the carbonate and evaporate deposi- to understand past and present marine cryospheric processes tained in front of the tidewater glaciers margin. This field work tional environments. The course will give an overview of the and dynamics. Through practical lab exercises involving com- is coordinated with course AG-339 when multibeam mapping, Arctic Upper Palaeozoic carbonate deposits and offer a gen- bined analysis of high resolution geophysical mapping data, geo- sedimentological and oceanographic data are acquired from the eral framework of the basin configuration and evolution. A logical records and numerical ice sheet simulations the students same area. The field work will give students first-hand experi- review of the economic significance of the carbonates in the will learn the limitations and possibilities in modelling studies of ence of various data collection and sampling procedures. Arctic will be covered. marine ice sheets including ice shelves and ice streams. Teaching methods and activities: Lectures will discuss the various types of carbonate depo- Academic content: sitional environments, their dimensions, geometry and dis- The course extends over 4 weeks in combination with AG-842. tribution of facies belts, and how these parameters can be The term marine cryosphere is used to collectively describe fro- Total lectures, seminars and practical exercises: ca. 50 hours. Two used to reconstruct the paleogeography of carbonate ba- zen water within the marine portion of the Earth’s surface. This presentations and 2-5 days field work. sins. incorporates marine based ice sheets including ice shelves and ice streams, icebergs, sea ice, and subsea permafrost. The ma- Compulsory assignment: rine cryosphere has played a key role during several time periods of the Earth’s geological history and is a critical component Two approved presentations in studies of climate change. In this course, the students will learn about the evolution of the marine cryosphere during the ASSESSMENT Cenozoic when the Earth experienced a long term paleoclimatic change from the warm greenhouse to the colder icehouse world. Method Time Percentage of final grade Through the lectures, field work, lab exercises and individual project work, the students will be introduced to the marine cryo- Written exam 3 hours sphere and its components. 100% All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. 50 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES 51

Dating methods and application in Students will have a chance to work on course projects The Fossils of Svalbard and The lectures offer a broad survey of Svalbard’s fossils and AG-345 Arctic terrestrial and marine based on gathered field samples or laboratory material. AG-813 | the Evolution of Life (5 ECTS) students are encouraged to pursue individual interests | Quaternary Geology (10 ECTS) Field sites include lithostratigraphic sections, Late Weich- through the required course work and additional reading. selian and Holocene moraines, marine terraces and erratic The students will receive a pre-course assignment based on Course period: boulders. Lectures and seminars will alternate to provide one or more scientific papers that they will present during Course period: Autumn, annually Spring, annually background information for current challenges and avenues LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: the course as a lecture or seminar. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: of dating methods in the Arctic environments. In seminars English English student groups will critically assess published case studies CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: Teaching methods and activities: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: with regard to age constraints, interpretations and related 5 ECTS with AG-313 The course extends over two weeks in combination with 10 ECTS with AG-845 challenges. GRADE: AG-313. Total lecture and seminar hours: Ca. 40 hours. GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) Letter grade (A through F) The course provides background for courses in marine geol- COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: ogy (AG-339, AG-342), periglacial environments (AG-330) Curriculum/reading list: Ca. 450 pages Compulsory assignment: Articles, book chapters: Ca. 600 pages COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: and terrestrial Quaternary geology (AG-332, AG-326). None. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Course responsible: Jørn H. Hurum Anne Hormes E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Teaching methods and activities: UNIS contact person: Riko Noormets E-mail: [email protected] ASSESSMENT COURSE COSTS: The course extends over four weeks in combination with AG-845. 4 days x NOK 200 = NOK 800 COURSE COSTS: None Method Time Percentage of final grade Total lecture hours: 25 hours. Total seminar/lab hours: 25 hours. Pre-course Required previous knowledge/ Field exercises: 4 days. assignment 20% Required previous knowledge/ course specific requirements: course specific requirements: Essay 30% Enrolment in a master programme. Students should have Compulsory assignment: Enrolment in a PhD- programme in geology or geophysics. general knowledge about Quaternary geology or have Field and laboratory exercises. Fundamentals of structural geology and sedimentology. Written exam 3 hours passed AG-210 or AG-211. 50% All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. ASSESSMENT Learning outcome: Learning outcome: The course will enable the students to conduct a cross- The students will gain a comprehensive understanding of Method Time Percentage of final grade disciplinary study of biological evolution, palaeontology and dating methods that are optimal for building robust chro- Course project incl. geology, emphasizing on the most important evolutionary nologies for Quaternary marine and terrestrial environmen- oral presentation 40% steps in the history of life. Some of the topics (e.g. Devo- tal archives. They will examine problems, challenges and nian vertebrates, Permian mass extinction, Late Jurassic potentials of a range of Quaternary dating methods, with Written exam 3 hours black shale fauna) will be focused on in depth and discus- focus on Arctic environments. The course will take advan- 60% sions of ongoing research at Svalbard will be used to bring tage of Svalbard as a field laboratory and students will be All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. the students to the front of what the current knowledge able to critically assess which sampling techniques and dat- and recent finds can tell us. Problems in development of ing methods have given best results, when constructing methods for conducting studies of arctic fossils and the lack geochronologies in the Arctic. of relevant literature in many fields will be emphasized and discussed. Academic content: The course discusses challenges and new research avenues Academic content: of the most applicable dating methods for Arctic terrestrial We use world-class fossils of Svalbard to illustrate the evo- and marine environments by integrating lectures, practical lution of life. The course will give an overview of Svalbard’s classes, laboratory and field exercises. Tutors will explain fossil riches and give a general framework of geological both theoretical backgrounds and physical principles of time and evolution. Main fossil groups found in the archi- biostratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, amino acid racemiza- pelago are described and discussed. Although the main em- tion, optical stimulated luminescence dating, cosmogenic phasis is on Svalbard, comparative perspectives of Arctic nuclide dating, tephrochronology and their application in fossils in general and evolution of life will be brought in. The the Arctic environments. The content will focus on recent main focus will be on the fossil records of late Paleozoic, developments of various dating techniques. Field work will Mesozoic and Paleocene. Economic activity as mining and provide hands-on experience in sampling strategies and oil will be briefly mentioned. techniques. Geological description and interpretation spe- The history of science of paleontological exploration at cific for each method will be discussed. In the laboratory a Svalbard will be outlined from its early beginnings in the wide range of marine and lake sediment cores are available 18th century until the present, including the more spec- for project studies. tacular finds. 52 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES 53

Sequence Stratigraphy - Academic content: Glaciology Teaching methods and activities: AG-823 | a Tool for Basin Analysis (10 ECTS) AG-825 | (10 ECTS) Lectures, practical classes and field exercises will focus on The course is run combination with AG-325. The course will the recognition of trends in facies stacking patterns and have a theoretical part with lectures and seminars, and a Course period: key stratal surfaces which may be used in sequence deline- Course period: practical part with and computer-based exercises, excur- Autumn, annually ation and correlation. Field logging will lead to the creation Spring, annually sions and fieldwork. The practical part will allow students to LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: of architectural panels at different scale across sections of LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: see and study glacial phenomena discussed in the lectures, English English the Late Paleozoic, Cretaceous and Paleogene of central and will introduce them to glaciological field methods. CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: Spitsbergen with subsequent interpretation of these data CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: There will be field excursions to englacial caves (meltwater 10 ECTS with AG-323 10 ECTS with AG-325 in terms of paleoenvironment and sequence development. conduits), calving glaciers and surging glaciers, and will in- GRADE: GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) Practical work will include the recognition of sequence ar- Letter grade (A through F) troduce students to on-going research projects. The field- chitectures through the analysis of well-data and seismic work and excursions may be subject to changes, depending COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: Book chapters, articles, compendia: Ca. 300 pages. reflection profiles. Benn and Evans (2010): “Glaciers and Glaciation”, upon the weather conditions. Part 1 (256 pages), plus selected journal COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: articles (ca. 300 pages) Course responsible: William Helland-Hansen Teaching methods and activities: Total lecture hours: 30 hours. E-mail: [email protected] COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Exercise hours (obligatory): 20 hours. UNIS contact person: Snorre Olaussen The course extends over 4 weeks in combination with AG-323. Doug Benn E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Fieldwork or field excursion (obligatory): 4 days. COURSE COSTS: COURSE COSTS: Total lecture hours: 16 hours. 1 week of field course (8 days á NOK 200 = NOK 1600) Ca. NOK 1000 Compulsory assignment: Total seminar hours: 14 hours. Fieldwork: 8 days. Exercises, fieldwork and field excursions. Project work and preparation for exam: 9 days. Required previous knowledge/ Required previous knowledge/ ASSESSMENT course specific requirements: Compulsory assignment: course specific requirements: Enrolment in a PhD program in geoscience. Exercises, article presentations. Students should have a background in glaciology, physical Method Time Percentage of final grade geography and/or geology. Students should be enrolled as Essay Learning outcome: PhD students at a university. ASSESSMENT (Title announced in 40% After the course, the student Learning outcome: week 4 of course) 1. will have an in-depth understanding of sequence Method Time Percentage of final grade stratigraphic concepts and methods both for carbon- Obtaining a comprehensive understanding of glaciologi- Written exam 4 hours 60% ate and siliciclastic rocks Field report 40% cal processes, exemplified by Svalbard. They should gain a 2. will be fully capable of describing and analysing a sedi- special understanding of the response of glaciers to climate All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. mentary succession with focus on interpretation of change. Students will obtain instruction and experience in Written exam 3 hours depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy 60% glaciological fieldwork in a series of field excursions to local glaciers, and on numerical modelling techniques in com- 3. will be highly skilled and advanced in identifying ge- All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. netically related sedimentary units and their interven- puter labs. ing discontinuity surfaces 4. will have a mature attitude towards how to use evi- Academic content: dence for changes in base level and sediment supply The course is a systematic survey of modern research within a succession as a tool for stratal correlation and into glacial processes, and the response of glaciers and for predicting facies distributions in time and space ice sheets to climate change. Lectures will cover recent 5. will be well-reflected in evaluating which controls are changes to arctic glaciers, the principles of mass balance responsible for stacking and geometry of sedimentary measurement and modelling, glacier hydrology, glacier mo- successions tion and dynamics, surges, calving and numerical modelling. Students will also have the opportunity to present talks on their own research projects. Discussions will concentrate on identifying the critical questions for future glaciological research, and how procedures might be devised to address these questions. 54 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES 55

Quaternary Glacial and Climate Recent studies of paleo-ice dynamics and landscape devel- Permafrost and Periglacial Discussions will concentrate on identifying the critical ques- AG-826 | History of the Arctic (10 ECTS) opment in the Arctic will also be highlighted. The concept AG-830 | Environments (10 ECTS) tions for future permafrost and periglacial research, and of distinctive ice dynamics and glacier regimes reflected how procedures might be devised to address these ques- in landscapes based on landform associations interrelated tions. Course period: Course period: Autumn, every second year to cold-based non-erosive glacier ice and fast flowing ice Spring, annually

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: streams will be studied in depth. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: Teaching methods and activities: English English The course is run in combination with AG-330. The course CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: Teaching methods and activities: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: 10 ECTS with AG-326 10 ECTS with AG-330 will have a theoretical part with lectures and seminars, and The course extends over four weeks in combination with AG-326. a practical part with excursions and fieldwork. The practical GRADE: GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) Letter grade (A through F) part will emphasize field methods relevant to permafrost-

COURSE MATERIALS: Total lecture hours: 54 hours. COURSE MATERIALS: related research such as geomorphological mapping tech- Articles, book chapters: Ca. 800 pages Total seminar hours: 6 hours. Curriculum/reading list ca. 650 pages niques, drilling in permafrost and installation and operation

COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Field exercises: 4 days. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: of sensors and data loggers for measuring temperature and Anne Hormes Presentation of own PhD study for discussion. Hanne H. Christiansen other parameters of the active layer and top permafrost. E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] There will be field excursions to permafrost monitoring COURSE COSTS: COURSE COSTS: sites, rock glaciers, talus sheets, ice-wedges, pingos and 4 days á NOK 200 = NOK 800 Compulsory assignment: From none to ca. NOK 1000 rock free faces to visit on-going research projects and for Field exercises and oral presentations, article presenta- collection of field data. The fieldwork and excursions may tions, weekly discussion seminars, presentation of own PhD be subject to changes, depending upon the weather condi- project. Required previous knowledge/ Required previous knowledge/ tions. course specific requirements: course specific requirements: ASSESSMENT Total lecture hours: 30 hours. Enrolment in a PhD program. Students should have general Enrolment in a PhD programme. Background in physical ge- Exercise hours: 20 hours. knowledge about quaternary geology, like AG-332 or similar. ography and/or Quaternary geology is recommended. AG- Method Time Percentage of final grade Fieldwork or field excursion: 4 days. 825 students will be given preference. Learning outcome: Written report The group field report must be presented orally and ap- 30% Learning outcome: The students will gain a thorough understanding of natu- proved to allow the individual student to attend the written ral paleoclimatic variations and glacial history in the Arctic; After having completed this course students will have examination. Scientific paper presentations, and field and Written exam 3 hours how ice sheet configurations are reconstructed in various 70% obtained a comprehensive, advanced understanding of laboratory exercises.

Arctic key regions; the challenges of understanding geo- All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. geomorphic processes in regions with permafrost and chronological challenges with on-hand experience from on- periglacial landforms, exemplified by Svalbard. The course Compulsory assignment: going research. The students will be able to critically assess will provide students with an insight into modern research Field work, field excursions, field and laboratory exercises, glacial and paleoclimatic reconstructions from literature methods, including field methods and theoretical approach- oral presentation of group field report, scientific paper and develop alternative ideas. es to understanding processes and impacts of climate on presentations. periglacial landforms, allowing them to formulate hypoth- Academic content: eses and plan research at the highest scientific level. ASSESSMENT The course will give insight into the development of the Arc- Academic content: tic through the Quaternary with emphasis on the interac- A 20 minutes oral discussion of the state of research with- tion between climate and terrestrial environment through The course has a specific focus on the interaction between in a self-selected scientific topic, within the scope of the glacials and interglacials. This will be done through litera- permafrost, periglacial processes and climate, and how this course, followed by a 10 minute discussion with the course ture studies, state-of-the-art lectures and discussions of interaction controls the different periglacial landforms. The participants, minimum two course lecturers and the exter- the Svalbard-Barents Sea, Greenland, Iceland, Arctic Cana- course will give an insight into modern research methods, nal evaluator for the course. da, Alaska, Northern Russia and Siberia. The course focuses including field methods and theoretical approaches to un- Method Time Percentage of final grade on terrestrial records although marine and ice core records derstanding processes and impacts of climate on periglacial will also be discussed in order to highlight environmental landforms. The theoretical part will introduce permafrost Oral presentation changes around the Arctic basin and to discuss causes for basics, periglacial geomorphology, and the meteorological and discussion 33% climatic changes and feedback processes. control on the permafrost distribution and the activity of periglacial processes and landforms. The course will focus Written exam 4 hours The preconditions of correlating different Quaternary re- on arctic and alpine landscapes. Seminars will deal with pa- 67% cords are robust geochronologies. Therefore, dating tech- pers based on field studies in Svalbard or other cold-climatic All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. niques like Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), cos- regions, to improve the understanding of geomorphological mogenic nuclide exposure and radiocarbon dating will be processes, and to demonstrate the use of periglacial land- highlighted in case studies. Sampling strategies and meth- forms to reconstruct past environments and climatic condi- ods will be demonstrated and discussed in the field. tions. 56 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES 57

Arctic Terrestrial Quaternary The focus of the terrestrial field studies will be on inter- Polar Petroleum Provinces Case-studies from the major Arctic oil and gas producing AG-832 | Stratigraphy (10 ECTS) pretation of sedimentary successions and geomorphology AG-834 | (10 ECTS) fields on the Norwegian Continental Shelf will be used in ap- in order to reconstruct glacial history, sea level changes plied methodology exercises for calculation of hydrocarbon and palaeoclimatic variations. As well as re-examining key reserves. This will be combined with an introduction to the Course period: Course period: Autumn, annually stratigraphical sites, the students will be given opportunity Autumn, every second year exploration history of the various basins, providing: the ex-

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: to participate in collection of novel stratigraphic data, if LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: ploration process of oil and gas from a regional perspective; English possible. English use of geophysical and geological data; knowledge, visions

CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: and ideas of source, reservoir and trap leading through an 10 ECTS with AG-332 The students will present their field results in the form of 10 ECTS with AG-334 initial definition of a play, then to leads and finally to risked

GRADE: a scientific report. The data and observations collected during GRADE: prospects in the Barents Sea and the Norwegian Sea. Meso- Letter grade (A through F) the field will be used to critically assess the validity of Letter grade (A through F) zoic and Cenozoic outcropping strata on Spitsbergen will be COURSE MATERIALS: published interpretations of the Svalbard Late Quaternary COURSE MATERIALS: used to demonstrate successful hydrocarbon play-models Articles: Ca. 700 pages stratigraphy. The report will be written during one-week of Articles, and compendium: Ca. 500 pages to producing oil- and gas-fields. The link between onshore COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: supervised time at UNIS, after the field excursion. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: and offshore geology will be focused. This link will be used Course responsible: Ólafur Ingólfsson; Snorre Olaussen E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] to demonstrate the exploration process from the use of UNIS contact person: Anne Hormes; The course is intended for PhD students in glacial and qua- COURSE COSTS: data and G&G knowledge to generation of play concepts, E-mail: [email protected] ternary geology, physical geography and marine geology. It NOK 1600 leads and prospects. COURSE COSTS: links to AG-826 (Quaternary Glacial and Climate History of 8 days á NOK 200 = NOK 1600 the Arctic), and is also recommended for students taking Teaching methods and activities: UNIS graduate courses in Quaternary marine geology and glacial geology. Required previous knowledge/ The course lasts 4 weeks and is run in combination with AG-334. course specific requirements: Required previous knowledge/ Total lecture hours: 24 hours. Teaching methods and activities: course specific requirements: Enrolment in a PhD programme in geology or solid earth Seminar hours: 20 hours. geophysics. Enrolment in a relevant PhD programme. Students are re- The course is run in combination with AG-332. The course Excursion and field work: 7 days. quired to have general understanding of glacial sedimentol- extends over 3 weeks at UNIS, but students are required to ogy and stratigraphy. read key-literature and prepare seminar presentation prior Learning outcome: The PhD students will receive a pre-course assignment to arriving at UNIS. The exposed strata and basins on Svalbard will enable the based on one or more scientific papers that they will pre- Learning outcome: student to give insight on petroleum provinces in the Arctic. sent during the course as a lecture or seminar. Total lecture hours: 8 hours. Data from wire line logs, core data and onshore/offshore Based on field studies of sediment successions at key- Total seminar hours: 16 hours. seismic on modern work stations will give the student an in- Compulsory assignment: stratigraphic sites on western Svalbard the students will Excursion: 8 days. troduction to the workflow in the industry. After complet- obtain an understanding of the Quaternary history of Sval- Field work and exercises. Post-excursion work with data and report: 1 week. ing the course, the students will gain insight in the geologi- bard, and of the long-term climatic fluctuations between cal development of the main hydrocarbon bearing basins in glacial and interglacial periods in the Arctic. The students Compulsory assignments: the Arctic, learn about the exploration process in frontier ASSESSMENT will be trained to critically evaluate current reconstructions areas. The student will be skilled in regional geology of the of Svalbard-Barents Sea Late Quaternary glacial history, Oral presentations of selected subjects concerning glacial Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic of the Arctic. The student Method Time Percentage of final grade and to develop alternative reconstructions rooted in results history/glacial stratigraphy of Svalbard. Active participa- will be familiar with obtaining data of the most common of their field observations. tion in the field work. Pre-course reservoir and source rocks in the North Atlantic Arctic. assignment 20% Academic content: ASSESSMENT Academic content: Graded report 5 hours The course takes advantage of relatively easy access from 30% Excellent outcrops of Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic basin UNIS to most key-stratigraphic sites on western Svalbard. Method Time Percentage of final grade fill will be used to illustrate the main principles of source, Written exam 3 hours The course starts with introductory lectures on Svalbard Pre-excursion reservoir and traps within a hydrocarbon play. After intro- 50% geology and history of concepts concerning the Late Qua- presentations 20% duction to petroleum geology, students will be introduced All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. ternary Svalbard-Barents Sea ice sheet. The lectures are to the geological evolution and regional geology of the main followed by seminars, where each student gives an oral Ship/field logging Mesozoic and Cenozoic petroleum provinces within the Arc- presentation on a selected subject concerning the glacial exercises. Industri- 20% tic. An updated introduction to Arctic plate tectonics and and climate history of Svalbard, based on in-depth study ousness on cruise evolution will also be provided. Based on regional seismic of the literature. Field work will be conducted during eight Written report reflection lines, well data and onshore field analogs the stu- days, where several key stratigraphic sites will be studied to 60% dents will be able to construct the major T/R cycles (first- give the student a better understanding of the Quaternary All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. and second-order sequences) and their related depositional history of Svalbard and the Barents Sea region. Sites visited sequences. and studied include Kapp Ekholm (Billefjorden), Linnédalen (outer Isfjorden), Poolepynten (Prins Karls Forland), Skilvika (Bellsund), Brøggerhalvøya and Kongsfjordhallet (Kongsf- jorden). 58 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES 59

Polar Seismic Exploration Teaching methods and activities: Sedimentology Field Course – Lectures will provide background information for the cur- AG-835 | (10 ECTS) from Depositional Systems to rent state of debate and students will be expected to criti- The course extends over 4 weeks in combination with AG-335. AG-838 | Sedimentary Architecture (10 ECTS) cally assess published facies models and interpretations in seminars. Course period: Total lecture hours: Ca. 35 hours. The field work will focus on gaining practical experience with Spring, every second year Total seminar hours: 10 hours. Course period: Autumn, annually description and interpretation of sedimentological data. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: Field exercises: Ca. 1 week. English LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: The data collected in the field will be used to discuss pub- English CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: lished models and interpretations. Field excursions will be 10 ECTS with AG-335 Compulsory assignment: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: carried out partly as daytrips in the area near Longyearbyen 10 ECTS with AG-338 GRADE: Field exercises, computer exercises. Pre-course assignment and partly as overnight excursions to other areas in order to Letter grade (A through F) (to be prepared and presented orally) must be approved to GRADE: have access to the full range of sedimentary environments. Letter grade (A through F) COURSE MATERIALS: be allowed to sit for the exam. For coastal, fluvial and glacial environments where modern Book chapters, articles, compendiums: Ca. 350 pages COURSE MATERIALS: analogues exist on Svalbard today, the physical processes Book chapters, articles: Ca. 600 pages COURSE RESPONSIBLE: responsible for deposition and resulting sedimentary struc- Alvar Braathen ASSESSMENT COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: E-mail: [email protected] Course responsible: To be announced tures will be investigated and discussed. UNIS contact person: Study Administration COURSE COSTS: Method Time Percentage of final grade Ca. 1 week of field course E-mail: [email protected] Field work on exposed sections of Quaternary deposits will (7 days á NOK 200 = NOK 1400) COURSE COSTS: be used to illustrate depositional processes and preserved 7 days á NOK 200 = NOK 1400 Graded report 30% facies and geometries on different time scales. Data on the three-dimensional geometry of sedimentary successions Required previous knowledge/ Written exam 4 hours 70% will be used for classroom exercises to discuss the process- course specific requirements: Required previous knowledge/ response relationships such as climate and sea level signals All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. course specific requirements: in the sedimentary record. Enrolment in a relevant PhD programme. Students should The course provides a background for courses in sequence have basic knowledge of the seismic method. Enrolment in a PhD programme. Students should have gen- stratigraphy (AG-823), rift basin reservoirs – from outcrop eral knowledge about sedimentology and stratigraphy, like to model (AG-836) and geological constraints of CO2 Learning outcome: AG-209 or similar. sequestration (AG-841). The course is also recommended for students taking courses in Quaternary geology. The students should gain insight in the specific challenges Learning outcome: related to seismic exploration in polar environments and how this influences on the seismic analyses. The students will gain a thorough understanding of sedi- Teaching methods and activities: mentary processes and resulting facies and geometries. The course extends over 4 weeks in combination with AG-338. Academic content: They will be able to carry out sedimentological analysis on outcrops or cores and understand the advantages and limi- Total lecture hours: 15 hours. The course gives in-depth knowledge in seismic explora- tations of modern and ancient deposits for development of Total seminar hours: 25 hours. tion on snow, ice or frozen ground. Particular attention is on facies models and stratigraphic boundaries. The students Excursions: 10 days. seismic acquisition, processing and on the seismic proper- will able to critically evaluate published models and to de- ties of frozen or partly melted materials, including gas hy- velop alternative ideas based on the results of their own The course relies on active student participation and field drates, characteristic for Polar environments. investigations. work, seminar presentations and discussions are prioritized over lectures. Lectures are used to explain basic principles The structure of the upper crust in polar areas is still rela- Academic content: and introduce topics and terminology, but students will tively poorly known. By seismic exploration the sound prop- work actively in the field, in the laboratory and in discussion erties of the upper few kilometres of the earth is revealed. The course takes advantage of the wide range of sedimen- seminars with re- investigations of published work or The course starts by introducing the basic principles behind tary depositional environments available in the rock record collecting and interpreting new data. pressure (P) and shear (S) waves, and how they are utilized on Svalbard. Outcrops of sedimentary basins from the Car- in seismic exploration on snow, ice and in open sea in the boniferous to the Tertiary are used to illustrate sedimenta- vicinity of sea ice. The physical properties and elastic wave ry facies and architecture from depositional environments Compulsory assignment: propagation in porous (partly and fully frozen) sediments from terrestrial to deep marine. The course starts with an Field exercises and oral presentations of field result. and ice are outlined, with emphasis on the effect of the introduction to sedimentary facies and architecture and soil temperature. Furthermore, the foundation and seismic to the influence of internal versus external forcing mecha- properties of gas hydrates are discussed. The course follows nisms on sedimentary deposits. The main part of the course ASSESSMENT by outlining the main procedures in seismic processing and consists of alternating lectures, seminars and fieldwork Method Time Percentage of final grade interpretation. Finally, specific attention is paid on the use with the aim of investigating and critically evaluating facies models and interpretations for alluvial, coastal, shallow of the seismic method in monitoring of CO2 sequestration, subsurface fluid flow and pressure alterations. shelf, deep marine and glacial environments. Each topic is Graded report 60% treated separately. Written exam 3 hours 40%

All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. 60 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES 61

Geological Constraints of As the CCS value chain has significant political aspects, the The Marine Cryosphere and its Academic content: AG-841 | CO2 Sequestration (10 ECTS) political agenda, the administrative demands, and the lob- AG-842 | Cenozoic History (10 ECTS) The term marine cryosphere is used to collectively describe byist aims and targets will also be introduced to the stu- frozen water within the marine portion of the Earth’s sur- dents. The course offers 5 days of excursion and field work, Course period: Course period: face. This incorporates marine based ice sheets including ice emphasizing traps (seal) and reservoirs, geology of coal, Autumn, every second year Spring, annually shelves and ice streams, icebergs, sea ice, and subsea per- coal production, power generation, and CO storage. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: 2 LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: mafrost. The marine cryosphere has played a key role during English English several time periods of the Earth’s geological history and CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: Teaching methods and activities: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: is a critical component in studies of climate change. In this 10 ECTS with AG-341 10 ECTS with AG-342 The course lasts 4 weeks and is run in combination with AG-341. course, the students will learn about the evolution of the GRADE: GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) Letter grade (A through F) marine cryosphere during the Cenozoic when the Earth’s experienced a long term palaeoclimatic change from the warm COURSE MATERIALS: Total lecture hours: 24 hours. COURSE MATERIALS: Articles, and compendium: Ca. 450 pages Seminar hours: 24 hours. Curriculum/reading list: Ca. 450 pages greenhouse to the colder icehouse world. Through the lectures, field work, lab exercises and individual project work, COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Excursion/field work: 5 days. COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: Snorre Olaussen Course responsible: Martin Jakobsson the students will be introduced to the marine cryosphere E-mail: [email protected] The PhD students will receive a pre-course assignment E-mail: [email protected] and its components. Specific emphasis is placed on describ- UNIS contact person: Riko Noormets COURSE COSTS: based on one or more scientific papers that they will pre- ing and discussing available methods to study the geologi- Course costs: NOK 1600 E-mail: [email protected] sent during the course as a lecture or seminar. COURSE COSTS: cal history of the marine cryosphere. The course embraces NOK 400-1000 the marine environment from shallow shelves to the deep (depending on the amount of days in field) Compulsory assignment: ocean. Arctic and Antarctic analogies and differences with Required previous knowledge/ respect to the Cenozoic history of the marine cryosphere Field work, exercises. course specific requirements: will be discussed. Enrolment in a PhD programme in geology or solid earth Required previous knowledge/ ASSESSMENT course specific requirements: : The main topics of the course are: geophysics. General physical characteristics of the marine cryosphere: Enrolment in a PhD programme in Earth sciences. Funda- Method Time Percentage of final grade marine based ice sheets, icebergs, sea ice and subsea per- Learning outcome: mentals of geology and sedimentology or AG-209, 210 or mafrost Dynamics of marine based ice sheets and sea ice Pre-course 211, or equivalent. Students who have attended AG-339 or Marine glaciogenic landforms: mapping and interpretation Use of Longyearbyen CO laboratory will illustrate the value 2 assignment incl. AG-839 will be given preference. Sea ice and glacial sediment proxies: from biomarkers to ice chain from exploitation of coal, use of coal as energy provid- 20% presentation rafted debris Past and present drift patterns of sea ice and er to CO storage. We use geological and geophysical data 2 icebergs: implications for interpretation of palaeo-proxies together with fluid flow data from the CO laboratory drill- Learning outcome: 2 Graded report 5 hours The Cenozoic history of the marine cryosphere Ice sheet ing sites together with nearby outcrop observation to illus- 30% The students will be able to identify the components of modelling: limitations and possibilities to simulate the ma- trate the processes for storage of CO . Emission of climate the marine cryosphere, describe and analyse their physical 2 rine components The cryosphere’s interaction with the ma- gases will be addressed. After completing the course, the Written exam 3 hours characteristics as well as interaction with the marine envi- 50% rine environment and climate students will gain insight in the value chain of CCS, knowl- ronment and climate during the Cenozoic. The students will All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Geological/geophysical data, providing information on the edge of reservoir characterization and use of geological and learn the details of state-of-the-art methods used in the spatial extent and dynamics of the Svalbard-Barents ice geophysical data as input to reservoir modelling, and learn analysis of geological records including marine glaciogenic sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum, are compared with about methods of sub surface monitoring of the subsurface landforms and sediments. Through field work in a tidewa- ice sheet modelling results in the laboratory computer exter glacial-marginal setting, hands-on experiences will be ercises. This will give the students a direct insight into the acquired in research on the past and present marine cry- Academic content: present limitations and possibilities to simulate the key ospheric processes and their dynamics. Through practical The main focus of the course will be on geologically based components of marine based ice sheets; ice streams and ice lab exercises involving combined analysis of high resolution strategies and decision-making for optimal subsurface shelves. geophysical mapping data, geological records and numerical CO storage, using the Longyearbyen CO project as a case. 2 2 ice sheet simulations the students will learn the limitations Learning from other CO sequestration projects will en- The course includes two seminars. As a pre-course assign- 2 and possibilities in modelling studies of marine ice sheets hance the understating of key challenges, such as reservoir ment, the students are asked to prepare a short talk about including ice shelves and ice streams. sandstone properties and fracture systems in the reservoir their PhD projects specifying its relevance to the content and cap rocks. The course will also take advantage of the of the course and present it in a seminar at the beginning of the course. Towards the end of the course, the students local coal geology as well as potential CO2 reservoirs in the vicinity of Longyearbyen (outcrop and subsurface) to il- will present the results of their course projects in a 10-15 lustrate the general carbon cycle, including the techniques min. oral presentation to the class for discussion and write available for power generation from coals and the different a report based on this. carbon capture technologies. 62 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES 63

The course includes 2-5 days field work based on the sea ice Carbonate sedimentology field course Topics discussed during the course range from thin section in front of one of Svalbard’s tidewater glaciers. During the AG-843 | (5 ECTS) analyses to larger scale carbonate formation including: field work geophysical, geological and oceanographic data 1. Diagenesis of carbonates will be obtained in front of the tidewater glaciers margin. 2. Microfacies from thin sections Course period: This field work is coordinated with course AG-839 when Autumn, every second year 3. Sediment sources and transport mechanisms

multibeam mapping, sedimentological and oceanographic LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: 4. Depositional processes of carbonates and evaporates. data are acquired from the same area. The field work will English 5. Upper Palaeozoic carbonate/evaporate depositional

give students first-hand experience of various data collec- CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: system in the Arctic tion and sampling procedures. 5 ECTS with AG-343 6. Carbonates as hydrocarbon plays, leads, prospects and

GRADE: fields in the Arctic Teaching methods and activities: Letter grade (A through F) COURSE MATERIALS: The course is recommended to be combined either with the The course extends over 4 weeks in combination with AG-342. Curriculum / reading list: Ca. 350 pages AG-823 (Sequence Stratigraphy - a Tool for Basin Analysis), COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: AG-834 (Polar Petroleum Provinces), AG-836 (Rift basin Course responsible: Lars Stemmerik Total lectures, seminars and practical exercises: ca. 50 hours. reservoirs: from outcrop to model) and/or AG-838 (Sedi- Presentations: 2. E-mail: [email protected] UNIS contact person: Snorre Olaussen mentology field course – from depositional systems to sed- Field work: 2-5 days. E-mail: [email protected] imentary architecture), and AG-813 (The Fossils of Svalbard COURSE COSTS: and the evolution of life). Compulsory assignment: 4 days á NOK 200 = NOK 800 Two approved presentations. Teaching methods and activities: The course extends over 2,5 weeks in combination with AG-343. Required previous knowledge/ ASSESSMENT course specific requirements: Total lecture hours: 15 hours. Method Time Percentage of final grade Enrolment in a PhD programme in geology or geophysics. Total seminar/exercise hours: 15 hours. Familiarity with the fundamentals of sedimentology. Excursion: 4 days. Written report 30% Learning outcome: The PhD students will receive a pre-course assignment based on one or more scientific papers that they will pre- Written exam 3 hours 70% The course will enable the students to identify depositional sent during the course as a lecture or seminar. facies in a carbonate ramp or platform, analyse the spatial All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. distribution of the carbonate facies belts and their relation Compulsory assignment: to basin configuration and tectonic development. The student will learn to couple carbonate microfacies and diagen- Oral presentation of Microfacies analysis and fieldwork. esis to the carbonate factory. ASSESSMENT Academic content: We use world-class Carboniferous and Permian outcrops of Method Time Percentage of final grade Svalbard to illustrate the carbonate and evaporate deposi- Pre-course tional environments. The course will give an overview of the assignment 20% Arctic Upper Palaeozoic carbonate deposits and offer a general framework of the basin configuration and evolution. A Written exam 3 hours review of the economic significance of the carbonates in the 80% Arctic will be covered. All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Lectures will discuss the various types of carbonate depositional environments, their dimensions, geometry and distribution of facies belts, and how these parameters can be used to reconstruct the paleogeography of carbonate basins. Photo: Endre Før Gjermundsen. Før Endre Photo: 64 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOLOGY – PhD COURSES 65

Dynamics of Calving Glaciers Teaching methods and activities: Dating methods and application In the laboratory a wide range of marine and lake sediment AG-844 | (5 ECTS) in Arctic terrestrial and marine cores are available for project studies. The course extends over 2,5 weeks. AG-845 | Quaternary Geology (10 ECTS) Students will have a chance to work on course projects Course period: Total lecture hours: 40 hours. based on gathered field samples or laboratory material. Autumn (every second year) Total laboratory work (computing and remote sensing): 20 hours. Course period: Field sites include lithostratigraphic sections, Late Weich- LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: Excursions: 3 days of boat trips to calving glaciers in Isfjorden. Spring, annually English LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: selian and Holocene moraines, marine terraces and erratic CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: English boulders. Lectures and seminars will alternate to provide Compulsory assignment: None CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: background information for current challenges and avenues GRADE: Excursions and computing practicals. 10 ECTS with AG-345 of dating methods in the Arctic environments. In seminars Letter grade (A through F) GRADE: student groups will critically assess published case studies COURSE MATERIALS: Letter grade (A through F) with regard to age constraints, interpretations and related Benn and Evans (2010) “Glaciers and Glaciation”, Part ASSESSMENT COURSE MATERIALS: challenges. 1 (256 pp.), plus selected journal articles (ca. 300 pp.) Articles, book chapters: Ca. 600 pages COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Method Time Percentage of final grade Doug Benn COURSE RESPONSIBLE: The course provides background for courses in marine geol- Anne Hormes E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] ogy (AG-839, AG-842), periglacial environments (AG-830) COURSE COSTS: Graded paper COURSE COSTS: and terrestrial Quaternary geology (AG-832, AG-826). Ca. NOK 1000 40% 4 days x NOK 200 = NOK 800 Written exam 2 hours 60% Teaching methods and activities: The course extends over four weeks in combination with AG-345. All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Required previous knowledge/ Required previous knowledge/ course specific requirements: course specific requirements: Total lecture hours: 25 hours. Students should have a background in glaciology or related Total seminar/lab hours: 25 hours. Enrolment in a PhD programme. Students should have gen- discipline, and be enrolled as PhD students at a university. Field exercises: 4 days. eral knowledge about Quaternary geology or have passed Preference will be given to students involved in the SVALI AG-210 or AG-211. project. This course is also given to students at Master level. For PhD students, extra questions will be added in the final Learning outcome: Learning outcome: exam and PhD students are asked to present their own PhD The students will gain a comprehensive understanding of study for discussion. Students on this course will obtain: dating methods that are optimal for building robust chro- • Knowledge of recent changes to calving glaciers in nologies for Quaternary marine and terrestrial environmen- Compulsory assignment: Greenland, Antarctica, Svalbard, and other regions tal archives. They will examine problems, challenges and • An understanding of the key glaciological processes Field and laboratory exercises. potentials of a range of Quaternary dating methods, with underlying calving glacier behaviour focus on Arctic environments. The course will take advan- • Awareness of major unsolved research problems and tage of Svalbard as a field laboratory and students will be ASSESSMENT insight into how these may be addressed able to critically assess which sampling techniques and dat- • Practical experience of numerical modelling and re- ing methods have given best results, when constructing ge- Method Time Percentage of final grade mote sensing ochronologies in the Arctic. Students will have the opportu- Course project incl. nity to discuss problems and potentials of dating methods oral presentation Academic content: for their own PhD studies. 40% The course is a detailed exploration of the behaviour of calv- Written exam 3 hours ing glaciers, marine ice-streams and ice shelves. Lectures Academic content: 60% and seminars will focus on recent changes in calving glacier The course discusses challenges and new research avenues All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. dynamics and front positions, and the theory of key pro- of the most applicable dating methods for Arctic terrestrial cesses including hydrology, basal motion, fracturing and and marine environments by integrating lectures, practical calving. Laboratory work will include practical classes on classes, laboratory and field exercises. Tutors will explain modelling calving glaciers, and remote sensing of glacier os- both theoretical backgrounds and physical principles of bi- cillations, velocities, and other key characteristics. ostratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, amino acid racemization, optical stimulated luminescence dating, cosmogenic nuclide dating, tephrochronology and their application in the Arctic environments. The content will focus on recent developments of various dating techniques. Field work will provide hands-on experience in sampling strategies and techniques. Geological description and interpretation specific for each method will be discussed. 66 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS 67

ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS

Svalbard (78°N) is the northernmost location on Earth that Upper Polar Atmosphere: Svalbard is at daytime located can easily be visited at any time of the year. The students underneath the polar cusp opening towards the interplan- at UNIS have the opportunity to sit ring-side to observe etary space. The polar cusp region is where the solar-terres- phenomena that are specific to Polar regions and study trial coupling is most direct and strongest. The two months the physical processes that lead up to them. UNIS seeks to of darkness mid-winter makes Svalbard one of the most introduce students to the whole vertical column, from the ideal places for ground-based observations of daytime Au- deep of the oceans up to the outermost boundary of the rora Borealis. atmosphere, as a dynamic system with a large variety of processes going on inside each layer as well as interactions More information about Arctic geophysics at UNIS can be between them. found at this webpage: www.unis.no/studies/geophysics

NOTE: This department offers courses that are also relevant for UNIS students within e.g. Geoscience. bachelor specific fields courses | of study | RECOMMENDED COURSE COMBINATIONS:

Oceanography: At Svalbard you are in an excellent position to Autumn Spring study the complicated air-ice-sea interaction processes in nature’s own laboratory. agf-210 agf-211 agf-215 agf-212 Meteorology: Study the processes related to very stable boundary layers and the contrast between cold ice/snow or surfaces and relatively warm sea that leads to atmospheric agf-213 ab-203* phenomena that can only be observed in Polar Regions. agf-214 Cryosphere: A distinct feature of the Arctic is the cryosphere. The high Arctic setting in combination with fre- at-209* quent occurrence of warm spells coming from south makes Svalbard a unique place for studying the dynamics of snow at-210* and ice in a changing climate. * = Interdisciplinary courses The Middle Polar Atmosphere: Study the unique phenomena of Polar stratospheric clouds, noctilucent clouds, abnor- mal radar reflections, the Polar mesospheric summer ech- oes, and the presence of large quantities of sub visual dust.

The The northern lights dance above Longyearbreen and northern Nordenskiöld mountain. lights | Photo: Robert Pfau 68 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - BACHELOR COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - BACHELOR COURSES 69

The Middle Polar The students will get an introduction to the physics of Air-Ice-Sea Interaction I connected with winds and currents in the boundary layers AGF-210 | Atmosphere (15 ECTS) dust/aerosol particles and their role in formation of the noc- AGF-211 | (15 ECTS) above and below the ice cover, and the processes that pro- tilucent cloud phenomenon, the radar scattering summer vide and influence the energy balance in the ocean-ice-air clouds (PMSE) and winter clouds (PMWE). Field work will boundary layer. Energy balance and the effective produc- Course period: Course period: Autumn semester, annually be connected to airglow observations from the UNIS opti- Spring semester, annually tion of water types in regions with sea-ice are discussed

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: cal field station, the Kjell Henriksen Observatory (KHO), and LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: with a view to the impact on climate. Field work will take English to radar and lidar observations from Andøya Rocket Range. English place on sea ice (fjord ice or ice floes) during a scientific

CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: cruise with a research vessel. Students make reports from None Teaching methods and activities: None selected field measurements. The most relevant combina- GRADE: GRADE: tion with this course would be AGF-212. Letter grade (A through F) The course extends over one semester. Letter grade (A through F) COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: Teaching methods and activities: Book chapters, hand-outs: Ca. 400 pages. Total lecture hours: 65 hours. Book chapters, articles, compendiums: Ca. 350 pages

COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Total seminar hours: 30 hours. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: The course extends over a full semester. Ove Havnes Fieldwork/Excursion: 4-6 days. Frank Nilsen E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Total lecture hours: 60 hours. COURSE COSTS: COURSE COSTS: Total seminar hours: 20 hours. Ca. 4 days of fieldwork (4 x NOK 200 = NOK 800) Compulsory assignment: Ca. 7 days fieldwork (7 days on a scientific cruise x NOK 200 = NOK 1400) Field exercises: 7 days. Fieldwork and written report. Compulsory assignment: Required previous knowledge/ ASSESSMENT Required previous knowledge/ Field- and laboratory exercises and report, presentation of course specific requirements: report. The report must be approved in order to take the Method Time Percentage of final grade course specific requirements: The student should have physics/geophysics background exam. 90 ECTS in Mathematics/Physics/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (90 ECTS) at bachelor level, preferably courses on meteor- (3 full-time semesters at university). ology, dynamics and radiation. Written exam 5 hours 100% It is also recommended that students have a minimum basic ASSESSMENT All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. knowledge of oceanography corresponding to Chapter 1-6, 8, Learning outcome: 9.11 in Pond and Pickard (1983): “Introduction to Dynamical Method Time Percentage of final grade Be able to understand and describe how the Earth’s middle Oceanography”, Pergamon Press, or to similar texts. atmosphere is related to radiation, chemistry, aerosol phys- Oral exam 100% ics and waves. Acquire knowledge of modern observational Learning outcome: methods including optical instruments, lidars, radar tech- All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Be able to describe processes controlling the sea ice cover in niques and the use of rocket probes, in relation to investiga- the Marginal Ice Zone and to discuss thermodynamic- and tion of phenomena in the middle polar atmosphere. Employ mechanical ice growth. Be able to identify boundary layers above theoretical knowledge in active radar experiments, includ- and below sea ice and apply turbulence theory in order to ing artificial electron heating, to analyse the observations calculate heat- and salt fluxes in the under-ice boundary of the middle atmosphere cloud phenomena. layer. Moreover, be able to classify different sea ice types and the corresponding internal sea ice structure through Academic content: analysing ice core data. Have the ability to handle a scien- This course provides the foundation for a basic under- tific instrument used in oceanography on scientific cruises standing of topical problems related to radiation, chemis- and acquire skills in writing scientific reports based on data try, dynamics and circulation, aerosol physics and waves in collected during fieldwork. the middle atmosphere. The phenomena and formation of planetary waves, gravity waves and tidal oscillations will be Academic content: described. Special attention will be paid to how radar, lidar, The course gives students an understanding of the process- optical instruments and rockets are used to investigate the es involved in the interaction between the ocean and the conditions in this part of the atmosphere. atmosphere in regions totally or partly covered with sea- ice. Subjects covered include the thermodynamic aspects of freezing and melting of sea-ice, the fine-scale structure of sea-ice, the formation and deformation of ice-cover caused by thermodynamic processes and influence of wind, currents and wave action.

The course also covers turbulent boundary layer theory 70 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - BACHELOR COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - BACHELOR COURSES 71

Snow and Ice Processes During the course, field excursions as well as field exercises Polar Meteorology and Climate The field component of the course provides an introduction AGF-212 | (15 ECTS) are important components. Glacier field work is included AGF-213 | (15 ECTS) to a number of meteorological observational techniques. and aims at providing a better understanding of the driv- Special attention will be paid to exchange processes being processes and measurement techniques behind the im- tween the atmosphere and diverse surfaces, local meteoro- Course period: Course period: Spring semester, annually pact of snow- and ice masses on climate change. Students Autumn semester, annually logical processes typical of polar regions and the challenges

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: should have basic knowledge in Thermodynamics, Mechan- LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: of weather forecasting in the Arctic. The most relevant English ics, partial differential equations, experience in Matlab or English combination with this course would be AGF-214.

CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: other data analysis. CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: None None Teaching methods and activities: GRADE: Teaching methods and activities: GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) Letter grade (A through F) The course extends over one semester.

COURSE MATERIALS: The course extends over one semester. COURSE MATERIALS: Book chapters, articles, compendiums: Ca. 500 pages Book chapters, articles, compendiums: Ca. 350 pages Total lecture hours: 65 hours.

COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Total lecture hours: Ca. 70 hours. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Total seminar hours: 20 hours. Carl Egede Bøggild Total exercises hours: Ca. 10 hours. Anna Sjöblom Field exercises: 4 days. E-mail: [email protected] Field exercises: 5-9 days. E-mail: [email protected] COURSE COSTS: COURSE COSTS: None None Compulsory assignment: Compulsory assignment: Field exercises, presentation of one scientific article. Field exercises, field report, presentation of report. Required previous knowledge/ ASSESSMENT course specific requirements: ASSESSMENT Required previous knowledge/ Method Time Percentage of final grade 90 ECTS in Mathematics / Physics / Geophysics (3 full-time course specific requirements: Method Time Percentage of final grade semesters at university). It is also recommended that stu- Students should have basic knowledge in meteorology Graded field report dents have a minimum basic knowledge of earth science equivalent to “Essentials of Meteorology, An Invitation to 20% Graded field report and preferably some insight to cryospheric processes. 20% the Atmosphere” by C. Donald Ahrens. Written exam 5 hours 80% Learning outcome: Oral exam 80% Learning outcome: All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Be able to describe physical and dynamical processes and All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Students will be able to understand and explain the physi- their interconnections in the Arctic cryosphere and to dem- cal and dynamic processes in the polar atmosphere and why onstrate the influence of the cryosphere on the climate they differ from those of the mid-latitudes. Gain a basic system. Be able to handle scientific instruments used dur- knowledge on how to handle scientific meteorological in- ing the field course and acquire skills in writing scientific re- struments through hands-on field work, how to analyse ports based on data collected during fieldwork. data and acquire skills in writing scientific reports.

Academic content: Academic content: The course gives an overview of the most important com- The course covers a variety of themes important for the ponents and processes of the Arctic cryosphere and its weather and climate in polar areas: small and local scale interaction with climate. There is an introduction to the meteorology; boundary layer meteorology; turbulence; lo- processes which lead to the formation of snow in the at- cal wind phenomena such as catabatic and mountain winds; mosphere and the processes causing transformation of dynamic meteorology; radiation and remote sensing; at- snow into ice on the ground. Further, the course includes mospheric chemistry; numerical modelling; weather fore- the theory of mass- and energy fluxes inside snow- and ice casting; climate processes and climate change. Emphasis masses as well as the interaction with the atmosphere. will be on the differences between the polar atmosphere An introduction is given to the theory of ice mechanics, and the atmosphere at mid-latitudes and on understanding heat- and mass transfer, thermal regime and the distribu- the physical processes involved. tion of temperature inside snow, glaciers and ice-sheets. The course also offers an introduction to principles of snow dynamics and the interpretation of chemical and physical parameters from ice-cores will also be given. 72 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - BACHELOR COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - BACHELOR COURSES 73

Polar Ocean Climate Essential processes here are the wind-induced circulation, Satellite Monitoring of Academic content: AGF-214 | (15 ECTS) including rotational effects, upwelling, and downwelling as- AGF-215 | a Changing Arctic (15 ECTS) The main goal of this course is to show students how re- sociated with wind-induced divergence and convergence, mote sensing can be utilized in environmental monitoring and also tidal currents. Frontal dynamics and the topo- Course period: Course period: and resource management on the Earth where surface- graphic impact on current systems are also covered. As a Autumn semester, annually Autumn semester, annually based observations are difficult and expensive to gather. background for discussing the stability of current systems LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: This course will have a special emphasis on the cryosphere. English and fronts, relevant wave theory will be covered, both pure English The course includes theory on electromagnetic radiation gravity waves and waves influenced by rotation. The most CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: and its interaction with the atmosphere, an introduction to None relevant combination with this course would be AGF-213. None digital data and image interpretation, an introduction to ac- GRADE: GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) Letter grade (A through F) tive and passive instrumentation (radar and optical) found Teaching methods and activities: on satellite platforms, as well as an introduction to differ- COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: Book chapters, articles, compendiums: Ca. 350 pages The course extends over one semester. Book chapters, hand-outs: Ca. 400 pages. ent image classification methods (especially supervised and unsupervised classification) and software for analysing COURSE RESPONSIBLE: COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Eva Falck Total lecture hours: 65 hours. Dag A. Lorentzen satellite data (ERDAS Imagine). E-mail: [email protected] Total seminar hours: 20 hours. E-mail: [email protected] COURSE COSTS: Field exercises: 5-7 days. COURSE COSTS: Field costs (5-7 days on a scientific cruise None Teaching methods and activities: x NOK 200 = NOK 1000-1400) The course extends over one semester. Compulsory assignment: Field exercises, field report, presentation of report. Field Total lecture hours: 65 hours. Required previous knowledge/ Required previous knowledge/ report must be approved to take the exam. Total seminar hours: 15 hours. course specific requirements: course specific requirements: Fieldwork: About 30 hours. The student should have physics/geophysics background at 90 ECTS in Mathematics/Physics/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics ASSESSMENT bachelor level (90 ECTS mathematics/physics/geophysics). Compulsory assignment: (3 full-time semesters at university). It is also recommended that students have a minimum basic knowledge of Method Time Percentage of final grade Fieldwork and written report. oceanography corresponding to Chapter 1-6, 8, 9.11 in Pond Learning outcome: and Pickard (1983): “Introduction to Dynamical Oceanogra- Oral exam The student should be able to understand and describe 100% ASSESSMENT phy”, Pergamon Press, or to similar texts. different methods used to analyse satellite remote sens- All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. ing images. Through fieldwork, the student should acquire Method Time Percentage of final grade Learning outcome: skills in using a thermal IR camera measuring sea surface temperatures and oceanic fronts, and understand how to Be able to describe physical and dynamical processes in the Written exam 5 hours analyse the retrieved data. The student should also be able 100% Polar Oceans (Arctic and Antarctic) and to demonstrate the to classify multi-spectral satellite images using supervised influence of sea ice on geophysical fluid dynamics in high All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. and unsupervised classification methods. latitudes. Have the ability to handle scientific instruments used in oceanography on scientific cruises and earn skills in writing scientific reports based on data collected during fieldwork.

Academic content: The course gives an overview of the water masses and current systems in the Arctic Basin, the Greenland, Norwegian and Barents Seas, and a comparison with the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. Convection associated with cooling and freezing of surface water influences the vertical structure of the water masses. The thermobaric effect on the compressibility of sea-water has its relevance for deter- mining the deep circulation in the world’s oceans. The small- scale double diffusion also has an impact on convection in regions where the conditions for this process are favour- able. The dynamic theory is associated with the circulation and current systems in the different Polar Regions, in particular the Arctic Basin, the Greenland Sea and the circulation around Antarctica. 74 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - BACHELOR COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - MASTER COURSES 75

The Stormy Sun and Furthermore the course will explain how solar induced dis- The Upper Polar Atmosphere AGF-216 | the Northern Lights (5 ECTS) turbances, called space weather, affect our society. Numer- AGF-301 | (15 ECTS) Central elements in this course will be descriptions of the ous attempts have been made over the years to link various Earth’s magnetic field, the magnetosphere, ionization pro- aspects of solar variability to changes in the Earth’s climate. cesses and the formation of the ionosphere. The current Course period: Course period: Spring (2 weeks evening course), annually A brief discussion about natural climate change will be in- Spring semester, annually system related to the coupling between the magnetosphere

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: cluded. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: and the upper atmosphere/ionosphere, together with the English English generation and absorption mechanisms for waveforms and CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: Teaching methods and activities: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: transport of electromagnetic energy will be described. Both None 15 ECTS with AGF-801 particle and magneto-hydrodynamic descriptions of space The course extends over 2 weeks in January/February. GRADE: GRADE: plasma will be presented. Letter grade (A through F) Letter grade (A through F) Total lecture hours: 16 hours. COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: The project report will be set in connection with fieldwork at Book chapters: Ca. 150 pages Total field work/excursion: 1 evening excursion to Book chapters, articles, compendiums: Ca. 450 pages. KHO. Students are recommended to take AGF-301 in paral- COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: Kjell Henriksen Observatory. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: lel with AGF-304. Course responsible: Pål Brekke Dag A. Lorentzen E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Compulsory assignment: UNIS contact person: Fred Sigernes COURSE COSTS: Teaching methods and activities: E-mail: [email protected] None None COURSE COSTS: The course extends over one semester in combination with None AGF-801. ASSESSMENT Total lecture hours: 65 hours. Method Time Percentage of final grade Required previous knowledge/ Total seminar hours: 15 hours. Required previous knowledge/ course specific requirements: Fieldwork: About 30 hours. course specific requirements: Written exam 3 hours Enrolment in a related Master program (in special cases un- Enrolment in a UNIS course at bachelor level (45-90 ECTS 100% ompulsory assignment: dergraduate students may be considered). within one of the four disciplines taught at UNIS). All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Fieldwork and written report. Learning outcome: Learning outcome: Be able to describe how the energy from the solar wind is ASSESSMENT Gain a basic understanding of the Sun, how events on the deposited in the Earth’s magnetosphere/ionosphere sys- Sun trigger Space Weather, including the Northern Lights tem, and how this is related to physical processes observa- Method Time Percentage of final grade and the processes in the Earth’s atmosphere. Be able to de- ble from satellite and ground-based instrumentation. Have scribe why solar variability may cause climate change and the ability to operate several optical instruments located at Written exam 5 hours how space weather affects our technology-based society. 100% the Kjell Henriksen Observatory (KHO) and be able to ana- Have specific knowledge of modern scientific methods for lyse this data, and relate the outcome to physical processes All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. studying the Sun and the aurora and a general knowledge in the ionosphere. about how to take pictures of the northern lights.

Academic content: Academic content: This course describes the interactions between the so- The course will give an historic summary of the Sun and the lar wind and the Earth’s magnetosphere and the conse- Northern lights from ancient myths to early science. A brief quences of these processes for the ionized region of the introduction to the Sun, solar activity, solar storms and upper atmosphere, i.e. the ionosphere. Energy, particles modern observations of the Sun are also included. How do and momentum transferred from the solar wind manifest scientists study the aurora today? The course gives a brief themselves in the upper Polar atmosphere particularly as overview of the extensive Norwegian scientific infrastruc- the aurora, but also in terms of powerful electric currents ture used to study the effects from the Sun. and wind systems (ion winds as well as winds in the neutral gas). 76 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - MASTER COURSES 77

Radar Diagnostics of An introduction will be given to the data analysis program Air-Ice-Sea Interaction II Standard oceanographic and boundary layer observations AGF-304 | Space Plasma (15 ECTS) GUISDAP (Grand Unified Incoherent Scatter Design and AGF-311 | (10 ECTS) are supplemented with detailed measurements of turbu- Analysis Package), which is used to process the radar meas- lence structure and turbulent fluxes in weakly stratified urements. Students are recommended to take AGF-304 in fluid layers. The results of the analysed field observations Course period: Course period: Spring semester, annually parallel with AGF-301. Autumn, every second year will be compared with numeric models, which will be set up

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: for the actual region. Model experiments will be conducted English Teaching methods and activities: English with coupled models, including ice. The field work will be CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: conducted by an ice-going research vessel. 15 ECTS with AGF-804 The course extends over one semester in combination with 10 ECTS with AGF-811 AGF-804. GRADE: GRADE: Teaching methods and activities: Letter grade (A through F) Letter grade (A through F)

COURSE MATERIALS: Total lecture hours: 65 hours. COURSE MATERIALS: The course lasts 5-6 weeks and is run in combination with Selected chapters from compendiums Total exercises: 30 hours. Book chapters, articles, compendiums: Ca. 350 pages AGF-811. and lecture notes: Ca. 300 pages. Fieldwork at EISCAT Svalbard Radar: 2-4 days. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: Frank Nilsen Total lecture hours: 30 hours. Course responsible: To be announced E-mail: [email protected] UNIS contact person: Dag A. Lorentzen Compulsory assignment: Total seminar hours: 10 hours. E-mail: [email protected] COURSE COSTS: Field exercises: 5-7 days. Fieldwork and written report Field costs (5-7 days on a scientific cruise COURSE COSTS: x NOK 200 = NOK 1000-1400) None Compulsory assignment: ASSESSMENT Field report and presentation of report.

Required previous knowledge/ Method Time Percentage of final grade Required previous knowledge/ course specific requirements: course specific requirements: ASSESSMENT Oral exam Enrolment in a related Master program (in special cases un- 100% Enrolment in a related Master program. Good mathemati- Method Time Percentage of final grade dergraduate students may be considered). All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. cal background, knowledge in Air-Sea-Ice interaction corresponding to AGF-211 and be able to analyse and present Oral exam Learning outcome: data in e.g. Matlab. Experience with numerical modelling is 100% an advantage. All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Detailed knowledge of the incoherent scatter radar tech- nique, including radar design, incoherent scatter plasma Learning outcome: theory, pulse coding techniques, and signal processing. Have the ability to run experiments at the EISCAT Svalbard Be able to describe and calculate thermodynamic- and me- Radar, analyse data, assess data quality, and explain typi- chanical ice growth in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) and to cal features that are seen in incoherent scatter radar data analyse data collected during air-ice-sea campaigns. Be products. able to classify boundary layers above and below sea ice and apply turbulence theory in order to calculate the turbu- Academic content: lent heat- and salt fluxes in the water column. Acquire skills in developing a model for sea ice growth and water mass This course contains fundamental theories of signal pro- transformation and how to calibrate the model using field cessing and incoherent scatter processes and gives an data. Be able to discuss and defend the scientific results introduction to radar technology. A technical description from individual field reports. will be given of the EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) including transmitter, receivers and antenna design. On the basis of Academic content: theoretical models for incoherent scattering cross-section, a presentation will be given on the main principles of con- The course describes processes involved in air-sea exchange ducting plasma experiments with this radar, and students of heat and momentum at high latitudes. This includes will learn how plasma parameters can be described from the deep convection and mechanisms for breaking down verti- measured autocorrelation function. cal stratification in the ocean. Production of dense water by cooling or ice freezing at the surface is studied with examples from case studies in the Svalbard area. Surface buoyancy fluxes and wind-stirring are described as agents for eroding the base of the mixed layer, whereas tides and internal waves interacting with topography, double diffusion and thermobaricity are considered in the discussion of deep mixing. 78 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - PhD COURSES 79

Polar Magnetospheric Covered topics include solar wind - magnetosphere cou- The Upper Polar Atmosphere Central elements in this course will be descriptions of the AGF-345 | Substorms (10 ECTS) pling, magnetic reconnection, energy accumulation and AGF-801 | (15 ECTS) Earth’s magnetic field, the magnetosphere, ionization pro- storage, energy release and introduction to plasma instabil- cesses and the formation of the ionosphere. The current ities that are thought to be responsible for the triggering of system related to the coupling between the magnetosphere Course period: Course period: Autumn, annually substorms. Also discussed are the energy budget and iono- Spring semester, annually and the upper atmosphere/ionosphere, together with the

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: spheric effects of substorms. The course consists of a com- LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: generation and absorption mechanisms for waveforms and English bination of lectures, exercises, field work and project work. English transport of electromagnetic energy will be described. Both

CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: Measurements obtained at the Kjell Henriksen Observatory CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: particle and magneto-hydrodynamic descriptions of space 10 ECTS with AGF-845 (KHO) and/or EISCAT form the basis of a written report. 15 ECTS with AGF-301 plasma will be presented. The project report will be set in

GRADE: GRADE: connection with fieldwork at KHO. Students are recom- Letter grade (A through F) Teaching methods and activities: Letter grade (A through F) mended to take AGF-801 in parallel with AGF-804. COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: Selected chapters from compendiums The course extends over 5 weeks in the period mid-October Book chapters, articles, compendiums: Ca. 500 pages. and lecture notes: Ca. 300 pages. Teaching methods and activities: to mid-December, and runs in combination with AGF-845. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Dag A. Lorentzen The course extends over one semester in combination with Stein Håland E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Total lecture hours: 30-40 hours. AGF-301. Total exercises: 10-15 hours. COURSE COSTS: COURSE COSTS: None None Fieldwork at KHO and/or EISCAT Svalbard Radar: 2 days. Total lecture hours: 65 hours. Total seminar hours: 15 hours. Compulsory assignment: Fieldwork: About 30 hours. Required previous knowledge/ Required previous knowledge/ Fieldwork and written report. course specific requirements: Compulsory assignment: course specific requirements: Enrolment in a related PhD program. Fieldwork, written report and presentation of one scientific Enrolment in a related Master program (exceptional under- ASSESSMENT article. graduate students may be considered). Method Time Percentage of final grade Learning outcome: Learning outcome: Be able to describe how the energy from the solar wind is ASSESSMENT Written report deposited in the Earth’s magnetosphere/ionosphere sys- Be able to describe the development of a Polar Magneto- 50% tem, and how this is related to physical processes observa- Method Time Percentage of final grade spheric Substorm in terms of: solar wind – magnetosphere ble from satellite and ground-based instrumentation. Have coupling, magnetic reconnection, energy accumulation and Oral exam 50% the ability to operate and calibrate several optical instru- Written exam 5 hours storage, energy release, and plasma instabilities. Have the 100% ments located at the Kjell Henriksen Observatory (KHO), ability to analyse data from a suite of ground/space instru- All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. analyse this data, and put the data in context with other All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. ments. Be able to use acquired theoretical knowledge to ground-based and space-based measurements. Be able to contrast different substorm models, identify and explain combine the data sets, and relate the outcome to physical typical signatures of substorms in the polar ionosphere, and processes in the ionosphere, as well as presenting the re- estimate the total energy budget of a substorm. sults orally to one’s peers.

Academic content: Academic content: This course gives an overview of polar magnetospheric This course describes the interactions between the so- substorms, the primary process responsible for large-scale lar wind and the Earth’s magnetosphere and the conse- auroral breakups. A substorm is a transient event where a quences of these processes for the ionized region of the large amount of energy is deposited in the high-latitude upper atmosphere, i.e. the ionosphere. Energy, particles ionosphere. On the ground, this is typically manifested in and momentum transferred from the solar wind manifest the form of intense aurora. This course provides a historical themselves in the upper Polar atmosphere particularly as overview of substorm research and introduces the termi- the aurora, but also in terms of powerful electric currents nology and models that are used to explain the phenom- and wind systems (ion winds as well as winds in the neutral enon. Key elements in the chain of interactions that consti- gas). tute a substorm are discussed. 80 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - PhD COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - PhD COURSES 81

Radar Diagnostics of Space The project report will be set in connection with fieldwork at Air-Ice-Sea Interaction II Standard oceanographic and boundary layer observations AGF-804 | Plasma (15 ECTS) the EISCAT Svalbard Radar. Students are recommended to AGF-811 | (10 ECTS) are supplemented with detailed measurements of turbu- take AGF-804 in parallel with AGF-801. lence structure and turbulent fluxes in weakly stratified fluid layers. The results of the analysed field observations Course period: Course period: Spring semester, annually Teaching methods and activities: Autumn, every second year will be compared with numeric models, which will be set up for the actual region. Model experiments will be conducted LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: The course extends over one semester in combination with LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: English English with coupled models, including ice. The field work will be AGF-304. CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: conducted by an ice-going research vessel. 15 ECTS with AGF-304 10 ECTS with AGF-311 Total lecture hours: 65 hours. GRADE: GRADE: Teaching methods and activities: Letter grade (A through F) Total exercises: 30 hours. Letter grade (A through F)

COURSE MATERIALS: Fieldwork at EISCAT Svalbard Radar: 2-4 days. COURSE MATERIALS: The course lasts 5-6 weeks and is run in combination with Selected chapters from compendiums Book chapters, articles, compendiums: Ca. 350 pages AGF-311. and lecture notes: Ca. 400 pages. Compulsory assignment: COURSE RESPONSIBLE: COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: Frank Nilsen Total lecture hours: 30 hours. Course responsible: To be announced Fieldwork and written report E-mail: [email protected] UNIS contact person: Dag Lorentzen Total seminar hours: 10 hours. E-mail: [email protected] COURSE COSTS: Field costs (5-7 days on a scientific cruise Field exercises: 5-7 days. COURSE COSTS: ASSESSMENT x NOK 200 = NOK 1000-1400) None Compulsory assignment: Method Time Percentage of final grade Produce a scientific article manuscript suitable for publica- Required previous knowledge/ tion in scientific journal and present and discuss the results Required previous knowledge/ Oral exam 100% course specific requirements: in class. Hold a seminar based on a scientific paper listed in course specific requirements: the course syllabus. Manuscript must be approved by the All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Enrolment in a related PhD program. Good mathemati- course responsible to take the exam. Enrolment in a related PhD program. cal background, knowledge in Air-Sea-Ice interaction corresponding to AGF 211 and be able to analyse and present Learning outcome: data in e.g. Matlab. Experience with numerical modelling is ASSESSMENT also an advantage. Detailed knowledge of the incoherent scatter radar tech- Method Time Percentage of final grade nique, including radar design, incoherent scatter plasma theory, pulse coding techniques, and signal processing. Be Learning outcome: Oral exam able to run experiments at the EISCAT Svalbard Radar, ana- Be able to describe and calculate thermodynamic- and me- 100% lyse data, assess data quality, and explain typical features chanical ice growth in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) and to All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. that are seen in incoherent scatter radar data products. analyse data collected during air-ice-sea campaigns. Be able Have the ability to argue why a particular experiment mode to classify boundary layers above and below sea ice and ap- is better suited to study a particular scientific question in ply turbulence theory in order to calculate the turbulent the ionosphere, and present the results orally for its peers. heat- and salt fluxes in the water column. Moreover, have the ability to develop a model for sea ice growth and water Academic content: mass transformation and to calibrate the model using field data. Be able to discuss and defend the scientific results de- This course contains fundamental theories of signal pro- veloped in a scientific paper manuscript. cessing and incoherent scatter processes and gives an introduction to radar technology. A technical description will be given of the EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) including Academic content: transmitter, receivers and antenna design. On the basis of The course describes processes involved in air-sea exchange theoretical models for incoherent scattering cross-section, of heat and momentum at high latitudes. This includes a presentation will be given on the main principles of con- deep convection and mechanisms for breaking down verti- ducting plasma experiments with this radar, and students cal stratification in the ocean. Production of dense water will learn how plasma parameters can be described from the by cooling or ice freezing at the surface is studied with measured autocorrelation function. An introduction will be examples from case studies in the Svalbard area. Surface given to the data analysis program GUISDAP (Grand Unified buoyancy fluxes and wind-stirring are described as agents Incoherent Scatter Design and Analysis Package), which is for eroding the base of the mixed layer, whereas tides and used to process the radar measurements. internal waves interacting with topography, double diffusion and thermobaricity are considered in the discussion of deep mixing. 82 UNIS | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS - PhD COURSES 83

Polar Magnetospheric Substorms Covered topics include solar wind - magnetosphere cou- AGF-311 students conduct AGF-845 | (10 ECTS) pling, magnetic reconnection, energy accumulation and AGF-311 CTD measures in the fjord outside Isfjord Radio. storage, energy release and introduction to plasma instabil- students | Photo: Eva Therese Jenssen ities that are thought to be responsible for the triggering of Course period: Autumn, annually substorms. Also discussed are the energy budget and iono-

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: spheric effects of substorms. The course consists of a com- English bination of lectures, exercises, field work and project work.

CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: Measurements obtained at the Kjell Henriksen Observatory 10 ECTS with AGF-345 (KHO) and/or EISCAT form the basis of a written report.

GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) Teaching methods and activities: COURSE MATERIALS: Selected chapters from compendiums The course extends over 5 weeks in the period mid-October and lecture notes: Ca. 400 pages. to mid-December, and runs in combination with AGF-345. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Stein Håland E-mail: [email protected] Total lecture hours: 30-40 hours. COURSE COSTS: Total exercises: 10-15 hours. None Fieldwork at KHO and/or EISCAT Svalbard Radar: 2 days.

Compulsory assignment: Fieldwork and written report Required previous knowledge/ course specific requirements: ASSESSMENT Enrolment in a related PhD program. Method Time Percentage of final grade Learning outcome: Be able to describe the development of a Polar Magneto- Written report 50% spheric Substorm in terms of; solar wind – magnetosphere coupling, magnetic reconnection, energy accumulation and Oral exam storage, energy release, and plasma instabilities. Have the 50% ability to analyse data from a suite of ground/space instru- All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. ments, apply theoretical knowledge to contrast different substorm models, identify and explain typical signatures of substorms in the polar ionosphere, and estimate the total energy budget of a substorm. Be able to perform an independent investigation of a substorm and defend the results orally for one’s peers.

Academic content: This course gives an overview of polar magnetospheric substorms, the primary process responsible for large-scale auroral breakups. A substorm is a transient event where a large amount of energy is deposited in the high-latitude ionosphere. On the ground, this is typically manifested in the form of intense aurora. This course provides a historical overview of substorm research and introduces the terminology and models that are used to explain the phenomenon. Key elements in the chain of interactions that consti- tute a substorm are discussed. 84 UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY 85

AT-205 students conduct fieldwork in fieldwork in Longyearbyen. Longyearbyen | Photo: Jan Otto Larsen ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY

The AT courses offered at UNIS is especially designed for today’s Arctic technology challenges including priority aspects of climate change, as the courses have the advantage of being taught in an Arctic environment where this type of technology has been applied for many decades. At UNIS students conduct field activities implemented in actual research projects.

More information about Arctic technology at UNIS can be found at the technology webpage: www.unis.no/studies/technology there are two main fields within the at department: | Arctic Engineering: Arctic Environmental Technology: Knowledge of Arctic engineering technology is essential to Present levels of pollutants, degradation processes, spread- provide sound design and construction recommendations ing mechanisms and environmental effects need to be well both offshore and onshore in the Arctic. UNIS students can understood when designing efficient response strategies participate in infrastructure projects on Svalbard, as well with the aim to reduce the environmental impacts. The de- as field studies of sea-ice properties in the adjacent seas. partment is specialized in various topics in environmental Studies on avalanches and slides in the mountains of Sval- pollution, such as toxicology, fate and long-range transport bard are integrated into the Arctic Technology course port- of persistent organic pollutants and environmental risk as- folio. Field investigations, together with laboratory testing sessment and modelling. and numerical analysis create the basis for understanding thermo-mechanical properties and processes in snow, permafrost and ice. At UNIS students will have an excellent opportunity to investigate, design and perform mitigation measures for infrastructures under a changing climate.

recommended FULL SEMESTER COMBINATIONS recommended FULL SEMESTER COMBINATIONS

BACHELOR COURSES Master/PhD courses BACHELOR COURSES Master/PhD courses spring autumn Autumn Spring AT-205 AT-301/801 AT-209* AT-324/824 AT-211 AT-327/827 AT-210* AT-330/830 AT-332/832 AT-331/831 * = Interdisciplinary courses 86 UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – BACHELOR COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – BACHELOR COURSES 87

Frozen Ground Engineering for Field works will consist of survey of foundation methods Arctic Hydrology and Academic content: AT-205 | Arctic Infrastructures (15 ECTS) used in practice in the Arctic, geotechnical methods in soil AT-209 | Climate Change (15 ECTS) Students will gain broad background knowledge to the sampling, and snow investigation methods for evaluation most important components and processes of the Arctic of avalanche hazard. Laboratory work will focus on inves- Course period: Course period: hydrological cycle in the perspective of a changing climate. tigation methods in characterizing the soil and finding the Spring semester, annually Autumn semester, annually This includes theory and hydrological processes in perma- parameters necessary for design of foundation. There will LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: frost areas; snow related hydrology; erosion and sediment English also be one week course on snow and avalanches focusing English transport in catchments and rivers; lake and river ice; sur- on snow stability evaluation methods. CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: face energy balance; hydrological models for Arctic catch- None None ments. GRADE: • Basic knowledge about the difficulties concerning GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) building in permafrost areas. Letter grade (A through F) COURSE MATERIALS: • Thermal and mechanical behaviour of frozen ground. COURSE MATERIALS: Teaching methods and activities: Books: Andersland O. B. and B. Ladanyi (2004): • How to design foundation of infrastructures as build- Ca. 500 pages of reading from “Frozen Ground Engineering”. McClung D. and P. texts, articles and reports. The course extends over one semester. ings, roads, pipelines etc. in permafrost areas. Schaerer (2006): “The Avalanche Handbook”. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: COURSE RESPONSIBLE: • Geotechnical and Geological survey methods in the Carl Egede Bøggild Total lecture hours: 60 hours. Jan Otto Larsen Arctic for soil investigation. E-mail: [email protected] Exercises/lab work: 30 hours. E-mail: [email protected] • Determination of soil parameters necessary for design COURSE COSTS: Fieldwork: 5-9 days. COURSE COSTS: of foundation for infrastructures. ~ NOK 800 None • Methods in Slope stability investigations Compulsory assignment: • Snow investigation methods for examination of ava- Students are required to participate in exercises, lab- and lanche risk. Required previous knowledge/ fieldwork. Required previous knowledge/ course specific requirements: course specific requirements: Teaching methods and activities: The course is interdisciplinary. Students must meet the 60 ECTS within the field(s) of mathematics, physics, me- The course extends over one semester. prerequisites for UNIS bachelor studies in Biology, Geology, ASSESSMENT chanics or chemistry. Knowledge in mathematics, physics Geophysics or Technology. and Soil mechanics is an advantage. Total lecture and seminar hours: 60 hours. Method Time Percentage of final grade Laboratory work: 4 days. Learning outcome: Graded Learning outcome: Fieldwork: 4 days. research report 20% The students will get an understanding of the importance The course will give the students an understanding of the and highly interconnected nature of Arctic hydrology as well Compulsory assignment: Written exam 4 hours importance of infrastructure planning and how perma- as its close linkage to changes in climate. Students will also 80% frost affects the design of structures in the Arctic. Differ- Students are required to participate in seminars, lab- and gain the ability to handle scientific instruments used during All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. ent types of foundation and design of buildings, pipelines, fieldwork. the field course and earn skills in writing scientific reports roads and airfields will be presented and illustrated in lec- based on own data. tures and during field excursions. ASSESSMENT

Academic content: Method Time Percentage of final grade Planning of infrastructure and engineering structures in the Arctic is particularly challenging because of the technical Assignments 10% constraints imposed by environmental characteristics such as low temperature, permafrost, winter darkness, isolation Written lab report and high cost of construction and operation. 10% Written report Through lectures and field trips students will be introduced on personal to different foundation methods and their ability to satisfy 20% chosen subject the requirements from the society. The students will also be familiar with geological and geotechnical methods used Written exam 4 hours in characterizing frozen soils necessary for design of foun- 60% dation. All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. 88 UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – BACHELOR COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – BACHELOR COURSES 89

Arctic Environmental Pollution The unusual combinations of Arctic ambient conditions Ice Mechanics, Loads on Structures viscous materials, plastic and viscous-elastic materials, granular AT-210 | (15 ECTS) (long periods of darkness, cold, dry air, strong wind, ice cov- AT-211 | and Instrumentation (15 ECTS) materials) and methods of continuum mechanics used for the er, permafrost) affects the distributions to and lifetimes of modelling of thermo-mechanical behaviour of saline and fresh pollutants in the Arctic. These features affect the impacts ice itself and ice interactions with engineering structures Course period: Course period: Autumn semester, annually of pollutants on wildlife and Native communities in the Arc- Spring semester, annually (rheological models with thermal forcing, conceptions of com-

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: tic. Students will also learn that research on Arctic pollution LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: pressive, tensile and flexural strength, bending deformations English can influence public policy decisions requiring that scien- English of floating ice, models of ice ridging and piling up). The course

CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: tists acquire effective communication skills with the public. CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: includes lectures about ISO design standards for the calculation 15 ECTS with AT-207 15 ECTS with AT-208 of ice loads on offshore structures. GRADE: Specific topics: GRADE: The course includes laboratory works in UNIS cold labora- Letter grade (A through F) • Historical on-site pollution on Svalbard. Letter grade (A through F) tory, and fieldwork on land fast ice. Lectures about the COURSE MATERIALS: • Point and non-point pollution sources in general and COURSE MATERIALS: instrumentation organized before the field works introduce Books, articles, compendia: ~700 pages in the Arctic. Books: Irgens, F. (2008): “Continuum mechanics”. students to the equipment used for the measurements of G. Ashton (1986): “River and lake ice engineer- COURSE RESPONSIBLE: • Radioactive pollution in the Arctic. ing”. Sanderson, T.J.O. (1988): “Ice mechanics. thermo-mechanical characteristics and strength of fresh and Mark Hermanson Risk to offshore structures”. Løset et al. (2006): E-mail: [email protected] • Trace metal and organic pollution in the Arctic. saline ice, ice thickness measurements by electro-magnetic • Decomposition processes in the Arctic atmosphere “Actions from ice on Arctic offshore and coastal and acoustic methods, high frequency measurements of wa- COURSE COSTS: structures”. Scientific papers (provided). None (oxidation, photolysis). ter temperature and sea current velocities used for the calcu- COURSE RESPONSIBLE: • Movement of pollutants through the Arctic atmos- Aleksey Marchenko lation of turbulent heat fluxes to the ice surfaces, measure- phere. E-mail: [email protected] ments of internal stresses and displacements of the ice. • Pollutant movement through the Arctic food chain; COURSE COSTS: During fieldwork the students have possibility to observe sea Required previous knowledge/ metabolism, retention, excretion. Field costs: ~ NOK 2000 ice motions and deformations created by tides, wind and sea course specific requirements: • Health effects of Arctic pollutants on humans and currents, observe ice actions on coastal structures and ship. The course is interdisciplinary. Students must meet the wildlife. They also will get experience to work with scientific equip- prerequisites for UNIS bachelor studies in Biology, Geology, • Science communication with policy-makers and the Required previous knowledge/ ment in Arctic conditions. Finally, the students should be Geophysics or Technology. Background in chemistry and public. course specific requirements: able to formulate models and do numerical simulations of mathematics is an advantage. sea ice behaviour and ice-structure interactions and perform Teaching methods and activities: 60 ECTS within the field(s) of mathematics, physics, me- field and laboratory tests used for the design of offshore and chanics or chemistry. Knowledge in mathematics and phys- coastal structures in the Arctic. Learning outcome: The course extends over one semester. ics is an advantage. Students will learn that the Arctic is contaminated by pol- Teaching methods and activities: lutants from local and long-distant sources; they will know Total lecture hours: 60 hours. Learning outcome: what types of contaminants are found and why, and they Local field & lab work, excursions: ~ 2 – 4 days. The course extends over one semester. After the course students should be able to: will learn how global regulations and policies on contami- • Perform basic physical-mathematical models describ- nants have affected their appearance in the Arctic. Stu- Compulsory assignment: Total lecture and seminar hours: 50 hours. ing sea ice growth, rheological properties of fresh and dents will learn to elucidate their view of the Arctic be- Laboratory work: 1 week Participate in lab activities and field trips. Reports on field saline ice, bending deformations of the ice, build-up fore arriving on Svalbard and how their experience there Fieldwork on the land fast ice: 4 days. or lab exercises as assigned. and consolidation of ice ridges and ice piles near off- changes their view of what the Arctic is and what it means Boat excursion to the Barents Sea: 8 days. shore structures; to them, and how it should be conserved from the effects • Perform basic knowledge about ISO design standards of contaminants. Students will gain new skills in operation ASSESSMENT Seminars include exercises with mathematical formulations and for the calculation of ice loads on offshore structures; of active air sampling equipment used in the field, and in solutions of problems within lecture topics, performing of results • Knowledge and experience to work with standard and treatment of those samples in the laboratory, and statisti- Method Time Percentage of final grade of field and laboratory work and exercises for exam preparation. modern instrumentation used in field and laboratory cal interpretations of data. Student skills in writing about Graded 5000- works to study ice properties, energy fluxes to the the Arctic and its pollution issues will be enhanced through Compulsory assignment: word manuscript 50% surfaces of floating ice, to measure ice stresses and exercises. Students will be competent to discuss the im- deformations and to store the data; Students are required to participate in seminars, lab- and fieldwork pacts of human activity on contamination and preservation Two mid-term • Perform standard measurements of ice strength, and to complete written reports on laboratory and fieldwork. of the Arctic which will increase their awareness of human exams 20% stresses and displacements in field conditions; impacts on the natural environment in general. Written final • Perform measurements of hydrological characteristics 2 hours ASSESSMENT exam 30% of ice covered waters; Academic content: All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Method Time Percentage of final grade While the Arctic is remote from most industrial activity, Academic content: some areas are highly polluted. Point sources of pollution The course introduces students to problems of ice mechan- Written lab report in the Arctic are associated with industrial or military sites. 20% ics and gives experience to work with modern scientific Long-distance transport through atmosphere or ocean de- equipment in laboratory and field conditions. The course 2 written fieldwork livers non-point or diffuse pollutants; these sources and includes lectures about basic concepts of continuum mechan- reports (20% each) 40% processes are less understood. ics (strain, stresses, equations describing mass, Written exam 3 hours formulations of momentum and energy balance), basic model 40% of continuum mechanics (ideal and viscous fluids, elastic and All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. 90 UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – MASTER COURSES 91

Arctic Infrastructures in a Academic content: Arctic Offshore Engineering – Teaching methods and activities: AT-301 | Changing Climate (10 ECTS) AT-307F | Fieldwork (3 ECTS) Due to the fact that the climate is changing with higher The course lasts 1 week, including about 4 hours lecturing. expected temperatures, higher precipitation and probably During this week approx. 3 days will be spent in the field Course period: higher storm activity, infrastructures have to be designed Course period: where the students will take active part in the logistics. Autumn (August – September), annually for this new climate scenario. Settlements in the vicinity Spring (March), annually Students as a group are required to prepare a joint field re- LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: of steep slopes will be exposed to increasing risk for slope LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: port containing the major findings from the field work. English English failures, slides in soil and rock, slush and snow avalanches. CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: The course will focus on recognizing terrain exposed to ava- CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: 10 ECTS with AT-801 None Compulsory assignment: lanches and slides, and how to plan the location of infra- GRADE: GRADE: Students are required to participate in fieldwork. Letter grade (A through F) structures to avoid natural disasters. Pass/Fail

COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: Books: Andersland O. B. and B. Ladanyi (2004): “Fro- Teaching methods and activities: Compendium on fieldwork methods ASSESSMENT zen Ground Engineering”. McClung D. and P. Schaerer (2006): “The Avalanche Handbook”. Arctic Council The course extends over 5 weeks in combination with AT-801. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Sveinung Løset report (2005): “Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Method Time Percentage of final grade E-mail: [email protected] ACIA” (Ch. 16). Jones Ch. L., J. R. Higgins and R. D. An- drew (2000): “Colorado Rockfall Simulation Program, Total lecture and seminar hours: 40 hours. COURSE COSTS: Field report version 4.0”. Norwegian Public Road administration: Fieldwork: 3 days. Excursion costs: ~ NOK 800 100% Handbook 174 (1994): “Snow Engineering for Roads”. All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Fieldwork will consist of registration of different foundation Jan Otto Larsen E-mail: [email protected] methods used in the Arctic environment and describe Required previous knowledge/ COURSE COSTS: structure failures due to lack of maintenance and a warmer None climate. Lectures and seminar with experience from course specific requirements: domestic and international projects will be presented and Enrolment in a relevant Master’s degree program and previ- discussed. Students will be given assignments and have to ous participation in AT-323 or AT-327. write reports. Required previous knowledge/ course specific requirements: Learning outcome: Compulsory assignment: Students will develop a basic understanding of how to be- Enrolment in a relevant Master’s degree program. Knowledge Students are required to participate in seminars and field- have and work in an Arctic climate. Students will develop in mathematics and physics at Master level. work. skills in the most common standard techniques for characterizing an ice cover by sampling sea ice. The student will Learning outcome: learn how ice samples can be used to characterize both ASSESSMENT Through lectures and field trips students will be introduced physical and mechanical properties of ice by testing. to weather related geological processes and geotechnical Method Time Percentage of final grade aspects connected to planning, design and protection of in- Academic content: frastructures as buildings, roads, bridges and pipelines in a Assignments The course addresses methods used to characterize sea ice changing Arctic climate. 20% with respect to mechanical and physical properties. • Knowledge about the impact of climate change on in- Written field frastructures in the Arctic, and how to solve this ex- report 10% pected issue. Specific topics: • Sampling of vertical/horizontal ice cores • The influence of climate change on Natural disasters Written report • Determination of salinity, temperature and density as snow avalanches and slides in rock and soils. on personal 20% profiles in sea ice • Knowledge about how to take natural hazards into chosen subject • Uniaxial compressive tests of sea ice consideration in areal planning. Written exam 4 hours • Use of borehole jack • How to protect infrastructures as buildings, roads, 50% • Description of the damage mechanisms during testing pipelines etc. against snow avalanches and slides. All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. • Structure of sea ice • Design of buildings and roads in snow drift areas • Spatial variability of ice properties • Study of effects of ice loads on coastal structures • Thin sections and characterization of the structure of ice. 92 UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – MASTER COURSES 93

Techniques for the Detection of Today, a large number of organic chemicals are already iden- Arctic Offshore Engineering Teaching methods and activities: Organo-Chemical Pollutants in the tified as primary environmental pollutants in Arctic envi- AT-327 | (10 ECTS) AT-324 The course lasts 2 weeks and runs in combination with AT-827. | Arctic Environment (10 ECTS) ronments. Detection, identification and quantification of these chemicals in ultra-trace levels are usually performed Course period: Total lecture hours: About 44 hours. by applying well-established and quality controlled ana- Course period: Autumn (October), annually (Exam: ~1. December) Group work: 10 hours. Spring (January – February), annually lytical methods. The course will introduce preparation and LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: quantification procedures for quantitative organo-chemical English LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: Students, normally 2 in a team, are required to prepare a English trace analysis and will also provide detailed information on CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: 5000 - word report (including text, references, figures & ta- feasibility and restrictions of modern trace analytical tech- 10 ECTS with AT-827 CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: bles) on a research topic of their choosing. 10 ECTS with AT-824 nologies. Focus will also be laid upon demonstration and GRADE: GRADE: discussion of challenges and pitfalls within modern trace Letter grade (A through F) Letter grade (A through F) analysis through practical experiences. COURSE MATERIALS: Ca. 300 pages of reading from- COURSE MATERIALS: The students will be introduced to the general scientific Compulsory assignment: texts, articles and reports. Reading list: (ca. 400 pages): “Environmen- principles of modern ultra-trace analytical quantification tal Organic Chemistry” (Schwarzenbach), COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Students are required to participate in the group work. Quality Control compendium, AMAP re- methods for organic chemicals; learn through active field Sveinung Løset port 2010 (STOTEN), literature provided and laboratory work about the importance of sampling/ E-mail: [email protected] COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: sample treatment as an integrated part of trace analysis, COURSE COSTS: ASSESSMENT Roland Kallenborn evaluate the complete process leading from sampling to Compendium: ~ NOK 300 E-mail: [email protected] Method Time Percentage of final grade COURSE COSTS: trace amount quantification based upon modern trace ana- NOK ~ 1000 lytical technology, have a first introduction in quality con- Research report trol and quality assurance criteria for modern trace analysis. Required previous knowledge/ 40% course specific requirements: Teaching methods and activities: Written exam 4 hours Required previous knowledge/ Enrolment in a relevant Master’s degree program. Knowl- 60% The course extend over 6 weeks in combination with AT-824. course specific requirements: edge in mathematics and physics at Master level. All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade.

Enrolment in a relevant Master’s degree program. Docu- Total lecture hours: 30 hours. mented knowledge in organic analytical chemistry (AT-207/ Learning outcome: Laboratory work: 80 hours. AT-210 or equivalent) and experiences in chemical trace Excursion in Adventfjorden: 4-5 days. Students will acquire basic knowledge of oil and gas resourc- analysis (or adequate competence). es in the Arctic. Students will develop basic understanding Lectures (2-3 hours) on relevant topics will be followed by of ice physics and mechanics. From this basis students will Learning outcome: practical work in the laboratory during afternoon sessions develop skills for designing offshore structures in the Arc- tic. Students will understand how the physical environment After the completion of the course students should be able to: (4 hours daily). Students are required to produce a labora- affects such design and how the structures respond to the • Perform a principal method validation based upon tory journal for the performed experimental work (around environmental actions. Logistics is part of this. The actions standard quality control (QC) criteria accepted in mod- 2500 words, including tables, figures and references). relate to sea ice, icebergs, marine icing and sea ice dynam- ern analytical laboratories ics. Students will develop competence through lectures and • Critically evaluate the quality of published data based Compulsory assignment: group work related to a relevant case study. upon QC protocols given in the respective reference. Students are required to participate in lab- and fieldwork. • Assign a method uncertainty to the respective analytical methods presented as important frame for sub- Academic content: sequent statistical evaluations. ASSESSMENT The course addresses oil and gas resources and reserves, • Appreciate the role of analytical chemistry as inte- petroleum engineering aspects and Arctic offshore devel- Method Time Percentage of final grade grated environmental research topic for the overall en- opment. Offshore structures are discussed on the basis of vironmental risk assessment in Arctic environments. characteristics of the physical environment. Graded report 40% Academic content: Specific topics: • Oil and gas resources in the Arctic The scientific focus will be placed on well-established quan- Written exam 3 hours 60% • Petroleum engineering aspects and technology titative trace analytical methods for persistent organo- All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. • Operations in cold climate chlorine pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and • Ice physics/mechanics organo-chlorine pesticides (OCP) as well as selected indica- • Global and local ice loads on offshore structures tor compounds for local contaminant sources (polynuclear • Moored structures and structures on DP in ice aromatic hydrocarbons = PAH). • Ice management • Use of numerical models and ice tank testing in design 94 UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – MASTER COURSES 95

Cold Region Field Investigations Teaching methods and activities: Arctic Environmental Toxicology • Uptake, biotransformation and excretion of pollutants AT-329 | (10 ECTS) AT-330 | (10 ECTS) in Arctic organisms. The course extends over 4 weeks. • Effects of pollutants in organisms in relation to the specific Arctic environmental conditions. Course period: Total lecture hours: 20 hours. Course period: • Effects of pollutants on organismal acclimatization Spring (January – March), annually Exercises: 20 hours. Spring (March – April), annually and adaptations to the Arctic environment. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: Laboratory work: 1 day. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: English English • How effects can propagate from the subcellular level Fieldwork: 3-5 days. CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: to population, community and ecosystem levels. None 10 ECTS with AT-830 • How climate change and pollutants may interact in af- Fieldwork will consist of operating the DGPS and the GPR GRADE: GRADE: fecting Arctic organisms and ecosystems. equipment in the Arctic and geotechnical methods in soil Letter grade (A through F) Letter grade (A through F) • Specific ecotoxic effects of the major classes of pol- sounding and sampling. Laboratory work will focus on in- COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: lutants, such as persistent organic pollutants, heavy vestigation methods in characterizing the soil and finding Lecture notes delivered during the course. Ca. 700 pages of reading from metals, petroleum oil, and novel man-made pollut- the parameters necessary for design of foundation. texts, articles and reports. Course responsible/UNIS contact person: ants, on Arctic organisms. Lars Grande COURSE RESPONSIBLE: E-mail: [email protected] Bjørn Munro Jenssen • The susceptibility of Arctic organisms and ecosystems Compulsory assignment: E-mail: [email protected] COURSE COSTS: to pollutants as compared to other organisms and eco- ~1000 NOK Students are required to participate in exercises, lab- and COURSE COSTS: systems. None fieldwork. • Effects of pollutants on humans in the Arctic.

Teaching methods and activities: Required previous knowledge/ ASSESSMENT Required previous knowledge/ course specific requirements: The course lasts about 6 weeks and runs in combination Method Time Percentage of final grade course specific requirements: with AT-830. Enrolment in a relevant Master’s degree program. Knowl- Enrolment in a relevant Master’s degree program. Back- edge in mathematics and physics at Master level. Written reports ground in toxicology, ecotoxicology (AT-207/AT-210 or Total lecture hours: 30 hours. on drilling, DGPS 25% equivalent) or biology is an advantage. Student-led seminars: 20 hours. Learning outcome: and GPR Excursions: 3 days.

• Knowledge about global navigation satellite systems Written exam 4 hours Learning outcome: (GNSS/GPS) and to reference systems for coordinates 75% Students are required to prepare a research paper manuscript Students will understand the major challenges involved in (3000 – words including text, references, figures & tables) on and heights. All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. understanding how pollutants affect Arctic organisms and • Knowledge about the basic principles of geophysical a research topic of their choosing. ecosystems. Students will develop advanced understand- investigation methods. ing on toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of pollution • Knowledge about geotechnical sounding and boring Compulsory assignment: in the Arctic, ranging from effects on the subcellular level, methods for designing infrastructures as buildings, to ecological effects. Students will develop competence in (1) Students are required to give a short oral presentation of roads, pipelines etc. in permafrost areas. understanding if and why Arctic organisms are more sus- the above mentioned manuscript, aimed towards the gen- ceptible to effects of pollutants. Students will understand eral public and decision makers. Academic content: how different pollutants interact, and how environmental (2) Students are required to participate in the seminars and The objective of the course is to provide knowledge of geo- pollutants and the prevailing environmental conditions in excursions. technical survey methods in permafrost regions using geo- the Arctic can interact and cause complex ecotoxic effects. Students will have competence in toxic effects of pollut- physical and in-situ boring techniques. Special emphasis is ASSESSMENT given to the theoretical background of ground penetrating ants in humans in the Arctic. Students will develop skills in radar systems and their applicability in cold regions. Accu- presenting and communicating relevant scientific findings Method Time Percentage of final grade rate positioning is a must in remote areas, thus the back- for the general public and decision makers. ground for the use of Differential GPS is included. Based on Research the theoretical background, the students will carry out field Academic content: paper manuscript 40% measurements on glaciers, fine-grained soils and bedrock. Arctic species have evolved biochemical, physiological and Collected data will be interpreted with the purpose of iden- Written exam 3 hours ecological traits specific for surviving in the harsh Arctic 60% tifying ground characteristics of importance for infrastruc- environment. Pollutants can be toxic, or interfere with bio- All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. ture developments and structure foundations. logical processes through other mechanisms, thus reducing their fitness and causing resultant changes in biodiversity The course will also give insight to global navigation sat- and ecosystem functioning. Effects can occur at all biologi- ellite systems (GNSS/GPS) and to reference systems for cal organization levels, from the subcellular level to the eco- coordinates and heights. Collected GNSS data will be pro- system level. Specific topics: cessed to obtain coordinates and heights of the points or the profiles which are measured in the field work. Geotech- nical boring (soundings and sampling) will be demonstrated in field. Samples will be investigated in the laboratory. 96 UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – MASTER COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – MASTER COURSES 97

Arctic Environmental Pollution: Academic content: Physical Environmental Loads Academic content: Atmospheric Distribution and on Arctic Coastal and Offshore AT-331 | Processes (10 ECTS) The combinations of Arctic ambient atmospheric conditions AT-332 | Structures (10 ECTS) The course introduces students in modern physical and (long periods of light or dark, cold, dry air, strong wind) af- mathematical models describing physical environmental fect the chemical reactions affecting persistence (lifetime) loads on coastal and offshore structures in the Arctic. The Course period: and distributions of contaminants. Climate change is ex- Course period: course includes description of physical mechanisms of the Spring (April – June), annually pected to play a role, yet unspecified, in this process. Autumn (October – November), annually environmental loads on the structures by waves, ice and LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: sea currents and explain methods of the construction of English English Specific topics: corresponded mathematical models. Main focus is on the CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: • The real “POPs” defined: persistent, bioaccumulative, CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: models describing ice crushing and piling up near narrow 5 ECTS with AT-321 and 10 ECTS with AT-831 10 ECTS with AT-323 and AT-832 toxic (PBT). and wide structures, acceleration of floes and icebergs by GRADE: GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) • Arctic conditions that affect “P” and “B” in PBT. Letter grade (A through F) surface waves, wave actions on fixed and floating struc- • General abiotic decomposition processes in the Arctic tures, tide and thermally induced ice stresses, seabed goug- COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: Ca.700 pages of reading from (oxidation, photolysis). Books: Irgens, F. (2008): “Continuum mechan- ing by ice keels, ice piling up on the beach, abrasion of steel texts, articles and reports. • Contaminant storage in ice and sediment in the Arctic. ics”. Mei, C.C. (1983): “The applied dynamics of and concrete surfaces by the ice, bearing capacity of the ice ocean surface waves”. Sanderson, T.J.O. (1988): COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: • Forecasting and hindcasting movement of contami- under static and moving loads. Lecture also includes formu- Mark Hermanson “Ice mechanics. Risk to offshore structures”. E-mail: [email protected] nants through the Arctic atmosphere: the application Løset et al. (2006): “Actions from ice on Arctic lation of codes for the design of offshore constructions in of models. offshore and coastal structures”. Dempsey and ice conditions and probability methods for the estimates of COURSE COSTS: Shen (2001): “Scaling Laws in Ice Mechanics and Excursion/cruise costs: ~ NOK 1000 • The role of particles in Arctic atmospheric contami- Ice Dynamics”. Scientific papers (provided). risks due to long term exploitation of offshore structures. nant distribution. COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: • Contaminant phases of some naturally-occurring sub- Aleksey Marchenko Seminars include analytical exercises and numerical simu- stances in the Arctic. E-mail: [email protected] lations by Comsol Multiphysics. Laboratory works include Required previous knowledge/ • The role of a changing climate in contaminant delivery, COURSE COSTS: experiments on the behaviour of ice samples under non- None course specific requirements: storage and release in the Arctic. stationary loading, bending and indentation tests in the ice Enrolment in a relevant Master’s degree program. Math- tank, experiments on ice permeability, experiments on ice ematics through algebra; general chemistry; some experi- Teaching methods and activities: interaction with steel and concrete surface. Measurements ence in organic chemistry is useful (AT-207/AT-210 or equiv- of floating quay movements induced by water actions with The course lasts about 6 weeks and runs in combination Required previous knowledge/ alent). course specific requirements: synchronous measurements of sea currents, tides and with AT-831. waves are planned as fieldwork in Longyearbyen harbour. Enrolment in a relevant Master’s degree program. Knowl- Learning outcome: Total lecture hours: 30 hours. edge in mathematics and physics at Master level. Teaching methods and activities: Students will develop a deep understanding that the Arc- Student-led seminars: 10 hours. tic, although remote from most industrial and agricultural Laboratory work. Learning outcome: The course extends over 6 weeks and runs in combination activity, contains areas that are contaminated from long- Boat cruise: 5 days. with AT-832. After the course students should be able to: range transport of persistent contaminants. Students will • Perform specified physical-mathematical models describing understand how natural substances sometimes act as con- Students are required to prepare a 5000 - word manuscript Total lecture, seminars and fieldwork in Longyearbyen harbour: sea ice evolution over a year, sea ice permeability, taminants in the Arctic due to conditions that exist there. (including text, references, figures & tables) on a research 50 hours. bending and in plane deformations of fresh and saline Students will acquire skills using equipment in the field to topic of their choosing. Laboratory work: 1 week. ice, interaction of tides and surface waves with float- collect samples relating to atmospheric process affecting ing ice, ice gouging, ice behaviour under static and dy- snow & ice surfaces, and will develop skills using models to Compulsory assignment: Seminars include exercises with mathematical formula- namic loads, influence of sea ice on steel and concrete identify properties and source regions of atmospheric con- tions, analytical and numerical solutions of problems within (1) Students are required to complete written reports on surfaces; taminants found in the Arctic. Students will develop com- lecture topics, performing of results of field and laboratory field, lab, or modelling exercises as assigned. • Knowledge about ISO standards and probabilistic esti- petence understanding and communicating the unusual work and exercises for exam preparation. Each student (2) Students are required to participate in seminars led by mates of ice loads on offshore and coastal structures; and changing atmospheric systems in the Arctic and their must prepare two reports in relation to course topics. other AT-331/831 students, lab- and fieldwork. • Experience of the modelling with Comsol Multiphysics; relationships to contaminant trends. • Experience of ice tests in cold laboratory of the UNIS; Compulsory assignment: • Observations of outcomes of ice impact on beach and ASSESSMENT coastal structures; Students are required to participate in seminars, lab- and fieldwork. Method Time Percentage of final grade • Experience of field works in coastal zone of Svalbard fjords in ice free season. Research paper ASSESSMENT manuscript 50% Method Time Percentage of final grade Written exam 3 hours 50% All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Graded lab report 20% Graded field report 20% Written exam 4 hours 60%

All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. 98 UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – PhD COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – PhD COURSES 99

Arctic Infrastructures in a Academic content: Techniques for the Detection of Detection, identification and quantification of these chemi- AT-801 | Changing Climate (10 ECTS) Organo-Chemical Pollutants in the cals in ultra-trace levels are usually performed by applying Due to the fact that the climate is changing with higher AT-824 | Arctic Environment (10 ECTS) well-established and quality controlled analytical meth- expected temperatures, higher precipitation and probably ods. In addition new emerging contaminants are continu- Course period: higher storm activity, infrastructures have to be designed ously identified by using not or just inadequately validated Autumn (August – September), annually for this new climate scenario. Settlements in the vicinity Course period: analytical methods. The course will introduce post gradu- LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: of steep slopes will be exposed to increasing risk for slope Spring (January – February), annually English ate students to modern preparation and quantification failures, slides in soil and rock, slush and snow avalanches. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: English procedures for organo-chemical trace analysis (incl. new CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: The course will focus on recognizing terrain exposed to ava- 10 ECTS with AT-301 emerging organic chemicals) and will also provide detailed lanches and slides, and how to plan the location of infra- CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: GRADE: 10 ECTS with AT-324 information on feasibility and restrictions of modern trace structures to avoid natural disasters. Letter grade (A through F) GRADE: analytical technologies. COURSE MATERIALS: Letter grade (A through F) Books: Andersland O. B. and B. Ladanyi (2004): “Fro- Teaching methods and activities: COURSE MATERIALS: Demonstration and discussion of challenges and pitfalls zen Ground Engineering”. McClung D. and P. Schaerer Reading list: (ca. 400 pages): “Environmen- within modern trace analysis through practical experi- (2006): “The Avalanche Handbook”. Arctic Council The course extends over 5 weeks in combination with AT-301. tal Organic Chemistry” (Schwarzenbach), report (2005): “Arctic Climate Impact Assessment” Quality Control compendium, AMAP re- ences will be central topic in the course. The students will ACIA (Ch. 16). Jones Ch. L., J. R. Higgins and R. D. An- port 2010 (STOTEN), literature provided be introduced to the general scientific principles of modern drew (2000): “Colorado Rockfall Simulation Program, Total lecture and seminar hours: 40 hours. version 4.0”. Norwegian Public Road administration: COURSE RESPONSIBLE/unis contact person: ultra-trace analytical quantification methods for organic Fieldwork: 3 days. Roland Kallenborn Handbook 174 (1994): “Snow Engineering for Roads”. E-mail: [email protected] chemicals; learn through active field and laboratory work COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Fieldwork will consist of registration of different foundation about the importance of sampling/ sample treatment as Jan Otto Larsen COURSE COSTS: E-mail: [email protected] methods used in the Arctic environment and describe Excursion/cruise costs: NOK ~ 1000 an integrated part of trace analysis, evaluate the complete process leading from sampling to trace amount quantifica- COURSE COSTS: structure failures due to lack of maintenance and a warmer None climate. Lectures and seminar with experience from tion based upon modern trace analytical technology, have domestic and international projects will be presented and a first introduction in quality control and quality assurance discussed. Required previous knowledge/ criteria for modern trace analysis. course specific requirements: Required previous knowledge/ Compulsory assignment: Enrolment in a relevant PhD program. Documented knowl- Teaching methods and activities: course specific requirements: edge in organic analytical chemistry (AT-207/AT-210 or Students are required to participate in seminars, fieldwork The course extends over 6 weeks in combination with AT-324. Enrolment in a relevant PhD degree program. Knowledge in equivalent) and experiences in chemical trace analysis (or and write a report on protection measures for part of the mathematics and physics at Master level. adequate competence). settlement in the Longyear valley or Svea mining camp. Total lecture hours: 35 hours. Laboratory work: 100 hours. Learning outcome: Learning outcome: ASSESSMENT Through lectures and field trips students will be introduced Students should be able to understand the restrictions and A combination of lecturing and laboratory work is the educational basis for the course. AT-824 students will have an to weather related geological processes and geotechnical Method Time Percentage of final grade advantages of modern trace analytical methods in organic aspects connected to planning, design and protection of environmental chemistry. An in-depth knowledge on re- additional curriculum of scientific literature and will, in ad- infrastructures as buildings, roads, bridges and pipelines in quirements for organic trance analysis will allow them to: dition to the completed laboratory journals, prepare an in- Assignment a changing Arctic climate. 10% depth report, in the form of a manuscript for peer review • Knowledge about the impact of climate change on • Perform a principal method evaluation based upon publication, on a self-chosen topic within trace analytical Written field infrastructures in the Arctic, and how to solve this standard quality control (QC) criteria methods for quantitative determination of contaminants. report 10% expected issue. • Critically evaluate the quality of published data based The scientific focus will be placed on on-going develop- • The influence of climate change on Natural disasters Written report upon QC protocols given in the respective reference. ments within quantitative trace analytical methods for as snow avalanches and slides is rock and soils. on protection 30% • Assign a method uncertainty to the respective ana- legacy and new emerging pollutants. In general, morning • Knowledge about how to take natural hazards into measures lytical methods presented as important frame for sub- lectures (2-3 hours) on relevant topics will be followed by consideration in areal planning. sequent statistical evaluations. practical work in the laboratory during afternoon sessions Written exam 4 hours • How to protect infrastructures as buildings, roads, 50% • Appreciate the role of analytical chemistry as inte- (4 hours daily). pipelines etc. against snow avalanches and slides. grated environmental research topic for the overall en- All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. • Design of buildings and roads in snow drift areas vironmental risk assessment in Arctic environments. Compulsory assignment: • This comprehensive understanding is expected to be Students are required to participate in seminars, lab- and significantly more detailed than for students of AT- fieldwork. 324. This in-depth scientific knowledge will be manifested in a detailed report. ASSESSMENT Academic content: Method Time Percentage of final grade Today, a large number of organic chemicals are already identified as primary environmental pollutants in Arctic en- Report in vironments. manuscript form 50% Oral exam 50%

All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. 100 UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – PhD COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – PhD COURSES 101

Arctic Offshore Engineering Teaching methods and activities: Arctic Environmental Toxicology Specific topics: AT-827 | (10 ECTS) AT-830 | (10 ECTS) • Uptake, biotransformation and excretion of pollutants The course lasts 2 weeks and runs in combination with AT-327. in Arctic organisms. • Effects of pollutants in organisms in relation to the Course period: Total lecture hours: About 44 hours. Course period: specific Arctic environmental conditions. Autumn, (October), annually (Exam: ~1. December) Group work: 10 hours. Spring (March – April), annually LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: • Effects of pollutants on organismal acclimatization English English and adaptations to the Arctic environment. Students are required to prepare a 5000-8000 word manu- • How effects can propagate from the subcellular level CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: script (including text, references, figures & tables, length CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: 10 ECTS with AT-327 10 ECTS with AT-330 to population, community and ecosystem levels. depending on journal requirements) on a research topic GRADE: GRADE: • How climate change and pollutants may interact in af- of their choosing that will be submitted for publication. A Letter grade (A through F) Letter grade (A through F) fecting Arctic organisms and ecosystems. draft version is suitable to receive a grade in AT-827. COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: • Specific ecotoxic effects of the major classes of pol- Approximately 600 pages of read- Approximately 700 pages of reading lutants, such as persistent organic pollutants, heavy ing from texts, articles and reports. from texts, articles and reports. Compulsory assignment: metals, petroleum oil, and novel man-made pollut- COURSE RESPONSIBLE: COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Sveinung Løset Students are required to participate on the group work. Bjørn Munro Jenssen ants, on Arctic organisms. E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] • The susceptibility of Arctic organisms and ecosystems COURSE COSTS: COURSE COSTS: to pollutants as compared to other organisms and eco- Compendium: NOK ~ 300 ASSESSMENT None systems. • Effects of pollutants on humans in the Arctic. Method Time Percentage of final grade

Research Required previous knowledge/ Teaching methods and activities: Required previous knowledge/ manuscript to be course specific requirements: The course lasts approximately 6 weeks and runs in course specific requirements: submitted for 60% Enrolment in a relevant PhD degree program. Background combination with AT-330. Enrolment in a relevant PhD degree program. Knowledge in publication in toxicology, ecotoxicology (AT-207/AT-210 or equivalent) mathematics and physics at Master level. Total lecture hours: 30 hours. Written exam 4 hours or biology is an advantage. 40% Student-led seminars: 20 hours. Learning outcome: All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Learning outcome: Students will acquire knowledge of oil and gas resources Students are required to prepare a 5000-word manuscript Students will understand the major challenges involved in in the Arctic. Students will develop understanding of ice (including text, references, figures & tables) on a research understanding how pollutants affect Arctic organisms and physics and mechanics. From this basis students will de- topic of their choosing. ecosystems. Students will develop advanced understand- velop skills for designing offshore structures in the Arctic. ing on toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of pollution Students will understand how the physical environment af- Compulsory assignment: in the Arctic, ranging from effects on the subcellular level, fects such design and how the structures respond to the to ecological effects. Students will develop competence in (1) Students are required to give a 45 minute lecture on the environmental actions. Logistics is part of this. The actions understanding if and why Arctic organisms are more sus- topic of the above mentioned manuscript. relate to sea ice, icebergs, marine icing and sea ice dynam- ceptible to effects of pollutants. Students will understand (2) Students are required to participate in the seminars, lab- ics. Students will develop competence through lectures and how different pollutants interact, and how environmental and fieldwork. group work related to a relevant case study as well as from pollutants and the prevailing environmental conditions in a compulsory report to be delivered in the project. the Arctic can interact and cause complex ecotoxic effects. ASSESSMENT Students will have competence in toxic effects of pollut- Academic content: ants in humans in the Arctic. Students will develop skills in Method Time Percentage of final grade The course addresses oil and gas resources and reserves, presenting and communicating relevant scientific findings petroleum engineering aspects and Arctic offshore devel- for the general public and decision makers. Research paper opment. Offshore structures are discussed on the basis of manuscript 40% characteristics of the physical environment. Academic content: Written exam 3 hours Arctic species have evolved biochemical, physiological and 60% Specific topics: ecological traits specific for surviving in the harsh Arctic All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. • Oil and gas resources in the Arctic environment. Pollutants can be toxic, or interfere with bio- • Petroleum engineering aspects and technology logical processes through other mechanisms, thus reducing • Operations in cold climate their fitness and causing resultant changes in biodiversity • Ice physics/mechanics and ecosystem functioning. Effects can occur at all biologi- • Global and local ice loads on offshore structures cal organization levels, from the subcellular level to the eco- • Moored structures and structures on DP in ice system level. • Ice management • Use of numerical models and ice tank testing in design 102 UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – PhD COURSES UNIS | ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY – PhD COURSES 103

Arctic Environmental Pollution: Academic content: Physical Environmental Loads Academic content: Atmospheric Distribution and on Arctic Coastal and Offshore AT-831 | Processes (10 ECTS) The combinations of Arctic ambient atmospheric conditions AT-832 | Structures (10 ECTS) The course introduces students in modern physical and math- (long periods of light or dark, cold, dry air, strong wind) af- ematical models describing physical environmental loads on fect the chemical reactions affecting persistence (lifetime) coastal and offshore structures in the Arctic. The course includes Course period: and distributions (including bioaccumulation) of contami- Course period: description of physical mechanisms of the environmental loads Spring (April – June), annually nants. Climate change is expected to play a role, yet un- Autumn (October – November), annually on the structures by waves, ice and sea currents and explain LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: specified, in this process. LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: methods of the construction of corresponded mathematical English English models. Main focus is on the models describing ice crushing and CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: Specific topics: piling up near narrow and wide structures, acceleration of floes 5 ECTS with AT-321 and 10 ECTS with AT-331 10 ECTS with AT-323 and AT-332 • The real “POPs” defined: persistent, bioaccumulative, and icebergs by surface waves, wave actions on fixed and float- GRADE: GRADE: Letter grade (A through F) toxic (PBT). Letter grade (A through F) ing structures, tide and thermally induced ice stresses, seabed • Arctic conditions that affect “P” and “B” in PBT. gouging by ice keels, ice piling up on the beach, seabed erosion COURSE MATERIALS: COURSE MATERIALS: Ca. 700 pages of reading from • General abiotic decomposition processes in the Arctic Books: Irgens, F. (2008): “Continuum mechanics”. by under ice currents, abrasion of steel and concrete surfaces by texts, articles and reports. (oxidation, photolysis). Mei, C.C. (1983): “The applied dynamics of ocean the ice, bearing capacity of the ice under static and moving loads. surface waves”. Sanderson, T.J.O. (1988): COURSE RESPONSIBLE • Contaminant storage in ice and sediment in the Arctic. Lecture also includes formulation of codes for the design of off- Mark Hermanson “Ice mechanics. Risk to offshore structures”. E-mail: [email protected] • Forecasting and hindcasting movement of contami- Squire et al. (1996): “Moving loads on ice plates”. shore constructions in ice conditions and probability methods for nants through the Arctic atmosphere: the application Løset et al. (2006): “Actions from ice on Arctic the estimates of risks due to long term exploitation of offshore COURSE COSTS: offshore and coastal structures”. Dempsey and Excursion/cruise costs: ~ NOK 1000 of models. Shen (2001): “Scaling Laws in Ice Mechanics and structures. • The role of particles in Arctic atmospheric contami- Ice Dynamics”. Scientific papers (provided). Seminars include analytical exercises and numerical simulations nant distribution. COURSE RESPONSIBLE by Comsol Multiphysics. Laboratory works include experiments • Contaminant phases of some naturally-occurring sub- Aleksey Marchenko on the behaviour of ice samples under non-stationary loading, E-mail: [email protected] Required previous knowledge/ stances in the Arctic. bending and indentation tests in the ice tank, experiments on course specific requirements: COURSE COSTS: • The role of a changing climate in contaminant delivery, None ice permeability, experiments on ice interaction with steel and Enrolment in a relevant PhD program. Mathematics through storage and release in the Arctic. concrete surface. Measurements of floating quay movements algebra; general chemistry; some experience in organic induced by water actions with synchronous measurements of chemistry is useful (AT-207/AT-210 or equivalent). Teaching methods and activities: sea currents, tides and waves are planned as fieldwork in Long- Required previous knowledge/ yearbyen harbour. The course lasts about 6 weeks and runs in combination course specific requirements: Learning outcome: with AT-331. Enrolment in a relevant PhD program. Knowledge in math- Teaching methods and activities: Students will develop a deep understanding that the Arc- ematics and physics at Master level. tic, although remote from most industrial and agricultural Total lecture hours: 30 hours. The course extends over 6 weeks and runs in combination with activity, contains areas that are contaminated from long- Student-led seminars: 10 hours. AT-332. range transport of persistent contaminants. Students will Laboratory work. Learning outcome: Boat cruise: 5 days. Total lecture, seminars and fieldwork in Longyearbyen harbour: understand how natural substances sometimes act as con- After the course students should be able to: 55 hours. taminants in the Arctic due to conditions that exist there. • Perform specified physical and mathematical models Students are required to prepare a 5000-8000 word Laboratory work: 1 week. Students will acquire skills using equipment in the field to describing sea ice evolution over a year, sea ice perme- manuscript (including text, references, figures & tables, collect samples relating to atmospheric process affecting ability, bending and in plane deformations of fresh and length depending on journal requirements) on a research Seminars include exercises with mathematical formulations, snow & ice surfaces, and will develop skills using models saline ice, interaction of tides and surface waves with topic of their choosing that will be submitted for publication. analytical and numerical solutions of problems within lecture to identify source regions of atmospheric contaminants floating ice, sediment transport in shallow waters be- A draft version is suitable to receive a grade in AT-831. topics, performing of results of field- and laboratory work and found in the Arctic. Students will develop competence un- low the ice, ice gouging, ice behaviour under static and exercises for exam preparation. Each student should prepare a derstanding and communicating the unusual and changing dynamic loads, 3D models of build-up and consolida- report/manuscript with research paper structure (3000-5000 atmospheric systems in the Arctic and their relationships to Compulsory assignment: tion of ice ridges and ice piles near offshore structures, words, including introduction, text, references, figures & tables contaminant trends. influence of sea ice on steel and concrete surfaces; (1) Students are required to participate in lab- and fieldwork and conclusion) on lab- and fieldwork. and to complete written reports on field, lab, or modelling • Perform basic knowledge about ISO standards and exercises as assigned. probabilistic estimates of ice loads on offshore and Compulsory assignment: (2) Students are required to participate in seminars led by coastal structures; other AT-331/831 students. • Experience of the modelling with Comsol Multiphysics; Students are required to participate in seminars, lab- and fieldwork. • Experience of ice tests in cold laboratory of the UNIS; • Observations of outcomes of ice impact on beach and ASSESSMENT coastal structures; ASSESSMENT • Experience of field works in coastal zone of Svalbard Method Time Percentage of final grade Method Time Percentage of final grade fjords in ice free season. Research paper Written report manuscript 75% on lab work 20% Written report Written exam 3 hours 25% on fieldwork 20%

All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. Written exam 4 hours 60%

All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. 104 UNIS | GENERAL COURSES 105 general courses

Arctic Survival and Safety Course A thorough theoretical grounding and hands-on practice are AS-101 | (3 ECTS) provided to students in a range of vital survival skills: Use of rifles and pyrotechnic flares to scare away polar bears; first-aid, looking especially at treatment and prevention of Course period: Spring (January), annually frost injuries; navigation on Svalbard by map reading and

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: compass, assisted by GPS; use of communications systems English including VHF radio, satellite phone and direction beacons;

CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: emergency kit including tent, windbag and primus stove; None sea ice behavior and rescue techniques. The last day of the

GRADE: course include a practical exercise detailing the factors that Pass/Fail must be considered when planning field trips in the Arctic. COURSE MATERIALS: Handouts (150 pages) Teaching methods and activities: COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Fred Skancke Hansen The course extends over 6 days. E-mail: [email protected] COURSE COSTS: Total lecture hours: Ca. 20 hours. None Total exercise hours: Ca. 40 hours.

Compulsory assignment: Required previous knowledge/ 100% presence in lectures and exercises. course specific requirements: Enrolment as a UNIS spring semester student. ASSESSMENT

Learning outcome: Method Time Percentage of final grade Basic knowledge of potential risk scenarios and achieve Written exam 1 hour skills in planning and accomplishing field work and private 100%

trips under arctic conditions. All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade.

Academic content: The course assumes that students have no prior experience of life in the High Arctic. The first segment therefore focuses on clothing and general conduct, as well as providing an insight into the sort of conditions and risks you can expect to meet on Svalbard.

View from Longyear- huset and breen towards Huset longyearbyen and Longyearbyen. | Photo: Jan Otto Larsen 106 UNIS | GENERAL COURSES 107

The History of Svalbard Teaching methods and activities: SH-201 | (6 ECTS) The course extends over two weeks, with 20 lecture hours. personal An essay of maximum 2,500 words or at least three written

Course period: exercises must be approved in order to take the exam. In- notes | Spring (2 weeks in January/February), annually dividual tuition is offered. During the course there will be a LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: voluntary guided visit to Svalbard Museum and the Cultural English Heritage Repository. CREDIT REDUCTION/OVERLAP: None

GRADE: Compulsory assignment: Pass/Fail At least 80 % attendance at lectures and approved COURSE MATERIALS: exercises/essay. Curriculum: Recommended reading list: Ca. 250 pages COURSE RESPONSIBLE: Thor Bjørn Arlov ASSESSMENT E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]

COURSE COSTS: Method Time Percentage of final grade None

Written exam 3 hours 100% Required previous knowledge/ All assessments must be fulfilled in order to receive a final grade. course specific requirements: The course is adapted for science or technology students on Bachelor or Master level without previous experience in history or social sciences. International Polar Field School | (10 ECTS) Note: Exam is only offered to registered spring semester AFS-201 students at UNIS.

Course period: Learning outcome: Early summer 2012 (ca. 3 weeks) Students will get a comprehensive overview of Svalbard’s history from its discovery in 1596 until the present day, The international and interdisciplinary IPY Field School 2012 covering main aspects of economic and scientific activity, is for Bachelor- and early Master level students. The field politics, social and cultural development. They will be intro- school will focus on environmental change in the Polar areas duced to historical thinking and acquire a basic understand- based upon past, present and future research being done in ing of applied historical method. The aim of the course is to the Arctic during and after the IPY. provide the students with a wider cultural context for their specialized studies in Svalbard. Application deadline and other course relevant information is found on the UNIS web: www.unis.no Academic content: The point of departure of the course is the gradual colonization and exploration of the circumpolar Arctic from pre-historic times

until the modern period. The early exploitation of Svalbard as a resource frontier is discussed, with emphasis on whaling and The Stormy Sun and the Northern hunting. Economic activity in the modern era is covered, first and | Lights (5 ECTS) Agf-216 foremost mining and large scale tourism, but also fisheries. An overriding perspective is the interaction between man and the Course period: environment through nearly 400 years of resource harvesting. 2 weeks evening course in spring semester, annually.

The history of science on Svalbard will be outlined from its early beginnings in the 18th century until the present, including the Open to registered students at bachelor level (45-90 ECTS more spectacular polar expeditions. Political history includes the within one of the four disciplines taught at UNIS). question of sovereignty and the emergence of a management Full course description is found on page 74. regime, as well as the role of Svalbard in a geopolitical context.

The development of Russian and Norwegian local communities will be analyzed, and particular emphasis will be put on the local history of Longyearbyen. Front page: Close-up of ice in the Mittag-Leffler glacier. Photo: Ella Maria Kyrö.

CONTACT INFORMATION Student and Academic Affairs: The University Centre E-mail: [email protected] unis COURSE in Svalbard (UNIS) Web: www.unis.no/studies P.O. Box 156 N-9171 Longyearbyen See www.unis.no/studies for updates CATALOGUE Norway Phone: (+47) 79 02 33 00 E-mail: [email protected] the university centre in svalbard Web: www.unis.no www.facebook.com/UNIS.Svalbard