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Home , Geography of Svalbard, Scoresby Sound

Expedition Notes JEWELS OF THE ARCTIC

Arctic Ocean

Greenland Welcome Aboard! Sea Thank you for choosing Aurora Expeditions for your Jewels of the

Longyearbyen Hinlopen Strait Arctic expedition. These expedition notes are designed to give you a brief summary of what Scoresby Sound you may discover on your voyage to the European Arctic. Our emphasis is Strait on personal contact with the environment, wildlife encounters, and visiting Isa ordur ARCTIC CIRCLE Reykjavik ICELAND sites of historical and cultural significance. Your safety is our priority, closely Norwegian Sea followed by showing you the best high Arctic experience possible! Please remember that the enclosed itinerary is merely a guide. All our voyages are expedition-style, and our adventure will be influenced by the Oban Aberdeen SCOTLAND cold sea current from Siberia along the east coast, which can result in lower temperatures and means, that even in summer, frequent pack ice can make Voyage Code: GRN31 access unpredictable and sometimes difficult. Dates: 18 to 31 August 2017 Please take the time to read this pre-departure information prior to departing Duration: 13 Nights / 14 Days for your voyage. If you have any further questions or wish to book flights, Embark: Reykjavik accommodation, tours and transfers not included with the voyage, please do Disembark: not hesitate to contact your travel agent or your Reservations Consultant. Ship: Polar Pioneer Aurora Expeditions Important information P +61 2 9252 1033 F +61 2 9252 1373 Terms and Conditions Please read our terms and E [email protected] conditions carefully to ensure you understand what is included in the voyage cost as well as any fees that Itinerary Overview may be applicable in case you are required to cancel your voyage. Day 1 Reykjavik and flight to Isafjordur Day 2 Denmark Straight Please remember that the enclosed itinerary is Days 3-9 East Coast of Greenland merely a guide. All of our itineraries are at the mercy of weather conditions and not all landings Days 10 -11 are guaranteed. Our itineraries are flexible and Days 12-13 North West coast of will change voyage to voyage, allowing the best Day 14 Longyearbyen chance to make the most of surprising wildlife * Itinerary includes flight from Reykjavik to Isafjordur displays and unexpected opportunities.

PRE-DEPARTURE INFORMATION Trip notes prepared December 2015. 1 Expedition Notes JEWELS OF THE ARCTIC

Voyage Highlights Voyage Inclusions • See Iceland’s unique landscape of fire and ice • Economy class flight from Reykjavik to Isafjordur • Wildlife-rich Arctic – polar bears, , seals, reindeer, sea • Group transfer to and from Polar Pioneer birds, musk oxen, and whales • Group sightseeing tour in Longyearbyen on arrival, • Visit historic sites including museums, whaling stations, post-voyage geology and fossils • Accommodation during the voyage • Sail within 600 miles of the North Pole • All meals, snacks, tea and coffee during the voyage • Visit the world’s largest National Park in North East Greenland, • All shore excursions and Zodiac (inflatable boat) cruises and the world’s largest system, Scoresby Sund • Educational lectures and guiding services from our expert team • Hear the cracks of active glaciers as they create Greenland’s • Access to our on board doctor and basic medical services famous giant icebergs • Free gumboot hire during the voyage Witness the midnight sun as it creates nearly 24 hours of • Daily cabin service sunlight • Comprehensive pre-departure information • Cruise past Spitsbergen’s narrow sheltered waterways and • Professionally produced voyage journal such as Kongsfjorden () and Hornsund Fjord. • Port taxes and charges • All entry fees to historic landings sites. Complimentary Polar Jacket Each passenger will receive their very own Aurora Expeditions Voyage Exclusions waterproof multi-purpose jacket to use on your voyage. You • International or domestic flights to or from Polar Pioneer, will receive a link via email prior to your departure to view sizing unless specified options and to order your jacket, which will be ready and waiting • Airport arrival or departure taxes for you at the start of your voyage. • Transfers not mentioned in the itinerary • Visa, passport, and vaccination charges Optional Activity • Travel insurance or emergency evacuation charges Sea Kayaking • Hotels and meals not included in voyage itinerary Sea kayak rides in the Arctic offers a truly unique perspective of • Optional excursions not included in the voyage itinerary this amazing polar wonderland. Exploring by kayak is an ideal • Optional activity surcharge. Please contact us if you wish to way to surround yourself in the sights and sounds of the Arctic, book any optional activities, such as sea kayak rides to paddle among icebergs and brash ice, and to observe wildlife • All items of a personal nature including but not limited to: in an unobtrusive manner. Paddlers will have the option to kayak alcoholic beverages and soft drinks, laundry services, personal as often as possible during the voyage, weather conditions clothing, medical expenses, gratuities, and email or phone permitting, as well as have the opportunity to make shore charges. landings. A surcharge applies. If you are interested in Sea Kayaking, please contact your travel agent or our Sales Team on +61 2 9252 1033.

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Important Travel Planning Information Travel Arrangements Please note the below information is subject to change. Please Aurora Expeditions has a dedicated team of highly skilled and call Aurora Expeditions to confirm times or refer to your final qualified travel advisors who can assist you in making further documentation. travel arrangements in conjunction with your voyage including: Getting to Reykjavik - International airfares A number of major airlines fly into Reykjavik from Europe. Our - Pre- and post-accommodation and touring client services team can assist you with booking your flights to - Destination information and planning Europe and Reykjavik. Please call 02 9252 1033 or email Please contact your dedicated consultant at [email protected] for a detailed flight quote. [email protected] for further information. Pre-Voyage Packages Examples of some pre- and post-cruise packages which we can Please check with us for more information on our competitively arrange include accommodation in Oslo and Longyearbyen, priced pre-voyage packages. These packages normally include a the famous "Norway in a Nutshell" rail journey, a Norwegian night accommodation in Reykjavik, transfers, meals and the flight coastal cruise, and many other fascinating travel options around between Longyearbyen and Oslo. Scandinavia and Europe. Embarkation Your expedition will embark in Reykjavik on 18 August 2017. Passengers joining our expeditions in Reykjavík will fly from Reykjavík Domestic Airport (RKV) to Ísafjörður. Please check the exact flight times in your final documents and arrive at the airport at least one hour before your flight’s scheduled departure time. It is recommended that passengers arrive in Reykjavík one day prior to embarkation. Disembarkation Your expedition will disembark in Longyearbyen on 31 August 2017 at approximately 09:00. You will enjoy a Longyearbyen town tour before being transferred to airport or your pre-booked accommodation. For passengers intending to fly out of Longyearbyen on the day of disembarkation, our preferred flight is SK4425 to Tromso/Oslo which departs at 14:45.

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Detailed Itinerary We will attempt to enter Kaiser Franz Josef Fjord a remote and For those that have opted for our Pre & Post Voyage Package, rarely visited fjord system with countless opportunities for you will make your own way to our Reykjavik hotel on the day exploration that lies within the North East Greenland National before your voyage departure date. In the morning you will be Park. Cruising through Kong Oskar Fjord we will marvel at the transferred to Reykjavik airport to catch your flight to Isafjordur geological beauty of the mountains. We will then head south (complete details will be provided in your final documentation). along the coast of , with our passage dependent Day 1: Reykjavik – Isafjordur on ice conditions. After making your own way to Reykjavik Domestic Airport (please In the next couple of days our itinerary may take us to Scoresby note there are two airports in Reykjavik), you will board your 40 Sund and Kaiser Franz Josef Fjord. Landings may include: minute flight to Isafjordur, where you will be transferred to Polar Sydkap in Scorseby Sund offers good walking and delightful Pioneer to begin your voyage. views across the sound. Kayakers will have good opportunities Please note: This flight does not include any refreshments. to explore the lonely beaches. We may explore the ancient gravesites on the island, or the lakes with green tunnels and giant We recommend you arrive into Reykjavik at least one day prior to icebergs offer hours of enjoyment for kayak and Zodiac rides. your flight. Your Reservations Consultant or travel agent can assist Other possible landing points in the area include: Rype Fjord, O you with flights to Iceland and any accommodation, transfers and Fjord, Fonfjord, Bjorn Oya, , Hekla Havn, and Denmark tours. Island. Days 2: At sea In the Denmark Strait, we cruise towards Greenland. We will be is Scoresby Sund’s colourful Inuit community of approximately 500 people. Feel free to explore the village, on the lookout for whale blows and the many seabirds that trail fascinating museum or sit quietly in the beautiful Lutheran our ship in the uplifting thermals. You will have time to settle into Church. your cabin and meet your fellow expeditioners. The people are friendly, and the young children vie for our Day 3-9: Scoresby Sund, Kong Oskar Fjords & Kaiser Franz Josef attention from underneath their Arctic fox-fur jackets. We aim to reach Scoresby Sund, the world’s biggest fjord and Sefstrom Glacier adorns the narrow peaked waterway in a favourite hunting ground of the local Inuit. Massive glaciers Alpefjord. Zodiac access is allowable and it is a pretty area, with dump into this fjord, the birthplace of the famous big Greenland Arctic flora growing in the autumn light. icebergs. Cape Humboldt is a beautiful bay on Ymer Island. There is a good We hope to visit the remote Inuit community of Ittoqqortoormiit chance to take a tundra walk and witness musk oxen graze. We (Scoresby Town) and to hike across the tundra in search of will also keep a lookout for Arctic fox and ptarmigan. A lone ancient graveyards and summer villages occupied 3,000 years trapper's hut looks over the bay and magnificent icebergs. ago by Eskimos. This area provides excellent opportunities for sea kayaking in its maze of calm, interconnecting waterways. If we are Days 10-11: At Sea lucky we may see musk oxen, Arctic hare and seals, and maybe We head out to sea enroute for Spitsbergen. As we cruise if we are extremely lucky even a or , although northeast across the Greenland Sea – the main outlet of the due to the relentless pursuit of the local hunters, these sightings – we may encounter pack ice and if we are lucky we are very rare. will see polar bears hunting on the ice.

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The strong icy sea currents have isolated East Greenland from the sightseeing tour of Longyearbyen and some time at leisure rest of the world for millennia. These currents carry nutrients from before being transferred to Longyearbyen airport. Your luggage the Polar Basin, attracting large numbers of fish, seals and whales. will be transferred directly from Polar Pioneer to the aiport. Climatic conditions and the concentration of ice in the vicinity We recommend that all passengers overnight in Oslo before often create thick morning fog that vanishes with the onset of the continuing on with travel arrangements. midday sun. Our experts will entertain us with fascinating talks on plants, animals and early explorers like Nansen, Andree and Please note: Sometimes our ship is unable to dock in Scoresby. Longyearbyen port due to space and capacity. In these instances we reach the port by Zodiac. Our expedition team will advise you Days 12-13: West Coast of Spitsbergen if this situation arises. Depending on conditions, we may cruise either north or south along the West Coast of Spitsbergen, stopping at intriguing places in search of the mighty polar bear. Fitness Requirements This voyage is suitable for people of most ages and physical Along Spitsbergen’s North Coast we may explore places such abilities. We offer a variety of soft and harder walking options, as Woodfjorden and Leifdefjorden, where from our Zodiacs we some of which may be over uneven and/or slippery surfaces. You enjoy magnificent views of glaciers sweeping and tumbling are free to choose which activities and outings you would like to into the sea. We may walk on smooth raised beach terraces to participate in, and less nimble passengers are given the choice magnificent viewpoints, hike on flowering tundra where reindeer whether to land or not. graze and may visit trappers’ huts of yesteryear – all the while remaining alert for wandering polar bears. To fully enjoy your expedition, we recommend that you are able to walk up and down the ships gangway (the equivalent We may enter the spectacular Hornsund Fjord in the south to a steep set of stairs), and are able to get in and out of Zodiacs where we may take an early morning Zodiac cruise to admire the (inflatable rubber boats) with some assistance from our staff. beautiful ice walls of the Samarin Glacier or take a stroll beneath If you have any concerns, please feel free to contact Aurora the towering seabird cliffs at Sofiebogen. In Fjord we are Expeditions on +61 2 9252 1033. always on the lookout for Beluga whales. We may also visit the Medical form remnants of a Norwegian Beluga whaling station from the 1930’s. Please note your Medical Form is required to be signed by your Across the fjord at Våraolbukta is lush and stunning landscape general practitioner and returned to Aurora Expeditions no later where reindeer roam, Arctic flowers bloom in abundance and than three months, and no earlier than six months, before your Arctic fox may be seen patrolling the little auk colony, where voyage departure date. several thousand birds nest here amongst the boulders, coming and going in huge flocks. This is a beautiful place where we can stretch our legs before heading on a south-westerly course towards the East Greenland pack ice belt. Day 14: Longyearbyen During the early morning we cruise into the port of remote village, Longyearbyen, the ‘Capital’ of Spitsbergen. Enjoy your

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Documentation Money Matters You should always carry your travel insurance policy, emergency The Icelandic monetary unit is the Kroner. Coins are in card and photocopies of your passport with you during your denominations of 1, 5, 50 and 100 kroner. Bank notes are in holiday. denominations of 500, 2000, 5000 and 10000 kroner. Travel insurance The Norwegian monetary unit is known as the Norwegian Aurora Expeditions require that you take out a personal travel Kroner. It is most often written NOK in international money insurance policy, including emergency evacuation, to cover markets, NKR in northern Europe and KR within Norway. One against sickness, accident, loss of baggage and personal Krone equals 100 ore. There are 50 ore and 1, 5, 10 & 20 kroner belongings, unexpected alterations to travel arrangements and coins, while bills come in 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 kroner. travel disruption, emergency evacuation, and cancellation. The Danish krone is the legal tender in Greenland. Aurora Expeditions recommend SureSave travel insurance. Exchanging money To arrange your travel insurance please contact your Reservations In Iceland and Norway, money exchanges, post offices and banks Consultant or travel agent. will exchange major foreign currencies and accept all travellers If you take out an alternative policy, you should check that it cheques. provides adequate coverage as above. Please advise Aurora In Norway Post offices charge a service fee of 10NKR per travellers Expeditions of your policy details on your personal details form. cheques with a 20NKR minimum, and 30NKR for any size Personal details form transaction. Banks are usually open Monday to Friday between You are required to return your personal details form to Aurora 09:00 to 16:00 / 17:00hrs. Some do stay open until later on Expeditions at least 90 days prior to your voyage departure. Thursdays and a few open on Saturday mornings. Please ensure all information is correct and inform us of any For current exchange rate information please refer to changes that may arise. www.oanda.com Passport ATMs and credit cards Please ensure that your passport is valid at least 6 months after Automatic teller machines (ATMs) can generally be found your date of your return. If you are not an Australian citizen and adjacent to many banks and at busy public places such as are returning to Australia after your trip, ensure that you have shopping centres. Most major credit cards and Cirrus and the necessary resident return visa / re-entry permit from the Plus bank cards are widely accepted throughout the UK and Department of Immigration. Scandinavia. Credit cards can be used to buy train tickets. Visas Informing your bank Passengers are required to organise their own visas if required for To minimise the risk of fraud while you are out of the country, the country you are visiting. Please check with your Reservations it is recommended that you contact your bank and credit card Consultant or travel agent if you are unsure. suppliers to advise them of your dates of travel.

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Spending money Communication During your voyage you will only require money for souvenir Telephone shopping and entry into some historic sites, museums and The charges for telephone services will be higher than at home. other places you may wish to visit in Longyearbyen that are not We do not suggest you call from your hotel as they charge their included in our itinerary. In Longyearbyen, you will need to carry own rates on top of the phone call. You can find public telephone the Norwegian Kroner. call centres in most major cities and tourist areas. It may also be worth looking into buying a prepaid calling card before you leave You may like to carry a small amount of Danish Krone during the home. Check with your local provider for further details. voyage to purchase postage stamps and small souvenirs during our visit to Ittoqqortoormiit. Email Internet cafes are readily available. Contact your service provider Security before you leave home, and ask for any suggestions about Money and valuables should always be stored safely when accessing your emails from abroad. travelling. Keep your passport with you at all times and do not leave it in your main luggage. You will need it to change money Mobile phones and check into hotels. Where safety deposit boxes are available, Please contact your mobile phone service provider for details we recommend that you use them. We also recommend you on international roaming, access and rates. Alternatively, if your keep jewellery and valuables to a minimum when travelling. phone is not locked to a network you can purchase a pre-paid sim card when you arrive in Europe. On board payments Polar Pioneer is a cashless vessel, however you will local currency Emergency if you intend to purchase any souvenirs during our landings and In the event of an emergency please have your relatives or friends US Dollars if you wish to tip our Russian crew (we recommend contact Aurora Expeditions on +61 2 9252 1033 and we will get US$10-12, per passenger, per day). For onboard expenses and bar the message to you as soon as possible. bills, we accept all major credit cards.

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Destination Facts Greenland Greenland, Kalaallit Nunaat, is almost entirely covered by the Iceland second largest icecap on earth, and boasts the world's largest Some extra time in Iceland is well worth it. Explosive sunsets, national park. A pioneering country, it is inhabited by Inuit people literature, music and fine arts abound in Iceland. Forged by who eke out a living hunting in one of the harshest environments fire and honed by ice, it is a geological treasure trove, which is on earth. You will find yourself in awe at the magnificent and volcanically and geologically active. The night life is profound silent beauty of it's natural state. You can appreciate the wild because of the midnight sun, which may influence your sleeping animals who roam free there and take in spectacular views patterns. There are plenty of adventures to go on, including of icy ocean. It has marvelous geology with gravel beaches, the opportunity to go whale watching, bird watching and visit dumped by ice-age glaciers and intriguing flat-topped mesas magical waterfalls. Museums and excellent cuisine are plentiful (table mountains ) striated with layers of ancient deposits rising in the cities, especially in Reykjavik, the country’s capital. dramatically between massive glaciers. The people are fit and Interestingly, until the 20th century Iceland was one of the hardy from standing up to the harsh climate, their colourful poorest countries in the world relying on agriculture and fishing. houses dot the landscape. Greenland has awesome mother Industrialisation of fisheries and the Marshall Plan (American nature and you should feel refreshed and invigorated after our program to aid Europe after WWII) brought prosperity to the visit. country, which is now one of the most developed on earth. Area Area Greenland is controversially sometimes labelled as the largest Iceland has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of island in the world (Australia is technically larger, some definitions 103,000 km2. exclude land masses large enough to be considered continents). Climate Greenland’s total area, including the ice sheet is just over 2 million Iceland enjoys a much milder climate than its name and location km2 (approximately 3.5 times less than the continent of Australia). adjacent to the Arctic Circle would imply. A branch of the Gulf Climate Stream flows along the southern and the western coast greatly Greenland’s average temperature rarely exceeds 10°C (50° F) in moderating the climate. However, this brings mild Atlantic air in the warmest summer months. In southern parts of the country contact with colder Arctic air resulting in a climate that is marked and the innermost parts of the long fjords, the temperature can, by frequent changes in weather and storminess. The average however, rise to more than 20°C (68° F) from June to August. As temperate during the summer months varies from around 10°C for most things in Greenland, the climate is influenced by the to 12°C (20°F to 55°F), with warm summer days reaching just over ever-present ice. The ice is partly responsible for the formation of 20°C (68°F). During daytime, the air is usually cool ("refreshing" is large high pressure systems that dominate the area during Spring the local euphemism) and cold during night time. and Summer, and enjoy the typically calm and settled weather. Language East Greenland has, on average, 300 days of sunshine a year. Icelanders speak Icelandic, with many also speaking Danish and Language English. Greenlandic and Danish are the languages of Greenland. Most people also speak English.

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Spitsbergen, Svalbard Time This wondrous archipelago of Svalbard is the world’s most readily Norway is one hour past Greenwich Mean Time (GMT + 1 hour) accessible bit of the polar north and one of the most spectacular and will be 8 hours behind Australia during your voyage. Refer to places imaginable. Meaning ‘Island of the Cold Shores’, Svalbard is www.timeanddate.com/worldclock for further details. located between 74° – 81° N and 10° – 35° E and has a total land mass of 63,000 square kilometres. Track My Trip Spitsbergen is the largest island is the Svalbard island archipelago. Aurora Expeditions offer a complimentary ‘Track My Trip’ system It was named by Dutchman, Willem Barents in 1596, when he was allowing passengers to keep their friends and family updated on on his way to Novaya Zemlya, searching for a northern route to their voyage progress whilst in the Arctic. Simply subscribe them Asia. The island was first used as a whaling base in the 17th and to our Track My Trip service by entering their email addresses and 18th centuries, after which it was abandoned. Coal mining started we will send them regular updates of your location. They will also at the beginning of the 20th century, and several permanent be able to check back and follow your journey via a map on our communities were established. The of 1920 website. recognizes Norwegian sovereignty and established Svalbard as a You will receive an email invitation to subscribe to our ‘Track My free economic zone and a demilitarized zone. With a population Trip’ service approximately one month prior to your departure of approximately 3,000, Spitsbergen is still virtually an unspoilt date so please ensure we have your correct email contact. wilderness. If you do not receive the registration email, you can register by Size emailing your name along with your voyage code and departure The land area of Svalbard is 61,022 km2 (23,561 mi2). Spitsbergen date to [email protected]. takes up half that area followed in size by islands and Edgeoya. Climate A cold sea current from Siberia influences the east coast of Spitsbergen and the resulting lower temperatures mean that even in summer frequent pack ice can make access difficult. In contrast the west coast is warmed by the gulf-stream and can be reached by sea in summertime. For four months of spring and summer the sun never sets. When we visit during summer, the average temperature is around 4°C to 6°C (39°F to 43°F). Please read through the ‘What to bring’ section in our Expedition Essentials carefully before you depart. Language The language of Svalbard is Norwegian, however most people also speak English.

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Suggested Information Resources Institute. An English-Norwegian book, suitable for a first Travel and wildlife apps acquaintance. Illustrated with colourful pictures. If you have a smart phone or tablet device, you can download Spitsbergen. Hans Heinrich Reinsch, 1979. ISBN 3-921427 07-X. some great free apps to help you with your holiday planning A general introduction about nature in Spitsbergen. Suitable for around Norway and Iceland. Search for them in the App Store for people with an overall interest. iPhones and iPads or in Google Play for Android devices. Svalbard The Land beyond the Northcape. Stefan Lundgren & • Visit Norway Olle Carlsson. Picture book. Paperback. SBN 09641652-0-1. • Oslo – Official City App • Arctic Watch A Short . T.B. Arlov, 1989. ISBN 82-90307-55-1. • WWF Together A short general view about the history of Spitsbergen. • Reykjavik Map and Walking Tours Geography of Svalbard. Vidar Hisdal, 1985. • Be Iceland Norks Polarinstitutt, Oslo. A practical little book with a general introduction about history, geology, landscapes, nature, etc, in Recommended reading Spitsbergen. This is a detailed list of reference books about the Arctic. You are Spitzbergen Reise Handbuch. A. Umbreit, 1988. not expected to read all, or indeed any of them. Some may be ISBN 3-922965-66-0. English version: Guide to Spitsbergen ISBN difficult to find, but you could ask your local library to help. 0-946983-33-X. Excellent and most complete tourist handbook at General the moment for Spitsbergen. The Living Tundra Yu I Chernov – Cambridge University Press, Frankrijk Spratbow Valenciennes-Cedex. 1980-1985. ISBN 0-521-35754-3. French and English book with many beautiful pictures. The Arctic Year. Freuchen, P. & Salomonson, F. Putnam & Sons, London, 1960. The Frozen Echo: Greenland and the Exploration of North America Ca. A, D. 1000-1500. Kirsten A Seaver. Paperback. The Fourth World. The Heritage of the Arctic and its Destruction. Published 1997. S. Hall, 1987. ISBN 0-394-75630-4. A resume of all sorts of threats (colonization, industrialism and oil winning, tourism, etc.) of Arctic Greenland Mummies (Time Travelers) areas, especially for the North American region. Recommended Janet Buell. Library Binding. Published 1997. as a great contrast to above mentioned books. The Greenlanders. Arctic Dreams. Barry Lopez, 1986. Janes Smiley. Mass Market Paperback. Published 1989. The area described in this book is the North Pole and North Iceland: Aerials. Canada. A wonderful book about the Arctic areas and as such Klaus D Francke, et al. Hardcover. Published 1994. applicable for Greenland, Spitsbergen and Franz Josef Land. Recommended for everyone. Iceland: Land of the Sagas. David Roberts, Jon Krakauer (Photographer). Published 1998. Arctic Pilot, Sailing Directions. Svalbard. Jan Mayen, 1988. Norwegian Hydrographic Service and Norwegian Polar Research Insight Guides Iceland (3rd Edition) Tony Perrottet (Editor) / Paperback / Published 1999.

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A Kayak Full of Ghosts: Eskimo Tales. Wildlife Lawrence Millman. Paperback. Published 1987. A Complete Guide to Arctic Wildlife By Richard Sale, photographs by Per Michelsen & Richard Sale. Lonely Planet Iceland, Greenland & the Faroe Islands (3rd Edition) Published 2006 by Christopher Helm. Deanna Swaney, Graeme Cornwallis. Paperback. Published 1997. Avifauna Svalbardenis H.L. Lovenskiold, 1963-1964. Norsk Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo with a sketch of their habits, Polarinstitutt, Skrifter nr. 129. Oslo. Somewhat older, but English religion, language and other peculiarities. version of avifauna of Spitsbergen. Hinrich Rink. Paperback. Published 1998. Animals of the Arctic. The ecology of the Far North B. Stonehouse. Voyage to Greenland: A Personal initiation into Anthropology Eurobook Limited, 1979. A good general introduction about Frederica De Laguna. Paperback. Published 1995. ecology and animal life in the north. The Ammassalick Eskimo : Contributions to the Ethnology of the World of the Polar Bear. Fred Bruemmer. North Word Press, East Greenland Natives. Minocqua, 1989. ISBN 1-55971-036-5. William C. Thalbitzer (Editor). Hardcover. Published 1931. Seabirds. An Identification Guide. P. Harrison, Christopher Helm, Arctic Homeland: Kinship, Community and Development in London, 1987. ISBN 0-7136-3510-X. Excellent field guide for Northeast Greenland (Anthropological Horizons, Vol 2) seabirds all over the world. Mark Nuttall. Hardcover. Published 1992. In Search of Arctic Birds. Richard Vaughan, T. & A.D. Poyser, Eskimos, Greenland and Canada (Iconography of religions section London, 1991. ISBN 0-85661-071-2. A general introduction to the 8 – Arctic Peoples) I. Kleivan, B. Sonne. Published 1997. arctic and to the strength of the bird population. Boreal Ties – Photographs and Two Diaries of the 1901 Peary The Natural History of Seals W.N. Bonner - Christopher Helm, 1989. Relief Expedition. Edited by Kim Fairley Gillis & Silas Hibbard Ayer ISBN 0-7470-0203-7. 196 pages, illustrated. III. University of New Mexico Press Albuquerque. A Field Guide to Eastern Butterflies (Peterson Feild Guides) Islands of the Arctic by Julian Dowdeswell and Michael Humbrey. Paul A. Opler, Roger Tory Peterson / Paperback / Published 1998. Published by Cambridge. Vegetation University Press ISBN 0 521 81333 6 Spitsbergen and Greenland Vegetation of the Soviet Polar Deserts. V.D. Aleksandrova (In particular Scoresby Sund). Studies in Polar Research, Cambridge. University Press, A Journey to Svalbard Polar Territory by Christian Kempf – Editions Cambridge, 1988. ISBN 0521-329981. A scientific book about Messene Jean de Cousance Editeur 1999. ISBN 2-911043-87-1. the vegetation of the polar desert, the vegetation type you will encounter on the northeast of the Spitsbergen archipelago. Svalbard's Flora, O.I. Rønning. Polarhåndbok nr. 1, Norks Polarinstitut, Oslo, 1979. ISBN 82-90307- 04-7. The flora of Spitsbergen, written in Norwegian. For those with knowledge of biological jargon, surprisingly easy to determine plants.

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Flowers of Greenland, J. Feilberg, B. Fredskild, S. Holt Ahrent Flensborg Forlag, 1984. Flowers of Svalbard, O. Gjaerevoll & O.I. Rønning, 1980. ISBN 82-00-05398-9. Practical English guide with colour prints of most plants on Spitsbergen and Franz Josef Land. Norway Insight Guide Norway. A profusely illustrated overview of Norway, featuring concise essays by well regarded authors on natural history, politics and culture, hundreds of photos and maps, and some limited practical information. It includes chapters on Oslo, Bergen, the North Cape and other popular destinations. Lonely Planet Norway, Deanna Swaney. A comprehensive practical guide in the Lonely Planet style, geared for the independent traveller. Features maps, background details on the country and its culture, and other practical information for getting around. Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings – John Haywood. A thorough history of the Vikings as told through a series of innovative maps and excellent photographs of Viking artefacts. This book traces the route of the ninth-century Viking merchants and explorers throughout Europe and on to the New World. The Norse Myths. Kevin Crossley-Holland. A classic collection of 32 tales of Nordic gods, goddesses and heroes. With an overview of the Norse world, cosmology and gods The Vikings. Else Roesdahl. A captivating and well-written look at Norse civilization. Roesdahl goes beyond the limited view of the ruthless Viking invaders, instead creating a full picture of the vibrant, artistic, agricultural and exploratory culture.

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