DOCSLIB.ORG

Elevation Change and Mass Balance of Svalbard Glaciers from Geodetic Data

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Elevation Change and Mass Balance of Svalbard Glaciers from Geodetic Data Elevation change and mass balance of Svalbard glaciers from geodetic data by Geir Moholdt PhD thesis Oslo 2010 Department of Geosciences Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo © Geir Moholdt, 2010 Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo No. 1035 ISSN 1501-7710 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Cover: Inger Sandved Anfinsen. Printed in Norway: AIT Oslo AS. Produced in co-operation with Unipub. The thesis is produced by Unipub merely in connection with the thesis defence. Kindly direct all inquiries regarding the thesis to the copyright holder or the unit which grants the doctorate. Abstract The Arctic region is more affected by recent climate change than the lower latitudes. Glaciers and ice caps are sensitive indicators of climate change, and there is a high demand for more accurate quantifications of glacier changes in the Arctic. This thesis uses ground- based, airborne and spaceborne elevation measurements to estimate elevation change and mass balance of glaciers and ice caps on the Svalbard archipelago in the Norwegian Arctic. Previous assessments of the overall glacier mass balance of Svalbard have been based on in- situ measurements of surface mass balance from a limited number of sites, mainly in western Svalbard. Little has been known about the mass balance of eastern Svalbard glaciers, among those the Austfonna ice cap which covers more than 20% of the total glaciated area of 34600 km2 on Svalbard. Annual field campaigns at Austfonna were initiated in 2004, providing in- situ data on surface mass balance and elevation change which are used to validate remote sensing data. A new and more accurate DEM of Austfonna is constructed by combining satellite SAR interferometry with ICESat laser altimetry. The precision of the DEM is sufficient to correct ICESat near repeat-tracks for the cross-track topography such that multitemporal elevation profiles can be compared along each reference track. The calculated elevation changes along ICESat repeat-tracks agree well with more accurate elevation change data from airborne laser scanning and GNSS surface profiling. The average mass balance of Austfonna between 2002 and 2008 is estimated to -1.3 ± 0.5 Gt y-1, corresponding to an area- averaged water equivalent elevation change of -0.16 ± 0.06 m w.e. y-1. The entire net loss is due to a retreat of the tidewater fronts. In-situ measurements indicate a slightly positive surface mass balance of 0.05-0.12 m w.e. y-1 between 2004 and 2008. Earlier time periods are difficult to assess due limitations in the amount and quality of previous elevation data sets. Other Svalbard regions have been precisely mapped by aerial photogrammetry, so the 2003- 2008 ICESat profiles can be compared with existing topographic maps and DEMs from 1965- 1990. The mass balance for this period is estimated to -9.7 ± 0.6 Gt y-1 (or -0.36 ± 0.02 m w.e. y-1), excluding Austfonna and Kvitøya. Repeat-track ICESat data is also processed for the entire Svalbard yielding an average 2003-2008 mass balance of -4.3 ± 1.4 Gt y-1 (or -0.12 ± 0.04 m w.e. y-1) when tidewater front retreat is not accounted for. The most accurate elevation change estimates are obtained using all available ICESat data in a joint analysis where surface slope and elevation change are estimated for rectangular planes that are fitted to the data along each track. The good performance of the plane method implies that it can also be used in other Arctic regions of similar characteristics where accurate DEMs typically are not available. iii Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the help and inspiration from colleagues at the Section of Physical Geography, Department of Geosciences. I am especially thankful to my supervisors; Jon Ove Hagen, Andreas Kääb and Trond Eiken. Jon Ove had the idea of the project and has been of great support and encouragement throughout the years. He even gave me some salary now and then when I was running overtime! Andi has build up a good research group in remote sensing and is always knowledgeable and helpful. Trond is the “know-how” in the field and makes me feel safer at Austfonna than in downtown Oslo. He is also a great resource for all kinds of geodetic problems. The rest of the Austfonna crew, in particular Thomas V. Schuler and Thorben Dunse, is highly acknowledged for many good Austfonna discussions and invaluable help with data collection, processing and paper writing. Bernd Etzelmüller distracted me with a lot of teaching responsibility which was a very good experience after all (thanks!). Last but not least, Chris Nuth deserves a big thank you for making me expand the ICESat work to the remainder of Svalbard. Chris is always critical (in a positive way!) and it was fun to constantly dig into new problems and solve them together. I am grateful for having been given the opportunity to travel abroad for inspiring summer schools, interesting conferences (including skiing!) and a half year visit to the University of Alberta in Canada. Martin Sharp was a welcoming host, and I learned a lot from working with his group on the mighty Canadian glaciers. The research stay was possible thanks to a grant from the Leiv Eriksson mobility programme of the Research Council of Norway. Other important sources of funding relevant to my research have been the Arktisstipend grant from the Svalbard Science Forum, the ESA CryoSat Calibration and Validation Experiment (CryoVEX), the GLACIODYN project of the International Polar Year (IPY) and the ice2sea programme of the European Union 7th Framework Programme. I am also thankful to the numerous data contributors (NPI, ESA, SPIRIT-IPY, NASA/NSIDC etc.), especially the ICESat science team who basically saved my PhD project after the failure of CryoSat. It has been a pleasure to work with freely accessible data of such a high quality. Lastly, I want to thank family and friends for encouraging me to finish this work and for pulling me away from it when needed! Blindern, 20 October, 2010 Geir Moholdt v Contents ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................................v CONTENTS............................................................................................................................vii PART I - Overview 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 3 1.1. MOTIVATION .................................................................................................................... 3 1.2. OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.3. OUTLINE ........................................................................................................................... 4 2. SVALBARD – CLIMATE, GLACIERS AND MASS BALANCE.................................. 6 2.1. CLIMATE CONDITIONS AND TRENDS .................................................................................. 7 2.1.1. Temperature ............................................................................................................. 7 2.1.2. Precipitation ............................................................................................................. 9 2.2. GLACIER CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................................... 10 2.2.1. Thermal regime ...................................................................................................... 11 2.2.2. Dynamics ................................................................................................................ 12 2.3. SURFACE MASS BALANCE ............................................................................................... 14 2.3.1. Seasonal and annual field measurements .............................................................. 15 2.3.2. Ice-core analysis .................................................................................................... 17 2.3.3. Remote sensing ....................................................................................................... 18 2.3.4. Modelling ............................................................................................................... 19 2.4. CALVING ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.4.1. Ice-flux at a fixed gate ............................................................................................ 21 2.4.2. Tidewater front fluctuations ................................................................................... 21 2.5. OVERALL ESTIMATES OF MASS BALANCE........................................................................ 22 3. MEASUREMENTS OF GLACIER TOPOGRAPHY .................................................... 24 3.1. PHOTOGRAMMETRY........................................................................................................ 24 3.1.1. Topographic maps from aerial photos ................................................................... 25 3.1.2. ASTER stereo-imagery ..........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Handbok07.Pdf
    - . - - - . -. � ..;/, AGE MILL.YEAR$ ;YE basalt �- OUATERNARY votcanoes CENOZOIC \....t TERTIARY ·· basalt/// 65 CRETACEOUS -� 145 MESOZOIC JURASSIC " 210 � TRIAS SIC 245 " PERMIAN 290 CARBONIFEROUS /I/ Å 360 \....t DEVONIAN � PALEOZOIC � 410 SILURIAN 440 /I/ ranite � ORDOVICIAN T 510 z CAM BRIAN � w :::;: 570 w UPPER (J) PROTEROZOIC � c( " 1000 Ill /// PRECAMBRIAN MIDDLE AND LOWER PROTEROZOIC I /// 2500 ARCHEAN /(/folding \....tfaulting x metamorphism '- subduction POLARHÅNDBOK NO. 7 AUDUN HJELLE GEOLOGY.OF SVALBARD OSLO 1993 Photographs contributed by the following: Dallmann, Winfried: Figs. 12, 21, 24, 25, 31, 33, 35, 48 Heintz, Natascha: Figs. 15, 59 Hisdal, Vidar: Figs. 40, 42, 47, 49 Hjelle, Audun: Figs. 3, 10, 11, 18 , 23, 28, 29, 30, 32, 36, 43, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75 Larsen, Geir B.: Fig. 70 Lytskjold, Bjørn: Fig. 38 Nøttvedt, Arvid: Fig. 34 Paleontologisk Museum, Oslo: Figs. 5, 9 Salvigsen, Otto: Figs. 13, 59 Skogen, Erik: Fig. 39 Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani (SNSK): Fig. 26 © Norsk Polarinstitutt, Middelthuns gate 29, 0301 Oslo English translation: Richard Binns Editor of text and illustrations: Annemor Brekke Graphic design: Vidar Grimshei Omslagsfoto: Erik Skogen Graphic production: Grimshei Grafiske, Lørenskog ISBN 82-7666-057-6 Printed September 1993 CONTENTS PREFACE ............................................6 The Kongsfjorden area ....... ..........97 Smeerenburgfjorden - Magdalene- INTRODUCTION ..... .. .... ....... ........ ....6 fjorden - Liefdefjorden................ 109 Woodfjorden - Bockfjorden........ 116 THE GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF SVALBARD .... ........... ....... .......... ..9 NORTHEASTERN SPITSBERGEN AND NORDAUSTLANDET ........... 123 SVALBARD, PART OF THE Ny Friesland and Olav V Land .. .123 NORTHERN POLAR REGION ...... ... 11 Nordaustlandet and the neigh- bouring islands........................... 126 WHA T TOOK PLACE IN SVALBARD - WHEN? ....
    [Show full text]
  • Climate in Svalbard 2100
    M-1242 | 2018 Climate in Svalbard 2100 – a knowledge base for climate adaptation NCCS report no. 1/2019 Photo: Ketil Isaksen, MET Norway Editors I.Hanssen-Bauer, E.J.Førland, H.Hisdal, S.Mayer, A.B.Sandø, A.Sorteberg CLIMATE IN SVALBARD 2100 CLIMATE IN SVALBARD 2100 Commissioned by Title: Date Climate in Svalbard 2100 January 2019 – a knowledge base for climate adaptation ISSN nr. Rapport nr. 2387-3027 1/2019 Authors Classification Editors: I.Hanssen-Bauer1,12, E.J.Førland1,12, H.Hisdal2,12, Free S.Mayer3,12,13, A.B.Sandø5,13, A.Sorteberg4,13 Clients Authors: M.Adakudlu3,13, J.Andresen2, J.Bakke4,13, S.Beldring2,12, R.Benestad1, W. Bilt4,13, J.Bogen2, C.Borstad6, Norwegian Environment Agency (Miljødirektoratet) K.Breili9, Ø.Breivik1,4, K.Y.Børsheim5,13, H.H.Christiansen6, A.Dobler1, R.Engeset2, R.Frauenfelder7, S.Gerland10, H.M.Gjelten1, J.Gundersen2, K.Isaksen1,12, C.Jaedicke7, H.Kierulf9, J.Kohler10, H.Li2,12, J.Lutz1,12, K.Melvold2,12, Client’s reference 1,12 4,6 2,12 5,8,13 A.Mezghani , F.Nilsen , I.B.Nilsen , J.E.Ø.Nilsen , http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/M1242 O. Pavlova10, O.Ravndal9, B.Risebrobakken3,13, T.Saloranta2, S.Sandven6,8,13, T.V.Schuler6,11, M.J.R.Simpson9, M.Skogen5,13, L.H.Smedsrud4,6,13, M.Sund2, D. Vikhamar-Schuler1,2,12, S.Westermann11, W.K.Wong2,12 Affiliations: See Acknowledgements! Abstract The Norwegian Centre for Climate Services (NCCS) is collaboration between the Norwegian Meteorological In- This report was commissioned by the Norwegian Environment Agency in order to provide basic information for use stitute, the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Norwegian Research Centre and the Bjerknes in climate change adaptation in Svalbard.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Lichenicolous Fungi and Lichenicolous Lichens of Svalbard, Including New Species, New Records and Revisions
    Herzogia 26 (2), 2013: 323 –359 323 Checklist of lichenicolous fungi and lichenicolous lichens of Svalbard, including new species, new records and revisions Mikhail P. Zhurbenko* & Wolfgang von Brackel Abstract: Zhurbenko, M. P. & Brackel, W. v. 2013. Checklist of lichenicolous fungi and lichenicolous lichens of Svalbard, including new species, new records and revisions. – Herzogia 26: 323 –359. Hainesia bryonorae Zhurb. (on Bryonora castanea), Lichenochora caloplacae Zhurb. (on Caloplaca species), Sphaerellothecium epilecanora Zhurb. (on Lecanora epibryon), and Trimmatostroma cetrariae Brackel (on Cetraria is- landica) are described as new to science. Forty four species of lichenicolous fungi (Arthonia apotheciorum, A. aspicili- ae, A. epiphyscia, A. molendoi, A. pannariae, A. peltigerina, Cercidospora ochrolechiae, C. trypetheliza, C. verrucosar- ia, Dacampia engeliana, Dactylospora aeruginosa, D. frigida, Endococcus fusiger, E. sendtneri, Epibryon conductrix, Epilichen glauconigellus, Lichenochora coppinsii, L. weillii, Lichenopeltella peltigericola, L. santessonii, Lichenostigma chlaroterae, L. maureri, Llimoniella vinosa, Merismatium decolorans, M. heterophractum, Muellerella atricola, M. erratica, Pronectria erythrinella, Protothelenella croceae, Skyttella mulleri, Sphaerellothecium parmeliae, Sphaeropezia santessonii, S. thamnoliae, Stigmidium cladoniicola, S. collematis, S. frigidum, S. leucophlebiae, S. mycobilimbiae, S. pseudopeltideae, Taeniolella pertusariicola, Tremella cetrariicola, Xenonectriella lutescens, X. ornamentata,
    [Show full text]
  • Exceptional Retreat of Novaya Zemlya's Marine
    The Cryosphere, 11, 2149–2174, 2017 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2149-2017 © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Exceptional retreat of Novaya Zemlya’s marine-terminating outlet glaciers between 2000 and 2013 J. Rachel Carr1, Heather Bell2, Rebecca Killick3, and Tom Holt4 1School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK 2Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH13TQ, UK 3Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YF, UK 4Centre for Glaciology, Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 4RQ, UK Correspondence to: J. Rachel Carr ([email protected]) Received: 7 March 2017 – Discussion started: 15 May 2017 Revised: 20 July 2017 – Accepted: 24 July 2017 – Published: 8 September 2017 Abstract. Novaya Zemlya (NVZ) has experienced rapid ice al., 2013). This ice loss is predicted to continue during loss and accelerated marine-terminating glacier retreat dur- the 21st century (Meier et al., 2007; Radic´ et al., 2014), ing the past 2 decades. However, it is unknown whether and changes are expected to be particularly marked in the this retreat is exceptional longer term and/or whether it has Arctic, where warming of up to 8 ◦C is forecast (IPCC, persisted since 2010. Investigating this is vital, as dynamic 2013). Outside of the Greenland Ice Sheet, the Russian high thinning may contribute substantially to ice loss from NVZ, Arctic (RHA) accounts for approximately 20 % of Arctic but is not currently included in sea level rise predictions. glacier ice (Dowdeswell and Williams, 1997; Radic´ et al., Here, we use remotely sensed data to assess controls on NVZ 2014) and is, therefore, a major ice reservoir.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Changes in a High Arctic Ecosystem Eveline Pinseel
    Master thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master in Biology, specialisation Ecology and Environment Environmental Changes in a High Arctic Ecosystem Eveline Pinseel Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Bart Van de Vijver Faculty of Science Co-supervisor: Dr. Kateřina Kopalová Department of Biology With the collaboration of Myriam de Haan Academic year 2013-2014 As long as there is a hunger for knowledge and a deep desire to uncover the truth, microscopy will continue to unveil Mother Nature's deepest and most beautiful secrets. Lelio Orci & Michael Pepper (2002) i ii Acknowledgements This master thesis wouldn’t have been possible without the support, energy and enthusiasm of many people. First, I wish to thank Prof. Dr. Bart Van de Vijver for all his support, energy, enthusiasm and time. Bart, I’m so lucky that you found me such a great thesis subject when I came, full of hope, asking for one after you finished giving your first course of paleoecology, back in September 2012. I had planned that question for months and thanks to your effort and enthusiasm, I turned up having my desired thesis subject weeks before the official announcements of the thesis subjects. I must admit I was a bit afraid of ‘the diatoms’, but after looking at a diatom slide through the microscope for the first time, I knew I chose right. THIS is what I want to do! So Bart, THANKS! Thanks for giving me this opportunity, teaching me about diatoms, always answering my questions, no matter what! Thanks for all the car rides to the Botanic Garden Meise, for the numerous nice chats and your good advice, not only concerning this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichens and Vascular Plants in Duvefjorden Area on Nordaust- Landet, Svalbard
    CZECH POLAR REPORTS 9 (2): 182-199, 2019 Lichens and vascular plants in Duvefjorden area on Nordaust- landet, Svalbard Liudmila Konoreva1*, Mikhail Kozhin1,2, Sergey Chesnokov3, Soon Gyu Hong4 1Avrorin Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute of Kola Scientific Centre of RAS, 184250 Kirovsk, Murmansk Region, Russia 2Department of Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1–12, GSP–1, 119234 Moscow, Russia 3Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Professor Popov St. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia 4Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21900, Republic of Korea Abstract Floristic check-lists were compiled for the first time for Duvefjorden Bay on Nordaust- landet, Svalbard, based on field work in July 2012 and on data from literature and herbaria. The check-lists include 172 species of lichens and 51 species of vascular plants. Several species rare in Svalbard and in the Arctic were discovered: Candelariella borealis was new to Svalbard. 51 lichen species were newly recorded on Nordaustlandet and 131 lichen species were observed in the Duvefjorden area for the first time. Among lichen species rare in Svalbard and in the Arctic the following can be mentioned: Caloplaca magni-filii, C. nivalis, Lecidea silacea, Phaeophyscia nigricans, Polyblastia gothica, Protothelenella sphinctrinoidella, Rinodina conradii, Stenia geophana, and Tetramelas pulverulentus. Two species of vascular plants, Saxifraga svalbardensis and S. hyperborea, were found new to the Duvefjorden area. The investigated flora is represented mostly by species widespread in Svalbard and in the Arctic. Although Duvefjorden area is situated in the northernmost part of Svalbard, its flora is characterized by relatively high diversity of vascular plants and lichens.
    [Show full text]
  • Differing Climatic Mass Balance Evolution Across Svalbard Glacier Regions Over 1900–2010
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 06 September 2018 doi: 10.3389/feart.2018.00128 Differing Climatic Mass Balance Evolution Across Svalbard Glacier Regions Over 1900–2010 Marco Möller 1,2,3* and Jack Kohler 4 1 Institute of Geography, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany, 2 Geography Department, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 3 Department of Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, 4 Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway Relatively little is known about the glacier mass balance of Svalbard in the first half of the twentieth century. Here, we present the first century-long climatic mass balance time series for the Svalbard archipelago. We use a parameterized mass balance model forced by statistically downscaled ERA-20C data to model climatic mass balance for all glacierized areas on Svalbard with a 250m resolution for the period 1900–2010. Results are presented for the archipelago as a whole and separately for nine different subregions. We analyze the extent to which climatic mass balance in the different subregions mirror the temporal evolution of the climate warming signal, especially during Edited by: the early twentieth century Arctic warming episode. The spatially averaged mean annual Matthias Huss, climatic mass balance for all Svalbard is balanced at −0.002 m w.e. with an associated ETH Zürich, Switzerland mean equilibrium line altitude of 425m a.s.l. When also taking calving fluxes into account, Reviewed by: − Xavier Fettweis, this status leads to an archipelago-wide cumulative mass balance of 16.9m w.e. over University of Liège, Belgium the study period, equaling a sea level equivalent of ∼1.6 mm.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplement of Solid Earth, 12, 1025–1049, 2021 © Author(S) 2021
    Supplement of Solid Earth, 12, 1025–1049, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1025-2021-supplement © Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. Supplement of Early Cenozoic Eurekan strain partitioning and decoupling in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl Correspondence to: Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the article licence. 1 S1: (a) Photographs in non-polarized and (b) polarized light of a thick section in Devonian sandstone including fractured quartz (qz) crosscut by healed fractures (hf) showing no displacement and by quartz-rich cataclastic fault rock filled with calcite cement (upper part); (c) Photographs in non-polarized and (d) polarized light of cataclased Devonian sandstone comprised of quartz crystals showing mild undulose extinction (ue) and grainsize reduction along the subvertical, east-dipping fault in the gully under the coal mine in Pyramiden (see Figure 2 for the location of the fault). Brittle cracks incorporate clasts of quartz, and a matrix of quartz, calcite and brownish, iron-rich clay minerals. 2 S2: Uninterpreted seismic sections in Sassenfjorden–Tempelfjorden (a–f) and Reindalspasset (g). See Figure 1b for location. 3 S3: Field photograph of steeply east-dipping, partly overturned Lower Devonian dark sandstone near the bottom of the gully below the mine entrance. 4 S4: Uninterpreted field photograph of Figure 3b in Pyramiden. 5 S5: (a) Interpreted and (b) uninterpreted field photograph along the northern shore of Sassenfjorden showing uppermost Pennsylvanian–lower Permian strata of the Wordiekammen and Gipshuken formations thrusted and folded top-west by a low-angle Eurekan thrust.
    [Show full text]
  • Unis|Course Catalogue
    1 COURSE UNIS| CATALOGUE the university centre in svalbard 2012-2013 2 UNIS | ARCTIC SCIENCE FOR GLOBAL CHALLENGES UNIS | ARCTIC SCIENCE FOR GLOBAL CHALLENGES 3 INTRODUCTION | 4 map over svalbard ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS | 5 HOW TO APPLY | 7 moffen | ACADEMIC MATTERS | 7 nordaustlandet | ÅsgÅrdfonna | PRACTICAL INFORMATION | 8 newtontoppen | ny-Ålesund | safety | 8 pyramiden | prins Karls | THE UNIS CAMPUS | forland | 8 barentsØya | UNIVERSITY OF THE ARCTIC | longyearbyen | 9 barentsburg | COURSES AT UNIS | isfJord radio | 10 sveagruva | ARCTIC BIOLOGY (AB) | 13 EDGEØYA | storfJorden | ARCTIC GEOLOGY (AG) | 29 hornsund | ARCTIC GEOPHYSICS (AGF) | 67 ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY (AT) SVALBARD | | 85 GENERAL COURSES | 105 4 UNIS | ARCTIC SCIENCE FOR GLOBAL CHALLENGES UNIS | ARCTIC SCIENCE FOR GLOBAL CHALLENGES 5 Semester studies are UNIS OFFERS BACHELOR-, MASTER AND PhD courses available at Bachelor LEVEL COURSES in: level (two courses AT unis | providing a total of ARCTIC BIOLOGY (AB) 30 ECTS). At Master ARCTIC GEOLOGY (AG) and PhD level UNIS offers 3-15 ECTS courses lasting from ARCTIC GEOphYsiCS (AGF) a few weeks to a full semester. In the 2012-2013 academic year, UNIS will be offering altogether 83 courses. An over- ARCTIC TEChnOLOGY (AT) INTRODUCTION view is found in the course table (pages 10-11). The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) is the world’s STUDENTS Admission to courses AcaDEMic reQUireMents: northernmost higher education institution, located in at UNIS requires that About 400 students from all over the world attend courses ADMISSION Department of Arctic Biology: Longyearbyen at 78º N. UNIS offers high quality research the applicant is en- annually at UNIS. About half of the students come from 60 ECTS within general natural science, of which 30 ECTS based courses at Bachelor-, Master-, and PhD level in Arctic rolled at Bachelor-, abroad and English is the official language at UNIS.
    [Show full text]
  • Caledonian Anatexis of Grenvillian Crust: a U/Pb Study of Albert I Land, NW Svalbard
    NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Caledonian anatexis of Grenvillian crust 173 Caledonian anatexis of Grenvillian crust: a U/Pb study of Albert I Land, NW Svalbard Per Inge Myhre, Fernando Corfu & Arild Andresen Myhre, P.I., Corfu, F. & Andresen, A.: Caledonian anatexis of Grenvillian crust: a U/Pb study of Albert I Land, NW Svalbard. Norwegian Journal of Geology, Vol. 89, pp. 173-191. Trondheim 2008. ISSN 029-196X. Dating by U-Pb ID-TIMS of zircon, titanite and monazite has been carried out on orthogneiss, granite and migmatite from Albert I Land Terrane, Northwest Svalbard, to investigate the origin of this terrane and its role within the North Atlantic Caledonides. Detrital zircons in a migmatized metasedimentary rock of the Smeerenburgfjorden Complex indicate deposition after about 1070 Ma. Zircon and titanite from orthogneiss within the same complex yield an upper intercept age of 967.9 ± 4.7 Ma interpreted to date crystallization of the igneous protolith. Monazite ages of 419.7 ± 0.5 Ma from the orthogneiss are interpreted to date Caledonian reworking. Other migmatite and granite samples of the Smeerenburgfjorden Com- plex record monazite growth during a 6–8 My long period commencing at c. 430 Ma. This period concluded with the intrusion of granitoids with ages of 421.7 ± 0.6 Ma and 418.8 ± 0.7 Ma. The latter is coeval with the Hornemantoppen Batholith emplaced at 418.4 ± 0.8 Ma. The identification of late Grenvillian (Rigolet) magmatic and Caledonian (Scandian) magmatic and metamorphic events, combined with other stratigraphic analogies, supports a link with Svalbard’s Nordaustlandet Terrane as well as with Laurentian terranes in NE Greenland and the Scandinavian Caledonides.
    [Show full text]
  • Protected Areas in Svalbard – Securing Internationally Valuable Cultural and Natural Heritage Contents Preface
    Protected areas in Svalbard – securing internationally valuable cultural and natural heritage Contents Preface ........................................................................ 1 – Moffen Nature Reserve ......................................... 13 From no-man’s-land to a treaty and the Svalbard – Nordaust-Svalbard Nature Reserve ...................... 14 Environmental Protection Act .................................. 4 – Søraust-Svalbard Nature Reserve ......................... 16 The history of nature and cultural heritage – Forlandet National Park .........................................18 protection in Svalbard ................................................ 5 – Indre Wijdefjorden National Park ......................... 20 The purpose of the protected areas .......................... 6 – Nordenskiöld Land National Park ........................ 22 Protection values ........................................................ 7 – Nordre Isfjorden National Park ............................ 24 Nature protection areas in Svalbard ........................10 – Nordvest-Spitsbergen National Park ................... 26 – Bird sanctuaries ..................................................... 11 – Sassen-Bünsow Land National Park .................... 28 – Bjørnøya Nature Reserve ...................................... 12 – Sør-Spitsbergen National Park ..............................30 – Ossian Sars Nature Reserve ................................. 12 Svalbard in a global context ..................................... 32 – Hopen Nature Reserve
    [Show full text]
  • Shipwreck at Cape Flora: the Expeditions of Benjamin Leigh Smith, England’S Forgotten Arctic Explorer
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2013 Shipwreck at Cape Flora: The Expeditions of Benjamin Leigh Smith, England’s Forgotten Arctic Explorer Capelotti, P. J. University of Calgary Press Capelotti, P.J. "Shipwreck at Cape Flora: The Expeditions of Benjamin Leigh Smith, England’s Forgotten Arctic Explorer". Northern Lights Series No. 16. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/49458 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 3.0 Unported Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca University of Calgary Press www.uofcpress.com SHIPWRECK AT CAPE FLORA: THE EXPEDITIONS OF BENJAMIN LEIGH SMITH, ENGLAND’S FORGOTTEN ARCTIC EXPLORER P.J. Capelotti ISBN 978-1-55238-712-2 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright.
    [Show full text]