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Political Decision-Making, Office-Holding, and Religious Change in England’S Parishes, 1559-1700

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Political Decision-Making, Office-Holding, and Religious Change in England’S Parishes, 1559-1700 “The Constitution of This Realm”: Political Decision-Making, Office-holding, and Religious Change in England’s Parishes, 1559-1700 Brian Chapman Dudley Richmond, Virginia B.S., United States Military Academy, 1993 M.A., University of Virginia, 2002 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Virginia December, 2013 ii Abstract A key concept in the study of seventeenth-century English political thought has been the notion of England’s “ancient constitution,” an ideology of custom and law articulated by an elite group of legal specialists. This dissertation examines a different constitution, one that governed the everyday operation of seventeenth-century England’s most basic political unit: the parish. Whereas most previous studies have treated parish government as part of a larger story of socio-economic polarization, I have investigated the formal institutions and processes through which ratepaying parishioners made decisions and chose the officers responsible for enacting them as a means of elucidating the political ideals that lay behind these actions. In so doing, I have found that several of our assumptions regarding early modern parish governance are in need of modification. Historians’ tendency to evaluate early modern parishes as either participatory democracies or as elitist oligarchies, for example, is inadequate, as is the well-worn notion of a trend towards oligarchic forms of parish government around 1600. Instead I find that both majoritarian and oligarchic principles retained their legitimacy and that they frequently worked in tandem, rather than in opposition. Parish offices, meanwhile, rather than being actively pursued by ambitious middling parishioners, were in fact usually considered an honorable burden rather than a prize. This meant that a vengeful Parliament determined to evict dissenters from public office after the Restoration still had to allow them to serve in parochial office in order to ensure that they shared in the drudgery. As dissenting churchwardens mounted legal challenges to episcopal supervision, the bishops’ ability to hold parish officers to account was whittled away, marking a significant decline in the power of the English confessional state. iii Table of Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements iv List of Abbreviations viii Chapter One: Introduction 1 Part I. Participation and Oligarchy Chapter Two: Participation and Parochial Decision-making 34 Chapter Three: The Politics of Oligarchy 85 Part II. Officeholding Chapter Four: Conceptualizing Parish Office 142 Chapter Five: “A Door-keeper in the House of God” 188 Part III. Religion and Parish Government Chapter Six: Alternate Visions of Parish Government, 1552-1660 251 Chapter Seven: Parish Government and Religious Change, 1661-c. 1700 311 Chapter Eight: Conclusion 341 Bibliography 351 iv Acknowledgements Since my academic career has been long and meandering, I have accumulated an equally long list of people to whom I owe thanks. The first is Colonel (ret.) James Scott Wheeler for kindling my interest in the early modern period. I know he wanted us all to spend twenty years on active duty, but the fact that I left to pursue a Ph.D in history is largely his own fault. Marsha Frey and Bob Linder truly went above and beyond the call of duty in guiding my initial steps in graduate-level study. A year in Chapel Hill resulted in intellectual debts accrued to John Headley, Melissa Bullard, and John Chasteen; Judith Bennett also was generous with her time and dispensed sound advice about grad school. It is with huge pleasure that I acknowledge my greatest obligation, which is to Paul Halliday. A more energetic, erudite, rigorous, patient, and unwaveringly enthusiastic and supportive advisor cannot be found anywhere. My gratitude is boundless. The faculty and staff at the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia have also been intellectually inspiring and unfailingly supportive. Erik Midelfort provided advice and encouragement at the earliest stage of my graduate career and I am grateful to Anne Schutte for her painstaking mentorship. Elizabeth Meyer and Ted Lendon helped sharpen my thinking about pre-modern governance and Guy Ortolano helped bring me up to speed regarding contemporary debates about local government in Britain. Libby Thompson and Erin Rowe both gave good advice about writing at a critical juncture. Duane Osheim dispensed wisdom and guidance throughout the project and Erin Lambert provided extensive, thought-provoking comments on every chapter. Ronald Dimberg and Sophie Rosenfeld helped in innumerable ways at various points in my career as a graduate student. Meanwhile, Ella Wood, Kathleen Miller, and Jennifer v Via kept the trains running on time and answered my inane administrative questions with admirable patience. Several scholars from outside UVA have also contributed in various ways to this dissertation. Tim Stretton responded charitably to my queries about the Court of Requests, Gary Gibbs provided valuable information about London vestries, Katherine French took the time to discuss her research with me, and Lynn Bothello generously read and commented on an early version of Chapter Four. Dr. Robert Dunning, editor of the Victoria County History of Somerset, was kind enough to meet with me to discuss my project and to share some of his intimate knowledge of local sources. I am particularly grateful to Keith Wrightson for the advice he gave me at an early stage of this project and to Steve Hindle for his interest and encouragement. If this dissertation in places reads like a critique of some of his conclusions, I should note here that it was also to a large degree inspired by his scholarship and his insights. Others assisted me enormously during my time in England. The staffs of the archives listed in the bibliography were all unfailingly helpful, but I must especially thank Sue Berry, formerly of the Somerset Record Office, and Esther Ormerod, now the senior archivist there. I must also thank Grant and Janet Lewison, Rosie and Suaresh Ebert, and Michael and Kathryn Bentley for their hospitality. To the Billinghursts of Bognor Regis—Thornton and Jen and Richard and Ellie—I extend my thanks both for their hospitality and for the unforgettable experience of roughing it on Easter weekend with them and at least a thousand other members of the Sealed Knot. This project would have been impossible without generous financial support. The Council for European Studies enabled my first trip to the archives; subsequent trips were vi made possible by a Dumas Malone research fellowship and the writing that followed was underwritten by an incredibly generous Doris G. Quinn fellowship. I am sincerely grateful to all of these institutions. Nearly as important was the intellectual support, advice, and comradeship of my fellow graduate students. They are too many to list here, but the following especially influenced the project: Laurie Hochstetler, Laura Stokes, Monica Black, Matt Gillis, Jenhie Reis, Desi Allevato, Holly Eldred, and Michael Alexander. Danny Wasserman, Rosie Lee, and Vicky Meyer suffered through early drafts of a few chapters for which I apologize. My special thanks to my fellow Halliday- ians John Collins, Jason Eldred, Anne Throckmorton, and Jessica Otis for their comments and critiques. Mark Reis staved off technological disaster on more than one occasion. The History department was unreservedly supportive of me during the occasional absences necessitated by my military service. I would be remiss if I failed to acknowledge the officers and NCOs of the 1st Brigade, 29th Infantry Division (Virginia Army National Guard) who, in a time of increasing operational tempo, were equally supportive of my studies. There isn’t space here to thank them all by name but Robert Simpson, John Epperly, Fredrick Doyle, Eric Barr, and Lapthe Flora in particular were remarkable for their understanding and forbearance. I am similarly grateful to my supervisors at NGIC, Richard Comfort, Sean Edwards, and Jim McClain, for allowing me the flexibility and time to see the project through at last. My family has been unreservedly supportive of my graduate career throughout; in particular, my sister Amy blazed the trail to the Ph.D and provided much helpful advice. I must especially mention my grandmothers, Frances Gillis and Lola Dudley—two very different women who shared a life-long passion for books and learning. I very much vii regret that neither lived to see me complete this project. This dissertation is dedicated to their memory. Finally—and I fear that any words I write will be inadequate—I must thank Heather Weidner whom it has been my privilege to get to know over the course of my graduate career. No one has a keener ear for language, a more sympathetic and imaginative approach to sources, or a more hilariously acerbic editing pen. Also, no one writes a better limerick. For these things, and for so much more, thank you. viii List of Abbreviations Acts and Ordinances Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, Firth and Rait, eds. (London, 1911) AHR American Historical Review Anglican Canons Gerald Bray, ed., The Anglican Canons, 1529-1947 (Woodbridge, 1998) BI Borthwick Institute, University of York Bod. Bodleian Library, Oxford CSPD Calendar of State Papers, Domestic CJ Journals of the House of Commons Dedham Patrick Collinson, John Craig, and Brett Usher, eds., Conferences and Combination Lectures in the Elizabethan Church, 1582-1590: Dedham and Bury St. Edmunds (Woodbridge, 2003) EHR English Historical Review ER The English Reports, 178 vols. (London, 1900-1932). References are given by volume and page number of the modern series, followed by the traditional form with the abbreviated reporter’s name and page number in brackets. Gibson, Codex Edmund Gibson, Codex Juris Ecclesiastici Anglicani, (London, 1713) Grey’s Debates Anchitell Grey, Debates of the House of Commons, from The Year 1667 to the Year 1694 (London, 1763).
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