DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Copenhagen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Copenhagen Shipwrecked on the Coromandel The first Indo-Danish contact, 1620 Fihl, Esther Published in: Review of Development and Change Publication date: 2009 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: Unspecified Citation for published version (APA): Fihl, E. (2009). Shipwrecked on the Coromandel: The first Indo-Danish contact, 1620. Review of Development and Change, XIV(1 & 2), 19-41. [2]. Download date: 30. sep.. 2021 review of development & change Volume XIV Number 1 & 2 January - December 2009 Special Issue: Indo-Danish Cultural Encounters in Tranquebar: Past and Present Guest Editors: Esther Fihl A.R. Venkatachalapathy Introduction : The study of cultural encounters in Tharangampadi/Tranquebar Esther Fihl and Stine Simonsen Puri 7 Shipwrecked on the Coromandel: The first Indo–Danish contact, 1620 Esther Fihl 19 The Tranquebar tribute during the reign of Rajah Serfoji II Simon Rastén 41 The schools of Tranquebar: An educational field of cultural encounters and conflicts Keld Grinder-Hansen 61 Between consent and coercion: Danish Missionaries and Tamil parents in late nineteenth century South India Karen Vallgårda 87 The legacy of Tranquebar: The ‘Ziegenbalg myth’ and the debates on caste Oluf Schönbeck 109 ‘Written on leaves in the Malabarian manner’ print and the cultural encounter in eighteenth century Tranquebar A.R. Venkatachalapathy 131 2 ‘Where once Dannebrog waved for more than 200 years’: Banal nationalism, narrative templates and post-colonial melancholia Kirsten Thisted 147 Tranquebar: A forgotten Danish colony? Astrid Nonbo Andersen 173 The fishing community and heritage tourism in Tarangambadi Raja H Swamy 197 Whose history? Transnational cultural heritage in a Tranquebar Helle Jørgensen 227 The last Vettiyan: A musical tradition and a degraded low caste profession Caroline Lillelund 251 Processions and chariot festivals in Tharamgambadi and Veilankanni: Cultural encounters and marking Peter B. Andersen 271 Between Jesus and Krishna: Christian encounters with South Indian temple dance Stine Simonsen Puri 289 BOOK REVIEWS M.C. BEHERA Globalisation Rural Development: Competing paradigms and Emerging Realities by Bhavana 309 K N NAIR and G GOPIKUTTAN Housing in Kerala: Impact of Investment, Technology and Institutions by V P Nirmal Roy 311 DAVID MOSSE Cultivating Development: Ethnography of Aid Policy and Practice by Manjushree Panda 314 MICHAEL A. LEBOWITZ Build It Now: Socialism for the 21st Century by Venkat 317 3 This special double issue of Review of Development and Change commemorates the centenary of MIDS’ founder Dr Malcolm S. Adiseshiah (1910-1994). 4 5 Acknowledgements The present volume is a result of Indo-Danish collaboration on the research of cultural encounters in Tranquebar and beyond. It was initiated as an international and cross-disciplinary project by the Tranquebar Initiative of the Danish National Museum and is planned to run until 2013. The collaboration resulting in this volume was made possible by generous financial support from the Bikuben Foundation granted via the Galathea3 Expedition Foundation, the Danish Research Council, and the research project Alternative Spaces: Cultural awareness and cross-cultural dialogue funded by the Danish Council for Strategic Research. As editors, we warmly thank all the contributors and anonymous peer reviewers for their great effort. Special thanks are due to Stine Simonsen Puri and Martin Grünfeld for all the meticulous work and energy they have put into the process of producing this volume. Without their great assistance, this volume would not have been possible. We are also grateful to the editorial board and production department of Review of Development and Change. Esther Fihl A. R. Venkatachalapathy 6 STATEMENT about ownership and other particulars of the newspaper REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE to be published as required under Section 19D(b) of the P.R.B. Act read with Rule 8 of the Registration (Central) Rules, 1956. FORM IV (See Rule 8) 1. Place of Publication : Chennai 2. Periodicity of its publication : Half yearly 3. Printer’s Name : Mr S. Baskarapandian (Whether citizen of India) Indian Address 112/2, Bells Road Triplicane, Chennai 600 005 4. Publisher’s Name : Padmini Swaminathan (Whether citizen of India) Indian Address 79, Second Main Road Gandhi Nagar, Adyar Chennai 600 020 5. Editor’s Name : Padmini Swaminathan (Whether citizen of India) Indian Address : 79, Second Main Road Gandhi Nagar, Adyar Chennai 600 020 6. Name and addresses of : Madras Institute of individuals who own the Development Studies newspapers and partners or 79, Second Main Road shareholders holding more Gandhi Nagar, Adyar than one per cent of the Chennai 600 020 total capital I, Padmini Swaminathan, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. Dated: March, 2009 Sd/- Padmini Swaminathan Signature of Publisher 7 Introduction : The study of cultural encounters in Tharangampadi/Tranquebar Esther Fihl Stine Simonsen Puri The present volume of Review of Development and Change takes the reader to the small coastal village of Tharangampadi, literally ‘the village lashed by the waves’ and known as Tranquebar in European discourse. Located in the Nagapattinam district of Tamilnadu, its unique history as a former Danish trading post, site of foundation of the first Lutheran church in India and the cradle of the Indian print history makes this village a privileged setting for the study of cultural encounters. In the past Tranquebar was the locus of interesting encounters related to colonial politics as well as missionary activity; today the area is integrated in a wider global context especially due to the export of fish, migration of labour, tourism and not least the presence of international NGOs in the aftermath of the tsunami in December 2004. Both names—Tharangampadi and Tranquebar—are today in use locally and they reflect the long history of the place. This volume will employ both: Tharangampadi when working with a local Tamil perspective, and Tranquebar where the focus is on Tamil church traditions or on colonial or post-colonial relations. In this introduction we will use the name Tranquebar, since internationally this name is more widely known, as it is associated with the rich historical sources archived mainly in India, Denmark, Norway, England and Germany.1 Today, Tranquebar is a village of less than 10,000 inhabitants and about half the population is employed in fishing. With its impressive town gate, the former Danish Fort on the seashore and linear streets with Lutheran churches, it has recently 1 From an inscription dating from 1305 AD on the local Hindu temple, Masilamaninathar, one more name of the village is known, Sandankanpadi. The inscription relates to sailors and a guild of ‘traders of eighteen countries’ (Subramanian 2003 p. 2f; Nagaswamy, n.d.), see also www.tharangampadi.dk. Review of Development and Change, Vol. XIV, No.1&2, January-December 2009, pp. 7-18 8 ESTHER FIHL and STINE SIMONSEN PURI been designated a heritage town in India. An obvious cultural encounter takes place in the definition of the history of Tranquebar; thereby also of the modern use of buildings and the control over life and land. In addition there are encounters at the level of cultural and religious practices in the village today as well as back in history. From the vantage point of different disciplines—history, social anthropology, religious studies, literary studies and the history of ideas—this relatively small geographical place of Tranquebar will be examined to let it grow in depth, revealing the multi-layered processes of change related to cultural encounters. Tranquebar: Past and Present Tranquebar is situated on the Coromandel coast which derives from the Tamil term Cholamandalam, ‘realm of the Cholas’, known to have been the rulers of most of South India between the ninth and twelvth centuries. Since the early fourteenth century, at the time of the Pandyan Kingdom, Tranquebar has been known has also been known for its Siva temple, Masilamaninathar, which bears inscriptions referring to the place as a trading port with merchants and soldiers stationed for their protection. During the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646), the place, with its location close to Tanjore (Thanjavur), was part of the Tanjore Province, which in 1535 was granted independence with the rule of the Nayaks lasting until 1673 (Subramanian 2003 p. 2ff). The colonial history of Tranquebar begins in 1620 with the arrival of the Danish envoy Ove Giedde on the Coromandel coast as the head of the first Danish trading expedition, with the hope of signing a contract between the Danish King Christian IV and the King of Tanjore, Nayak Ragunatha. After some months of negotiations, the Danes were allotted Tranquebar and along with the already present Portuguese given a monopoly on all Tanjore’s trade with Europe (Fihl in this volume). Assisted by the Dutch merchant Roland Crappe, who became the first Danish governor of the trading station in Tranquebar, Giedde founded Fort Dansborg, which served as the residence for the governor and other officials (Hjelm 1987; Subramanian 2003). From here silver, lead and guns were exchanged for Indian textiles and pepper. For the Danes, Tranquebar was a military stronghold and it functioned as a warehouse for commodities acquired also at other Indian localities and at places in Southeast Asia. In 1845, the trading post was sold to the British (Feldbæk 1969; Fihl 2008). For the use of Tranquebar as a trading post, the Danes paid a yearly tribute to the Tanjore king thereby becoming part of a complex political system in South India based on reciprocal exchange of gifts and tributes between princely states (Fihl 1984). By the early nineteenth century, between 1808 and 1815, however, Tranquebar was occupied by the British military as a consequence of the wars in Europe. This complicated the payment of the tribute, which was of great symbolic and political importance for the Maratha King of Tanjore at that time, Rajah Serfoji II.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nagapattinam District 64
    COASTAL DISTRICT PROFILES OF TAMIL NADU ENVIS CENTRE Department of Environment Government of Tamil Nadu Prepared by Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute No, 44, Beach Road, Tuticorin -628001 Sl.No Contents Page No 1. THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT 1 2. CHENNAI DISTRICT 16 3. KANCHIPURAM DISTRICT 28 4. VILLUPURAM DISTRICT 38 5. CUDDALORE DISTRICT 50 6. NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT 64 7. THIRUVARUR DISTRICT 83 8. THANJAVUR DISTRICT 93 9. PUDUKOTTAI DISTRICT 109 10. RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT 123 11. THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT 140 12. TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT 153 13. KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT 174 THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT 1. Introduction district in the South, Vellore district in the West, Bay of Bengal in the East and i) Geographical location of the district Andhra Pradesh State in the North. The district spreads over an area of about 3422 Thiruvallur district, a newly formed Sq.km. district bifurcated from the erstwhile Chengalpattu district (on 1st January ii) Administrative profile (taluks / 1997), is located in the North Eastern part of villages) Tamil Nadu between 12°15' and 13°15' North and 79°15' and 80°20' East. The The following image shows the district is surrounded by Kancheepuram administrative profile of the district. Tiruvallur District Map iii) Meteorological information (rainfall / ii) Agriculture and horticulture (crops climate details) cultivated) The climate of the district is moderate The main occupation of the district is agriculture and allied activities. Nearly 47% neither too hot nor too cold but humidity is of the total work force is engaged in the considerable. Both the monsoons occur and agricultural sector. Around 86% of the total in summer heat is considerably mitigated in population is in rural areas engaged in the coastal areas by sea breeze.
    [Show full text]
  • Khamma – Kamma – Reddy – Caste –TDP 22 February 2012
    Country Advice India India – IND39884 – Khamma – Kamma – Reddy – Caste –TDP 22 February 2012 1. Please provide a brief description of the Telugu Desam Party (TDP), including its political aims. Please provide an update since IND31339 on whether members of the TDP have recently been attacked in India, and in Andhra Pradesh in particular, and, if so, whether they have been attacked by members of the Congress Party or of the Reddy caste or ethnicity. The Telugu Desam Party (TDP) is based in Andhra Pradesh. Telegu Desam means Telugu Nation. It is currently in opposition to the Indian National Congress in the state government of Andhra Pradesh. Telugu Desam (Telugu Nation) was reported to have disbanded in March 1992, but a revitalized party, led by former film star Nandmuri Tarak (N. T.) Rama RAO, swept into power in the 1994 state election. Subsequent intraparty divisions ultimately saw the reform- minded Chandrababu Naidu replace Rao as chief minister in September 1995. The leadership of the Rao faction passed, after Rao’s death in January 1996, to his widow, Lakshmi Parvathi.1 In the 1996 general election to the Lok Sabha (lower house) the TDP-Naidu (or TDP-Babu) won 16 lower house seats as a member of the United Front. In 1998 the Parvathi faction, having organized separately as the NTR Telugu Desam Party, won no seats, while the Naidu faction slipped from 16 seats to 12. In March 1999 the TDP leadership voted to leave the United Front, in part because the alliance’s central committee had decided to support a Congress Party candidate for speaker of the Lok Sabha.2 Under Naidu the TDP achieved major gains in 1999 for the general election to the Lokh Sabha, winning 29 Lok Sabha seats and extending its support to the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government – a coalition of 24 parties under the leadership of the fundamentalist Bharatiya Janata Party, without, however, joining the Council of Ministers.
    [Show full text]
  • S. Vadivel Dr.P.H.Anand, M.Sc.,M.Phil.,Ph.D
    SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF FILARIASIS IN KUMBAKONAM CONTROL UNIT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A GIS APPROACH Thesis submitted to the Bharathidasan University for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography Submitted by S. Vadivel Assistant Professor and Part – time Research Scholar, Research Supervisor Dr.P.H.Anand, M.Sc.,M.Phil.,Ph.D. Associate Professor and Head Post Graduate and Research Department of Geography, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam – 612 001, Tamil Nadu, India May - 2012 DECLARATION I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled “SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF FILARIASIS IN KUMBAKONAM CONTROL UNIT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A GIS APPROACH”, which I am submitting for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography, to the Bharathidasan University, is the original work carried out by me, in the Post Graduate and Research Department of Geography, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam 612 001, Tamil Nadu, India, under the guidance and supervision of Dr. P.H. Anand, Associate Professor and Head, PG and Research Department of Geography, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam. I further declare that this work has not been submitted earlier in this or any other University and does not form the basis for the award of any other degree or diploma. Kumbakonam S. Vadivel 4th May 2012 Part-time Research Scholar PG and Research Department of Geography (DST-FIST Recognized) Government Arts College (Autonomous), (Accredited by NAAC // AICTE and Affiliated to Bharathidasan University)) Kumbakonam, 612 001, Tamil Nadu Dr.P.H.Anand,M.Sc.,M.Phil.,Ph.D. 04-05-2012 Associate Professor and Head, CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF FILARIASIS IN KUMBAKONAM CONTROL UNIT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A GIS APPROACH”, submitted by Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Tamil Nadu Government Gazette Extraordinary
    © [Regd. No. TN/CCN/467/2012-14. GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU [R. Dis. No. 197/2009. 2012 [Price : Rs. 1.60 Paise. TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY No. 4] CHENNAI, TUESDAY, JANUARY 3, 2012 Margazhi 18, Thiruvalluvar Aandu–2042 Part II—Section 2 Notifications or Orders of interest to a section of the public issued by Secretariat Departments. NOTIFICATIONS BY GOVERNMENT HIGHWAYS AND MINOR PORTS DEPARTMENT DECLARATION OF NEW PORTS ARE TO BE CONSOLIDATED INCORPORATING ALL THE PORT LIMITS OF THE EXISTING MINOR PORTS IN TAMIL NADU UNDER INDIAN PORTS ACT, 1908. Amendment to Notifications [G. O. Ms. No. 1, Highways & Minor Ports (HF2), 3rd January 2012.] No. II(2)/HWMP/(c-1)/2012. In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (a) of sub-section (1) and sub-section (2) of Section 4 of the Indian Ports Act, 1908 (Central Act XV of 1908), the Governor of Tamil Nadu hereby extends with effect on and from the 3rd January 2012 the provisions of the said Act to Chettinad Tharangambadi Port in Nagapattinam district in the State of Tamil Nadu and makes the following amendment to the Highways and Minor Ports Department Notification No. II(2)/HWMP/359/2009, published at pages 232-234 of Part II—Section 2 of the Tamil Nadu Government Gazette, dated the 22nd July 2009, as subsequently amended. AMENDMENT In the said Notification, in the Schedule under the heading - "NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT", after "Serial No. 9B" in column (1) and the corresponding entries in columns (2) and (3) thereof, the following entries shall, respectively, be inserted, namely:— 9 (C) Chettinad 1 Latitude 11º 03' 12" N Tharangambadi Longitude 79º 51' 21" E 2 Latitude 11º 03' 13" N Longitude 79º 53' 32" E 3 Latitude 11º 02' 46" N Longitude 79º 53' 32" E 4 Latitude 11º 02' 46" N Longitude 79º 51' 20" E DTP—II-2 Ex.
    [Show full text]
  • Tamil Development, Religious Endowments and Information Department
    Tamil Development, Religious Endowments and Information Department Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department Demand No.47 Policy Note 2012-2013 Index Page S. No. Subject No. 1 Introduction 1 2 Administration 3 3 Hindu Religious Institutions 4 4 Classification Of The Hindu Religious 4 Institutions 5 Administrative Structure 5 6 Regional And District Administration 8 7 Inspectors 12 ii Page S. No. Subject No. 8 Personal Assistants 12 9 Verification Officers 13 10 Audit Officers 13 11 Senior Accounts Officers 13 12 Engineers 14 13 Executive Officers 16 14 The Administration Of Mutts 17 15 High Level Advisory Committee 17 16 Appointment Of Trustees 18 17 Jurisdiction 19 18 Appointment Of Fit Person 21 19 Land Administration 21 20 Fixation Of Fair Rent 22 21 Revenue Courts 23 22 Retrieval Of Lands 24 23 Removal Of Encroachments 25 iii Page S. No. Subject No. 24 Regularizing The Group 25 Encroachments 25 Annadhana Scheme 26 26 Spiritual And Moral Classes 28 27 Special Poojas And Common Feasts 28 28 Elephant Rejuvenation Camps 29 29 Marriage Scheme For Poor And 30 Downtrodden 30 Cable Cars 31 31 Battery Cars 32 32 Thiruppani 33 33 Donation 34 34 Temple Funds 35 35 Diversion Of Funds 35 36 Government Grant 35 37 Common Good Fund 36 38 Temple Development Fund 36 iv Page S. No. Subject No. 39 Village Temples Renovation Fund 37 40 Temple Renovation And Charitable 37 Fund 41 Donor Works 38 42 Renovation For The Temples In The 38 Habitations Of Adi Dravida And Tribal Community 43 Finance Commission Fund 39 44 Tourism Fund 39 45 Uzhavarapani 40 46 Consecration Of Temples 41 47 Renovation Of Temple Tanks And 42 Rain Water Harvesting 48 Revival Of Kaala Poojas In Ancient 43 Temples 49 Oru Kaala Pooja Scheme 43 50 Maintanence Of Temple Cars 45 v Page S.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern India
    CASTES AND TRIBES rsf SOUTHERN INDIA E, THURSTON THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES CASTES AND TRIBES OF SOUTHERN INDIA CASTES AND TRIBES OF SOUTHERN INDIA BY EDGAR THURSTON, C.I.E., Madras Government Superintendent, Museum ; Correspondant Etranger, Socie'te'id'Anthropologie de Paris; Socio Corrispondant, Societa Romana di Anthropologia. ASSISTED BY K. RANGACHARI, M.A., of the Madras Government Museum. VOLUME VI P TO S GOVERNMENT PRESS, MADRAS 1909. College Library CASTES AND TRIBES OF SOUTHERN INDIA. VOLUME VI. filALLI OR VANNIYAN. Writing concerning this caste the Census Superintendent, 1871* records that "a book has been written by a native to show that the Pallis (Pullies or Vanniar) of the south are descendants of the fire races (Agnikulas) of the Kshatriyas, and that the Tamil Pullies were at one time the shepherd kings of Egypt." At the time of the census, 1871, a petition was submitted to Government by representatives of the caste, praying that they might be classified as Kshatriyas, and twenty years later, in con- nection with the census, 1891, a book entitled ' Vannikula ' Vilakkam : a treatise on the Vanniya caste, was compiled by Mr. T. Aiyakannu Nayakar, in support of the caste claim to be returned as Kshatriyas, for details concerning which claim I must refer the reader to the book itself. In 1907, a book entitled Varuna Darpanam (Mirror of Castes) was published, in which an attempt is made to connect the caste with the Pallavas. Kulasekhara, one of the early Travancore kings, and one of the most renowned Alwars reverenced by the Sri Vaishnava community in Southern India, is claimed by the Pallis as a king of their caste.
    [Show full text]
  • A Semiotic Analysis of Caste Signs in Hyderabad
    Amity Journal of Media & Communication Studies (ISSN 2231 – 1033) Copyright 2016 by ASCO 2016, Vol. 6, No. 1 Amity University Rajasthan Understanding Display Boards: A Semiotic Analysis of Caste Signs in Hyderabad Shiva Thrishul Punyamurthy University of Hyderabad, India Abstract In this paper I looked at the symbols of caste and its nature of commodification which are on the display boards that are used to represent the malls, shopping complexes and function halls. As the society transforms, new forms of representation emerge and the modern spaces are providing enough room for the accommodation of the older identities in the form of display boards. The ideological modes of production of the symbols and its commodification are discussed in this paper. Drawing the works of Jean Baudrillard, I explain how the ‘sign’ and ‘commodity’ becomes one and a new form of object was brought called ‘sign-commodity’. The functionality of the sign on the display boards and the commodified nature of the sign are elaborated in the paper. These display boards are not just representation of something, but it has a symbolic value which is being used to reproduce the hierarchical authorities. A case study of ‘Pulla Reddy Pure Ghee Sweets’ is taken as a sign to explain the commodification of the sign – ‘pulla reddy’. I will explain how ‘Pulla Reddy’ has become a status symbol and how the sign-exchange value of the commodity merges with the economic and symbolic exchange values. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions are used to collect the data. Keywords: Caste, Sign, Commodity, representation Introduction production, labor is measured in terms of its exchange-value and India is a society where a social system of ‘castei’ plays a the production of commodities becomes the production of capital major role in creating social identity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sarasvati Mahal
    Occ AS I ONAL PUBLicATION 28 India’s Best-Kept Secret: The Sarasvati Mahal by Pradeep Chakravarthy IND I A INTERNAT I ONAL CENTRE 40, MAX MUELLER MARG , NEW DELH I -110 003 TEL .: 24619431 FAX : 24627751 1 Occ AS I ONAL PUBLicATION 28 India’s Best-Kept Secret: The Sarasvati Mahal The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author and not of the India International Centre. The Occasional Publication series is published for the India International Centre by Cmde.(Retd.) R. Datta. Designed and produced by FACET Design. Tel:91-11-24616720, 24624336. India’s Best-Kept Secret: The Sarasvati Mahal* IIC has a very special place in my heart because when I was a student in JNU in 1996-98, almost every Friday or Saturday I used to come here and listen to lectures or concerts. Those two years made me understand our heritage not just from an artistic point of view but also from a cross-disciplinary point of view, bringing my academic learning in JNU and my understanding of culture here together. Although I must confess that I had never thought when I sat here as a member of the audience that I would actually one day come up here and speak. I gave a very provocative title to this lecture about the Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji’s Sarasvati Mahal Library partly for raising your curiosity but as I list some of its treasures, you will understand how perfectly apt it is that I should call it India’s best-kept secret. In my hands is a classic example of the proverb that asks us not to judge a book by the covers.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Cultural History of Tamilnadu from Sangam Age to 1800 C.E
    I - M.A. HISTORY Code No. 18KP1HO3 SOCIO – ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF TAMILNADU FROM SANGAM AGE TO 1800 C.E. UNIT – I Sources The Literay Sources Sangam Period The consisted, of Tolkappiyam a Tamil grammar work, eight Anthologies (Ettutogai), the ten poems (Padinen kell kanakku ) the twin epics, Silappadikaram and Manimekalai and other poems. The sangam works dealt with the aharm and puram life of the people. To collect various information regarding politics, society, religion and economy of the sangam period, these works are useful. The sangam works were secular in character. Kallabhra period The religious works such as Tamil Navalar Charital,Periyapuranam and Yapperumkalam were religious oriented, they served little purpose. Pallava Period Devaram, written by Apper, simdarar and Sambandar gave references tot eh socio economic and the religious activities of the Pallava age. The religious oriented Nalayira Tivya Prabandam also provided materials to know the relation of the Pallavas with the contemporary rulers of South India. The Nandikkalambakam of Nandivarman III and Bharatavenba of Perumdevanar give a clear account of the political activities of Nandivarman III. The early pandya period Limited Tamil sources are available for the study of the early Pandyas. The Pandikkovai, the Periyapuranam, the Divya Suri Carita and the Guruparamparai throw light on the study of the Pandyas. The Chola Period The chola empire under Vijayalaya and his successors witnessed one of the progressive periods of literary and religious revival in south India The works of South Indian Vishnavism arranged by Nambi Andar Nambi provide amble information about the domination of Hindu religion in south India.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficient Donors, Meritorious Receivers: Professionalizing
    Modern Asian Studies 52, 1 (2018) pp. 214–237. C The Author(s) 2018.. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S0026749X17000622 Efficient Donors, Meritorious Receivers: Professionalizing transnational philanthropy in coastal Andhra∗ SANAM ROOHI Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore, India St Joseph’s College, Autonomous, Bangalore, India Emails: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract ‘High skilled’ Kamma migrants from Coastal Andhra domiciled in the USA maintain strong ties with their villages and towns of origin. Since the 1990s, one key way in which they have sustained relations with their roots is through transnational philanthropy. Over the last two decades, migrant donors have diversified the modalities of their philanthropic engagements, increasingly institutionalizing them through US-based transnational associations. While the institutionalization of philanthropy may appear to be an import from the USA, closer examination reveals its historical antecedent in the caste-based Varaalu system practised by the Kammas during the late colonial period. The transnationalization of older forms of giving are marked by key modifications in the way giving is conceptualized—from being localized, need based, and individualized to being based on merit, efficiency, and professionalization. The term ‘donation’ is used to describe their philanthropy, rather than daan or charity, and the politics of semantics points to the modernizing impulse within the community to transcend caste owing to their diasporic location.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyclone and Its Effect on Shoreline Changes in Archaeological Sites, East Coast of Tamil Nadu, India
    AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 Cyclone and its Effect on Shoreline Changes in Archaeological Sites, East Coast of Tamil Nadu, India Sathiyamoorthy G, *Sivaprakasam Vasudevan, Selvaganapathi R & Nishikanth C. V Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India. *[email protected] ABSTRACT : The contact line between sea and land, is knows as shoreline and they are experiencing changes due to the long-shore current, tides, wave, and storm surges, etc. The Shorelines played a major role in human settlement and favours the clustering of Port cities from ancient to present. The changes in the shoreline directly affect the livelihood of the coastal cities and also worn out the maritime archaeological sites, particularly during the late Quaternary period. A few archaeological sites including Arikamedu, Poompuhar, Tharangambadi, and Sembiyankandiyur show a direct/indirect relationship with the shoreline changes between 1972 and 2018. The shoreline changes between Pondicherry and Nagapattinam patch, with respect to the archaeological sites, quantify erosion -20.52 m/period in Arikamedu, Poompuhar, and Tharangambadi and -25.28 m/period along Sembiyankandiyur region during a span of 46 years. The maritime Archaeological, pride sites like Poompuhar, Tharangambadi and Sembiyankandiyur on the coastal region were submerged in the sea, the remand parts are also under the threat to vanish at a faster rate. Keywords: LRR, EPR and NSM, Erosion and Accretion. 1. INTRODUCTION Coastal region of the south eastern part of India is significant with respect to archaeological studies. The modest tide and wave action in the Bay of Bengal has enabled the formation and continuance of many coastal sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Land and Income Inequalities in Rural Andhra Pradesh
    The Marxist, XXVIII 2, April–June 2012 C. SAMBI REDDY, K. JOJAIAH, N. VENUGOPALA RAO, I. NARASAIAH Land and Income Inequalities in Rural Andhra Pradesh INTRODUCTION This article presents the results of village surveys conducted in Andhra Pradesh in 2008-09 and deals with unequal distribution of land among different socio economic groups and among different castes. Further, it deals with the sources of income and inequality in distribution of income among such groups. The survey was conducted in 88 villages spread over all the 22 rural districts covering 21657 households in the state. In each village a census type survey of households was first conducted and then, the households were divided into different groups like agricultural workers, farmers, households engaged in traditional occupations etc., basing on main source of income. Then, in order to collect detailed data on employment and incomes a second round sample survey of 10 percent households randomly selected was conducted in all the villages. For example, from an agricultural worker’s household, data was collected pertaining to the types of work they were employed in, number of days of work in a year for each type of work, the wage rates for each type of work, number of days of non- agricultural work and it’s wage rates, detailed Land and Income Inequalities in Rural Andhra Pradesh information regarding income from cultivation on own and rented land and income from leased out land etc. Similar exercise was done for the remaining groups also. In the case of cultivators, data was collected regarding the number of acres sown, crops raised, output obtained and the rates at which the produce was marketed for calculating their income from cultivation (Family labour was not accounted for) Andhra Pradesh is primarily an agricultural state in which 70 percent of its population is living in rural areas.
    [Show full text]