CAFFEINE and ACTIVATION THEORY Effects on Health and Behavior
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7102_C000.fm Page i Tuesday, September 19, 2006 7:06 PM CAFFEINE AND ACTIVATION THEORY Effects on Health and Behavior 7102_C000.fm Page ii Tuesday, September 19, 2006 7:06 PM 7102_C000.fm Page iii Tuesday, September 19, 2006 7:06 PM CAFFEINE AND ACTIVATION THEORY Effects on Health and Behavior Edited by Barry D. Smith University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland Uma Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India B.S. Gupta Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 7102_C000.fm Page iv Tuesday, September 19, 2006 7:06 PM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-7102-3 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-7102-8 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the conse- quences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Caffeine and activation theory : effects on health and behavior / edited by Barry D. Smith, Uma Gupta, B.S. Gupta. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-8493-7102-3 1. Caffeine--Physiological effect. 2. Caffeine--Health aspects. I. Smith, Barry D. II. Gupta, Uma. III. Gupta, B.S. QP801.C24C332 2006 613.8’4--dc222006045651 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 7102_C000.fm Page v Tuesday, September 19, 2006 7:06 PM Dedication For my wife, Liz, dedicated companion, mother, and teacher. A pillar of strength and model of courage, her passing in 2003 left a chasm in the lives of all those she touched. Barry Smith For my parents, Mr. Jai Prakash and Mrs. Subhashini, who left for their heavenly abodes on May 15, 2000 and January 10, 2003, respectively. Uma Gupta For my granddaughter, Harshita, a promising small bud, who left for her heavenly abode on February 24, 2004 (1996-2004). B. S. Gupta 7102_C000.fm Page vi Tuesday, September 19, 2006 7:06 PM 7102_C000.fm Page vii Tuesday, September 19, 2006 7:06 PM Preface Arousal theories have long sought to explain how cortical arousal and its downstream effects on a wide range of body systems function to affect personality, behavior, and health. In that effort, we must first distinguish between trait arousal and state arousal. The former refers to the individual’s typical or average level of arousal, and the latter indicates current arousal at a given moment. Both are influenced by a complex set of genetic factors that affect, among other things, structure of the reticular activating system and the limbic system, together with their neurotransmitter sub- strates. The phenotype for trait arousal then results when these genetic predisposi- tions interact with specific aspects of early life experience. State arousal at any time is a product of a three-way interaction that involves trait arousal, the presence of substances that can increase or decrease arousal, and cognitions that represent, in part, the individual’s perceptual interpretation of current environmental stimulus situations. The focus of this book is on caffeine, one of the major substances known to increase arousal. The genetic factors, trait arousal, and cognitions that con- tribute to arousal level are taken into account by the chapter authors as appropriate. The virtually universal popularity of caffeine, together with concerns about its potential pathogenic effects, has made it one of the most extensively studied drugs in history. Research has addressed the sources of caffeine, its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, its effects on neural substrates, and its impact on a variety of aspects of health and behavior. One reason why caffeine is so widely consumed is that it is found in many foods and drinks, such as coffee, tea, soft drinks, medicines, and chocolate. Indeed, it is difficult to avoid consuming at least some of this potent drug. The other major reason for its widespread consumption is that caffeine quite consistently has an arousing, alerting effect. It is a morning eye-opener for millions of people worldwide, can provide increased attentional focus at almost any time, helps drivers and workers to stay awake and alert, and enhances athletic performance. Caffeine and Activation Theory: Effects on Health and Behavior brings together the scientific work of major theorists and researchers, who review the entire literature in their respective areas of endeavor. From these in-depth reviews, we hope to provide an integrated body of knowledge that represents much of what is currently known about the effects of caffeine on arousal and behavior, as well as on physical and emotional health. Barry D. Smith Uma Gupta B. S. Gupta 7102_C000.fm Page viii Tuesday, September 19, 2006 7:06 PM 7102_C000.fm Page ix Tuesday, September 19, 2006 7:06 PM Acknowledgments In an edited book, one of the most difficult and time-consuming tasks is going through every chapter before the book goes to the publisher to make certain that the references are all listed in the proper format and that each manuscript is correctly formatted consistent with the guidelines for the book. The person primarily respon- sible for this entire process has been Administrative Assistant Julia Coldren, and we would like to give her very special recognition for all her efforts. She has done an outstanding job of finalizing all aspects of the chapters and has made numerous helpful, creative suggestions that have improved the entire book. Thank you, Julia! Publishing a book is a lengthy and often difficult process for the authors and editors, but it also requires great effort on the parts of many other people, particularly those at the publishing house. They can make the work of the authors more or less difficult, and we sincerely thank everyone at Taylor & Francis/CRC Press involved with this book for making our work far less difficult than it might have been. We first thank Barbara Norwitz, our Taylor & Francis publisher, who fully supported our work throughout the entire publishing process. Kari Budyk, our editor, could not have been better. She has worked with us every step of the way, providing guidance, answering our incessant questions, and moving the manuscript through the entire publishing process. In addition, Editorial Assistant Randy Brehm was very helpful in getting the publishing process underway. Finally, we would like to thank our project editor at Taylor & Francis, Judith Simon. 7102_C000.fm Page x Tuesday, September 19, 2006 7:06 PM 7102_C000.fm Page xi Tuesday, September 19, 2006 7:06 PM The Editors Barry Smith is professor of psychology and director of the Laboratory of Human Psychophysiology at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, where he has also served as acting chair of the department, associate chair, and director of graduate studies. He received his B.S. degree at Pennsylvania State University and his Ph.D. at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. He has authored or edited nine books and numerous journal articles and book chapters and served on review panels and study sections at the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Dr. Smith has been a consulting or associate editor for a number of journals. His interests are centered in the field of arousal, where he has developed and tested his own theory. This work has included numerous studies of the effects of caffeine on neurophysi- ological and cardiovascular functioning, as well as cognition, emotion, personality, and behavior. Uma Gupta is a research scientist in the Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. She received her M.A., M.Phil., and Ph.D. degrees in psychology from Meerut University, Meerut, India. She has completed a number of research projects sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research and the University Grants Commission, New Delhi. She has coedited three books: Advances in Psychopharmacology, Neuropsy- chology & Psychiatry, Readings in Environmental Toxicology and Social Ecology, and Caffeine and Behavior: Current Views and Research Trends. Dr. Gupta has coauthored one book, Psycho-educative Dynamics of Indian Classical Music, and published numerous research articles and book chapters.