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Chronostratigraphic Correlation of the Burnt Bluff Group Across the Michigan Basin, USA

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Chronostratigraphic Correlation of the Burnt Bluff Group Across the Michigan Basin, USA Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-2019 Chronostratigraphic Correlation of the Burnt Bluff Group across the Michigan Basin, USA Mohammed A. Al-Musawi Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Al-Musawi, Mohammed A., "Chronostratigraphic Correlation of the Burnt Bluff Group across the Michigan Basin, USA" (2019). Master's Theses. 4588. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4588 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION OF THE BURNT BLUFF GROUP ACROSS THE MICHIGAN BASIN, USA by Mohammed A. Al-Musawi A thesis submitted to the Graduate C college in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Geosciences Western Michigan University June 2019 Thesis Committee: Stephen Kaczmarek, Ph.D. William Harrison III, Ph.D. Peter Voice, Ph.D. Copyright by Mohammed A. Al-Musawi 2019 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my wife, Elaf, for her unconditional faith, support, and patience as I have worked on this thesis. My parents, Ahmed and Assma Al-Musawi, for the enormous sacrifices they did to make my life better. My best friend, Zaid Nadhim, who has been there every day by my side. My advisor, Steve Kaczmarek, for his tremendous support, trust, and for teaching me how to be a good thinker. My committee members, Bill Harrison and Peter Voice for their support and vast knowledge. Dr. Jeffery Kuglitsch for all the time and energy he put into dissolving rock and picking conodonts for this study. A personal thank you to Linda Harrison, John Yellich, and Jennifer Trout for making MGRRE a second home for me over the past 3 years. Thank you all for your support. Mohammed Al-Musawi ii CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION OF THE BURNT BLUFF GROUP ACROSS THE MICHIGAN BASIN, USA Mohammed A. Al-Musawi, M.S. Western Michigan University, 2019 In the Michigan Basin, the Burnt Bluff Group (BBG) is lower Middle Silurian in age (Llandovery), and is composed of limestones and dolostones. The BBG is bounded above by the Schoolcraft Formation and below by the Cabot Head Shale. The BBG in northern Lower Michigan is composed of three formations, including the Lime Island, Byron, and Hendricks, which reflect deposition on a broad shallow marine shelf. In contrast, the BBG in central Michigan is composed of a single lithologic unit called informally the “undifferentiated BBG (UD-BBG),” which reflects deposition in a deeper marine basin. Lithostratigraphically, the three formations in the north have been historically correlated to the UD-BBG in the south. The above lithostratigraphic model was evaluated in this study through integration of conodonts, stable carbon isotopes, and 87Sr/86Sr data, which were extracted from 5 cores in the Michigan Basin. These data were used to constrain the ages of the BBG in the Michigan Basin in order to establish a chronostratigraphic correlation from shelf to basin. In the shelf position, one positive, +4‰ VPDB, carbon isotope excursion (CIE) was identified. Conodont biostratigraphy constrains the age of this excursion to the global Late Aeronian excursion. In the slope position, which lies between the shelf and basin- center, three positive excursions (2.2-2.5‰, 5‰, +3‰ VPDB) were identified. Conodont age dates and 87Sr/86Sr data constrain these three positive excursions to the global Early Aeronian excursion, Late Aeronian excursion, and Valgu excursion, respectfully. In the basin-center position, two positive excursions were identified, +2-2.2‰, +3‰. Based on 87Sr/86Sr, these excursions were identified as the global Early Aeronian excursion, and the Late Aeronian excursion, respectfully. The age-constrained CIEs were used to correlate rock units between the three positions. These correlations imply that the existing lithostratigraphic model is not accurate, and that the BBG was deposited at different times in the different locations in the basin. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Intoduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Geological Context ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Lithostratigraphy .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.4. Biostratigraphy (Conodonts) ........................................................................................................ 9 1.5. Chemostratigraphy ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.5.1. Carbon Isotopes Excursion (CIE) ........................................................................................ 10 1.5.2. 87Sr/86Sr ............................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1. Geophysical Logs ........................................................................................................................ 12 2.2. Core Data and Core Analysis ...................................................................................................... 12 2.3. Biostratigraphic Data (Conodonts) ............................................................................................ 13 2.4. Stable Carbon Isotopes .............................................................................................................. 14 2.5. 87Sr/86Sr ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 3 Results........................................................................................................................................ 16 3.1. Lithofacies and Gamma Ray ....................................................................................................... 16 13 3.2. Carbon isotopes (δ Ccarb) ........................................................................................................... 19 3.3. Conodont biostratigraphy .......................................................................................................... 23 3.4. Strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) .................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 4 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 24 4.1. CIEs as Global Time Horizons ..................................................................................................... 24 4.2. Age Constraints .......................................................................................................................... 25 4.3. Basin-wide Correlation ............................................................................................................... 30 iii 4.4. Michigan Basin Development during BBG Deposition .............................................................. 33 4.5. Correlating from Northwest Michigan to Northeast Wisconsin ............................................... 36 4.6. The Llandovery in Michigan Basin Compared to Other Basins ................................................. 36 Chapter 5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 38 References .................................................................................................................................................. 40 Appendix A: Facies Photos and Description of the BBG in the Michigan Basin. ...................................... 45 Appendix B: Byron Fm. in the Ford and Scheuner Unit Core. ................................................................... 53 Appendix C: Cabot Head Shale Core Photos ............................................................................................. 54 Appendix D: Lime Island Fm. Core Photos................................................................................................. 56 Appendix E: Byron Fm. Core Photos .......................................................................................................... 60 Appendix F: Hendricks Fm. Core Photos.................................................................................................... 64 Appendix G: Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes data ....................................................................................... 67 iv List of Tables Cores in the BBG archived at the Michigan Geological Repository for Research and Education ............... 13 87Sr/86Sr results ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Carbon and Oxygen data results. ...............................................................................................................
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