1. Introduction: Neutron Scattering in Contemporary Research

Thomas Brückel

Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS Peter Grünberg Institut PGI Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum MLZ RWTH Aachen University

JCNS Neutron Lab Course 2015 Where We Are Aachen Dom - residence of Charlemagne - Jülich Zitadelle - renaissance castle duke of Jülich - Dom Köln - Archbishop of Cologne - Burg Nideggen - Eifel National Park - … and what about scattering? … who has already done a scattering experiment?

Seeing is Believing

computer incident scattered beam beam

source of detector radiation

sample Scattering

→ Internal structure? how are the atoms / spins arranged? → Microscopic dynamics? how do the atoms / spins move? ⇒ Macroscopic properties (thermal conductivity, elasticity, viscosity, and functionalities susceptibility, ...) Scattering

Scattering: interaction sample ↔ radiation weak

⇒ non-invasive, non destructive probe for structure & dynamics H. Geiger and E. Marsden 1909 E. Rutherford 1911

scattering of α particles from gold foil Ernest Rutherford

• * 30. August 1871 in New Zealand; • † 19. Oktober 1937 in Cambridge • 1908 Nobelprize in Chemistry • “Rutherford model of an atom” W. Friedrich, P. Knipping and M. von Laue 1912 W. Friedrich, P. Knipping and M. von Laue 1912 Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 was awarded to Max von Laue "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals".

Max von Laue Born: 9 October 1879, Pfaffendorf, Germany Died: 23 April 1960, Berlin, West Germany 1912 and today… High Energy Physics HERA @ DESY Hamburg CERN Genf LHC & ATLAS 27 km ! Wavelength Electromagnetic Waves X-Rays Neutrons Neutrons

neutral particle with sin 1/2

Billiard?

Dualism Neutrons: A Special Gift for Science

„Neutrons tell us where the atoms are and how they move.“ Clifford Shull Nobel Prize Physics Neutrons are rarely the first, but often the last probe for new materials or new phenomena.

Unique Properties ☺ highly penetrating

commercial Li-ion battery Unique Properties

☺ wavelength ~ interatomic distances Unique Properties ☺ Neutrons see light elements (Hydrogen)

synchrotron x-rays neutrons Unique Properties ☺ labeling molecules or functional groups by hydrogen - deuterium (isotope) replacement Unique Properties

☺ sensitivity to magnetism

Maxwell forbids it, Dirac predicts it! Unique Properties

☺ sensitivity to magnetism

magnetic monopole excitations Unique Properties ☺ energy ~ excitations in solids

lattice vibrations

spin waves Unique Properties ☺ energy ~ excitations in solids

watch proteins at work Length- and Time Scales Covered by Research with Neutrons Jülich Centre for Neutron Science

13 instr.

triple axis spectrometer IN12 spin echo & & IN22 / D23 (CEA), IN15, WASP backscattering / powder

1 (+4) 1 (+4) instr. Neutron Sources - Worldwide larger centers for research with neutrons

PNPI Dubna Kurchatov Chalk River JRR-3 LANSCE SNS NIST CARR HFIR Hanaro JSNS CSNS Mumbai

ANSTO

Reactor for neutron research Spallation source JCNS Worldmap

Reactor for neutron scattering Spallationsource „Heinz-Maier Leibnitz Zentrum“

experimental hall Guide hall FRM I

• main JCNS outstation • reactor operation: TUM, State of Bavaria • joint scientific use and user operation by TUM and HGF, lead by FZJ • joint project (FZJ: ZEA-1 & 2) and service groups; joint user office JCNS @ MLZ neutron guide hall:

JCNS- spin echo JCNS Instruments

JCNS- spin echo

JCNS-NSE @ SNS

JCNS-IN12 @ ILL SV-30 & SV-28 @ CARR New Opportunities

ESS & PIK: future neutron sources

PIK Reaktor

Reactor for neutron scattering Spallationsource European Spallation Source ESS

JCNS: 5 instrument proposals

typically 2 to 5 orders of magnitude more performant instruments What we do at JCNS:

We develop and built instruments for large scale facilities TOPAS @ MLZ

Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA) What we do at JCNS: We operate large scale facilities for external users

Central mission of Helmholtz! International Universities

JCNS: User Facility University Amherst, USA University Amsterdam, Netherlands University Ancona, Italy International Research Institutes University dell‘Aquila, Italy National Research Institutes University of the Basque Country, Akademie der bildenden Künste, Wien, San Sebastian, Spanien MPI für chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Austria University Bordeaux, France Dresden Argonne National Laboratory, USA University Bristol, Great Britain Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, University Cincinnaty, USA Iwan-Stranski-Laboratory, Berlin Bombay, India Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain Max-Planck-Institut, Heidelberg National UniversitiesKFKI Atomic Energy Research University Cordoba, Spain MPI für Polymerforschung, Mainz Inst. Budapest, Hungary Cornell University, Ithaca, USA Universitätsklinikum Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam Academy of Sciences, Byelarus TU Delft, Netherlands Aachen MPI für Metallforschung, Stuttgart ISIS Facility, Chilton, Great Britain University Durham, Great Britain RWTH Aachen F.O.R.T.H., Crete, Greece TU Eindhoven, Netherlands University Bayreuth FLNP-JINR, Dubna, Russia Rest World University Florenz, Italy FU Berlin Other EU CEA Grenoble, France 4% University Graz, Austria University Bielefeld (<4%) & ESRF, Grenoble, France Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan University Bochum ILL, Grenoble, France assoc. states University Leeds, Great Britain University Bonn Institute of Technion, Haifa, Israel24% UniversityD Loughborough, Great Britain TU Berlin Institute for Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland University Lüttich, Belgium TU Darmstadt 48% Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy University Minas-Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil University Dortmund IPCF-CNR, Messina, Italy University Minneapolis, USA TU Dresden I LIJ Research Inst., Manhasset, New York, USA University Modena, Italy University Duisburg Polytechnic-IPN, Mexico City 4% University Opole, Poland University Erlangen- E Karpow Institute of Physical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia University Oslo, Norway Nürnberg 5% F LLB, Saclay, France USA University East Anglia, Norwich, Great Britain University Frankfurt 7% Institute of Physics, Obninsk, Russia University Palermo, Italy University Göttingen 8% ESPCI Paris, France University Perugia, Italy University Halle- Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark Priceton University, USA Wittenberg Industry Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russia University Rennes, France University Heidelberg Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland University Rio Claro, Brazil University Kiel Bayer AG, Leverkusen IPCMS, Strasbourg, France University Rome 3, Italy University Köln Continental AG, Hannover Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA University Salzburg, Austria University Leipzig S-DH Sputter-Dünnschicht- IGCE/UNESP, Rio Claro-SP, Brazil University Sao Paolo, Brazil University Mainz technik, Heidelberg JAERI, Tokai-Mura, Japan University Seoul, Korea University Marburg Swiss Neutronics, Klingnau, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Warsaw, Nankai University, Tianjin, China University Münster Switzerland Poland University Warsaw, Poland TU München Vereinigte Aluminiumwerke, University Thrace, Xanthi, Greece University Würzburg Bonn TU Wien, Austria What we do at JCNS: We educate the next generation of neutron scientists

Neutron Lab Course: lectures in Jülich; practical part in Garching