Pakistan : Le Qawwali, Musique Soufie Menacée De Disparition

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Pakistan : Le Qawwali, Musique Soufie Menacée De Disparition Autres / Magazine Considéré comme une partie de l’identité nationale du pays Pakistan : le qawwali, musique soufie menacée de disparition Farid Ayaz et Abu Muha mmad Qaww al, lors d’une tourné e en 2016. ©D. R. L'avènement d'un islam globalisé, plus proche des préceptes du Moyen-Orient que des traditions propres à l'Asie du Sud, a érodé la popularité de cette musique. “Pourquoi haïssent-ils le qawwali? Pourquoi détestent-ils la musique?”, demande Talha Sabri, dont le frère Amjad, une étoile de cette musique soufie, a été assassiné en plein jour il y a près de deux ans au Pakistan. “Je suis toujours sous le choc”, souffle encore Talha Sabri, dans la maison familiale couverte de photos d'Amjad, dont la gloire s'étendait bien au-delà de son pays. Ce meurtre a porté un coup terrible au qawwali, une forme traditionnelle de musique religieuse islamique très appréciée en Asie du Sud mais qui se voit aujourd'hui menacée par des groupes extrémistes et la désaffection des jeunes Pakistanais. L'assassinat par balles du célèbre interprète quadragénaire par deux inconnus à moto avait été qualifié “d'acte de terrorisme” par la police. Des milliers de Pakistanais s'étaient rassemblés dans les rues de Karachi (Sud) pour ses funérailles en juin 2016. Si l'armée a confirmé début avril la condamnation à mort de deux hommes pour ce crime, les commanditaires restent inconnus. Au moment des faits, un homme affirmant appartenir à une faction peu connue des talibans pakistanais avait indiqué à l'AFP que son groupe assumait la responsabilité de l'attaque, sans qu'il soit possible de vérifier cette revendication. Désigné par les fondateurs du Pakistan comme une partie de l'identité nationale, le qawwali, dont l'origine remonte au XIIIe siècle, a longtemps été une forte composante du lien social, citadins et villageois se réunissant dans les mêmes mausolées soufis pour des concerts. Les performances durent traditionnellement des heures et voient les musiciens naviguer entre harmonies prodigieuses et improvisations saisissantes. Une partie de l'auditoire se retrouve alors plongée dans un état proche de la transe. “Rockstar” Le qawwali a connu son âge d'or dans les années 1970. Des chanteurs appelés qawwals, les frères Sabri en tête - menés par le père d'Amjad, Ghulam Farid Sabri -, ou la légende Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, se produisaient partout dans le monde. Après la mort de Ghulam en 1994, Amjad a pris les rênes du groupe, dans la plus stricte tradition patriarcale pakistanaise, jusqu'à devenir omniprésent à la radio et télévision nationales. “C'était une rockstar”, se souvient le journaliste et musicien Ali Raj, dont il a été le mentor. Le qawwali ne se remet pas de la disparition de cet artiste. Au Café Noor de Karachi, où les qawwals siègent depuis des décennies, les musiciens affirment que les cachets se font rares et que le nombre de mausolées acceptant d'accueillir des performances diminue. Certains groupes islamiques radicaux, dont les talibans et désormais l'État islamique (EI), considèrent comme une hérésie, le soufisme, une branche mystique de l'islam vénérant des saints et associant la musique au culte. Quelques mois après la mort d'Amjad Sabri, l'EI avait revendiqué deux attentats contre des mausolées soufis, qui avaient fait plus de 100 morts. Mais les problèmes de sécurité ne sont pas seuls en cause dans le déclin du qawwali. L'augmentation rapide du coût de la vie au Pakistan a progressivement éloigné les musiciens de leur base populaire. Seules les classes moyennes sont désormais en mesure d'engager des groupes pour des fêtes ou des mariages. Pop et réseaux sociaux “Au bon vieux temps, même un homme pauvre réussissait à organiser un qawwali”, se souvient le chanteur Hashim Ali, qui s'estime désormais heureux de pouvoir jouer quatre ou cinq fois durant des fêtes religieuses, contre des dizaines précédemment. L'avènement d'un islam globalisé, plus proche des préceptes du Moyen- Orient que des traditions propres à l'Asie du Sud, a également érodé sa popularité. “De nombreux jeunes abandonnent la pratique des anciennes générations”, relève Ahmer Naqvi, un cadre de l'application musicale pakistanaise Patari, pour qui “la foi” mène au qawwali. La société pakistanaise est aussi devenue plus conservatrice. Plusieurs années avant l'attaque par les talibans du mausolée Abdullah Shah Ghazi Mazar (en 2010), les organisateurs y avaient restreint les spectacles de qawwali au motif que ses fans fumaient trop de haschich. Certains qawwals se sont alors lancés dans la musique pop. Rares sont ceux qui ont tenté de promouvoir leur art via les réseaux sociaux. “Les jeunes ne savent pas exactement ce qu'est le qawwali”, observe Muhammad Saeed, 24 ans, rencontré durant un concert à Islamabad. “Ils sont tellement dans (d'autres) musiques: le rap, le rock, la pop”, note-t-il. Sans oublier les mélodies de Bollywood, très écoutées au Pakistan. “Nous sommes sous pression”, confirme Talha Sabri, dont les longs cheveux et la barbe taillée le font ressembler comme deux gouttes d'eau à son frère Amjad, “mais malgré les menaces, nous devons continuer.” Pour leur mère Asghari Begum, la mort d'Amjad a toutefois sonné le glas de cet art. Même pendant les années 1980, quand les combats entre partis politiques et gangs avaient transformé Karachi en champ de bataille, les musiciens n'étaient pas inquiétés, fait-elle remarquer. Son fils “est parti maintenant”, c'est le signe que les choses ont changé, soupire-t-elle. “Et la passion pour le qawwali s'en est allée avec lui”. David Stout (AFP).
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