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ARCHIVES of MUSLIMS in CANADA: Environmental Scan

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ARCHIVES of MUSLIMS in CANADA: Environmental Scan ARCHIVES OF MUSLIMS IN CANADA: Environmental Scan Institute of Islamic Studies Occasional Paper Series September 2019 PREPARED BY Moska Rokay, MI Acknowledgements This environmental scan would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of Professor Anver Emon – thank you for placing your faith and trust in me. I would like to thank Loryl MacDonald for her mentorship and experience in the Canadian archival world. Her guidance throughout my journey as a student of archival studies and now as a professional has been invaluable. I am also thankful for Linda Wicks for taking me under her wing and introducing me to the ield of Canadian religious archives. Thank you to Rebecka Sheield, Rodney Carter, and Sonia Nicholson for your insight and knowledge on community and religious archives in Canada. I am grateful for the expertise and advice of Muhamed Amin, Marcel Barriault, and Kathryn Lagrandeur at Library and Archives Canada. Thank you for consulting with me and supporting my work with the IIS archival initiative. I am especially thankful for Muhamed’s suggestions and comments on this environmental scan. Thank you to Hassam Munir and Faisal Bhabha for their illuminating conversations on primary source materials in Canada on/about Canadian Muslims. Both discussions were beneicial in guiding the aim and focus of this paper. I would like to thank Fatima Sajan of NCCM and Dr Hasnain Walji at the Mulla Asghar Memorial Library and Resource Centre (MARC) for talking to me about their current work. I am particularly thankful for Fatima’s ininite networks, experience in the Canadian Muslim community, and enthusiasm to help whenever she can. I would like to thank Daood Hamdani, a pioneer of Canadian Muslim scholarship and history, for his priceless advice especially regarding primary and secondary sources on Canadian Muslim history. This work would not have been possible without the encouragement and energy of my fellow Fellow at the Institute, Sarah Shah. I also thank and appreciate Sanna Wani for her tremendous patience, superb graphic design skills, and time when editing this paper. The views relected in this paper are mine and do not necessarily relect the sentiments of the Institute of Islamic Studies at the University of Toronto. Moska Rokay Digital Humanities Research Fellow Institute of Islamic Studies University of Toronto Table of Contents I. Introduction II. The Archival Practice III. Methodology IV. Canadian Archival Environmental Scan A. University Archives in Canada B. Library and Archives Canada (LAC) C. Provincial and Territorial Archives D. Religious Archives in Canada E. Other Possible Archival Sources V. Comparative Analyses: American Archives VI. Situating the SIMiC Digital Archives Footnotes I. Introduction The Institute of Islamic Studies at the University of Toronto sponsors a research partnership with universities and community organizations to examine the history of Islam and Muslims in Canada. The project is called The Study of Islam and Muslims in Canada (SIMiC), and includes within its ranks scholars from universities across Canada and leaders from national organizations that represent Canadian Muslims and their interests. To leverage the research excellence of a university community to contribute to the public telling and retelling of the Canadian Muslim experience, SIMiC is undertaking a participatory, identity-based archival project to document the Canadian Muslim experience. Working with scholars and community partners, the SIMiC archival initiative aims to create a digital archives that will capture the Canadian Muslim experience and support advanced research around the world on the study of Islam and Muslims in Canada. Before any such archives can be created, it is critical to conduct an environmental scan of existing archival collections, initiatives and/or acuisition policies that prioritize materials on or about the Canadian Muslim experience. As this scan will show, there is a dearth of archival commitment to preserving and showcasing the contributions of Canadian Muslims. Moreover, the digital architecture of Canada’s archival landscape suffers from considerable religious illiteracy, from the construction of archive search engines to the intricate metadata that makes effective arrangement and description and user-friendly access possible. To emphasize the signiicance of this lacuna in Canada’s archival landscape, the environmental scan briely examines existing Muslim archives in the United States as a comparator. The report will conclude by explaining the need for the SIMiC archive. If archives do not adeuately document marginalized communities, that community’s repository of materials are not available to future researchers. Essentially, that community’s experiences are erased from the historical record. As the mainstream media bombards Western viewers with stories of war, violence and extremism in Muslim-majority countries, and as institutions maintain archival descriptions rooted in Protestant and/or 19th century characterizations of Islam when describing these respective communities— essentially describing these communities to themselves— it is exceedingly imperative for Muslims in Canada to speak for themselves and to be given spaces to represent themselves the way they want. 4 II. The Archival Practice Archives have tremendous power to shape narratives, inluence popular history, and, at the same time, silence stories. 1 Traditionally, archives have been repositories for a speciic institution’s records, designed with the express aim to document the organization’s activities in accordance with institutional and archival mandates.2 In Canada, archives are most often found at large institutions: federal, provincial, and municipal levels of government; educational institutions such as colleges and universities; large corporate organizations such as banks; some libraries or galleries; and a number of signiicant Jewish and Christian archives. Archival practices relect early 20th century principles of record-keeping that originated from Western European and North American governments and institutions. Those principles continue to inform archival practices today, such as those relating to the provenance and original order of records, and their evidentiary value. Provenance and an Archives' Intended Audience When applied to the arrangement and description of archival materials, the principle of provenance emphasizes that all records tracing their origin to a speciic creator—whether an individual, organization or department/unit—must be kept together. Archivists use the French term fonds to relect this macro-level of document organization. As the largest organizational unit, a fonds can contain hundreds if not thousands of individual records across a range of themes, subjects and issues. In the most basic terms, a fonds is a collection of documents. To give greater detail to a collection of documents, we use other terms to indicate smaller groupings of records. For instance, a series is a smaller grouping of records within a fonds, and contains records that concern, for example, a broad functional activity within an organization (such as human resources, inance, administration or publications). Even smaller than a series is the ile unit. Files are a grouping of documents that pertain to a more speciic topic within a series. We use the term iles because the individual records are often stored in an actual ile folder. For example, a ile titled “Outgoing” under the series “Correspondence” would refer to records of outgoing correspondence only. Lastly, in archival practice, the term item is the smallest archival unit. An item usually refers to an individual document but can also indicate a record made up of several pieces such as a photograph album or a single photograph. The units fonds, series, ile, and item are speciic terms that imply varying levels of archival arrangement and description within a speciic collection of materials. However, a fonds does not necessarily need to have every hierarchical level of groupings (i.e. series, iles, and items). Ultimately, the level of descriptive detail depends largely on the archival materials acuired but also the priorities and aims of the archive, the archivist’s time, and even its intended audience. Whatever level of description is utilized, an archivist will publish with the fonds a inding aid. A inding aid is similar to the catalogue record of a library book because it gives the user information about the respective book, such as the author, the number of pages in the book, a brief plot description, and so on. Finding aids are written documents that broadly describe the content of the fonds in order to assist users to understand in broad terms the scope and contents of the collection of documents in front of them. The organization and structure of an archive often depends on the intended audience. For instance, archives stand in stark contrast to libraries, which are generally more familiar to the general public. Categorized by subject headings, the principles, traditions, and structures of a library differ greatly from archives. A member of the general public normally possesses the information-seeking knowledge, capacity, and behaviours necessary to navigate research in a library - relying on subject categories, for example - but is not usually able to do the same at an archive because archives are generally structured for an audience of academics. 5 Archival materials are often arranged by provenance (creator or origin of the records) rather
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