Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds
Scope
This plan is in place to guide prevention and eradication activities and the management of non-indigenous populations of Birds (Families: Anseriformes, Galliformes, Psittaciformes, Phoenicopteriformes, Struthioniformes, Passeriformes and Columbiformes) in the wild in Victoria.
Version Document Status Date Author Reviewed By
1.0 First Draft 26/07/11 Dana Price M. Corry, S. Wisniewski and A. Woolnough
1.1 Second Draft 21/10/11 Dana Price S. Wisniewski
2.0 Final Draft 16/01/12 Dana Price
2.1 Final 27/06/2012 Dana Price M. Corry and S. Wisniewski
3.0 Revised Draft 08/07/2015 Ryan Melville
3.1 Revised Draft 15/07/2015 Ryan Melville A. Kay and M. Ward
3.2 Revised Draft 02/03/2016 Dana Price J. Goldsworthy
4.0 New Final 09/05/2016 Ryan Melville D. Price
Published by the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Agriculture Victoria, March 2016 © The State of Victoria 2016. This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Authorised by the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, 1 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000. Front cover: Barbary Dove Photo: DEDJTR HRIA team ISBN 978-1-925532-35-7 (pdf/online)
Disclaimer
This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. For more information about Agriculture Victoria go to www.agriculture.vic.gov.au or phone the Customer Service Centre on 136 186.
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Pre-incursion Plan PIP001 Birds
Order: Aves
Families: Anseriformes, Galliformes, Psittaciformes, Phoenicopteriformes, Struthioniformes, Passeriformes and Columbiformes
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Contents
Pre-incursion Plan PIP001 Birds ...... 3 Table 1: Introduction ...... 5 Table 2: Declaration Status in Victoria ...... 5 Table 3: Delimitation survey options...... 6 Table 4: Species specific delimitation options ...... 6 Table 5: Detection, control, monitoring and breeding calendar ...... 7 Table 6: Transport of live specimens...... 7-8 Table 7: Brief description of eradication and containment options ...... 8-10 Table 8: Species specific eradication and containment options ...... 11 Table 9: Brief description of disease, parasite and infection risks ...... 11 Table 10: Control specific WHS considerations ...... 12 Table 11: Animal related WHS considerations ...... 13 Table 12: Identification requirements - take photo/video and e-mail to: ...... 13 Table 13: Euthanasia options ...... 13 Table 14: Sampling/Autopsy requirements ...... 14 Table 15: Disposal options ...... 14 Table 16: Legislation, regulations and required permits...... 14 Table 17: General species and technical experts ...... 15 Table 18: List of Acronyms ...... 16 Table 19: Glossary ...... 16 Table 20: COP & SOP ...... 17 Appendices ...... 18 1. Anseriformes Family ...... 18-20 2. Galliformes Order ...... 21 3. Psittaciformes Order ...... 23 4. Passeriformes Order...... 26 5. Columbiformes Order ...... 32 6. Struthioniformes Order ...... 34 7. Phoenicopteriformes Order ...... 35 Excursus ...... 36 References ...... 37-42 Photograpic References ...... 413
Accessibility If you would like to receive this information/publication in an accessible format (such as large print or audio) please call the Customer Service Centre on 136 186, TTY 1800 122 969, or email [email protected].
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Table 1: Introduction
Two pathways contribute to the vast majority of introductions of invasive bird species to Australia - intentional introduction via the pet trade (64% of global bird introductions) and intentional release of birds as game animals (33%).
The species listed in this pre-plan are most commonly represented in the pet trade pathway (having escaped or been released from captivity) and include members of the Psittacidae (cockatoos and parrots), Fringillidae (canary and finch), Emberizidae (bunting), Estildidae (munia and sparrow), Pyconotidae (bulbuls), Struthionidae (ostriches) and Columbidae (doves). Members from each of these groups are widely kept in throughout Victoria and represent a risk of being released/escape or have been declared under the Catchment and Land Protection (CaLP) Act 1994.
Worldwide, releases of invasive birds to be hunted as game species is generally confined to species from the Odontophoridae (quail), Phasianidae (turkey, grouse, pheasants and partridges) and Anatidae (ducks, geese and swan) families (Lever, 2005). Many of these species are also widely kept throughout Victoria.
General factors that may increase the success of a newly introduced population of birds establishing in the wild include propagule size, being a habitat generalist, ability to produce a large clutch size, nest site selection and small body size.
The potential consequences of establishment of many of these species are wide ranging and may include the introduction of new diseases and parasites, competition with native species for food and nesting resources, damage to infrastructure (deposition of excrement, damage to overhead wires and blocking gutters with nesting materials) and damage to agriculture through destruction of crops and orchards.
Generally speaking, the non-cryptic natures of most bird species (bright plumage, vocal in nature and non-sedentary) enable them to be easily detected and identified. Bird watching is also an increasingly popular pastime in Australia– another factor leading to a high likelihood that, during the early stage of establishment in the wild, new populations are readily identified and can then be successfully eradicated.
Table 2: Declaration Status in Victoria
There have been at least 20 species of birds that have successfully established of the 54 species that have been known to been introduced into Australia (Bomford 2008). There are currently 19 species of birds declared pest animals under the CaLP Act 1994 within Victoria. See species specific table for details.
The Exotic Bird Keeping Scheme and CITES lists should be checked before any invasive bird species, other than those listed in this document, are destroyed.
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Table 3: Delimitation survey options Method Description Time suggested to determine presence at site
1. Direct Visual Use binoculars, telescopes or a video camera with A one day minimum or several weeks, dictated Observations* a high zoom capacity to observe and record birds. by the numbers of birds and the ease of Observation may be best conducted from a vehicle conducting the observations. to minimise disturbance. Factors to be considered include: the number of birds, where they are feeding or watering, the locations of daytime resting roosts and of night roosts and their direction and rate of dispersal.
Modes of surveillance include: - Active area surveillance - Transect surveys - Point surveys - Call broadcast survey
2. Broad surveillance Broad surveillance methods include doorknocking As required to collate substantive data. an area, letterbox drops, media articles, networking with local bird groups, use of internet data (eBird, Eremaea, AusBirding) and social media networks.
3. Use of auditory recording This technique involves the use of a sound One day up to several weeks should be equipment * recorder, at optimal times during the day. The allowed, depending on the numbers of birds equipment may be used in conjunction with lures and the ease of conducting observations. (food, water, shelter, calls) and should be placed in suitable locations i.e. around water holes, nesting sites, where there have been previous sightings.
4. Use of a movement Trail cameras, either motion triggered or time-lapse, One day or up to several weeks, depending on triggered camera * may be used in conjunction with lures which may the numbers of birds and the ease of include food, water, shelter and calls. The cameras conducting observations should be placed in a suitable location around water holes, nesting sites and in areas where there have been previous sightings. * Refer to the Non-Indigenous bird survey SOP for detailed procedures.
Table 4: Species specific delimitation options Please refer to Table 3 for a full description of options
Option 1 2 3 4
Waterfowl
Game Birds
Parrots
Passerines
Pigeons and Doves
Ratites
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Table 5: Detection, control, monitoring and breeding calendar JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Detection
Control
Monitoring
Breeding
N.B. Green shading represents optimal times for detection, control and monitoring based on species habitat use in their native range. This information may vary according to Victorian conditions.
Table 6: Transport of live specimens
Transportation creates stress in the animal and therefore should be kept to a minimum. A cage should be spacious enough for the bird to have movement, however not be excessively large. A quiet, air-conditioned vehicle cab should be the mode of transport for the cage, covered by a sheet to darken it. Food and water should be made available during transport. Some birds may be better transported in a box . See Victorian Code of Practice for the housing of caged birds.
Type of Size of Bird Number of Cage Length x Width Minimum Cage Height Specimen birds/cage or m²
Ducks 60-80 cm long 8 birds/m² * Not specified in the Code of 25 cm 2.5-4 kg Accepted Farming Practice for the Welfare of Poultry.
Geese 80-110 cm long 5 birds/m² * Not specified in the Code of Not specified in the Code of Up to 4.6 kg Accepted Farming Practice for the Accepted Farming Practice for the Welfare of Poultry. Welfare of Poultry.
Swans Up to 150 cm long 100 cm²/kg * Not specified in the Code of Not specified in the Code of Up to 9 kg Accepted Farming Practice for the Accepted Farming Practice for the Welfare of Poultry. Welfare of Poultry.
Turkey 76-125 cm long 100 cm²/kg * Not specified in the Code of 32 cms or more 3-11 kg Accepted Farming Practice for the Welfare of Poultry.
Guineafowl 50-60 cm long 10 birds/m² * Not specified in the Code of Not specified in the Code of Up to 2 kg Accepted Farming Practice for the Accepted Farming Practice for the Welfare of Poultry. Welfare of Poultry.
Peafowl 85-110 cm long 5 birds/m² * Not specified in the Code of Not specified in the Code of 3-6 kg Accepted Farming Practice for the Accepted Farming Practice for the Welfare of Poultry. Welfare of Poultry.
Ratites 90 – 200 cm long, 40 Up to 2 birds Not specified in Model COP for 200cm or more – 150 kg Practice for Welfare of Animals Farming of Ostriches
Lovebird 18 cm long Up to 4 birds 240 x 135 mm 150 mm
Monk Parrot 29 cm long Up to 2 birds 360 x 180 mm 200 mm
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Indian 40 cm long Up to 2 birds 480 x 240 mm 200 mm Ringneck
Large Up to 40 cm Up to 2 birds 480-800 x 240 mm 200 mm Passerines (crow)
Small Between 11-20 cm Up to 4 birds 240-400 x 135 mm 150 mm Passerines (all long others)
Doves Between 25-35 cm Up to 2 birds 480-800 x 240 mm 200 mm long
N.B. Green shading represents transport information detailed in the Victorian COP for the ‘Housing of Caged Birds’.
*These cage sizes are for fewer birds than recommended by the COP for transport of poultry as this document is not designed for the transportation of commercial quantities of birds.
Table 7: Brief description of eradication and containment options Method Description Time to Equipment Risks Comments control cost + Personnel required
1. Capture by Lure the bird with bread 1 day, although N/A Risks are minimal hand or by a or food and capture by some pre- 2 personnel Wear gloves to hand or with a hand held feeding may avoid bites and handheld net net. necessitate scratches. additional time
2. Walk-in cage Birds are attracted into a Up to 1 week The costs of the A risk of injury to Ensure adequate food, trap cage using a lure. A trap cage and feed the bird whilst water and shelter is door is activated, 1 person attempting to supplied to reduce capturing the bird. This escape, applies stress, particularly if
is a successful to all trap types. the bird has been technique when used for – Reduce the risk lured. small incursions. by monitoring the Particularly when birds traps regularly. Use appropriate bait to are already being fed or i.e. at least twice attract the target are attracted to bird daily. species and limit by- feeders. Pre-feed for 2-3 catch days prior to setting trap. 3. Trap with live- Use a caged bird of the Up to 1 week The cost of the bird lure same species to attract cage and feed escaped birds to the 1 person cage.
4. Trap with use Attract bird/s to the cage Up to 1 week The cost of the of lure tape using a pre-recorded cage and feed audiotape of their call. 1 person This method is also useful when attracting birds away from an area to avoid public disturbance.
5. Clap and This method relies on a Up to 1 week The cost of the Sprung trap spring action which cage closes the trap and 1-2 personnel throws a net. The trap may be triggered by a bird or rely on a person to activate the spring.
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Table 7: Brief description of eradication and containment options Method Description Time to Equipment Risks Comments control cost + Personnel required
6. Modified These traps, ’v’-shaped Up to 1 week The cost of the Australian Crow with an upper entrance, cage are generally used for 2 personnel trap Corvids. They can, however be modified to capture smaller species in large numbers..
7. Shooting Useful for small 1 day Pest Control Birds may be Shooting is a labour incursions only. The Officer at wounded and not intensive, costly most appropriate $150/hr. Call out killed outright. option. It cannot be weapon is a 12-gauge fee of $300 There is the risk used near water and shotgun or .22 rifle. This The cost for that ‘missed’ permits are required method should not be personnel to be birds will scatter. for shooting in a used if there is a high trained and populous place and for chance that target birds authorised or for using a silencer. will be missed. Police employing a approval may be contractor. required. Refer to ‘Shooting of Non- indigenous Birds’ SOP for further information.
8. Toxins/ Alphachloralose is a Up to 3 weeks Pest Control Birds may An APVMA anaesthetic humane toxin which acts pre-feeding and Officer at $150/hr consume a non- emergency permit is as a soporific, 1 week baiting lethal dose and required to use the formulation Call out fee of depressing nerve $300 To be used become ‘bait product in Victoria for centres in the brain. It is shy’. off-label use i.e. birds by licensed Pest mixed with grain and an Control Officers There is a risk to other than pigeons ‘adhesive agent’. Pre- only. non-target and sparrows. feeding is essential to species. success.
9. Cannon Large mesh nets Variable Cost of the net There is a risk of A high level of nets/net guns attached to a projectile and personnel injury or mortality technical expertise is that is launched over a costs to the birds. required for this roosting or feeding flock. Ensure that the technique. Advice operator is from VicPol Licensing experienced in and Regulation the technique Division stated that a as escaping birds Category E longarm may panic and classification would be scatter required to use a cannon net and a Category E handgun classification for a net gun, regardless of whether it uses compressed air or explosive propulsion.
10. Mist netting An inconspicuous mesh Variable Cost of the net The nets should A high level of net is erected vertically and personnel be approached technical expertise is on poles, intercepting who must hold an quietly to reduce required. birds as they fly. Australian Bird the panic Knowledge of nesting and Bat Banding associated with and feeding areas, and Scheme birds entangling preferred flight paths, is (ABBBS) licence. themselves. a prerequisite. Mist Requires a Constantly netting is best used at minimum of 3-4 monitor the nets dusk and dawn and people. and watch for must remain attended at predators. all times.
11. Corral Traps Corral traps are used Up to 3 weeks The cost of the There is a chance most effectively in the 2- trap and that birds may
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Table 7: Brief description of eradication and containment options Method Description Time to Equipment Risks Comments control cost + Personnel required
(round ups) 3 week flightless period only personnel escape from after breeding, when Several beneath the net - designed for birds have moulted flight personnel, a so experienced waterfowl and feathers. Birds are minimum of 4, staff only are shorebirds herded between barriers are required to required. which funnel them into ‘herd’ birds. capture pens.
12. Baited The method involves a Variable The cost of the There is a risk of Requires one week of Funnel trap baited wire cage or trap and capturing non- pre-feeding. enclosure which has a personnel target species so funnel shaped entrance 2 personnel - bait must be that birds can enter and appropriate used not exit. to attract target species and limit by-catch.
13. Baited Dive- Constructed in water, Variable The cost of the Ensure the in trap (for the design is similar to a trap and netting on the top funnel trap. A wire personnel of the trap is aquatic diving fence, raised off the 2 personnel removed, at high birds e.g. ducks) wetland bottom, enables tide, to reduce the bird to enter from the risk of birds beneath the water. drowning.
14. Use of a Birds receive an oral Useful only for NA Minimal This technique has contraceptive dose of a chemical long term been successful on which reduces blood population captive birds. Fertility (Diazacon) cholesterol levels, control control is an inhibiting reproductive containment, rather output (Lambert et al than an eradication 2010). This method has method. Further been successful for development of Ring-necked parakeets, formulation and Monk Parakeets, quail application methods is and pigeon species required before diazacon could be used in wild Ring- necked parakeet populations (Lambert et al 2010), This is not registered for use in Australia and would require approvals by APVMA.
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Table 8: Species specific eradication and containment options Please refer to Table 7 for a full description of options
Option 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Waterfowl
Game Birds
Parrots
Large Passerines
Small Passerines
Pigeons and Doves
Ratites
Table 9: Brief description of disease, parasite and infection risks Zoonoses Disease agent Transmission route WHS Notification considerations requirements
Avian Influenza (AI) Migratory waterbirds are the most Direct contact with PPE including Notify likely reservoirs of the contaminated material disposable P2 immediately orthomyxovirus AI, in Australia. See from infected animals. respirator of AS/NZS ‘Ausvetplan’, the Avian Influenza 1716 standard, Disease Strategy document, for disposable gloves, further information. overalls and boots.
Japanese A mosquito borne zoonotic flavivirus. Japanese encephalitis is Wear long sleeved Notify encephalitis Waterbirds, mainly herons and transmitted via mosquito shirts and pants and immediately egrets, are the main reservoirs of the bites. use insect repellent. virus.
Avian Waterbirds are main reservoirs of AP is transmitted by PPE including Notify paramyxoviruses the avirulent form. Found also in direct contact with Disposable P2 immediately (AP) - Newcastle pigeons and parrots, AP. can mutate infected animals, respirator of AS/NZS Disease to a highly virulent form in poultry. contaminated material or 1716 standard, See ‘Ausvetplan’, the Newcastle airborne pathogens. disposable gloves, Disease Strategy document for overalls and boots. further information.
Chlamydiosis Chlamydophila psittaci infection is AC is transmitted via Use PPE, including a Notify within 12 (Psittacosis / referred to as avian chlamydiosis direct contact with dust mask. hours Ornithosis) (AC). AC is widespread in feral infected animals, pigeons and turkeys are extremely droppings, aviary dust susceptible. Infected birds shed the and contaminated bacteria through faeces and nasal materials. and eye discharge, which can remain infectious for several months. Many strains remain quiescent in
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Table 9: Brief description of disease, parasite and infection risks Zoonoses Disease agent Transmission route WHS Notification considerations requirements
birds until activated under stress.
Salmonellosis There are in excess of 200 strains of Contracted by Wash hands before Notify within 7 Salmonella bacteria. Symptoms consuming preparing and eating days appear most frequently in stressed contaminated food, food. birds. particularly uncooked eggs.
Leptospirosis Leptospirosis is a zoonotic Contracted via direct PPE including Notify within 7 spirochete bacterium rarely found in exposure to infected disposable P2 days humans, however commonly body fluids and respirator of AS/NZS transmitted through broken skin or materials contaminated 1716 standard, mucous membranes. with urine. disposable gloves, overalls and boots.
Aspergillosis Aspergillosis is a fungal infection Infection occurs via PPE including Not notifiable that is rare in humans. inhalation of spores in disposable P2 dust. respirator of AS/NZS 1716 standard, disposable gloves, overalls and boots.
External parasites, External parasites are vectors for Diseases are contracted Wear long, sleeved Not notifiable such as mites, ticks numerous diseases. via bites. shirts and pants. and fleas.
Table 10: Control specific WHS considerations Hazard Control
Injury by a peck or scratch. Wear heavy, leather gloves while handling large species. Ensure that a first-aider is on site and that handlers have had tetanus immunisation.
Disease transmission risk Wear gloves and a mask when handling species of high disease risk.
Risk of explosion using cannon nets Only qualified and experienced operators are to use cannon nets
Working near water hazards To minimise the risk of harm when working near water hazards a minimum of two staff are required on site at all times, wearing life- vests. Staff must be able to swim.
Risk of firearm accident Use only licenced and experienced staff or contractors when using shooting as an eradication method. Refer to draft firearm SOP.
Risk of poisoning Only licenced and qualified PCO’s will be allowed to carry out any poisoning methods.
Refer to the relevant ASBO Job Safety Plan: Field Operations SOP for further details.
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Table 11: Animal related WHS considerations Peck/Scratch risk Injury from wing beat Injury from leg spur
Waterfowl
Game Birds
Parrots
Large Passerines
Small Passerines
Pigeons and Doves
Ratites
Table 12: Identification requirements - take photo/video and e-mail to: Name Organisation Contact Details
Jane Melville Museum Victoria (03) 8341 7444 (Senior Curator – Terrestrial Vertebrates) [email protected]
See document titled ‘Procedure for Museum Victoria Identifications’ for details on the delivery of live or dead specimens to museum staff. Bioweb link:
Table 13: Euthanasia options Method Description Comments
Lethal Lethal injection is the preferred method. Inject 325- A DEDJTR veterinarian or registered user of Injection 400mg/kg of pentobarbitone sodium. barbiturates is required for this method. A non- (Lethobarb) veterinarian can administer lethobarb under veterinary direction.
Cervical Cervical dislocation is only to be used on birds under 3kgs. Only a person trained in this technique may perform dislocation The technique involves breaking the spinal cord. it. Its use is limited to an emergency field technique.
Cool or freeze Cool at <4°C for 4 hours. Confirm the death of an embryo eggs/embryos by decapitation or overdose using an anaesthetic agent.
Foam Class A foam (a type of detergent) is pumped into a room This technique is used for massive destruction of until it has reached a level higher than bird, which removes birds in animal disease outbreaks and most likely the breathable oxygen. Foam needs to be in place for at would not be applicable pest control work. An least 5 minutes. APVMA approval may also be required.
Carbon Prior to placing birds in the chamber, the chamber needs to Carbon dioxide inhalation is only practical for larger Dioxide be saturated to 100% carbon dioxide, primarily using a groups of animals requiring euthanasia. The use of canister of CO2. Birds need to remain in the chamber for a carbon monoxide is not advocated by DEDJTR. minimum of 3 minutes.
Shooting Shooting involves administering a gunshot to the brain at Shooting is the most humane and efficient method firearm close range. Refer to the SOP - ‘Shooting of Non- for large animals. indigenous Birds’ for further information.
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Table 14: Sampling/Autopsy requirements Sampling required Cost Provider Comments
Antemortem examination, Up to 5kgs -$129 AgriBio Veterinary Diagnostic Cost includes euthanasia via necropsy procedure, gross Services lethal injection. Cost for analysis 5-60 kgs – $194 examination of tissues, Mark Hawes (03) 9032 7275 of necropsy samples is additional collection and storage of and dependant on the number of samples. samples.
Refer to SOP: Tissue Sampling for further details as to sampling methods and requirements
Table 15: Disposal options Method Description Cost Comments
Incineration Animal remains are destroyed $3.00/kg AgriBio Veterinary Diagnostic in high temperature incinerator Services
Deep Burial Bury animal remains to reduce Minor cost To be used only as back-up transmission and spread of option at Council approved bacteria/disease animal pit.
Table 16: Legislation, regulations and required permits Permits & training Why required? Legislation Contact person
POCTA Regulations Consult regulations prior to Prevention of Cruelty to Jane Malcolm – Senior Policy Officer- undertaking any trapping. Animals Act (1986) Animal Welfare [email protected] (03) 5147 0829 0428 547135
Scientific Permit To carry out collection, live capture Wildlife Act (1975) (DELWP) Sue Hadden DELWP and release of wildlife. (03) 9450 8746
0407 961 597
Animal Ethics Is generally waived for HRIA control Wildlife Act (1975) (DEDJTR) Max Campbell EO Wildlife and Small Approval work, however may be required if Institutions AEC native non-target species are (03) 9217 4429 present in a location where a baiting or trapping operation is planned.
Australian Bird and To use mist nets and cannon nets Prevention of Cruelty to [email protected] Bat Banding Scheme under the ABBBS, personnel Animals Act (1986) (02) 6274 2407 authorisation require training and authorisation. Warranted by the difficulty of humanely removing birds from nets and the risk posed to non-target species.
APVMA ‘Emergency Required for off-label use of Health Act (1958) and (02) 6210 4701
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Table 16: Legislation, regulations and required permits Permits & training Why required? Legislation Contact person
Permit’ or ‘Special Use avicides. Prepare and lodge Agricultural and Veterinary [email protected] Permit’ APVMA applications well in Chemicals Code Act (1994)
advance.
Agricultural Chemicals ACUP’s may be required to allow Agricultural and Veterinary 1800 444 228 Users Permit (ACUP) personnel to apply avicides. Chemicals Code Act (1994) (02) 9439 7910
Pest Control PCO’s licences are required by Health Act (1958) Department of Health Operators (PCO) personnel in order to purchase and 1300 767 469 licence use avicides. [email protected]
‘Populous Place’ and These permits are required when Firearms Act (1996) 1300 651 645 ‘Silencer’ permits firearms are used with a silencer [email protected] attached and/or in a populous place.
Table 17: General species and technical experts Name Organisation Contact Area of expertise
Peter Courtney Senior Curator, Zoos [email protected] Highly experienced in all aspects Victoria of avian husbandry and
identification.
Avicultural Society of www.birds.org.au Sourcing of suitable re-homing Australia locations for captured birds.
Exotic Birds Record [email protected] The EBRKS may be used as a Keeping Scheme reference for examining species 1800 720 466 (EBRKS) that are not included in this plan. Link
CITES [email protected] This website provides a reference for checking species listed under (02) 6274 1900 CITES. Link
Birdlife Australia Glenn Ingwersen: [email protected] Birdlife Australia is the peak bird (03)9347 0757 body within Australia. 0409 348 553 John Peter: [email protected] (03) 9347 0757 ext 231
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Table 18: List of Acronyms ABBBS Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme
AC Avian Chlamydiosis
ACUP Agricultural Chemicals Users Permit
AI Avian Influenza
AP Avian Paramyxoviruses (Newcastle Disease)
APVMA Australasian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Association
AS/NZS Australian Standard / New Zealand Standard
CaLP Catchment and Land Protection Act
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora
COP Code of Practice
DEDJTR Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources
DELWP Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning
EBRKS Exotic Birds Record Keeping Scheme
IPAC Invasive Plants and Animals Committee
PCO Pest Control Officer
POCTA Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
WHS Workplace Health and Safety
Table 19: Glossary Eutrophication The addition of natural or artificial substances to a water body which increases the biomass, causing depletion of oxygen and loss of biodiversity in the aquatic system.
Frugivorous A fruit eating animal
Granivorous A bird species that feeds on seeds and grain.
insectivorous A bird species feeding on insects, worms and other invertebrates
Polyandry A breeding adaptation in which a single female mates with many males
Omnivorous A bird that eats a variety of food of both plant and animal origin
Precocial Hatched or new born bird that is able to feed for itself almost immediatley. Polygynous A breeding adaptation in which a single male mates with many females
Poult Young poultry or fowl
Wattle A fleshy organ that hangs from the bill, throat or eye of some bird species
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Table 20: COP & SOP
Victorian COP for the Housing of Caged Birds Link http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/pets/other-pets/birds/code-of- practice-for-the-housing-of-caged-birds
Transport and Care of Poultry Link http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/poultry-and- eggs/management-for-poultry-owners/transport-and-care-of- poultry
COP for Farming of Ostriches Link http://www.publish.csiro.au/Books/download.cfm?ID=3526
Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals – Land Link http://www.publish.csiro.au/Books/download.cfm?ID=5391 Transport of Poultry
Agricultural Services and Biosecurity Operations (ASBO) Job Link Safety Plan: Field Operations SOP
Non-Indigenous bird survey SOP Link
Shooting of Non-indigenous Birds’ SOP Link
SOP: Tissue Sampling Link
BIR002 Humane Pest Animal Control Trapping of pest birds Link http://www.pestsmart.org.au/wp- content/uploads/2013/03/BIR002_trapping-pest-birds.pdf
BIR001 Humane Pest Animal Control Shooting of pest birds. Link http://www.pestsmart.org.au/wp- content/uploads/2013/03/BIR001_shooting-pest-birds.pdf
Code of Accepted Farming Practice for the Welfare of Poultry Link http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/animal-health-and- welfare/animal-welfare/animal-welfare-legislation/victorian-codes- of-practice-for-animal-welfare/code-of-accepted-farming-practice- for-the-welfare-of-poultry
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APPENDICES
1. Anseriformes Family: Species Specific Table
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS
Alopochen IPAC Extreme Not widely Not widely Egyptian They are native to a large part Egyptian Geese are monogamous, believed to A 63-73cm high aegyptiacus kept in kept in Geese are of Africa and inhabit a wide mate for life. The nest is a simple construction of goose which can CALP captivity in captivity and herbivores, range of freshwater wetlands reeds, grass and leaves, and Egyptian geese be a variety of Egyptian Regulated Victoria. for commercial feeding on in open country, including frequently reuse abandoned nests of other Goose colours ranging (feral and wild use. None seeds, leaves reservoirs, dams, pans, lakes, waterfowl or choose to nest in tree cavities. from grey to populations) detected in the and stems of large ponds, rivers, marshes, There are 5-12 eggs in a typical brood, laid brown. Males wild. grasses and sewage works, estuaries and usually once per year. and females other offshore islands. This species The female incubates the eggs for 26-29 days, have similar terrestrial has established naturalised and the precocial young can leave the nest soon plants. Also populations in parts of Europe, after hatching. Both parents continue to care for plumage. The liking, crop including the British Isles and chocolate brown the goslings for an additional 60-75 days until shoots such in Israel and the UAE (Lever, they can fend for themselves. The young birds, patch around as maize, 2005). however often stay with their family group for the eye is wheat, oats, several months until ready to establish their own conspicuous. lucerne, territories. groundnuts, barley, as well as potato tubers, algae and aquatic weeds. Anser anser IPAC Extreme Widely kept Widely kept in They feed on Greylag Geese can cause Greylag Geese breed from April or May in the Greyish in (P) in captivity captivity and crops and crop damage through grazing United Kingdom, constructing large nests in colour, with and for for commercial pastures, such and trampling (Owen, 1990). floating vegetation and reeds in which they lay 5- Greylag white barring on CaLP commercial use. Small as clover, They can pollute water and 8 eggs. The incubation period is approximately Goose the back, breast Undeclared use. Small numbers have lucerne and cause soiling of public areas 28 days, during which time both the male and and neck. The numbers been detected brassicas and can be a danger to air female geese protect the eggs and hatchlings. underside of the have been in the wild in (Wikipedia, traffic. They compete with After breeding, flocks undertake a moult tail is white. Bill detected in all states. 2016). native species for nest sites migration to an area with safe roosts and plentiful is orange and the wild (on (Owen, 1990). food supplies, for approximately one month. This both Phillip species undertakes a full migration to warmer legs and feet are and French climes in autumn, overwintering at coastal pink Islands) lagoons, swamps and farmland areas. (Shaw, 2011)
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 18
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS
Branta IPAC Extreme Not widely Unsuccessfull The Canadian This species breeds in much Reproduction first occurs at 2-3 years of age This is a large, Canadensis kept in y introduced to Goose feeds of mainland North America, (Allan et al 1995). Mating is monogamous, with distinctive captivity in Western on crops and and over winters in Japan, nesting occurring from late March until early may species with a CALP Regulated Victoria. Australia and pastures such South West Canada and in the northern hemisphere. Clutch size is Canada black head and Detected in Victoria as clover, southern United States of generally 3-8 and females incubate the eggs (feral and wild Goose neck and a populations) the wild in (Dawes, 2008) lucerne and America (USA). The Canadian which hatch in approximately 28 days brown body with Victoria in Detected in brassicas. Goose is now naturalised in (www.arkive.org). The annual summer moult white 2008 the wild in parts of Europe and New takes place during this breeding period so the underparts. The (DAFWA, New South Zealand. Their grazing and adults are unable to fly for 20 to 40 days. 2010). Wales on two trampling causes crop Fledgling occurs between 6 and 9 weeks of age. white cheek occasions, damage. Polluting water and patches are and soiling public areas, they are conspicuous successfully also a danger to air traffic eradicated (Dawes, 2008). The species (DAFWA, also competes with native 2010). species for nest sites. Cairina IPAC Extreme Widely kept Often detected Omnivorous The Muscovy duck is native to Breeding season usually begins in early spring This species is moschate (P) in Victoria. in the wild Mexico and parts of South with elaborate courtship displays. This species mainly black and and throughout America (Lever, 2005). The do not form stable pair matings i.e. a single white, with pink CALP detected in Australia. No species naturalised in parts of female may mate with several males. Each Muscovy or red wattles Undeclared the wild. No established Europe, North America, Africa female lays a clutch of 8-16 (Wikipedia, 2015) Duck around the bill established wild and on several Indian Ocean eggs at a rate of one every 24 hours. Incubation (Wikipedia, populations populations islands (Lever, 2005). While begins up to 10 days prior to the last egg laid, 2015) have been have been readily hybridising with other and may continue for up to 35 days (Wikipedia, reported in reported. species of duck, it is known to 2015). Several ducks may lay eggs in a single the wild. be aggressive and competitive nest, known as, ‘dump’ nests. Reportedly, this with other waterbirds. reproductive strategy aims to increase duckling production. Domesticated Muscovy ducks may breed up to 3 times per year. Once hatched, chicks remain with the mothers for 10-12 weeks, as may the drake with his brood during that period (Wikipedia, 2015).
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 19
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS
Cygnus olor Established Large The Mute swan is native to Mute swans form monogamous pairs that last a Easy to IPAC Extreme The Mute (P) swan was wild quantities of temperate Europe and central lifetime. Most females begin to breed at 2 years recognise, this populations aquatic Asia (Lever, 2005). This of age and males at 3. Breeding starts in spring, Mute Swan species is large, introduced CaLP to the occur in vegetation and species is naturalised in the with the female constructing a nest up to 1.8 weighing up to Northam on associated UK, Japan, South Africa, metres wide near the water’s edge or on an 15 kgs. The Undeclared Melbourne the Avon River macro Canada, the US, Australia and island. The laying period may last up to 10 days plumage is all Botanical Gardens in and in the invertebrates. New Zealand (Lever, 2005). It and generally one egg is laid every 36 hours white, and the south west of has been known to kill the (Conover and Kania, 1999). The usual clutch size bill is orange-red 1853 (Lever, Western adults and young of other is 4-6 eggs, however clutches of up to 12 eggs in colour with a 2005). A pair was Australia waterbirds (Lever, 2005). They are possible. Incubation lasts from 35-38 days black knob (Lever, 2005). cause habitat damage and and is carried out by the female (Conover and towards the top released on Philip Island Tenuously eutrophication, thereby Kania, 1999). The cygnets, when hatched, are in 1863 established affecting native biota. They cared for by both parents until they reach 4-5 (Lever, small trample crops and pasture and months of age. Swans can live for up to 14 years 2005). This populations can be hazardous to people in the wild. Following breeding, mute swans species has are found near during breeding season by moult their flight feathers which render them failed to Sydney, in behaving aggressively. unable to fly for between 4-6 weeks. establish in south east Qld the wild. and in There are Tasmania small (Lever, 2005). numbers held in captivity in Victoria.
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 20
2. Galliformes Order: Species Specific Table IPAC classificatio Incursion status Species n In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding description & CaLP VIC AUS declaration Colinus Nesting on the ground, a single nest may contain A quail of 20- IPAC Extreme Widely kept for Often kept and Omnivorous, A native to northern and 12-14 eggs, which can be laid by several virginanus 26.5cm in height, game released for feeding on central America, also found in females. Incubation occurs for approximately 23 generally red- CALP purposes and game. invertebrates, Canada, central and eastern days and in favourable conditions they can have brown with black Regulated meat. seeds and USA, even Mexico and Northern two broods per year (Wikipedia, 2015). and tawny (feral and wild herbaceous Guatemala. This species has Bobwhite populations) plants naturalised successfully in markings, a white or throat and stripe (Latitude 42, Croatia, France, Italy and the Bobwhite over the eye 2011) West Indies. They were unsuccessful in establishing in Quail (Wikipedia, 2015). New Zealand, despite the Wellington Acclimatisation Society releasing over 1,000 individuals in the late 1800’s and mid 1900’s (Lever 2005). Bobwhite quail habitat includes pine woodlands, woodland edge, shrubs, agricultural fields, pastures, rangelands, open country, grasslands, croplands and roadsides (Wikipedia, 2015). Meleagris The mating period is from early spring to The Wild Turkey is IPAC Extreme Widely kept for Widely kept in An omnivore, Native to south eastern states (P) commercial all states. preferring of the USA and Mexico (Lever, summer. Egg-laying begins about two weeks gallopavo a large bird with after mating. Hens lay clutches of between 1-13 brown-black, use. Wild Naturalised nuts, seeds, 2005). Naturalised in eggs, with one egg laid per day for up to two irridescent CaLP turkeys have population on berries, grass, Germany, the former USSR, Wild Undeclared been detected Kangaroo insects, small Australia, New Zealand and weeks (Yarrow 2009). The incubation period plumage. The Turkey begins when laying is almost complete, and lasts wing and tail in the wild. Island, South reptiles and Hawaii (Lever, 2005). for 28 days (Yarrow, 2009). Poults hatch over a feathers are Australia and amphibians. Responsible for spreading period of one day and within 18 days they are banded, and the on King or weed seeds in Hawaii (Lewin, strong flyers. Brood size is usually between 4-10 neck and head is Flinders Island 1971). ,Tas (Barrett poults. Life span for wild males (gobblers) is featherless and usually 1.5 years and hens may survive for covered in raised et al 2003). slightly longer (Yarrow, 2009). bumps. The male has a blue, red or white head and neck with prominent wattles (www.arkive.org).
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 21
IPAC classificatio Incursion status Species n In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding description & CaLP VIC AUS declaration Numida The Helmeted guineafowl is Breeding behaviour begins at the start of spring This is a large bird IPAC Extreme The Helmeted Several Omnivorous, (P) guineafowl is naturalised they eat native to sub Saharan Africa and large communal roosts are formed (Elbin et meleagris with a round body (Lever, 2005). This species is al, 1986). Adults form monogamous pairs and and small head. widely kept in populations nuts, seeds, CaLP Victoria. It has may be found berries, grass, naturalised in many countries after mating, a clutch of between 6-12 eggs is Adults are Helmeted including Japan, Yemen, the laid. Females take sole responsibility for between 53-58 Undeclared also been in Qld, insects, small Guineafowl West Indies, Brazil, Australia, incubation of the eggs, which lasts about 30 days cms long and detected in the including snakes and wild. Heron and small New Zealand and on several (Elbin et al,1986) . The male guards the nesting weigh up to 1.3 Indian Ocean groups (Lever, female and, after the eggs have hatched, assists kgs. The plumage other Great mammals. 2005). They reportedly to brood and defend the keets (Elbin et al, 1986). is grey-black and Barrier Reef Islands damage maize crops. They The keets grow rapidly and can flutter to a low speckled with are a gregarious species, branch within a week of hatching. The lifespan of white. The head is (Simpson and forming large, noisy communal this species in the wild is up to 12 years. unfeathered and Day, 1994) and near roosts. Terrestrial, they can red or blue in walk up to 10kms per day. colour (Wikipedia, Mareeba in 2015). northern Qld. Pavo Omnivorous, Native to Pakistan, eastwards The breeding season of this species, in their The head, neck IPAC Extreme The Indian Breeding (P) peafowl is populations they eat to Nepal, India and Sri Lanka. native habitat, usually coincides with the start of cristatus and breast of the nuts, seeds, The species is naturalised in the wet season. Mating is polygynous i.e. each male is an widely kept. It can be found berries, grass the USA, Hawaii, West Indies, male may gather several females with which to iridescent blue, CaLP has been in Qld (Heron Indian Undeclared detected in the Island, and insects. Australia and NZ (Lever, mate. Nests are built in shrubbery shallow scrape with a crest of blue Peafowl 2005). The Indian peafowl in the ground, or in a tree if predation is an issue tipped feathers on wild, and were Magnetic disperses weed seeds in (www.arkive.org) and 3-6 eggs are laid. Females the head. The long first released Island), SA in Victoria at (Kangaroo Hawaii (Lewin, 1971) and is incubate the eggs for a period of 28-30 days ‘train’ of feathers declared an agricultural pest in (www.arkive.org). Chicks are able to fly by 20 have stunning Gembrook Island), WA New Zealand. Reports of days of age. Males become sexually active at 3 ‘eyespots’. In Reserve and (Rottnest Cape Liptrap Island and damage to cereal and grain years of age and females at 2. contrast, the crops such as sunflower, female is brown, in the 1870’s Tasmania maize and millet in parts of with a white throat, (Lever, 2005) (Furneaux India is common face and belly. group and (Sathyanaryana, 2011) They have a train King Island) (Lever, 2005). which is much shorter than the males’ and has no eyespots.
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 22
3. Psittaciformes Order: Species Specific Table
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS Agapornis This is a small bird IPAC Serious The Peach- Established in Granivorous This species inhabits dry, This species breed when seed availability, in their roseicollis (17-18cms long) faced lovebird the wild to the and open grassland in its’ native native Namibian grassland, is at its highest i.e. with a green body Regulated (feral is a widely east of Alice frugivorous, range in southwest Africa the peak of the wet season, between February and wild kept, very Springs. this species (Wikipedia, 2015). They gather and March (Ndithia et al 2007). Clutch size Peach- and blue rump. The face and populations) common pet eats seeds, in very large flocks and will ranges between 3-8 eggs, with each egg laid at faced bird. berries and nest in roof eaves and gutters. 24 hour intervals and incubation beginning after throat are pink, Lovebird or and legs and feet fruit. As an agricultural pest, they the first egg is laid (Ndithia et al, 2007). Rosy-faced are grey feed on crop seed heads such Incubation lasts an average of 23 days and as millet. following hatching, chicks fledge after lovebird (Wikipedia, 2015). approximately 6 weeks. When seasonal conditions are good, this species is capable of producing multiple broods in a year (Ndithia et al, 2007). Myiopsitta Native to South America, the This species, in South America, breeds from This is a small, IPAC Extreme The Monk The species Mainly Monk parrot is naturalised in October to February (Latitude 42, 2011), in monachus stocky species of parrot is has been frugivorous, parts of Europe, the USA and response to an increase in daylight hours. A parrot which may Regulated (feral widely kept in detected in the this species and wild Victoria. wild in most is partial to Canada, West Indies and the communal stick nest is built, in which multiple reach 29cms long Monk Parrot Canary Islands (Lever, 2005). pairs breed. Nests are commonly placed in the and weigh 90-140 populations) states. citrus and or Quaker This is a temperate and sub- highest available site i.e. often the peak of large g. The head and stone fruits, passionfruit, tropical species which prefers Eucalypts, windmills or power poles. The clutch Parrot back of the bird is to inhabit open savannah, size is 1-11 and the incubation period is for 24 green, whilst the grapes and forests and plantations. days (Latitude 42, 2011). Hatchlings are fed by forehead, cheek , figs. They are opportunistic, Extremely destructive of edible both parents for approximately 40 days, until neck and chest crops and orchards, it is also fledging. are grey. Outer and will eat known to strip and damage feathers on the tail grain from bird feeders, as trees. and wings are They build large communal blue (Wikipedia, well as nests around power poles and 2015). sometimes eating insects lines and in Oregon, these (Csurhes, nests cause fires, blackouts 2011). and the collapse of support structures such as power poles (Stafford, 2003).
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 23
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS
Nandayus The breeding season of this species is normally Generally green, IPAC Extreme Widely kept, The Nanday Herbivorous, This species is native to South they are a parakeet is they feed on America. They are now during winter, from July through to September in nenday paler on the southern Australia. Nesting in holes in trees, underparts and Regulated (feral very common widely kept buds, fruit, naturalised worldwide, and wild pet bird. and has been berries, seeds, including in Europe, Israel, the clutch size can vary from 2-6 eggs, although 3-4 Syn. rump, their head is eggs are most common (Wikipedia, 2015). Aratinga black, and the populations) detected in the nuts and West Indies, Canary Islands Incubation of the eggs lasts approximately 22 nenday throat and upper wild in most vegetables and in parts of the USA states. (Wikipedia, (Lever, 2005).. The Nanday days and is shared by both parents. After breast is bluish hatching, the young remain in the nest for6-7 (Wikipedia, 2015). 2015). parakeet is an agricultural weeks. Occasionally, successful pairs can have a Nanday They have red pest, damaging fruit, buds and blossoms of fruit trees and second brood in a year. Breeding age is reached thighs. and their Parakeet or at 2-3 years, and these birds regularly survive for outer flight barley and maize crops. They Black- up to 20 years in captivity feathers are blue. compete with native species for nesting holes. (www.beautyofbirds.com, 2015). hooded Their tail is olive parakeet green and they have a black bill. They are about 30cm in size. Males and females look alike, gender can not be visually verified (www.beautyofbird s.com, 2015) Psittacula This species is IPAC Extreme Widely kept, Widely kept, Herbivorous, This species is native to sub- The breeding season of this species is normally krameri bright green in (P) they are a they have they eat buds, Saharan Africa and southern during winter i.e. from July to September in very common been detected fruit, berries, Asia (DAFWA, 2007). southern Australia. Clutch size can vary from 2-6 colour, with the males displaying a Regulated (feral pet bird. in the wild in seeds, nuts Naturalised populations are eggs, although 3-4 eggs are most common. Rose-ringed and wild most states. and now present in parts of Incubation of the eggs lasts approximately 22 Parakeet or distinctive black or red neck ring populations) vegetables Europe, The US, Middle East, days and is shared by both parents Indian Ring- (Wikipedia, 2016). (Wikipedia). A China, Israel, Japan, (www.birdsville.com.au, 2015). study in Paris Singapore and other island neck Parrot Both sexes are After hatching, the young remain in the nest fort about 40cms in has shown groups, all result from the 6-7 weeks. Occasionally, successful pairs can length, including that this release or escape or captive have a second brood in a year. Breeding age is introduced birds (Lever, 2005). As an the tail feathers. reached at 2-3 years, and these birds regularly species agricultural pest, it damages survive for up to 30 years in captivity spends almost fruit, buds and blossoms of (www.Birdsville.com.au). 50% of its fruit trees and barley and foraging time maize crops (DAFWA, 2007). at They compete with native supplementary species for nesting holes bird feeding (Butler, 2003 and Strubbe and stations eating Matthysen, 2009). Peck et al Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 24
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS seeds and (2014) described the reduction grains in feeding rates and time spent (Clergeau and feeding by native species in Vergnes, response to the presence of P. 2011) krameri. Psittacula The Alexandrine IPAC Extreme Widely kept, Widely kept, Herbivorous, Native to Asia including In their native range, the Alexandrine parakeet eupatria parakeet is they are a they have preferring Afghanistan, Bangladesh, breed from November to April, producing clutches CALP Regulated very common been detected buds, fruit, Thailand and Sri Lanka. This of 2-4 eggs. Incubation of the eggs lasts between 51-59cm (feral and wild pet bird. in the wild in berries, seeds, species is now naturalised in approximately 28 days and the chicks fledge at 7 Alexandrine in size. Generally green, with a wide populations) most states, nuts and the UK, Bahrain, Japan, Saudi weeks (Wikipedia, 2015). Parakeet most likely vegetables. Arabia and the United Arab peach and black stripe around the escapee. Emirates (Lever, 2005), . neck. Distinct from the Indian ringneck, they outsize them and have a larger beak, along with maroon/peach marked wings. Females are duller and lack collar markings (Wikipedia, 2015).
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 25
4. Passeriformes Order: Species Specific Table
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS
Carduelis The Common redpoll, in New Zealand, The Common IPAC Extreme (P) Not a widely Established in Primarily This species is native to the form winter flocks which split into breeding flammea Redpoll is a kept species the wild on granivorous, north polar region, CaLP Undeclared Lord Howe the Common overwintering in Europe, Asia pairs by early spring. A nest is built up to 5 brownish-grey finch metres above the ground in scrub, bushes with a black chest, Island (Slater redpoll’s diet and north eastern parts of the Common et. al. 2009). may include USA (Lever, 2005). and trees. Egg laying begins in mid- two light stripes on Redpoll October and may continue until early the wings and a Established insects in Naturalised in NZ, Lord Howe February. bright red forehead. It throughout summer. and on Macquarie Island (Latitude 42, 2011). The is between 11-14 NZ. During this period, up to two broods are cms. in length, Common Redpoll is a serious raised per pair. Clutches of 4-6 eggs are weighing 12-16 pest of orchards in NZ, laid and the female incubates the eggs for particularly stone fruits and grams (Wikipedia, 11-12 days. The nestling stage is relatively 2015) strawberries. They also spread short, the young being fully independent at weed seeds. 26 days (Latitude 42, 2011). Often, they leave the nest before they are capable of flying. The maximum recorded longevity for this species is 11 years in captivity. Corvus The House Crow is IPAC Extreme Detected in Detected in Highly The House Crow is native to This species form monogamous pairs the wild at the wild, most opportunistic the Indian subcontinent and during breeding season, which lasts from splendens 42-44 cms in length, with glossy black CALP Prohibited ports due to frequently at omnivorous, parts of SE Asia. This species March – August in India and Malaysia. plumage . The nape, ship- ports, often eats stolen has successfully naturalised in Nests are made from sticks and positioned House Crow assisted Perth and food, young the Netherlands, Middle East, in large trees or at the top of power poles neck and lower breast feathers are dispersal Fremantle, of domestic parts of Africa and on Indian and other manmade structures (Nordin paler in colour (grey). (Cheke, (Lever, 1987) fowls, Ocean islands (Lever, 2005). and Ahmad, 1980). The eggs are 2008) (also damages The House Crow damages incubated for approximately 18 days, with The bill, legs and feet are black . The eyes a bird crops and fruit trees and grain crops 3-6 laid per clutch (Nordin and Ahmad, are dark brown located at soft fruits. (DAFWA 2008),destroys 1980). After hatching, fledging occurs Melbourne As nests, eggs and young of between 3 and 4 weeks later. (DAFWA, 2008). Zoo) scavengers, native species (Ryall, 1992), this species damages cables, deposits may excrement and is excessively gravitate noisy. This species nest and toward roost communally, and rubbish tips numbers of up to 3000 or abattoirs individuals have been reported (Cheke, in Singapore (Soh et al 2002) 2008) This species is also responsible for the spread of the ND virus (Roy et al 1998 in
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 26
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS Csurhes, 2011) and cryptociccosis (Gokulshankar et al 2004 in Csurhes, 2011) Emberiza This species is native to The breeding season of this species in The male bird is IPAC Extreme (P) The yellow Not widely A habitat Europe, but they are also New Zealand is between October and citronella bright yellow in hammer is kept, although generalist naturalised in NZ and on Lord mid-February (Macleod et al, 2005). colour with a brown CaLP Undeclared not widely a vagrant and mostly kept in population granivorous, Howe and Macquarie Islands. Nesting close to ground level in streaked back and a Yellowhammer The New Zealand population hedgerows composed of gorse, blackberry chestnut rump Victoria. exists on Lord however is at much greater densities or in long grasses, it lays up to 5 eggs. (Wikipedia, 2015). Howe Island they prefer (Slater et. al. insects than in its native UK (Pipek et The female incubates them for a period of The female is not as al 2015) as such the 12-14 days (Wikipedia, 2015). On brightly coloured as 2009). The during Yellowhammer is an hatching both parents are responsible for the male, with more Yellowhamme breeding r is now season. agricultural pest in NZ, feeding feeding and in about two weeks they begin brown streaks in her on crop and grass seed to fledge. plumage. This common heads. species is around 16 throughout NZ. cms long, weighing 20-36 grams. Fringilla In the United Kingdom (UK), the Chaffinch The male is brown in IPAC Extreme (P) The Kept in Granivorous, Native to Western Europe, Chaffinch is captivity, also however as Asia, Siberia and north west breeding season occurs from mid-April to coelebs colour with a blue- the end of June as a result of the increase grey cap and rust red CaLP Undeclared kept in vagrant on a habitat Africa and is naturalised in in day length and temperature (Newton, underparts. The captivity. Lord Howe generalist it South Africa. and NZ (Lever, Chaffinch and Norfolk does eat 2005). This species prefers 2009). The average clutch size is 4 eggs, female is a dull although 2-6 eggs may be laid. The brown, but both Islands some forested areas, away from incubation period varies between 9 and 16 sexes have two white (Slater, 2009) insects. human habitation. The this species is Chaffinch causes some days, which corresponds with the peak bars on the wings availability of insects, on which the and white sides to also damage to fruit crops in hatchlings are reared (Newton, 2009). the tail (Wikipedia, widespread particular stone fruits and throughout apples, and to newly sown Fledging may occur anywhere between 11 2015). NZ. cereals and brassicas. This and 19 days after hatching. species is a carrier for the protozoal parasite Trichomonas gallinae (Lehikoinen et al 2013)
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 27
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS
Lonchura This species breeds year round and may Adults are brown, IPAC Extreme (P) The Nutmeg Established in Granivorous, Native to the Indian mannikin is the wild along feeding on subcontinent and south east lay 3-4 clutches per year. A dome shaped punctulata with scale-like nest, made from grass and leaves, is built markings on the CaLP Undeclared kept in the east coast grass seeds, Asia. Naturalised in Japan, captivity. from and Singapore, UAE, West Indies, 4-5m above the ground in bushes or other breast and belly Nutmeg vegetation (www.arkive.org). Clutches of feathers (Wikipedia, Cooktown to sometimes Hawaii and Australia (Lever, Mannikin or 5-6 eggs are commonly laid with both 2015) They are 11- 250kms south berries and 2005). This species disperses Spice Finch or of Sydney small insects weeds such as grasses, herbs parents then responsible for incubation 12 cms long, duties. The eggs hatch in about two weeks Scaly- weighing 12-16 (Pizzey, (Wikipedia, and shrubs in Hawaii (Lever, and the hatchlings fledge in 18 days. breasted grams. 1980). 2015) 2005). and is a known pest of cereal crops. Competes with
Munia the native Chestnut-breasted manikin for resources.
Prunella The dunnock is IPAC Not listed - There are no The Dunnock Omnivorous Native to Europe, this species Breeding season in New Zealand spans Extreme (P) reports of is not in – mostly overwinters in Africa and the from September to January (Santos and modularis around 14 cms long, and is a brown colour this species Australia, insectivorou Middle East (Lever, 2005). Nakagawa, 2013). In a New Zealand with darker streaks CaLP Undeclared in the wild. however is s. Released to consume injurious breeding study, mating systems were Dunnock firmly invertebrates, it is now found variable, and were either monogamous along the back. Adults have a grey established in great numbers throughout (45%), polyandrous (54%) or head (Wikipedia, throughout NZ. polygynandrous (1%) (Santos and NZ. Nakagawa, 2013). The age at first 2015). breeding is around 1 year. Clutches of 5-6 eggs are laid, which are incubated by the female for about 12 days. Males assist with feeding the hatchlings and the chicks fledge between 12-15 days after hatching. Each female may produce up to 3 broods per season. This species longevity is around two years. Pycnonotus Native to the Indian The main breeding season of this species The red vented Not listed – There are no The Red- Frugivorous Extreme (P) reports of vented Bulbul – feeds on, subcontinent and naturalised in Fiji, where it was introduced, coincides cafer bulbul is a medium in Spain, UAE, Kuwait and with the start of the wet season i.e. sized bird, 20-22 cms sightings in was berries several Pacific Ocean island October to March (Watling, 1983). The in length. The body is CaLP Undeclared the wild. introduced to fruits, Red-vented NZ in the flowers, groups (Lever, 2005). This breeding season in India is from April to dark brown to black Bulbul species is reported to cause October (Prajapati et al, 2011). Nests are in colour, with a white 1950’s, and a nectar and minor damage to horticultural built in trees or shrubs between 1.5 and abdomen and rump small occasionally population insects crops such as tomatoes, 5m above ground level. Clutch size is and a distinctive red brassicas beans and peas in between 2-3 eggs and generally only one patch beneath the become (Brooks, Fiji (Watling 1979 in Lever, clutch is laid per season (Watling, 1983). tail. The head has a established, 2013). which was 2005). Aggressive behaviour The eggs are incubated for a period of partial crest Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 28
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS (Wikipedia, 2015). later towards native birds by between 11-13 days. Fledgling occurs in eradicated. In introduced bulbuls in Tahiti approximately 12 days, however parental 2006 a pair has contributed to the decline care may last up to 6 weeks (Watling, were captured of at least one endemic 1983) in Auckland, species (Blanvillain, et al and further 2003). sightings were reported (www.biosecur ity.govt.nz) Pycnonotus Frugivorous, The red-whiskered bulbul is The breeding season in Australia for this The red-whiskered IPAC Serious First The species is although native to the Indian species is from July to March (Mo, 2015). jocosus bulbul is 20-22 cms released in established in CALP Regulated Melbourne the Greater opportunistic subcontinent and south east A small, shallow cup-shaped nest is in length, with an , it will also Asia. The species has constructed at no more than 3m above erect black crest, (feral and wild in 1915, this Sydney and Red- eat seeds, naturalised in Spain, UAE, ground level. Two to four eggs are laid per white cheek patches, populations) population Northern whiskered was Rivers regions nectar and USA, Australia, Hawaiian clutch, and each female may lay 2-3 red under tail invertebrate Islands and several Indian clutches per season (DAFWA, 2010). Both Bulbul feathers and a established of NSW and a s. Ocean island groups (Lever, adults share the responsibility of prominent red patch in breeding Melbourne population is 2010). Posing a threat to citrus incubating the eggs and, hatching occurs below the eye crops and spreading weed 12 days after laying. Both parents share (DAFWA, 2010). by the extant in 1950’s Mackay, Qld. seeds, it competes also with the care of the young, which fledge (Lever, Occasional native birds. This species is between 14 to18 days after hatching. In 2010). reports of found in a variety of habitats the wild, bulbuls can survive for up to 11 Since 2010 sightings including urban gardens and years (DAFWA, 2010). there have occur in SA parkland (Brooks, 2013). In been 17 and the ACT Houston, Texas, this invasive records of as recently as species is non migratory, with sightings of 2015 (ABC flocks ranging from 2-22 birds. this species Premium The largest groupings are in various News, 2015). seen during the non-breeding suburbs period when food is seasonally (Mo, 2015) abundant (Brooks, 2013). A large invasive population of this species has been successfully eradicated from the Seychelles Islands using a combination of mist netting and shooting (Seychelles Nation, 2015)
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 29
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS
Amandava Red avadavats are IPAC Extreme There have Red Granivorous, This species is native to south Red Avadavats are gregarious and can be amandava brownish red in been no avadavats are it feeds on east and central Asia including found in small flocks of up to 30 birds. colour with a red CALP Regulated reports of kept, though seeds, Pakistan, India, Thailand and Breeding between June – December in rump, the breeding (feral and wild sightings in not common. grains and Indonesia. Introduced the northern hemisphere, nests are found Red Avadavat males exhibit a populations) the wild. insects. populations exist in southern in bushes, tussocks or bracken. Each or Red Munia mostly red upper Europe, parts of the Middle clutch consists of between 5-6 eggs body with a bright red East, Fiji, Singapore, Puerto (Wikipedia, 2015). beak. The tail is Rico and Hawaii (Wikipedia, black and rounded, 2015). Wet grasslands, reeds, and white spots can scrub, gardens, urban areas be seen on the body and cultivated fields, and wing feathers especially rice, are its (Wikipedia, 2015). preferred habitats (Wikipedia, 2015). Estrilda astrild The nest is a sphere of woven grass, often The Common Waxbill IPAC Extreme No reports The Common Granivorous, Habitat includes woodland, built close to the ground in dense is small in size, 11-13 of sightings waxbill is preferring grassland, marshy country, vegetation. Four to seven eggs are laid Common cms in length and CALP Regulated in the wild. widely kept in mostly cultivated areas, gardens and (feral and wild captivity. seeds and urban areas. Native to the which are incubated for 11-13 days. weighing up to 10 Waxbill Fledging occurs almost 3 weeks after grams (Wikipedia, populations) grains, southern half of Africa, it has hatching (Wikipedia, 2016). 2016). The plumage however been introduced into Spain, they do eat Portugal, Brazil, Ascension of the species is insects. Island, Seychelles, Reunion mostly grey-brown, finely barred with Islands, Mauritius, Amsterdam, St Paul Islands, dark brown. There is a red stripe through New Caledonia, Vanuatu, the eye, and the French Polynesia and Hawaii (Lever, 2005). cheeks and throat are a cream colour forehead Lonchura Granivorous The Java Sparrow is IPAC Extreme (P) No reports Not widely Found in regrowth areas, In the native range, the breeding season is leucogastroides 15-17 cms long, and of sightings kept. scrub and gardens. Native to between March and May. a distinctive looking CaLP undeclared in the wild the islands of Java, Bali, Pulau Lombok and Sumatra in Java Sparrow bird with grey upper parts and breast, a Indonesia. pink belly, a black head with white cheeks, red eye-ring and a thick red bill (Wikipedia, 2016)
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 30
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS
Lonchura Granivorous This species breed year round, generally Upper parts are Extreme Kept in A breeding The Tricoloured munia captivity, colony was inhabits grasslands, swampy after rain events. Their nests are made malacca brown, the rump is from low found grass and bushes and reddish brown; head, Regulated (feral and only reported at areas, cultivated areas, rice and wild recorded Centennial fields and urban areas. They each clutch consists between 5 to7 eggs. neck and breast Tricoloured or Eggs hatch in 12-13 days, and the chicks black with a white populations) three times Park, Sydney are native to areas of Black-headed fledge at 22-28 days (www.finchinfo.com abdomen. in the wild in 1929 (Tarr, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, , Munia within 1950) Thailand, Myanmar, India and 2016). Victoria in however this Sri Lanka. This species has the past 40 colony did not been successfully introduced years. survive. to parts of the world including Europe, Japan, the West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands (Lever, 2005). They are a potential pest to grain and rice fields (Lever, 2005). Uraeginthus Breeding occurs year round, with July the This is a small finch, Serious There are no They are Granivorous, Naturally found in the exception. Clutches of 4-5 eggs are laid in bengalus measuring up to 13 reports of widely kept, eating savannah woodland, Regulated (feral sightings in though not mostly grassland, cultivated areas large domed grass nests (Wikipedia, cms in length. Adult and wild the wild. common. seeds and and urban areas of Central 2016). Red-cheeked males have a brown upperpart, pale blue populations) grains, Africa. Introduced and Cordonblue however will naturalised on the Canary and breast, flanks and a yellow belly, with a also eat Hawaiian Islands (Lever, red cheek insects 2005) (Wikipedia, (Wikipedia, 2016). Females are similar, 2016) however duller and have no cheek spot (Wikipedia, 2016).
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 31
5. Columbiformes Order: Species Specific Table
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS
Streptopelia Granivorous, Native to Africa, This species is able to breed throughout the The Barbary Serious This species Barbary however they also naturalised populations year, but peak breeding usually occurs roseogrisea dove is around is widely doves are eat berries, snails now present in Spain, during spring and summer. Two eggs are 30cms in length, Regulated (feral kept, small widely kept, and various insects. the USA, West Indies, laid in a flimsy nest in a tree or bush creamy-buff in and wild numbers with NZ, Australia and the (DAFWA, 2010). Eggs are incubated for Syn. colour with pale populations) have been established reported in wild Canary Islands (Lever, about two weeks, hatchlings then fledge Streptopelia grey flanks. The 2005). about 12-14 days later.. This species back of the neck the wild in populations risoria Barbary doves are reaches sexual maturity at 5 months of age, has a narrow, Mildura, and in Alice in various Springs and reported to damage and may survive in the wild for up to 12 black ‘collar’ suburbs Darwin. crops, foul buildings and years (DAFWA, 2010). African (DAFWA, 2010) around Barbary ‘out-compete’ native Collared- Melbourne. doves are species. They can dove, African also hybridise with other Ringneck reported Streptopelia species. Dove or frequently in Barbary the wild in NSW and Dove SA, and infrequently in WA. Streptopelia This species is native to The Laughing dove builds a stick, platform The Laughing Extreme (P) No reported The The species is a sightings in Laughing ground feeder, sub-Saharan Africa, the style nest in low bushes and trees and lays senegalensis dove is a long- Indian subcontinent and two white eggs. The eggs hatch in around tailed, slim CaLP the wild. dove is preferring small eastward into China. It is two weeks, and the young fledge and leave pigeon which Undeclared established seeds and grains Laughing in the wild in (Wikipedia, 2016). naturalised in Western the nest in 14-16 days. In Australia, the main may reach 25 Dove Australia, and on islands breeding season is September to November cms in length. Its WA. They They also eat grass, in the Indian and Atlantic (Wikipedia, 2016) back, wings and are now other vegetation and found insects and require Oceans (Lever, 2005). tail are reddish- and spend much time brown in colour throughout a readily available south west water source. walking, or shuffling, and its wings are around on the ground blue-grey. Its WA and as with their head bent head and chest far north as Geraldton forward in a crouch are pink to white position. Flying steeply and its legs are and Shark into the air,, they glide red. Bay. back down with tail and wings. Spread widely. Some damage to newly sown grain crops has been reported. Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 32
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS
Streptopelia Granivorous Generally buff Not listed – No reported The Island Native to the Extreme (P) sightings in collared Phillippines, Borneo, bitorquata brown in colour, with a cream the wild. dove has not Java and Timor. They CaLP been are now also found underside and a Island Undeclared detected in throughout the Pacific Collared broad grey collar on the back of the wild. and Asia (Lever, 2005). Dove Their natural habitat is the neck. tropical or subtropical lowland forests and mangroves. Nesoenas Granivorous Not listed – No reported Not detected Native to Madagascar, picturata Extreme (P) sightings in in the wild. Aldabra and the the wild. Comoros islands. CaLP Introduced and Madagascar Undeclared established on or Malagasy Seychelles and the Turtle Dove Mascarene Islands (Lever, 2005). Streptopelia Generally, they breed within human habitat, A slim, long- Extreme No reported There is no Granivorous, also A native of the Indian building stick nests and laying two eggs. decaocto tailed dove, sightings in captive eating seeds, shoots subcontinent, the Incubation takes 14 to 18 days and the standing around CaLP the wild. population in and insects. Eurasian collared dove Undeclared Australia spread naturally to Iran. young fledge in 15-19 days. Breeding occurs 30-33cm. Grey Collared year round and 3-4 broods are common buff to pink in and they are Turkey and western Dove (Wikipedia, 2016). colour, with a easily Europe. The species confused was introduced to Qatar, black half colour edged with white with the China, Japan, the USA on its neck. Its Streptopelia and West Indies (Lever, roseogrisea. 2005). A pest of stored legs and eyes are red and its grain they compete with bill is black native species for food and transmit disease. (Wikipedia, 2016). Note: “White doves” released at funerals/events are generally white domestic homing pigeons (Columbia livia) – also introduced species. Streptopelia doves may be released in association with events such as weddings
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 33
6. Struthioniformes Order: Species Specific Table
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS
Rhea IPAC Serious Males and females are both polygynous, The Great Rhea is The Great Currently only Omnivorous, Rhea americana has a with the male being sedentary and in americana a large flightless rhea is not 4 animals are they feed on large native range in charge of incubating the eggs at a nest. bird, 127-150cm in CALP Controlled currently present in grass, leaves, north-east and south-east Females will mate with a selection of Great Rhea height, and kept in Australia at 2 grains, roots, Brazil, east Bolivia, males, and will lay a clutch of 5-10 eggs in weighing up to 27 Victoria. zoos. and seeds, insects Paraguay, Uruguay and these are north-east and east each males’ nest. The males may kgs. They are (including therefore be responsible for incubating up generally grey with either infertile grasshoppers) Argentina. It has declined to 80 eggs, laid by up to a dozen different black or pale or post and small markedly in its native reproductive range (Wikipedia, 2016). A females (Wikipedia, 2016).The incubation areas on the neck invertebrates. period is between 29 43 days, with all and back. feral population of this species is established in eggs hatching within 36 hours, Germany. irrespective of when they are laid Typically occurring in (Wikipedia, 2016). Great rhea are sexually pampas, campo cerrado mature at 14 months of age. and open chaco woodland, usually in areas with tall grassland and other vegetation. Also, however found in open grassland and cultivated fields, at elevations up to 1,200 m (Wikipedia, 2016).When breeding, it prefers areas adjacent to rivers, lakes and marshes. Struthio Omnivorous, Struthio camelus occurs The breeding season varies in The Ostrich is a IPAC Serious Kept in First they eat fruit, throughout much of Africa, accordance with the rains in Africa, which camelus large flightless captivity in introduced to seeds, leaves, with a range usually occurs between March and bird, growing to CALP Regulated Victoria. Victoria, NSW shrubs, cactoid encompassing Mauritania, September. They are polygamous but Ostrich 175-275cm in (feral and wild Unconfirmed and SA in the plants and small Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, sometimes monogamous, laying 6-8 eggs height. Large populations) reports of 1800’s for breeding and animals Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, in a nest on the ground in a hollow. The males may weigh Ostriches at (Wikipedia, Uganda, Tanzania, incubation period is 35-45 days, however up to 115 kgs. large in the plume 2016). Angola, Namibia, South typically the survival rate is low with 10% Feathers are Mallee production (Lever, 2005). Africa, Botswana, Zambia, hatching and only 15% of those surviving mostly black, with region of Zimbabwe and to 1 year of age. Females incubate the bare skin on the Victoria When the Mozambique (Lever, eggs during the day, males at night time. head, neck and have been farms closed after WWI, 2005). There are records Ostriches are sexually mature at 2 to 4 thighs. The wings received by of breeding populations in years of age. and tails of males the most birds the wild in Australia, Israel are white, with the Department. either escaped or were and New Mexico females’ being (Pers comm, Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 34
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS pale brown or grey 2010). released. (Wikipedia, 2016). (Wikipedia, 2016). Populations During breeding season, still remain nomadic flocks of up to around 100 birds can be seen, but Redcliff, Port outside of breeding Augusta and season birds are usually the Flinders seen in pairs, or alone Ranges in SA (Wikipedia, 2016). (Lever, 2005). Ostriches are diurnal, most active in the early morning or late afternoon.
7. Phoenicopteriformes Order: Species Specific Table
IPAC Incursion status classification Species In the wild General Image Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding
description & CaLP declaration VIC AUS
Phoenicopterus Extreme The Greater The only The Greater This species is regularly The species nests in large dense The Greater roseus Flamingo is known flamingo lives in seen from West Africa colonies on mudflats or islands of large Flamingo is a Controlled not kept in animal died mudflats and coastal eastward throughout the waterbodies. Breeding occurs in large bird, Victoria. in the lagoons, feeding Mediterranean to south February –June and clutches consist of Greater reaching up to Adelaide mainly on west and southern Asia, 1-2 eggs. Flamingo 1.5 metres tall Zoo at the crustaceans and throughout sub- and weighing 2- beginning of (especially brine Saharan Africa. 4 kgs. They are 2014. shrimp), molluscs, Introduced, breeding mainly pink in annelid worms populations of flamingos seeds blue-green (Both the Greater colour, , with Flamingo and the black flight algae and diatoms (Wikipedia, 2016) Chilean Flamingo) are feathers found in Germany and (Wikipedia, the Netherlands (Lever, 2016). 2005).
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 35
EXCURSUS – House Crow Corvus splendens
Following the 2014 report of a House Crow, the methods listed below were utilised in the surveillance and detection of a small number of animals in a built up, urban landscape. The methods should be considered in context with the information listed in this pre-incursion plan. Significantly, it should be taken into account that this report was proven to be false.
Table 21: Delimitation Survey Options Please refer to Table 3 for a comparison of these options
Method Comment 1. Direct Visual Visual surveys were undertaken in transects where undertaken in the parkland and streets where Observations the animal was seen and were recorded using a GPS. Even though there were a large amount of open areas where the animal was reported, it was often difficult to see long distances between the larger building and trees. The use of broadcast calls were used, however as this was a false report it couldn’t be determined how effective it was, but was easy to do and worth investigating in future. All native ravens sighted whilst undertaking surveillance were recorded, as previous incursions of House Crows have documented that they often associated with Little Ravens and Australian Ravens, though the native corvids may not appreciate the exotic animals’ presence (Phillip Island January 2001, Dee Why Beach, Sydney March 2008). 2. Broad Passive surveillance was undertaken by contacting: birding groups in the area, the field staff at surveillance the Melbourne Botanical Gardens and Parks Victoria, and Albert Park Lake. The data from Eremaea / eBird was collated for the surrounding area to determine where bird counts were being undertaken, and assistance in determining areas to target, as there weren’t many counts undertaken. Given that the report was compiled from data collated in a built up area, these techniques were quite effective for covering a large area.
Pre-Incursion Plan PIP001 Birds 36
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Photographic References sourced on 16/11/2009 and 24/6/2015 Species Website
Alexandrine Parakeet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrine_parakeet#/media/File:Alexandrine_Parakeet_%28Psittacula_eupatri a%29,_Jurong_Bird_Park,_Singapore_-_20090613.jpg
Barbary Dove http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Dove
Canada Goose http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta_canadensis
Chaffinch http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaffinch
Common Redpoll http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Redpoll
Common Waxbill https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_waxbill#/media/File:Estrilda_astrild_- Gran_Canaria,_Canary_Islands,_Spain-8_%281%29.jpg
Dunnock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnock
Egyptian Goose https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_goose#/media/File:Alopochen-aegyptiacus.jpg
Eurasian Collared Dove http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collared_Dove_-upper_body_profile-8.jpg
Greylag Goose http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylag_goose
Greater Flamingo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_flamingo#/media/File:Phoenicopterus_roseus_%28Walvis_bay%29.jpg
Greater Rhea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_rhea#/media/File:Rhea_americana_qtl2.jpg
Helmeted Guineafowl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmeted_guineafowl
House Crow http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_crow
Indian Peafowl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_peafowl
Indian Ring-neck Parakeet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-ringed_Parakeet
Island Collared Dove http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Streptopelia_bitorquata_-Saipan-8.jpg
Java Sparrow https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_sparrow#/media/File:Buberel_Lonchura_oryzivora_3.jpg
Laughing Dove http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughing_Dove
Madagascar Turtle Dove http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malagasy_Turtle_Dove_-_Streptopelia_picturata.jpg
Monk Parrot http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk_Parrot
Muscovy Duck http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovy_duck
Mute Swan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_swan
Nanday Parakeet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanday_parakeet#/media/File:2011-4_parrot_in_Strasbourg.jpg
Northern Bobwhite https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_bobwhite#/media/File:Virginiawachtel_2007-06-16_065.jpg
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Photographic References sourced on 16/11/2009 and 24/6/2015 Species Website
Nutmeg Mannikin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg_mannikin
Peach faced Lovebird http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach_faced_lovebird
Ostrich https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrich#/media/File:Somali_ostrich.jpg
Red Avadavat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_avadavat#/media/File:Amandava_amandava_%28VijayCavale%29.jpg
Red-cheeked cordon-bleu https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-cheeked_cordon-bleu#/media/File:Red-cheeked_Cordon- bleu_%2810745403966%29.jpg
Red-vented Bulbul http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-vented_Bulbul
Red-whiskered Bulbul http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-whiskered_bulbul
Tricoloured munia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricoloured_munia#/media/File:Black-headed_Munia_I_IMG_7747.jpg
Wild Turkey http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_turkey
Yellowhammer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowhammer
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