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Report on the Improvement of Indian Agriculture. by John Augustus

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Report on the Improvement of Indian Agriculture. by John Augustus £>tate College of glgriculture at Cornell Jinibersitp itijaca. M~ S. ILifirarp Cornell University Library S 471.I3V6 Report on the improvement of Indian agri 3 1924 001 039 324 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001039324 REPORT ON THE IMPEOYEMENT OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE. By JOHN AUGUSTUS VOELCKBR, Ph.D B.A., B.Sc, F.I.C., &c. Consulting Chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. LONDON: FEINTED BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, PKINTEBS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. AYEEAGE RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE DIJEING THE RAINY SEASON OR SOUTH-WEST MONSOON PERIOD, JUNE TO OCTOBER INCLUSIVE, Eefi. No. 43, B. Si A.—"J-91.— 1,500. Pboto.. S. I. O., C»lcu*U- GEOLOGY. 92 Photo S. I. O., CaicutAa. Ut^ Ho .1?, il. k A -j-J 91 -1 Wt'. Keft. Mo. 502. B. ft A.—Oct. 91.-1,500. JPhotc-litho,, S 1. O., Calcutu Hi PREFACE. What was intended to be a short Report on the Innprovement of Indian Agriculture has, owing to the comprehensiveness and importance of the subject, become expanded into a volume of over 400 pages. I have not attempted any description of the crops or of the methods of agriculture pursued, but have endeavoured to confiiie myself to matters in which I believe that Improvement can be effected. , .While the conclusions I have formed are the result of my own persona,l observation, I am yet very deeply indebted to others for the information I have collected, and in particular, to the Government of India and its officials for the exceptional advantages I have enjoyed. I desire to return publicly my sincere and grateful acknow- ledgments. Kensington, London, W'., March 1893. - ' J. A. V. y 24266. 1275.-4/93. I. 765. a 2 IV CONTENTS. Bainfall Map of India. Geological Map of India. Map of India illustrating Agricultural Tours. PAGE Preface - iii r . Abstract op Ekpoet Outlines of Chapters KEPORT 1-409 Appendix 410 Tours - 423 Index - 439 ABSTBAOT OP ABSTRACT OF REPORT. RBFOET. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER I. HISTOKICAL INTRODUCTION. HISTOEIOAL INTKODOOTIOK. Thb opening chapter deals briefly with the history of Agri- cultural Departments- in India since their establishment by Lord Mayo in 1871. The failure and abolitiofa of the first Agricultural Department in 1878, and its reconstruction in 1881 as the outcome of the Report of the Famine Commissioners of 1880, are touched upon, and the steps taken by the Government of India in carrying out the recommendations of the Famine Commission are reviewed. It is pointed out that the Government of India, in their Resolution of December 1881, clearly recognised the importance of the systematic prosecution of agricultural enquiry which had been so strongly urged by the Famine Commissioners, and that the Government of India, considering that these duties of the Depart- ment must precede any attempt at agricultural improvement, had first set about the work of " Land Revenue Organisation," hoping thereby to lay the foundation of all knowledge of the agricultural condition of the country. The Land Record system, the importance of which was established by the enquiry of the Finance Commission of 1887, is then summarised. The reasons, of which the chief was financial pressure, why the further recommendations of the Famine Com- missioners in regard to agricultural improvement were not taken up are briefly shown, but it is added that the Agricultural Depart- ment have not failed to recognise the obligation still resting upon them to take measures for agricultural improvement, as well as the further obligation, imposed on them by the Home Depart- ment in 1889, to promote agricultural education. It is next pointed out that the Agricultural Department, having, by means of the Famine Code, made provision against the difficulties of famine, and having organised the Land Kecord system, are now prepared to take up the question of agricultural improvement. In this connection it is stated that the assistance of a first-class Agricultural Chemist has been urged repeatedly since 1882, both by the Government of India and by Agricultural Conferences which have met in India, and that finally Her Majesty's Secretary of State consented in August 1889 to send out an agricultural chemist to make enquiries in India itself, and to advise upon the course to be pursued, as also to report upon the possible improve- ment of Indian Agriculture. For this duty, I was, on the recommendation of the late Sir James Caird, selected. The remainder of the chapter is taken up with a summary of my tour, the plan I adopted in pursuing my enquiry, and the expression of my special obligations to those who so largely assisted me in my work. a3 . —; •VI Abstract^ of Report. 11. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER -.,., 'M IMPROVING Fbelihinaby PRELIMINAEY REB^ARKS ON THE POSSreiLITT OF Beuabes oh INDIAN AGRICULTURE. the possibility OF IMPKOVINa Indian Aobi- this chajjter I give, so far as I able, some general re- CtJLTDBB, In am marks on the condition of Indian Agriculture, the possibility of its being improved, and the methods that should be adopted. I point out, however, that the diversities met with in India, alike in its physical features, the people themselves, and their varying surroundings, raise great difficulties which altogether prevent one from speaking generally as to the condition of agriculture. What is true of one part^wUl. not ,he true of another, and almost no question whatever can be answered in the same way for the whole of India. Thus, the problem of' improvement becomes a specially difficult one. I explain that I dp not share the opinions which have been expressed as to Indian Agriculture being, as a whole, primitive and backward, but I believe that in inany parts there is little or nothing that can be improved, whilst where agriculture is manifestly inferior, it is more generally the result of the absence I of facilities which e^^ist.in the bettpr districts than from inherent 'bad systems of cultivation. Nevertljeless, that improvement is possible is shown, I think, hy the differences of agricultural conditions and practice that exist, in different parts of India. These differences I. proceed to divide intp three classes asfollows : (1.) Differences inherent to the people themselves as cultivators, for instance, " caste " and " tace " distinctions. (2.) Differences arising from purely external surroundings, for instance, clipiate and soil, varying facilities for water, manure, wood, grazing, &c. {'i.) Differences arising directly Jrom want of knowledge^ such as, diversities in agricultural practice. In treating of the above generally, I express my opinion that improvement of agriculture will consist mainly in the modification of the differences which exist, and that this will proceed in two directions ; (1) by the transference of a better indigenous method from one part where it is practised, to another where it is not (2) by the modification of the differences which result from physical causes affecting agriculture. I then discuss how far this work may be effected by the people themselves, as they come to see the necessity of adopting the more profitable methods, and how far by Government, in promoting education, and in taking positive measures such as the provision of wafer, wood, manure, grazing, &c., where needed. As a necessary preliminary to the taking of positive measures, 1 support strongly in tliis chapter the opinion of the Famine Commissioners and of the Government of India in 1881. that a "systematic prosecution of agricultural enquiry" is absolutely necessary in order to get a real knowledge of m the agricultural needs and condition of each district of the country ; and I think that there should be a permanent agency for the purpose in each Province, and that in such agency the assistance of an agricultural chemist would be advantageous. BBOOMMBNDA- I conclude the chapter by recommending (1) the spread of TIONS General and Agricultural .Education; (2) the establishment of an organised system of Agricultural Enquiry ; (3) the active prosecution and encouragement of positive measures^ such as the supply of water, wood, &c., which have already been found to be bjeneficial. / CHAPTER Iir. OHAPTHK m. CULTIVATING CLASSES. OOLTITATINO OliASaBS. It is pointed out that certain " castes " and " races " of the people of India show more agricultural ability than others, and that the diflFerences between them as cultivators are in great measure to be ref^-red to the caste or race distinctions existing between thetin. It is very certain that if the prejudices attaching to caste and race could be broken down, consider- able improvement in agriculture would result. Instances are next given which show indications of a change slowly going on. Thus, the prejudices against the cultivation of indigo, and of the potato have, to a great extent, disappeared ; also the cases of Nagpur, Poona and Aqt^ritsar are mentioned as showing that the prejudice against the use of night-^soil as manure for crops is giving way. Improvement in coffee cultivation and in the manu- facture of indigo, as the outcome of the example of English plantiers, is also distinctly traceable. The people, it is pointed out, will lose those caste prejudices which retard improvement in a,gri6ulture, partly through the spontaneous adoption by them of •the more profitable practices, a.nd partly from the force of circumstances which make living harder and oblige more atten- tion to be paid to cultivation. In the weakening of caste prejudice Education is a most important factor, and Grovernment by spreading it will help to break down the caste distinc- tions which prevent progress in agriculture.
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