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Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples

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Annals of Global History Volume 2, Issue 2, 2020, PP 30-46 ISSN 2642-8172 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples Giampietro Fabbri+× +Eubios Study Centre, Bologna, Italy ×Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy *Corresponding Author: Giampietro Fabbri, Eubios Study Centre, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy ABSTRACT In this study, two of the most important Sabine deities, Sabus and Vacuna, are considered. Their names are analysed and derived from eponyms which are characteristic of Proto-Scythian global culture. Moreover, the ethnogesesis of the sabine people is investigated in order to understand the origin of the deities, their cults, and their names. To this aim, the peopling of ancient Central Italy is studied by considering the ancient sources and the results of a diffusion model based on the time and space distributions of ancient and current geographical names and ethnonyms. The migrations to Italy of peoples contributing to the population of Central Italy are then distinguished and changes in people names are demonstrated. On the basis of ethnogenesis of the Sabine people, the customs related by ancient sources are explained and the relationships between the Sabine eponymous deities and those of other Italic peoples are highlighted. In particular, the relatioships with Feronia and Bellona goddesses are analyzed. These deities are recognized as the eponymous goddesses of some Proto-Etruscan tribes. Keywords: Ancient migrations, Italic Peoples, Italic Eponyms, Sabines, Proto-Scythians, Proto-Etruscans. INTRODUCTION consonance with Lat. vacuus and Lat. vacatio, to the freedom and rest. In the Roman age According to Cato [1], the ancient Italic people Vacuna was assimilated to other goddesses of Sabines took their name from God Sabus, son worshipped by Sabines, particularly to Feronia of God Sancus. The latter was also called Jupiter and Bellona [8]. The former was invoked as a Fidius or Dius Fidius. In Rome, God Sancus was goddess of wildness (associated to Lat. ferus, then worshipped as a god of trust (Lat. fides) wild), fertility (associated to Lat. fero, Gr. θέξω and oaths. However, Aelius Stilo [2] believed that [9], to bring), open space [10], and freedom [11]. Dius Fidius was an expression corresponding to She was considered the feminine counterpart of Lat. Diovis Filius (son of Juppiter-Jovis) and Soranus (also called Sur and Suri by Etruscans Sabines called Sancus the same deity that [12]), a underworld deity identified for some Greeks called Heracles. Moreover, Johannes aspects with Apollon [13. 14]. Bellona was Lydus [3] believed that the word sancus in the instead invoked as a goddess of war (associated languages of Sabines means sky. In facts, the to Lat. bellum, war) and victory. She was considered rithes of God Sancus were celebrated under the feminine counterpart of Mars, god of the open sky and, to this purpose, its temple on the war, and identified with goddess Nerio. Quirinal Hill in Rome had no roof. Actually, as we will see in the next sections, According to Hyginus [4], Sabus was instead an Sabus and Vacuna were eponyms which Sabines eponymous leader, who drove Sabines from of the Roman age had received from Proto- Persia to Italy stopping in Sparta. In Italy he Scythian peoples that reached Italy in the first fought against Sicels, chasing them out of Lazio. half of the second millennium BC, shortly after In the Sabine pantheon the Sabus‟ daughter was Proto-Umrians. Moreover, Feronia and Bellona, to Goddess Vacuna. According to Varro [5], she whom Vacuna was assimilated, originally were was the goddes of victory. However, woods [6] eponymous goddess of Proto-Etruscan tribes and lakes [7] were sacred to Vacuna, being the that penetrated the Italic peninsula during the goddess associated to the nature and, due to the last centuries of the second millennium BC. Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 30 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples Fig1. Diffusion of ancient peoples in Italy during the centuries XIX-XVII BC (A), XVIII-XVI BC (B), XIII-XII BC (C), and XI-XII BC (D). PROTO-SCYTHIAN ETHNOYMS praeries, searching for suitable pastures. Therefore, they should be known as the “cow breeder people”. The names Sabus and Vacuna can be easily derived from the terms *Swagwau-s and The names of theese peoples have been *Swagwau-na, which have been reconstructed reconstructed by componing the Proto-Indo- [15] as names by wich some Proto-Scythian European roots *sw- (self, own) and *gwau- peoples were indicated, that lived in the (cow) into the word *swagwau-s, to which the grasslands between southern Russia and Iran in meaning of “own cow”, “bred cow”, or “herd of the IV and III millennium BC. Having dome- cows” can be attributed. The -na derivation sticated the horse [16, 17], theese peoples were (*swagwau-na) is very common in the Indo- able to drive large herds of cows through the European languages and even in Etruscan [18]. 31 Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples Other common derivations are -ta and -la. From under different names, since Sabines considered *Swagwau-na, *Swagwau-ta, and *Swagwau-la, Vacu-na as as a doughter of Sabus, letting we can easily obtain the following historical therefore *Vacus be equal to Sabus. Such an Scythian names: Hebr. Askenaz [19, 20] (from awareness was probably difficult to be kept by the ablative *Swagwaun-at, “from the country of peoples enough distant for enough time to result cow breeders”), Gr. Σθύζαη [21] and -ζαγέηαη the labiovelar in different manner. Otherwise, (as in Μαζ-ζαγέηαη [22]), Ass. Ashkuzai [23], we could assume that the ancestors of Sabines Gr. Σθνιόηνη [21] (from the derivation of the reached Italy still having labiovelar sounds in derivation *Swagwau-la-ta). their language and afterward they resulted them differently by influence of other peoples. As we can see, in the derived historical Scythian names, the vowel in the first syllabe of THE PEOPLING OF CENTRAL ITALY IN w *swag au-s is often missing or slid before the ANCIENT SOURCES consonant. According to Szemerényi [23], these changes are only due to the transcription in the To understand how the names of two of the Semitic aplhabets, which did not indicate the most important and peculiar Sabinian deities vowels. However, both derivations with the present different linguistical characteristics, we wovel before and after the consonant are have to consider the peopling of Central Italy, where Sabines lived. attested in Italy in names (eg. Lat. Siculi and Lat. Asculum) which can not have been Siculi and Sicani distorted by Semitic alphabets. Therefore, we According to Dionynius [24], Siculi (Gr. could assume that the first syllabe of *swagwaus Σηθεινί) were the first people remembered as was originally not vocalized and replaced by a inhabitating the region were Roma rose. voiced labiosibilant sound: *swgwaus. Such a Afterwards, through a long war, this land was sound, in the derivated names, resulted in a conquired by Aborigines, who previously lived sibilant preceded or followed by a vowel in little villages without walls. They then united (mainly a and i), as in Sakas/Askas (whence to Pelasgians miggled with some Greeks, Saci and Osci), Saka-nas/Aska-nas (whence chasing Siculi completely out [25] and fighting Sicani and Ascani), and Saka-las/Aska-las against Umbrians [26]. Such a confederation (whence Shekelesh and Ashqelon). occupied all the lands between Tevere and Lari Mythology is used to often employ sequences of rivers, providing walls for many cities and fathers and sons to indicate the cronological maintaining the name Aborigines untill the time order or the derivation. The sequence Sancus of Trojan war. Afterwards, this population father of Sabus, father of Vacuna, can then be assumed the name Latini after Latinus king. read as: originally the eponym Sancus was used, Varro too believed that Siculi once inhabitated afterward Sabus and Vacuna, and Vacu-na was Latium, since he found many similarities a derivation of Sabu-s. Probably, the nasovelar between their language and Latin [27]. sound nc was introduced in the name of Sancus Plinius cites [28] Aborigines as the first as a recall of the labiovelar one, which was no inhabitants of Lazio, followed by Pelasgians, more common in the historical age in Italic Arcadians, Siculi, Aurunci, and Rutuli. However, peoples. Similarly, the labiosibilant was changed to this chronological order seems to be influenced sibilant (cf. Sans. swa with Lat. se, beside Lat. by the fact that the Lazio region was extended in suus). Therefore, we can read again the the course of time to include peoples further sequence as: first the eponym *Swagwus, then Southz by the kings Italus and Morges, becoming Sabus and *Vacus, from which Vacu-na. Itali and Morgetes. We can observe that the original labiovelar gw Umbrians results both in labial and velar in the historical eponyms Sabus and Vacu-na, handed down in According to Plinius [29, 39], Umbrians (Lat. the same people. We could then assume that in Umbri) were the oldest peoples of Italy and had the people of Sabines different proto-scythian taken their name from having survived to the tribes had miggled, that reached Italy having deluge (cf. Gr. ὅκβξνο, storm of rain, inundation). resulted the labiovelar in different manner and They lose 300 cities, conquired by Etruscans. thus worshipping different eponimous deified Solinus [40], citing Marcus Antonius, confirms ancestors (Sabus and *Vacus). However, these Plinius’ etymology of the name of Umbrians tribes should have been aware that their and, citing Cornelius Bocchus, reports the belief ancestors were the same even remembered that Umbrians were an offspring of Gauls. Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 32 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples However, such a belief should probably have Pelasgians been originated as a consequence of the late According to Dionysius [57], Pelasgians (Gr.
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  • A HISTORY of the PELASGIAN THEORY. FEW Peoples Of

    A HISTORY of the PELASGIAN THEORY. FEW Peoples Of

    A HISTORY OF THE PELASGIAN THEORY. FEW peoples of the ancient world have given rise to so much controversy as the Pelasgians; and of few, after some centuries of discussion, is so little clearly established. Like the Phoenicians, the Celts, and of recent years the Teutons, they have been a peg upon which to hang all sorts of speculation ; and whenever an inconvenient circumstance has deranged the symmetry of a theory, it has been safe to ' call it Pelasgian and pass on.' One main reason for this ill-repute, into which the Pelasgian name has fallen, has been the very uncritical fashion in which the ancient statements about the Pelasgians have commonly been mishandled. It has been the custom to treat passages from Homer, from Herodotus, from Ephorus, and from Pausanias, as if they were so many interchangeable bricks to build up the speculative edifice; as if it needed no proof that genealogies found sum- marized in Pausanias or Apollodorus ' were taken by them from poems of the same class with the Theogony, or from ancient treatises, or from prevalent opinions ;' as if, further, ' if we find them mentioning the Pelasgian nation, they do at all events belong to an age when that name and people had nothing of the mystery which they bore to the eyes of the later Greeks, for instance of Strabo;' and as though (in the same passage) a statement of Stephanus of Byzantium about Pelasgians in Italy ' were evidence to the same effect, perfectly unexceptionable and as strictly historical as the case will admit of 1 No one doubts, of course, either that popular tradition may transmit, or that late writers may transcribe, statements which come from very early, and even from contemporary sources.