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Annals of Global Volume 2, Issue 2, 2020, PP 30-46 ISSN 2642-8172

Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient

Giampietro Fabbri+× +Eubios Study Centre, , ×Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy *Corresponding Author: Giampietro Fabbri, Eubios Study Centre, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

ABSTRACT In this study, two of the most important Sabine deities, Sabus and Vacuna, are considered. Their names are analysed and derived from eponyms which are characteristic of Proto-Scythian global culture. Moreover, the ethnogesesis of the sabine people is investigated in order to understand the origin of the deities, their cults, and their names. To this aim, the peopling of ancient is studied by considering the ancient sources and the results of a diffusion model based on the and space distributions of ancient and current geographical names and ethnonyms. The migrations to Italy of peoples contributing to the population of Central Italy are then distinguished and changes in people names are demonstrated. On the basis of ethnogenesis of the Sabine people, the customs related by ancient sources are explained and the relationships between the Sabine eponymous deities and those of other Italic peoples are highlighted. In particular, the relatioships with and goddesses are analyzed. These deities are recognized as the eponymous goddesses of some Proto-Etruscan tribes. Keywords: Ancient migrations, Italic Peoples, Italic Eponyms, , Proto-, Proto-Etruscans.

INTRODUCTION consonance with Lat. vacuus and Lat. vacatio, to the freedom and rest. In the Roman age According to Cato [1], the ancient Italic people Vacuna was assimilated to other goddesses of Sabines took their name from Sabus, son worshipped by Sabines, particularly to Feronia of God . The latter was also called and Bellona [8]. The former was invoked as a Fidius or Dius Fidius. In , God Sancus was goddess of wildness (associated to Lat. ferus, then worshipped as a god of trust (Lat. ) wild), fertility (associated to Lat. fero, Gr. θέξω and oaths. However, Aelius Stilo [2] believed that [9], to bring), open space [10], and freedom [11]. Dius Fidius was an expression corresponding to She was considered the feminine counterpart of Lat. Diovis Filius (son of Juppiter-Jovis) and (also called Sur and Suri by Etruscans Sabines called Sancus the same deity that [12]), a underworld deity identified for some called . Moreover, Johannes aspects with Apollon [13. 14]. Bellona was Lydus [3] believed that the word sancus in the instead invoked as a goddess of war (associated languages of Sabines means sky. In facts, the to Lat. bellum, war) and victory. She was considered rithes of God Sancus were celebrated under the feminine counterpart of , god of the open sky and, to this purpose, its temple on the war, and identified with goddess . in Rome had no roof. Actually, as we will see in the next sections, According to Hyginus [4], Sabus was instead an Sabus and Vacuna were eponyms which Sabines eponymous leader, who drove Sabines from of the Roman age had received from Proto- Persia to Italy stopping in . In Italy he Scythian peoples that reached Italy in the first fought against , chasing them out of . half of the second BC, shortly after In the Sabine pantheon the Sabus‟ daughter was Proto-Umrians. Moreover, Feronia and Bellona, to Goddess Vacuna. According to Varro [5], she whom Vacuna was assimilated, originally were was the goddes of victory. However, woods [6] eponymous goddess of Proto-Etruscan tribes and lakes [7] were sacred to Vacuna, being the that penetrated the Italic peninsula during the goddess associated to the nature and, due to the last centuries of the second millennium BC.

Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 30 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples

Fig1. Diffusion of ancient peoples in Italy during the centuries XIX-XVII BC (A), XVIII-XVI BC (B), XIII-XII BC (C), and XI-XII BC (D). PROTO-SCYTHIAN ETHNOYMS praeries, searching for suitable pastures. Therefore, they should be known as the “cow breeder people”. The names Sabus and Vacuna can be easily derived from the terms *Swagwau-s and The names of theese peoples have been *Swagwau-na, which have been reconstructed reconstructed by componing the Proto-Indo- [15] as names by wich some Proto-Scythian European roots *sw- (self, own) and *gwau- peoples were indicated, that lived in the (cow) into the word *swagwau-s, to which the grasslands between southern Russia and in meaning of “own cow”, “bred cow”, or “herd of the IV and III millennium BC. Having dome- cows” can be attributed. The -na derivation sticated the horse [16, 17], theese peoples were (*swagwau-na) is very common in the Indo- able to drive large herds of cows through the European languages and even in Etruscan [18].

31 Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples

Other common derivations are -ta and -la. From under different names, since Sabines considered *Swagwau-na, *Swagwau-ta, and *Swagwau-la, Vacu-na as as a doughter of Sabus, letting we can easily obtain the following historical therefore *Vacus be equal to Sabus. Such an Scythian names: Hebr. Askenaz [19, 20] (from awareness was probably difficult to be kept by the ablative *Swagwaun-at, “from the country of peoples enough distant for enough time to result cow breeders”), Gr. Σθύζαη [21] and -ζαγέηαη the labiovelar in different manner. Otherwise, (as in Μαζ-ζαγέηαη [22]), Ass. Ashkuzai [23], we could assume that the ancestors of Sabines Gr. Σθνιόηνη [21] (from the derivation of the reached Italy still having labiovelar sounds in derivation *Swagwau-la-ta). their language and afterward they resulted them differently by influence of other peoples. As we can see, in the derived historical Scythian names, the vowel in the first syllabe of THE PEOPLING OF CENTRAL ITALY IN w *swag au-s is often missing or slid before the ANCIENT SOURCES consonant. According to Szemerényi [23], these changes are only due to the transcription in the To understand how the names of two of the Semitic aplhabets, which did not indicate the most important and peculiar Sabinian deities vowels. However, both derivations with the present different linguistical characteristics, we wovel before and after the consonant are have to consider the peopling of Central Italy, where Sabines lived. attested in Italy in names (eg. Lat. Siculi and Lat. Asculum) which can not have been Siculi and distorted by Semitic alphabets. Therefore, we According to Dionynius [24], Siculi (Gr. could assume that the first syllabe of *swagwaus Σηθεινί) were the first people remembered as was originally not vocalized and replaced by a inhabitating the region were rose. voiced labiosibilant sound: *swgwaus. Such a Afterwards, through a long war, this land was sound, in the derivated names, resulted in a conquired by , who previously lived sibilant preceded or followed by a vowel in little villages without walls. They then united (mainly a and i), as in /Askas (whence to miggled with some Greeks, Saci and ), -nas/Aska-nas (whence chasing Siculi completely out [25] and fighting Sicani and Ascani), and Saka-las/Aska-las against Umbrians [26]. Such a confederation (whence Shekelesh and Ashqelon). occupied all the lands between Tevere and Lari Mythology is used to often employ sequences of rivers, providing walls for many cities and fathers and sons to indicate the cronological maintaining the name Aborigines untill the time order or the derivation. The sequence Sancus of . Afterwards, this population father of Sabus, father of Vacuna, can then be assumed the name Latini after king. read as: originally the eponym Sancus was used, Varro too believed that Siculi once inhabitated afterward Sabus and Vacuna, and Vacu-na was , since he found many similarities a derivation of Sabu-s. Probably, the nasovelar between their language and [27]. sound nc was introduced in the name of Sancus Plinius cites [28] Aborigines as the first as a recall of the labiovelar one, which was no inhabitants of Lazio, followed by Pelasgians, more common in the historical age in Italic Arcadians, Siculi, , and Rutuli. However, peoples. Similarly, the labiosibilant was changed to this chronological order seems to be influenced sibilant (cf. Sans. swa with Lat. se, beside Lat. by the fact that the Lazio region was extended in suus). Therefore, we can read again the the course of time to include peoples further sequence as: first the eponym *Swagwus, then Southz by the kings Italus and Morges, becoming Sabus and *Vacus, from which Vacu-na. Itali and Morgetes. We can observe that the original labiovelar gw Umbrians results both in labial and velar in the historical eponyms Sabus and Vacu-na, handed down in According to Plinius [29, 39], Umbrians (Lat. the same people. We could then assume that in ) were the oldest peoples of Italy and had the people of Sabines different proto-scythian taken their name from having survived to the tribes had miggled, that reached Italy having deluge (cf. Gr. ὅκβξνο, storm of rain, inundation). resulted the labiovelar in different manner and They lose 300 cities, conquired by Etruscans. thus worshipping different eponimous deified Solinus [40], citing Marcus Antonius, confirms ancestors (Sabus and *Vacus). However, these Plinius’ etymology of the name of Umbrians tribes should have been aware that their and, citing Cornelius Bocchus, reports the belief ancestors were the same even remembered that Umbrians were an offspring of .

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However, such a belief should probably have Pelasgians been originated as a consequence of the late According to Dionysius [57], Pelasgians (Gr. settlement of Gauls in the lands of Πειαζγνί) originally lived in the city of Argos in Umbrians. Plinius also attests the presence of the Achaea region of Peloponnesus and took Umbrians to the North up to the territory of their name from King Pelasgus, son of Zeus. , where they founded the village of Hence, led by the Poiseidon’s son Pelasgus, Budrio (Lat. Butrium) [41]. According to living five generation after the homonymous [42], Umbrians (Gr. Ὀκβξηθνί) lived between one, they moved to Thessaly. Hence, after five Sabines and and their territory generatios again, they were chased out by extended over the as far as Curetes and Leleges, towards Crete, the Cyclades Ariminum and Ravenna. islands, Estiotidis, Beotia, Focidis, Eubea, the Etruscans coasts around Ellespontis, and to the Islands in front of them [58]. Most of Pelasgians headed Etruscans are called Tyrrhenians (Gr. Τπξξελνί to the region around Dodona, whence they [43]) by Dionysius, who cites different opinions passed to Italy [59], landing at the mouth of about their origin. Some historians [44] believed river [60]. Hence, they penetrated the land of that Tyrrhenians came from , once called Umbrians conquiring some of their cities [26]. Meonia, leaded by Tyrrhenus, son of Atys, Later, chased out by Umbrians and meeting brother of Asies. Others [45] (in accordance with Aborigines near Cutilia, they allied and Strabo [46]) considered Tyrrhenus as a son of integrated with the latter [61]. Dionysius cites Heracles and Omphalè and believed that he came other migrations of peoples (led by Evander in Itay from Lydia and chased Pelasgians out of [62] and Herarcles [63]] from Peloponnesus to their cities North-West of Tevere. Others more Lazio after that of Pelasgians. These peoples [45] said Tyrrhenus son of Telephus and come to integrated with those migrated from the Trojadis Italy after the fall of . Xanthus of Lydia [47] (led by [64]) and with Latini and said that Atis procreated Lydus and Torebus, founded many cities, among which, sixteen whence the peoples of and Torebians, generation after the Tojan war, Rome [65]. respectively, that spoke similar languages. refers to Pelasgians as some tribes According [48], Tyrrhenians that at his time lived by the northern coast of the were Pelasgians that changed name when arrived in the Thessaliotis [66] and Hellespont in Italy, ruling Nanas, son of Teutamides, four [67] regions and spoke an ancient language very generation after Pelasgus. They landed at the different from Old-Greek. The historian also mouth of Po river (Gr. Σπηλῆηη < Etr. Spina < w relates that at the time of Darius Lemnos and * < *Swag auna), invaded the city of Imbros where still inhabitated by Pelasgians Croton (the Roman Corthona [49] or Cotornia), [68]. Moreover, the inhabitants of Athens once and then founded the city of Tyrrhenia. However, were Pelasgians and later changed their Dionysius believes [50] that Thyrrenians were language still remaining in the same place [69]. not Pelasgians nor Lydians, but auctocthonous and took their name from their leader or their According to [70], Athens and Lemnos robust houses (Gr. ηύξζεηο [51]). Actually, were once populated by Tyrrhenians, from which Etruscans are called Tyrsenians (Gr. Τπξζελνί Pelasgians generated. Thucydides also cites [52]) by Herodotus, who instead says them bilingual tribes of Pelasgians in the Chalkidike migrated to Italy from Lydia following Tyrsenus peninsula at the time of Brasidas. Herodotus distinguishes Pelasgians from Tyrsenians, (Gr. Τπξζελόο [53]). placing some of the former living in Creston According to Plinius [54], was originally above the latter [66] (Gr. ὑπὲξ Τπξζελῶλ; that occupied by Umbrians, who later were chased probably means “North of Tyrsenians”, but out by Pelasgians, who were in turn expelled by could be also interpreted as “on the remains of Lydians, who afterward were called Tyrrhenians Tyrsenians”, i. e. “from Tyrsenians”, as in after their king and Tusci in Greek. Dionysius Thucydides). The relationship between Pelasgians specifies [55] that Tyrrhenians were called and Tyrrhenians has been discussed by several Tusci (Gr. Θπνζθόνη) due to their ability in ancient historians [71]. sacrificing (cf. Gr. ζύεηλ, to sacrifice). Livius Sabines relates [56] that Etruscans, above all other peoples, were dedicated to religion rituals and Dionysius cites different opinions about the excelled in this art. origin of Sabines (Gr. Σαβῖλνη [72]). According

33 Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples to Cato [73], Sabines originally lived in a village drove them from the Sabine country to their named Testruna (Gr. Τεζηξνῦλα) near the city of territory, stretching from the mountains to the . They took their name from plains and the sea, south of the Umbrian cities son of Sancus, a local god, by some called Zeus placed between Ariminum and Ancona, and (Gr. Ζεύο, Γηόο = Dius Fidius). From their north of (Gr. Ὀπεζηῖλνη), (Gr. original land, they expanded towards Ager Μαξζνὶ), Peligni (Gr. Πειίγλνη), (Gr. Reatinus, where lived Aborigines and Pelasgians, Μαξξνπθῖλνη), and the Samnitic tribe of and took their most importan city, Cutilia. From (Gr. Φξεληαλνί). Plinius specifies [30] Ager Reatinum they founded several colonies, that Piceni, as he calls them (Lat. Piceni), were among which Cures, where they lived without descendants of Sabines, who had made a vow to walls. According to Zenodotus of Troezen [74], celebrate a holy spring. Such a kind of Sabines were originally Umbrians living in colonization is also described by Dionysius [85] Ager Reatinus. Chased out by Pelasgians, for Aborigines. Moreover, Strabo relates [86] migrated to the land where they lived at the time that Samnites migrated to the country of Opici of Dionysius, changing name from Umbrians to (Gr. Ὀπηθνί) as a consequence of a vow to Sabines. However, Letta [75] believes that Mars, that they made in the course of a long war Dionysius intended that peoples from Reate against Umbrians. They were driven by a bull, changed name from Sabines to Umbrians. which they later sacrificed to Mars. Strabo finds reasonable that their alternative name Sabelli The local tradition [76] recalls that when (Gr. Σαβέιινη) was a diminutive derivation of Licurgus ruled in Sparta, some Lacedaemonians Sabines. Lastly, Hirpini (Gr. Ἱξπῖλνη) migrated moved to Italy and settled by Sabines, in a coast southwards from Samnites to their territory region that they called Foronia remembering close to that of Leucani led by a wolf, that is their transfer (Gr. θόξεζηο) through the see and called hirpus (ἵξπνο in Strabo [86]) in the edifying a sanctuary to the local goddess who language of Samnites (Cf. Paulus: F. 93L and later was known as Feronia. These Laced- Servius: in Verg. Aen. XI, 785-788). aemonians brought Spartan customs to Sabines. Plutarchus [77] relates that Sabines declared MIGRATIONS TO ITALY themselves to be colonists of Lacedaemones. The local traditions and the reported by However, Dionysius says [78] that Sabines ancient historians often transpose the events fighting against Romans and integrating with from a time to another, or condense several them at the time of Roma birth were no less events in one, or even multiplicate the same frivolous (Gr. ἁβξνδίαηηνη) than Etruscans. event attributing it to different . The Dionysius also reports that Sabines coming by opinions cited may be influenced by the will to night from Amiternum took Lista, the mother- attribute a particular characteristic to a people or city of Aborigines, who refuged in Reate [79], to inspire some sentiments. These are for and that the city of Cures (Gr. Κύξεηο) took example the case of Roman historians who name from God (Gr. Κπξῖλνο) and was wanted to attribute a Greek origin to Rome [87] founded by Modius Fabidius (Gr. Μόδηνο and that of Anatolian Greek historians who Φαβίδηνο), son of a woman of Ager Reatinus wanted to inspire solidarity against Persians who had been impregnated by that god [80]. [71]. Aiming to make order in the ancient However, Varro believes that the city took name testimonies, it is possible to find help in the from the spear, called cureis (θύξεηο) in Sabinian archaeological finds. However, for the [81]. According to Plinius [82] Sabines were prehistoric age, finds can give information on called Sebini due to their piousness (cf. Gr. the morfology of the people and, nowadays, on ζέβνκαη, Gr. ζεβίδω, to worship). the genes, but not on the language they spoke. A method to obtain information about the Piceni and Samnites languages spoken in an area in the prehistoric According to Strabo [83], Sabines were a very age is that of analyse the current and the past ancient race and were indigenous inhabitants, geographical names. People migrations and while Piceni, that the historian calls Picentini diffusion processes have been studied as an (Gr. Πηθεληίλνη), and Samnitae (Gr. Σαπλῖηαη) inverse problem by analysing the time and space were colonists of Sabines, as well as Leucani distributions of geographical names, together (Gr. Λεπθαλνί) of Samnitae, and Brettii (Gr. with those of ethnonyms and with historical Βξέηηηνη) of Leucani. In particular, Strabo relates testimonies [15, 88]. We now try to employ this [84] that Piceni took their name from a technique and its previous results, to distinguish woodpecker (Lat. picus), sacred to Mars, that the ancient migrations to Italy.

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Proto-Hiberians can derive from it the historical names of Anatolian Chalybes (Gr. Χάιπβεο [92]), Proto-Hiberians were present in Europe already Balcanian Galabrii (Gr. Γαιάβξηνη [93]), and in the IV-III millennium BC. They had some Italic Calabri (Gr. Καιαβξνί [94]). The name common ancestors with Proto-Scythians. Both *Gwaumbras diffused inside the Únětice culture these peoples, in fact, descended from *Suparsthas [95, 96], in an area of commercial and cultural [15], a caucasoid morphology population that exchanges, where the main ancient communication concentrated on the mountains of Armenia routes between Asia and Europe (along Bori- probably as a consequence of a flood on sthenes, , Vistula, Elbe, and Rhine Mesopotamia after the melting of glaciers of the rivers) crossed. When Proto-Scythians moved last glaciation. The name *Suparsthas has been their border up to the Rhine valley in the course reconstructed by considering the ethnonyms of of the great migration of the beginning of the II the peoples who lived or passed near the millennium BC, *Gwaumbras were forced to mountains of Armenia and Caucasus. From this move to the North Sea and Baltic Sea and to name, in fact, we can derive those of the descend on Italy (fig. 1). The name of the historical peoples of Subarus, , peoples that lived in the historical age in the Parthians, Kurds, Hattians, Persians, Arsi, Ari, territories where they migrated can be derived Asi through common phonetic changes. from the name *Gwaumbras: Cambri, Cumbri, While the ancestors of Proto-Scythians Humber, Cimbri, , Umbrians. (*Parsthas) moved eastward through the Iranian Living in territories where products of different highlands and northward into the grasslands of countries were exchanged, *Gwalubras and southern Russia, those of Proto-Hiberians *Gwaumbras, learnt the more advanced (*Suparas / *Subaras / *Hubaras) expanded northward through Caucasus, and hence manifacturing techniques. In particular, they westward to Eastern Europe. In the last half of excelled in the metal manufacturing. In the III millennium BC Proto-Scythians started Chalybes were considered the inventors of to move westward from current Kazakhstan, and by the Adriatic coast of Italy a forcing Proto-Hiberians to penetrate Europe or millenary tradition in metal processing was flow back through Caucasus. While Proto- originated by Umbrians. Scythians were nomad cow breeders, Proto- In Italy the Proto-Umbrian people of *Gwaumbras Hiberians were more sedentary, breeding small penetrated from North-Eastern Alpes, while the animals and living on agriculture. Proto-Calabrian people of *Gwalubras through Italic Proto-Hiberians (*Subaras / *Tubaras / the South-Eastern coasts, mainly near the *Lubaras / *Hubaras) reached the peninsula Otranto Strait. They pressed Proto-Hiberians mainly through the and during towards the Tyrrhenic coast and partially overlapped them. In the historical age, the the III millennium BC. They merged with a w palaeoanthropic substrate and contributed to the descendants of *G aumbras, the Ambrones and Terremarne Culture [89]. In the historical age, Umbrians, were located in [97] and their descendants were known as Iberi, Liguri, around [6, 98], respectively. However, and Liburni, and were mainly located at the west some geographical names attest the past presence of relatives of these peoples also side of Italy [90, 91] and, due to more recent between these two regions. For example, we can migrations from Illyria, in some places by the derive from *Gwaumbras the name of Sambro Adriatic coast [29, 30]. torrent and Ombrone river, wich flow south of Proto-Umbrians and Proto-Calabrians Bologna and further south, respectively [an At the beginning of II millennium BC the Proto- other Sambro torrent flows in Umbria, an other Ombrone river flows south of Florence]. The Hiberian settlements were separated from the w Proto-Scythian lands by a border line stretching descendants of *G alubras, the Calabri, were instead located in the South-Eastern part of Italy from Anatolia to current Poland, approximatively. [99] (current Puglia). In the border area some hybrid populations generated from the two peoples. They should By analysing the names of the historical have been known as *Gwaulubras (< *Gwaulas descendants of Proto-Calabri and Proto- *Hubras < *Swagwaulas *Hubaras) and Umbrians (Calabri, Cambri, Cumbri, Cimbri, *Gwaumbras (< *Gwaunas *Hubras < Chalybes, Humber, ‘Ambrones, ‘Umbrians), we *Swagwaunas *Hubaras) [15]. The name can observe in this peoples a tendency to *Gwaulubras diffused mainly to the south. We transform the labiovelar gw into unvoiced velar

35 Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples also aspired and muted. We will see similar *Vainai-tas < *Gwauna-tas), settled by the results in many Italics toponyms and ethnonyms. northern Adriatic coast, whence subsequenty they penetrated North-Western Italy. Proto-Scythians Having chased Proto-Hiberians towards the In toponyms derived from Proto-Gaul- (such as , Palatium, ) we can Atlantic Ocean and Proto-Umbrians northwards observe that the original labiovear results both and southwards, Proto-Scythians occupied Central in labial and velar. Therefore, we could assume Europe at the beginning of the II millennium that these tribes still had labiovelars in their BC. Hence, they started penetrating the italic language when they arrived in Italy and later peninsula through North-Estern Alps, driving they resulted these sounds influenced by their herds of cows to the pastures of Padanian neighbour peoples, mainly the Etruscans. Valley and pressing Proto-Umbrians on the However, they penetrated the peninsula closely Apennini mount chain from Liguria to . preceeded and followed by peoples who resulted In the same period, other Proto-Scythian tribes the labiovelar in labial. occupied the Balkan area. Hence they were progressively forced to penetrate Italy through In the historical age, the descendants of Proto- the Otranto strait and the Adriatic costs nearby, Gaul-Latins in Italy were located in Lazio heading for the planes of South-Eastern Italy (Latins, Collatins [102]) and, due to more recent and pressing Proto-Calabrians on the mountains. migrations, in Gallia Cisaplina (Gauls [103]). From the names of *Swagwau-tas / *Swagwau- Proto-Etruscans w nas / *Swag au-las we can derive the historical Etruscans can be considered as an authoctonous names of Sabates, Sabines, Sabelli, Sicani, people, since their characteristic culture developped Siculi, and Apuli. These peoples were mainly on the Italic soil [104]. However, the Etruscan located in Central and in the tribes or communities can be connected to three historical age. However, many hydronims distinct lineages descending from Western (Savena, Aposa, Seveso, Savio) and toponyms *Thyrgwaunas (e. g. Tarchna), Eastern (Savona, Sabatia, Spezia, ) demonstrate *Thyrgwaunas (e. g. Phersna and Rasna), and the past presence of Proto-Scythian tribes even *Gwaulgwaunas (e. g. Velsna) [88, 100]. in [100]. In the Italic names w w derived from *Swagwaus we can observe that *Thyrg aunas or *Thyras G aunas were the labiovelar gw results both in labial and velar. originally a population living on the border (cf. Gr. ζύξα, door; cf. Etr. tular, border) between Proto-Gaul-Latins mongoloid morphology peoples and Proto- The great migration of the last centuries of II Scythians and resulted from the crossing of millennium BC brought to a new theese populations. As a border people, they wave of peoples descending from Proto- where subjected to commercial and cultural Scythians. These peoples had previosly exchanges, thus developing the attitude to the occupied the territories between the commerce and acquiring the knowledge of and the Baltic Sea, and had been pressed advanced technologies. In the III millennium westwards by populations coming from the BC Proto-Scythians broke into the territory w Orient. Among these migrating peoples, Proto- around Volga river, separating *Thyrg aunas Gaul-Latins partially settled in Central Europe into two branches, the Eastern one of which and partially descended on Italy. For these tribes forced towards Mongolia and China, the the names *Gwaulas / *Gwaula-tas / *Gwaula-ta- Western one towards Mesopotamia, Anatolia, nas have been reconstructed [88], from which and Eastern Europe. the historical names Galli, Galati, Collati, In the coourse of time, *Swagwaunas bordering Collatini, Latini, Lithuans, and Lettons can be on *Thyras Gwaunas assumed the name *Gwaulas derived. Proto-Gaul-Latins, closely preceded by Gwaunas or *Gwaulgwaunas. to emphasize that w w Itali and Vetuloni (< *Sg ytas / *Sg etas) and they were pure Proto-Scythians having maintained followed by Proto-Etruscans, descended on the original costumes and language. In fact, they Italy mainly from North-East. They forced a still lived mainly on cow breeding, while passage trough the Proto-Scythian tribes *Thyrgwaunas also lived on trade and had occuping the Padanian Valley, crossed the simplified and adapted their language in order to Apennini chain and diffused along the better communicate with the bordering peoples. Tyrrhenian coast up to Central Italy. Their close Moreover, by the contraposition of *Gwaulgwaunas relatives, the Venetics (Lat. Veneti [101] < and *Thyrgwaunas the term gwauna lost the

Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 36 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples original meaning of "bovine", “related to cows”, inscription at Karnak (rows 13 and 15; 1200 BC "fodder for cows", “fence for cows”, "cow breeder", approximately)]), Tyrsenians (Gr. Τπξσελνὶ "group of cows", assuming that of “shelter”, [109]), Arzawa, Thraces (Gr. Θξᾷθεο [110] and “refuge”, “fortified place”, "village", "group of Gr. Θξήηθεο [111]), and Phryges (Gr. Φξύγεο breeders", "community" (as Etr. zena translated into [112]), to the Ferghana Valley, and to the Lat. sena / sina, and Celt. bona, and Celt. din / dun Etruscan city of (Etr. Phersna) [15]. In latinized in dinum / dunum). Similarly, the terms some of these derived names we can observe an derived from -gwaus assumed the meaning of anomalous result of the original labiovelar gw country or region (as Ger. -gau in Breisgau and into dental (d) subsequently aspired (dh = z) and Thurgau, Dutch gouw, Frisian goa). unvoiced (s), again the change to a of the first vowel, and the fall of the initial aspirated dental Western *Thyrgwaunas reached Anatolia in the (th) or the change to unaspirated dental (t), second half of the III millennium BC. Hence, sibilant (s), and even aspirated labial (ph = f), they moved along the course of Danube river to which is also characteristic of Italic dialects (cf. Central Europe, where they partecipated to the Gr. θύξα with Lat. foris, door). *Gwaulgwau-nas Únětice culture. They were forced to Italy w w and *G aulg au-as left instead their name, for together with *Gwaumbras, to whom they had example, to the Volga river, the Etruscan city of handed their tendency to aspirate the velars. Bol’ogna (Etr. Velzna [113], Lat. Felsina They also reached the Italic peninsula by sea [114]), and to the peoples of Volcae [115], from Anatolia through stopovers on the Syrian Belgae [116], Caledones (Gr. Καιεδῶλεο and African coast and the Italian islands. The [117]), Halizones (Gr. Ἁιηδῶλεο [118, 119], Gr. Etruscan city of (Etr. Tarchuna or Ἁιίδωλνη [120], and Gr. Ἀιαδόλεο [121]) [100]. Tarchna [105]), the people of Tyrrhenians (Gr. We can observe that in these derived names the Τπξξελνί [106]), the Anatolian god of the sky initial labiovelar mainly results in labial, while and storm Tarhun (or Tarḫunna [107]) take the internal one has different results by their name from Western *Thyrgwaunas [108]. w influence of the neighbour peoples, in particular In these derived names the original labiovelar g of *Thyrgwaunas. results in unvoiced velar also aspirated or muted, and the vowel in the first syllabe also Applying the phonetic changes observed in the change to a. names of the descendants of Eastern *Thyrgwaunas and *Gwaulgwaunas to the terms At the beginning of the II millennium BC *Mykgwaus and *Mykgwaunas, we can obtain w Eastern *Thyrg aunas stopped migrating the names of Mysians / Moesians (Gr. Μπσνί eastwards and slowly flowed back into the [122] / Μνησνί [123]), Meonia (Gr. Μῃνλία [44] territories occupied by Proto-Scythians. The < *Mechϝonia), Mygdonians (Gr. Μπγδόλεο latter were then forced to expand further west, [122]) and Mycenaeans (Gr. Μπθήλαη [124] < starting the first great migration of the *Μπθϝήλαη). Moreover, we can derive from millennium. In the course of time Eastern *Thyrgwaus and *Thyrgwaunas the mythological w w w *Thyrg aunas and *G aulg aunas fought each name of Atys (< *Sa’dys < *Sardus < *Thyrgwaus), other, interacted and joined into a multilingual Telephus and Torebus (both from *Tarbus < confederation of peoples, that in the Aegean *Thyrgwaus), and Teutamis (descendant of w area was known as *Mykg aunas, the Mixed *Teutamos < *Teu‟tana < *Thyrdana < People [108, 15]. In the second half of the II *Thyrgwauna). millennum BC the expansion of Mongol and The Proto-Etruscan descendants of *Eastern Chinese peoples caused a new back-flow of w w w Thyrgwaunian tribes, starting the second great Thyrg aunas and *G aulg aunas arrived in w Italy from North-East at the end of the II migration. Eastern *Thyrg aunas forced w w millennium BC, following and pressing Proto- *G aulg aunas around Volga river to crash into Gaul-Latins. The descendants of *Gwaulgwaunas Proto-Gaul-Latins, who in turn pressed toward arrived as first and stopped in the lands most Central Europe other Proto-Scythian tribes suitable for cow breeding, while those of Eastern located north of Black Sea (Late-Proto- *Thyrgwaunas headed for the commercial ports Scythians). and the marshes, the “maremme”, which they *Eastern Thyrgwau-nas or *Thyrgwau-as left knew how to transform into fertile lands, having their name, for example, to the peoples of learned and developed drainage techniques in Shardana (or Sherden [letters of Amarna (EA the Orient [125]. On the Tyrrhenic coast, the 61, 122, 123; 1350 BC approximately), the stele latter met peoples descending from Western of Tani (1250 BC approximately) and the *Thyrgwaunas, arrived by sea (cf. Müller, C. O.

37 Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples

1828 Die Etrusker. Breslau: Max & Komp). move by sea westwards to Italy (Siculi and Moreover, they lernt the script, probably by Sicani) or eastward to Anatolia and Syria Greeks [126], and developed an alphabet (Ashqalonians and Ascani). The Proto-Scythian adapted to their own language. The Italic tribe that remained and settled (*stha) by the descendants of *Gwaulgwaunas probably northern coast of the Aegean sea were indicated acquired the script already elaborated by those as *Gwaula-sthas and *Gwauna-sthas and were of *Thyrgwaunas and use it in an ideographical considered as a subordinate class subdued to way. This is the reason for which we have no Eastern *Thyrgwaunas. These tribes had merged direct attestation of the endonyms of the with the Pre-Indo-European population that descendants of *Gwaulgwaunas, and we have to inhabitated the Aegean area before the arrival of reconstruct them by analysings the geographical Proto-Scythians [88]. names in the territories were they lived. When new Indo-European peoples arrived at the We can assume that the Italic descendants of end of the second millennium BC, the descen- *Gwaulgwaunas called themselves by names dants of Eastern *Thyrgwaunas integrated with such as *Volvoni or *Volvona (< *Gwaulgwaunas; those of *Gwaulgwaunas in the Mixed People whence the name of Bologna city), and were were partially forced to move westwards to Italy also called *Calvona, *Calvana, or *Galbana and Central Europe and eastwards to Syria and (whence the names Calvana mount chain Egypt, and partially subdued and included in the between Bologna and Florence and Calbano subordinated class. The newcomers were indicated mount near Sarsina) by influence of Proto- by the names of the territories where they settled, so Umbrians and Proto-Oscans, and Velzena, that we know them for example as Thraces and Velsna, Campeua and *Campana (whence the Phryges (who spoke Indo-European languages Lat. names Felsina and ) by *Thyrgw in the historical age). Moreover, the subordinate aunas. The descendants of Eastern *Thyrg classes should have assumed the names waunas called instead themselves by names such *Bailastas and *Bainastas, by influence of the as *Sarsna (whence the names of Sarsina city newcomers or the descendants of *Gwaulgwaunas and Sarsinates [127] tribe), Rasna or Rasenna (Mycenaeans), and the names *Dailastas and [128], and Phersna (Etr. name of Perugia). *Dainastas by influence of the descendants of Eastern *Thyrgwaunas. From these names we In the historical age the descendants of w can easily derived the hystorical forms *Thyrg aunas were generally known in Italy as Pelasgians (Gr. Πειαζγνὶ [66] < *Belasdai < Tusci [101] or Etrusci [129]. These ethnonyms *Bailastas) and Penastae (Gr. Πελέζηαη [134] < derived from the alternations of the names of *Benestai < *Bainastas), as well as Ass. Palastu their tribes, that resulted in velar (from Western (Tiglatpileser III Inscriptions), Hebr. Pelištīm *Thyrgwaunas) or in sibilant (from Eastern w w [135], and Egyp. Peleset (p-r-s-t; Medinet Habu *Thyrg aunas) the labiovelar: *Thyrg aus > Inscriptions). *Turkas / *Tursas > Umbr. Tursko [130] > Lat. Tu‟sci / Lat. E-trusci. Similarly, the name In particular, by the name Pelasgians the tribes [Plinius, III, 56] derived from the alternation of of the Mixed People were remembered, that the names by which the tribes descending from reached Italy through the Adriatic coast. In the Western and Eastern *Thyrgwaunas called the same age, the mixed communities were also w descendants of *Gwaulgwaunas: *Gwaulgwaus > indicated by names deived from *G aulas w *Volkas / *Velsas > Etr. Velch [132] / Etr. *Thyuras and *G aunas *Thyuras [15], whence Velzu [133] > Lat. Volsci. Etruscans were for example the names of the Italian cities of settled mainly by the Thyrrhenic coast [54] from (Etr. Velthuri), (Etr. Velathri), Liguria to Campania, on the border between and Feltre, and those of (Gr. , Lazio, and Umbria and also in the Οἴλωηξνη [136] < *Vainathras), of the Italian Padanian Valley [114] and by the Adriatic coast cities of Bonefro and Venafro (Lat. Venafrum < [29] from Veneto to the Marches. *Venaphras < *Vainathras), and of inhabitants of the latter the Pentrians (Lat. < Pelasgians *Benthras < *Vainathras), respectively. w When Eastern *Thyrg aunas (Shardana, ETHNOGENESIS OF ITALIC PEOPLES Tyrsenoi, Proto-Thessaloi, Proto-Thraces, and Proto-Phryges) arrived in the Aegean area in the After having considered the peopling of Central course of the II millennium BC, they partially Italy in the ancient sources and the early forced the Proto-Scythian tribes previously migrations of peoples to Italy, we can now try to immigrated (*Sw-gwaulas and *Sw-gwaunas) to reconstruct the ethnogenesis of the ancient Italic

Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 38 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples populations. We saw that in the names of tridens, trident), and that of the area of Firenze peoples descending from Proto-Scythians the (Florence), *Phirzna (< *Phirzηna < results of *gwau-na, and similarly *gwau-la, and *Phirdηna < *Thyrgwauna), was changed to *gwau-ta, lose the meaning of “herd of cows” Florentia (cf. Lat. florens, flourishing), but the and “cow breeder” and assumed that of “people”, original names survived in the local tradition, so “community”, and “city”. We can in fact that the current ones are more similar to them recognize these derivations with such a meaning than to the Roman names. in many Italic ethnonyms and toponyms, as we will see. Moreover, we saw that Thyrrhenians, In the tradition reported by Dionysius three Proto-Umbrians, and Proto-Calabrians changed different aspects are condensed in the figure of the labiovelar gw into unvoiced velar (k), also Aborigines: a people founding Rome and living aspirated (ch) and muted (h). The descendants of there “ab origine”, a people nomad (Aberrigines), a Eastern *Thyrgwaunas changed instead the people called Aborigines. These three aspects labiovelar gw into dental (d), also aspirated (dh = can refer to one only people or to two or three z) and unvoiced (s), while those of *Gwaulg different peoples. To understand how many waunas into voiced aspirated labial (v) also peoples are condensed in the figure of Aborigines, subsequently unaspirated (b). Lastly, we saw that we have to start by considering the population the labiovelar had changed in labial in the names living in Lazio at the time of Roma birth and of Pelasgians and Oenotrians. By looking at earlier when Aborigines are firstly mentioned. these results in geographical names and We saw that Proto-Hiberians migrated to Italy ethonyms, we can then distinguish the presence before the peoples descending from Proto- and the influence of some of these peoples in a Scythians. After Proto-Hiberians, at the particular area of Italy. beginning of II millennium BC, arrived in Italy In doing that, we must remember that we Proto-Umbrians and Proto-Calabrians. These received many of these names through the mixed peoples were not warriors fighting to translation and the transcription respectively in expand their territory, but peoples escaping from their home. Moreover, they were relatives of languages and alphabets of peoples different Proto-Hiberians, and probably they mainly from those to which the names were referred. lived on the breeding of small animals and small For example many names have been transcrip- herds of cows during and after their escape. ted in the , in which the voiced Differently from Proto-Scythians, they did not occlusives were missing and substituted by the break into the countries with large herds of respective unvoiced ones, the Lat. sounds o and cows, but they slowly penetrated the land of u were both written as u [137], and one of the Proto-Hiberians integrating with them in the Etruscan results of Proto-Scythian diphtong au, border regions. a sound intermediate between Lat. e and i co- rresponding to ε Greek letter (cf. Gr. Τπξζηλνὶ We can then imagine that when Proto-Scythians [138]), was some time written as e and some arrived in Lazio, they found there little villages other as i. Therefore, the name of the Italian city of peoples resulting from the merging of Proto- of , for example, was received by Hiberians (*Hubaras / *Tubaras) and Proto- w w Romans through the Etruscans as Mutina. Umbrians (*G aumbras < *G aunas *Hubaras) Moreover, Etruscans frequently used in writing on a Palaeoanthropic substrate. They probably to omit internal unstressed vowels [139]. called this people, breeding small animals and w w Therefore, the name of Tarquinia was written cows, *Hubaras *G aunas or *Hubarag aunas, both as Tarchuna (< *Tàrchona < *Thyrgwauna) whence the forms *Ubaragainas and *Ibaragenes and Tarchna, that of Perugia as Phersna (< could be derived, later handed down as *Phèrsηna < *Thyrgwauna), and those of Bologna Aborigines to better match “ab origine” and and / as Velzna (< *Vèlzηna < Aberrigines. Moreover, Proto-Scythians still w w used labiovelars in their language and called *G aulg auna). Beside, Romans used to w w transform the original names in a form closer to themselves *Swg aunas and *Swg aulas, but Latin words and possibly having a meaning. Proto-Umbrians, who had the tendency to This was often obtained by introducing the enhance the velar, called them, in the course of metatheses tn > (e)nt and zn > (e)nti, sometimes time, *Sicaunas and *Sicaulas, whence the historical name Sicani and Siculi. doubling the dentals: tn > t(e)nt [15]. Therefore, the probable local name of the territory where To this people called *Hubaragwaunas and later Trento rose, *Tritna (< *Tìrdηna < *Thyrgw Aborigines, we could also attribute the aspect of auna), was changed to Tridentum (cf. Lat. being nomad, since Proto-Umbrians had

39 Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples recently migrated when Proto-Scythians arrived peoples that migrated to Italy the one shortly and since breeders are used to move with their after the other. Therefore, we can attribute to livestock at least during some parte of the years. these peoples arrived at the end of the II Moreover, to this mix of Proto-Hiberians and millennium BC the aspect of migrating people Proto-Umbrians we could attribute also the condensed in the figure of Aborigines. aspect of being the people that mainly Aborigines were then fighting against Siculi contributed to the foundation of Rome, living in after the arrival of Proto-Etruscans, Proto- the region “ab origine”. However, other elements in Gaul-Latins, and Itali, and shortly before the the tradition lead us to include also other peoples migration of Pelasgians. In this period, the inside the primitive people of Aborigines. descendants of Western *Thyrgwaunas, the Dionysius reports the names of the cities that Tyrrhenians, were already arrived in Italy. They Aborigines had in the territory of Reate according were mainly located by the Thyrrenic coast, but to Varro [140]: Palatium (Gr. Παιάηηνλ), Trebula they had also diffused up to the Adriatic coast (Gr. Τριβόλα), Suesbula (Gr. Σπεζβόια), Suna through commercial routes that were still used (Gr. Σνύλα), Mefula (Gr. Μήθπια), Orvinium in both directions in the historical age [142]. We (Gr. Ὀξνπΐληνλ), Carsula (Gr. Κόξζνπια), Issa can recognize their past presence in the Medio- (Gr. Ἴσσα), Marruvium (Gr. Μαξνύηνλ), Vatia Adriatic and Medio-Apennine area in some (Gr. Βαηία), Tiora (Gr. Τιώρα) also called geographical names and ethnonymes ending in - Matiene (Gr. Μαηηήλε), Lista (Gr. Λίζηα) the ern- (< -erna < *Therchna < *Thyrgwauna), capital, Cutilia (Gr. Κνηπιία). He specifies [141] such as the name of Aternum river (along which that Aborigines took this territory from the cities of Amiternum and Aternum, the Umbrians, and later they invaded the lands of current < *Pe‟scarum < *Pherskas < Siculi and founded the colonies of Antemnae, *Thyrgwaus; cf. Umbr. Tursko), Tifernus river, Tellenae, Ficulnea, and Tibur. We can onserve Aesernia city, and Herni-ci (< Herna < *Ferna that some of these names end in -bula, -fula, - < *Pherchna < *Therchna; see below about sula (all from -gwaula), -suna (from -gwauna), w Hirpini; Servius [143] considered instead herna and -batia (from -bata < -g auta), terms which as a sabine word meaning stone) people, and denote a Proto-Scythian origin. Moreover, the others similar such as Tolenus (but in local original labiovelar presents a result typical of w w tradition and currently Turanus < *Turchana < the descendants of G aulg aunas in -bula and *Thyrgwauna). of Eastern *Thyrgwaunas in -sula, while in - w fula we recognize the Latin translation of the When the descendants of Eastern *Thyrg aunas w w Etruscan results (cf. Lat. Felsina < Etr. Velzna). and *G aulg aunas, descended on Italy, We could then deduce that these cities were Thyrrhenians integrated mainly with the former, once founded by Proto-Scythians, later occupied having the same origin, similar customs, and closer by Aborigines and only later by Proto- languages, but joined both in confederatios of Etruscams and Latins. However, the complete tribes that in the historical age were mainly name of the cities of Tribula (< *Trivola < known in Padania [144], Etruria [46], and *Thyrgwaula), Mefula (< *Mechvola < Campania [145]. Tyrrhenians maintained their *Mykgwaula), Marruvium (< *Mar-„ruvas < cities by the Medio-Tyrrhenic coast, while the *Mar-Truva < *Mar-Thyrgwaus), and Corsula descendants of Eastern *Thyrgwaunas settled by (*Carsola < *Tarsola < *Thyrgwaula; cf. It. the Medio-Adriatic coast and along the commercial < Lat. Teate), refer to Proto-Estruscans, routes, leaving their names to rivers such as Palatium (< *Gwaulatas) to Proto-Gaul-Latin, Truentus (< *Trùtna < *Thyrdηna < *Thyrgw Suesbula (< *Swagwaula) and Issa (< *Isgwa < auna) and Frento (< *Frètna < *Pherdηna < *Iwsgwaus < *Swgwaus) to Proto-Scythians. *Thyrgwauna, also called Fertur from the alternation Pher- / Tyr- in the tribe names of Therefore, some cities were not only occupied Western and Eastern *Thyrgwaunas), and cities but founded by Proto-Etruscans and Proto- such Frentrum and Ferentinum (both from Gaul-Latins themselves. This implicates that the *Ferentum (< *Fèrtna < *Pherdηna). Aborigines mentioned by Dionysius wether occupied the cities already founded by Proto- The descendants of *Gwaulgwaunas and Proto- Etruscans and Proto-Gaul-Latins or they Gaul-Latins drove their herds of cows into the founded those after having merged with some planes of Lazio. These Aberrigenes, integrated Proto-Etruscan and Proto-Gaul-Latin tribes. In with Proto-Hiberians and Proto-Umbrians, both case they were living after the arrival of fighted against Proto-Scythians who were ruling Proto-Etruscans, Proto-Gaul-Latins, and Itali, on Lazio and around. The latter resisted for a

Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 40 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples long time, but lose their supremacy when other the language spoken by Sabines and Umbrians tribes of the Mixed People, the Pelasgians, in the historical age. arrived throug the Adriatic Sea. Pelasgians (< w In Central Italy the result in velar prevailed in *G aula-sthas) and their relatives Oenotrians (< w w the area influenced by Tyrrhenians, including *G auna-thyras) and Morgetes (< *Mor-g au- Rome, and, for long time, in the Medio- tas) left probably their names to the cities of w Apennine and Medio-Adriatic area. In this Lista (< *G au-lasthas), Bonefro, and Venafrum region where the Apennine chain stretches close (the two last from *Venaphri < *Vainathri < *Gwaunathyras), the people of Paeligni (< to the Adriatic coast and lands were less suitable *Bailgna < *Gwaulgwaunas), Pentri (< *Benthri for the large herds of cows, the descendants of < *Vainathri), and Marsi (< *Mor-gwaus), and Proto-Scythians merged mainly with those of w Proto-Umbrians and Western and Eastern to the river *Trinius (< *Trygna < *Thyrg w aunas; cf. It. Trigno). *Thyrg aunas, who continued calling them by names having velar results. The name of the city It must be noticed that the human denisty was of Asculum (< *Asculi < *Askolas < *Awsgwaulas very low at that time. Therefore, there is no < *Swgwaulas) maintained in the Roman age the reason to believe that Siculi were completely Proto-Umbrian form, as well as the names of the chased out as handed down. Most of them people of (Gr. Αἶθνη [153]) or Aequiculi probably continued breeding their herds in [154, 82] (< Aequi and *Aeculi < *Aekwas and pastures among those of the newcomers, and *Aekwalas < *Awsgwas and *Awsgwaulas). slowly integrated with them. The only thing to Similarly, on the Tyrrhenic coast Proto-Scythians be chased out of Lazio was the name of Siculi. were initially called Osci [28] (< *Oskas < We saw in fact that the descendants of *Awsgwaus < *Swgwaus) and Ascanaxes (Gr. *Gwaulgwaunas, arrived in Italy both by land or Ἀζραλάμεο [155] < *Askanas < *Awsgwaunas < sea, had changed the labiovelar in labial in their Swgwaunas) by influence of Tyrrhenians, and language, that in general should be close to the [28] (Etr. *Ausuna < *Awsgwaunas < original one of Proto-Scythians. Therefore, these *Swgwaunas) by influence of the descendants of newcomers called Proto-Schytians *Swavaunas, Eastern *Thyrgwaunas. *Swavaulas and *Swavautas, whence the historical Other historical names of the Medio-Adriatic names Lat. Sabini [101], Gr. Σαβῖλνη [79], Gr. region present deformations characteristc of Σαθηλείο [146], Osc. Safinim (Pietrabbondante Proto-Etruscans. In particular, the latter inscription), Lat. Sabelli [147], Gr. Σαβέιινη translated the sound sw into v, that later was [86], and Gr. Σαβάηα [148], Lat. Sabatia [149], transcripted as p. (after deaspiration into b). Lat. Lacus Sabatinus [150], Lat. Tribus Therefore, *Swagwaunas were called *Pikεna, Sabatina [151]. whence Lat. Piceni [156], but the aspirated A similar process can be also observed in voiced sound v (as in Vacuna) remained in the Padania, where firstly Proto-Etruscans met the oral tradition, so that the colony of Picentia Italic Proto-Scythians. In particular, the geo- (near Salerno) is currently called Vicenza. The graphical names show that peoples that called name (Gr. Πίθεληεο [157] can be themselves Volvas (whence Melpa/Melpum and obtained from Piceni through the -ta derivation * * [108]) and Volvonas (whence ( Pikεna-ta > Pikεn'ta > Pikentes; cf. Bologna) settled by Proto-Scythian communities Szemerényi [158]). However, when the labial that they called by names in which the labiovelar result of the labiovelar diffused in Osco- was changed in labial (cf. Italian hydronyms Umbrian languages, Piceni probably called w Seveso and Aposa, both from *Swagwaus). In the themselves *Vibona (< *Viwaunas < *Swg territory of Bologna and in Romagna, Proto- aunas), later deformed in *Bobona and Scythians were called *Swavaunas and transcripted as Pupun (cf. La Regina [159]). *Swavaus, whence the names of Savena river, We can find the Proto-Umbrian / Tyrrhenian Savio river (Lat. Sapis), the Sabines founders of form -kεna also in other historical names of Ravenna according Plinius [114], the Sapinia Medio-Adriatic peoples, such as Marrucinians tribus of Livius [156], and Spina city. In the (Lat. Marrucini [101] < *Mar-„rukεna < *Mar- course of time the descendants of *Gwaulgw Trukainas < *Mar-Thyrgwaunas; beside the aunas diffused in and further south labial result in Marruvium river and city), and through Proto-Scythians and Proto-Umbrians, Caracenians or Caracinians (Gr. Καξαθελνὶ integrating with them and propagating the labial [160], Lat. Caracini [161], and Caricini [162] < result of the labiovelar which is characteristic of *Carakεna; beside the dental result in Caretini

41 Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples

[163] < *Caradεna). By influence of Proto- *Thyrgwaunas. The Sabine wife of , Umbrians and Thyrrhenians, Proto-Scythians (< Sab. *Fersilia < Etr. Phersu < were probably also called *Avchauna (< *Awsgw *Thyrgwaus; cf. Sab. fasena and Lat. harena aunas < *Swgwaunas), whence the names of the [168], sand) had an Etruscan name. The founder city of Ancona and Anxanum (whose x letter of the Claudia, who came from was originally a Gr. ρ), while by influence of the [169] or Inregillum [170] (probably near Cures) descendants of Eastern *Thyrgwaunas, they bringing his people and riches to Rome, was were also called *Vesdεna (from the alternation called Attius [170] (also Atta [171] and of *Vesεna and *Vedεna < *Swagwaunas, or [169]) Clausus and later [172] from < *Wasgwaunas < *Swgwaunas), whence and probably was the eponymous leader of a the name of the people of Vestini [101]. mixed tribe of *Thyrgwaunas and *Gwaulgw aunas (Titus / Atta / Attius // Appius < Ti‟dus / Further south by the Adriatic coast *Asculi *Ardus // *Arpus < *Tirdaus / *Tardaus // became *Aspuli and later A‟puli [101], by *Tarbaus < *Thyrgwaus; Clausus / Claudius < influence of Pelasgians and Oenotrians, who *Clauzus / *Claudus < *Gauldaus < *Gwaulgwaus; mainly migrated thorugh the Otranto strait and cf. the methatesis in Lat. , Etr. Clevsina the Gargano promontory. Analogously, by the w w < *Ceulsεna < *G aulg auna). Moreover, the Tyrrhenic coast, Osci became *Ospi and later city of Cures is currently called Fara. This lead O‟pi-ci (Gr. Ὀπηθνί [164]), by influence of us to believe that it was named not from Volsci and Campani (both descendants of Quirinus god, nor from the sabine spear, nor *Gwaulgwaunas), while Romans rhotacized the w w later from the longobardian fara, but after some name *Ausuna (< *Awsg aunas < *Swg aunas; people called *Gwaulas, whose name, later whence also Lat. Ausones) into Aurun-ci [28]. rotacized (or hypercorrected), was written with Actually, Piceni were once the same people as an initial velar (C or Q) by Tyrrhenians and Sabines, previously called Sicani. The tradition remembered with and initial labial (F as in Lat. w w recalls this identity by telling Piceni colonist of Felsina = Etr. Velzna < *G aulg auna) by the Sabines and inventing the woodpecker leader to local oral tradition. explain the change of name. The name of The institution of tribes (Lat. tribus < *tirbus < Samnites (Lat. Samnites [165], Gr. Σαπλῖηαη [86] *thyrvus < *thyrgwaus > *thyrdaus > *theudas > w = Savni-tai < *Savεna-ta < *Swag au-na-tas) *teuta > Sab. touta; cf. Teate = Touta (Marouca) can be derived from that of Sabines in the same and Reate < *Treadais < *Teardaus < way as Picentes from Piceni. The capital of *Thyrgwaus; cf. Old Eng. Theod < *Theudones Samnites, Bovianum, named after a bull leader < *Thyrgwaunas; cf. Teutamis and Teutani [54]) according to the tradition, probably took its in Sabines had a Proto-Etruscan origin. Proto- name from the cows herds driven into the Etruscans also brought in Central Italy their underlying valley by the descendants of eponymus . Phersεna / Tarchona brought w w w *Swag aunas and *G aulg aunas. Similarly, *Pherchona, later worshipped as Fer‟onia. Hirpinians (Lat. Hirpini [166]) did not take Velsεna / *Volvona introduced *Velvona, later name from a wolf, but probably from Proto- celebrated as Bellona (also called Duellona w Etruscans (*Thyrg aunas > *Phyrbεna > *Firpini [173]; cf. Old Lat. duenos [174], Lat. bonus < > Hirpini; cf. Sab. fircus and Lat. hircus [167], *gwauna). To Feronia, the properties of a people he-goat) who previously inhabitated their lands living on craft and trade were attributed. This and merged with Proto-Scyithians and other people freely traveled in peace bringing their peoples into the Sabellic peoples merchandise through territories ruled by The genesis of Sabellic peoples from the different peoples often fighting esch others. merging of different populations is confirmed Their eponymus goddess was then associated to by the historical testimonies on Sabines. For the freedom and travellers. Its sanctuaries example, the original city of Sabines, Testruna mainly rose on the border between different (< *Trustena < *Thursεna / *Thurdεna < peoples and along important communication *Thyrgwauna) had a Proto-Etruscan name. The routes [175]. Moreover, its worship was Sabine king, who came from Cures to fight radicated in cities having a Proto-Etruscan against Romulus and later ruled with him, was origin, such as Furcona (< *Phyrchona < called Titus Tatius (= Titus son or descendant of *Thyrgwauna; in current Civita di Bagno), Tatus < *Ti‟dus / *Ta‟dus < *Tirdaus / Trebula (< *Tervola < *Thyrgwaula), and *Tardaus < *Thyrgwaus; cf. Tyrrhεnoi / Tarracina (< *Tarkεna < *Thyrgwauna). To Tarchuna) and probably descended from Bellona, the character of an invader people

Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 42 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples breaking into the lands with its herds of cows these sounds at least until the last centuries of was instead atributed. The goddess was the millennium, when the last tribes of Proto- associated to the war. Etruscans arrived and diffused. Therefore, they called themselves by names similar to The descendants of Proto-Scythians living in the w w w *Swag au-na, *Swag au-la, and *Swag au-ta, Medio-Apennine mounts integrated with Proto- w w w derived from *Swag aus or *S g aus. Umbrians and Proto-Hiberians, continued worshipping their eponymous goddess, that in In Italy, Proto-Umbrians, some tribes of Proto- the territory was invoked as Vacuna. Moreover, Etruscans (Tyrrhenians), and Proto-Calabrians, they maintained more primitive costums, while who tended to result in velars the labiovelars, their relatives living in the planes between the initially called Proto-Scythians by names from mounts and Tevere river were more influenced which the historical forms Sicani, Siculi, by Proto-Etruscans. Sabines of the mounts Ascanaxes, Asculum, and Osci derive. Afterwards, seemed therefore austere to writers such as Cato the tribes of Proto-Etruscans and Pelasgians, [176] and Plutarchus [177], while Sabines of that had resulted the labiovelar in labial in their Cures and the plane seemed frivolous to languages and diffused such a result in Italic Dionysius [78]. peoples, called instead them by terms from which the historical names Sabini, Sabelli, The territory where Vacuna was originnaly Sabates, Apuli, and Opici come. Proto-Etruscans worshipped, especially the Reate basin, was rich also transformed the name of Proto-Scythians in woods and water. The characteristics of this into Piceni and Vestini and contributed to the land were then associated to the goddess. Her genesis of Sabellic peoples, leaving their names worshippers were aware of having the same to historical toponyms, hydronyms, and origin of their relatives in the planes. Therefore, ethnonyms such as Testruna, Trebula, Teate, they considered Vacuna as the doughter of the Reate, Truentus, Aternus, Tifernus, Frentrum, common eponymous god, that in the planes was Caraceni, , Hirpini. called Sabus. In the course of time the inhabitants of the whole Sabine integrated Proto-Scythians who lived in the Medio- together, identifying the deities of each tribe Apennine and Medio-Adriatic areas mainly with those of the others. Due to the consonance integrated with peoples that had resulted the of the name Feronia with Lat. ferus (wild) the labiovelars into velars and initially introduced goddess was also associated to the freedom of such a phonetic change in their language. Their wildness and to the wild country natural eponymous goddess then assumed the name elements, particularly to the water. The boucolic Vacuna. Moreover, their customs remained character was also enhanced in Bellona, more primitive and austere. Proto-Scythians eponymous of a people freely driving their herds who lived in the planes near Tevere river, through the country. In this way, the Proto- integrating instead with the newcomers, Etruscan goddess Feronia and Bellona were changed the labiovelars into labials. Their associated to Vacuna. eponymous god was then indicated by the name Sabus. Since they lived in a central exchange CONCLUSIONS area between Medio-Tyrrhenic and Medio- In this study, the name of two of the most Adriatic peoples, their customs were more important Sabine deities, Sabus and Vacuna, influenced by cultural exchanges. have been derived from the Proto-Scythian w w Both the ones on the mountains and the others in eponyms *Swag aus and *Swag au-na. It has the planes were aware of the common origin, been observed that in the names of the two gods and when they integrated together and the labial the original labiovelar results in different ways. result diffused, while maintaining the previous To understand this difference, we investigated deity names, they recognized Vacuna as Sabus’ the peopling of ancient Central Italy by daughter. Moreover, Feronia and Bellona considering the ancient sources and the results originally were eponymous goddesses of some of a diffusion model based on the time and tribes of Proto-Etruscans. When these integrated space distributions of ancient and current with Proto-Scyithians the two goddesses were geographical names and ethnonyms. This assimilated to Vacuna. analysis led us to the following conclusions. REFERENCES The tribes of Proto-Scythans migrated in Italy in the first half of the II millennium BC still used [1] Dionysius, H. I century Roman Antiquities: II, 49, 2. the labiovelars in their language and maintained [2] Varro, M. T. 44 BC De lingua latina: V, X, 9.

43 Annals of Global History V2 ● 12 ● 2020 Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples

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Citation: Giampietro Fabbri, “Sabus and Vacuna: Proto-Scythian Eponyms in Ancient Italic Peoples”, Annals of Global History, 2(2), 2020, pp. 30-46. Copyright: © 2020 Giampietro Fabbri. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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