DOCSLIB.ORG

Middlesex-Elgin Groundwater Study Final Report July, 2004

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Middlesex-Elgin Groundwater Study Final Report July, 2004 Middlesex-Elgin Groundwater Study Final Report July, 2004 Middlesex and Elgin Counties Project No. 02-0394 Submitted by Dillon Consulting Limited in association with Golder Associates Ltd. Our File: 02-0394 July 14, 2004 495 Richmond Street County of Middlesex London, Ontario 399 Ridout Street North Canada London, Ontario N6A 5A9 N6A Telephone (519) 438-6192 Fax Attention: Mr. Stephen Evans (519) 672-8209 Director of Planning and Economic Development Middlesex Elgin Groundwater Study Final Report Dear Mr. Evans: We are pleased to present the Final Report of the Middlesex Elgin Groundwater Study. This study was completed by Dillon Consulting Limited in association with Golder Associates Ltd. The study was completed mainly in 2002 and 2003. The Study was directed by a Steering Committee consisting of municipal and agency representatives and project management was provided by the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority. Yours sincerely, DILLON CONSULTING LIMITED Rob Kell, P.Eng., P.Geo. Project Manager RFK:lgg Encls. cc: Ms. L. Nicks, UTRCA Dillon Consulting Limited Middlesex-Elgin Groundwater Study Final Report CONTENTS Page Executive Summary ............................................................ i 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................1 1.1 Background ......................................................1 1.2 Study Objectives ..................................................2 1.3 Report Organization ................................................3 2. OVERVIEW OF STUDY AREA ...........................................6 2.1 Methodology / Data Sources .........................................8 2.2 Physiography and Topography .......................................10 2.2.1 Physiographic Regions .......................................10 2.2.2 Prominent Moraines .........................................14 2.2.3 Other Topographic Features ...................................15 2.3 Surface Water Drainage ............................................16 3. GEOLOGY ...........................................................19 3.1 Bedrock Geology .................................................19 3.2 Quaternary Geology ...............................................21 3.3 Bedrock Topography and Overburden Thickness ........................27 3.4 Regional Cross Sections ...........................................28 4. HYDROGEOLOGY ....................................................30 4.1 Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater Principles ..........................30 4.2 Hydrogeological Setting ............................................32 4.3 Overburden Aquifers ..............................................32 4.3.1 Hydrostratigraphy ...........................................32 4.4 Bedrock Aquifers .................................................36 4.4.1 Hydrostratigraphy ...........................................36 4.5 Groundwater Flow ................................................41 4.5.1 The Water Table ...........................................41 4.5.2 Overburden Groundwater Flow Direction ........................42 4.5.3 Bedrock Groundwater Flow Direction ...........................43 4.6 Groundwater Infiltration and Recharge ................................44 4.7 Potential Groundwater Discharge Areas ...............................47 4.8 Water Supply ....................................................48 4.8.1 Specific Capacity ...........................................48 4.8.2 Distribution of Type of Wells .................................48 4.8.3 Distribution of Depth of Wells ................................48 4.9 Aquifer Intrinsic Susceptibility Mapping ...............................49 4.9.1 Uncertainty Assessment of Aquifer Susceptibility .................50 4.9.2 Results of Aquifer Susceptibility Mapping .......................53 5. GROUNDWATER USE .................................................55 5.1 Background .....................................................55 5.2 Objectives and Scope of Work ......................................55 5.3 Methodology ....................................................55 5.3.1 Approach .................................................55 5.3.2 Data Sources and Limitations .................................57 5.4 Findings ........................................................61 5.4.1 Public Supply ..............................................63 5.4.2 Self Supply Domestic ........................................68 5.4.3 Self Supply Irrigation ........................................69 5.4.4 Self Supply Livestock .......................................70 5.4.5 Self Supply Industrial (Manufacturing) ..........................70 5.4.6 Self Supply Industrial (Mining) ................................70 5.4.7 Self Supply Other ...........................................72 5.4.8 Ecological Use .............................................72 5.5 Water Budget ....................................................73 5.6 Ontario Regulation 459 Systems .....................................76 6. CONTAMINATION ASSESSMENT .......................................77 6.1 Background .....................................................77 6.2 Objectives and Scope of Work ......................................77 6.3 Methodology for Middlesex and Elgin Potential Contaminant Inventory ......78 6.3.1 Public Potential Contaminant Databases .........................78 6.3.2 Commercial Databases .......................................79 6.3.3 Geocoding Methods .........................................81 6.4 Geographic Distribution of Potential Contaminant Sources ................82 6.5 Relative Risks ...................................................83 6.6 Specific Risks from Selected Land Use Activities .......................84 6.6.1 Application of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Nutrients ..........85 6.6.2 Road Salt Storage and Application .............................86 6.6.3 Landfills ..................................................87 6.6.4 Industrial and Commercial Chemical Use ........................88 6.7 Contaminant Pathways .............................................90 6.7.1 General ...................................................90 6.7.2 Improperly Constructed or Abandoned Water Wells ................90 7. MUNICIPAL WELLHEAD PROTECTION ..................................94 7.1 Wellhead Protection Area Delineation ................................94 7.1.1 Numerical Modelling ........................................95 7.1.2 Wellhead Delineation Uncertainty and Limitations .................97 7.2 Results of Wellhead Protection Area Delineation ........................98 7.2.1 Dorchester Water Supply System ..............................98 7.2.2 Thorndale Water Supply System ..............................100 7.2.3 Birr Groundwater Supply System .............................102 7.2.4 Melrose Groundwater Supply System ..........................103 7.2.5 Komoka-Kilworth Groundwater Supply System ..................105 7.2.6 Fanshawe Groundwater Supply System .........................107 7.3 WHPA Potential Contaminant Source Assessment ......................108 7.3.1 Methodology .............................................108 7.3.2 Dorchester WHPA .........................................109 7.3.3 Thorndale WHPA .........................................110 7.3.4 Birr WHPA ..............................................111 7.3.5 Melrose WHPA ...........................................112 7.3.6 Komoka WHPA ...........................................113 7.3.7 Fanshawe WHPA ..........................................114 8. GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND MEASURES FOR MIDDLESEX AND ELGIN ........................116 8.1 Introduction ....................................................116 8.2 Overview of the Groundwater Resource Management Strategy ............116 8.3 General Principles for Groundwater Resource Management ...............120 9. SUMMARY ..........................................................138 10. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................142 11. REFERENCES .......................................................144 12. GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS ....................................148 Middlesex-Elgin Groundwater Study Final Report CONTENTS - continued Page LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Population Distribution in Study Area ..................................6 Table 3.1 Bedrock Types and Descriptions .....................................19 Table 3.2 Late Wisconsinan Quaternary Deposits Middlesex and Elgin Counties .......22 Table 4.1 Summary of Well Pumping Rates Overburden Wells .....................34 Table 4.2 Water Quality Overburden Wells ....................................35 Table 4.3 Summary of Bedrock Wells .........................................38 Table 4.4 Summary of Well Pumping Rates ....................................39 Table 4.5 Water Quality Bedrock Wells .......................................40 Table 4.6 Summary of ISI Sensitivity Assessment ...............................51 Table 4.7 Calibration/Validation Assessment of Intrinsic Susceptibility Assessment ....52 Table 5.1 Summary of PTTW Survey For Large Water Takings (>200,000 L/day) ......60 Table 5.2 Summary of Average Annual Groundwater Usage by Municipality ..........62 Table 5.3 Summary of Potable Water Source by Municipality ......................64 Table 5.4 Agriculture Water Use .............................................71 Table 5.5 Water Budget ....................................................74 Table 5.6 Recharge Volumes ................................................76
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aylmer Express Presents the Eighth Annual Three Port Tour
    AYLMER EXPRESS PRESENTS THE EIGHTH ANNUAL THREE PORT TOUR SATURDAY, AUGUST 18, 2018 Three routes to suit all levels of cyclists – from entry level to challenging: SouthwesternSouthwestern Ontario’sOntario’s One Port Two Ports Three Ports BBestest RideRide 50 km 100 km 160 km Beautiful Elgin County 3 Supported Routes Lakeshore & Countryside with Lunch, Snacks & Drinks starting & finishing in Aylmer sourced from local businesses & farms For only • Route map • Coffee, muffins & fruit • Rest stop snacks & drinks $$ • Lunch in Port Bruce 6565 • T-Shirt (before August 7) you get all • Road support provided of this: along the route Sign Up Today at threeporttour.com Contact Brett Hueston for more information AYLMER 519.697.0018 · 1.800.465.9433 · [email protected] EXPRESS Proceeds to EESS Environmental Leadership Program and Forest City Velodrome Over $75,000 donated since 2011 Aylmer · Port Burwell · Port Bruce · Port Stanley SouthwesternSouthwestern Ontario’sOntario’s BBestest RideRide Third Saturday in August www.threeporttour.com Wed., July 4, 2018–AYLMER EXPRESS–PAGE 5 Hueston trial adjourned until Aug. 15 CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 that day: information from a porter. present included a Charter of gating OPP officer. fire chief and the “media officer All three of the officers were Rights and Freedoms applica- Why it took a year for those of the OPP.” asked by Justice Donald if they tion. notes to be released as disclo- The new date for the tri- would be available on Aug. 15 Justice Donald addressed sure by the Crown attorney’s al of Wednesday, Aug. 15 was to which they indicated they the Huestons in granting the office was not explained.
    [Show full text]
  • June 19, 2017 Ms. Kirsten Walli Board Secretary Ontario Energy Board
    June 19, 2017 Ms. Kirsten Walli Board Secretary Ontario Energy Board 2300 Yonge Street, 27th Floor Toronto, ON M4P 1E4 Dear Ms. Walli: Re: Overlapping Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity Board File Number: EB-2017-0108 Further to discussions with Board Staff regarding the May 30, 2017 request of Union Gas to provide confidential treatment to any facilities map that has been provided to the Board as part of applications related to franchise agreements and Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity, attached is a revised application regarding the applied-for Certificate amendments Norfolk County, the County of Elgin and the County of Middlesex which contains a redacted, public version of Union’s service area map. Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me. Yours truly, [Original signed by] Patrick McMahon Manager, Regulatory Research and Records [email protected] (519) 436-5325 Encl. P.O. Box 2001, 50 Keil Drive North, Chatham, ON, N7M 5M1 www.uniongas.com Union Gas Limited On August 19, 2016, Union was directed by the Ontario Energy Board to file a report by December 31, 2016 confirming that Union has obtained Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity covering the geographic areas in which its facilities are located. If during its investigation facilities are found to be located in areas where it does not hold Certificate rights, Union is to advise the Board as to where the infrastructure is located and to provide a plan to rectify the situation. In its report to the Board dated December 22, 2016, Union identified Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity held by Union and Natural Resource Gas (NRG) that were overlapping.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents. Letter of Transmittal. Officers 1910
    TWELFTH REPORT OFFICERS 1910-1911. OF President, F. G. NOVY, Ann Arbor. THE MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Secretary-Treasurer, GEO. D. SHAFER, East Lansing. Librarian, A. G. RUTHVEN, Ann Arbor. CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THE ANNUAL MEETING VICE-PRESIDENTS. HELD AT Agriculture, CHARLES E. MARSHALL, East Lansing. Geography and Geology, W. H. SHERZER, Ypsilanti. ANN ARBOR, MARCH 31, APRIL 1 AND 2, 1910. Zoology, A. S. PEARSE, Ann Arbor. Botany, C. H. KAUFFMAN, Ann Arbor. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE Sanitary and Medical Science, GUY KIEFER, Detroit. COUNCIL Economics, H. S. SMALLEY, Ann Arbor. BY PAST-PRESIDENTS. GEO. D. SHAFER DR. W. J. BEAL, East Lansing. Professor W. H. SHERZER, Ypsilanti. BRYANT WALKER, ESQ. Detroit. BY AUTHORITY Professor V. M. SPALDING, Tucson, Arizona. LANSING, MICHIGAN DR. HENRY B. BAKER, Holland. WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS Professor JACOB REIGHARD, Ann Arbor. 1910 Professor CHARLES E. BARR, Albion. Professor V. C. VAUGHAN, Ann Arbor. Professor F. C. NEWCOMBE, Ann Arbor. TABLE OF CONTENTS. DR. A. C. LANE, Tuft's College, Mass. Professor W. B. BARROWS, East Lansing. DR. J. B. POLLOCK, Ann Arbor. Letter of Transmittal .......................................................... 1 Professor M. H. W. JEFFERSON, Ypsilanti. DR. CHARLES E. MARSHALL, East Lansing. Officers for 1910-1911. ..................................................... 1 Professor FRANK LEVERETT, Ann Arbor. Life of William Smith Sayer. .............................................. 1 COUNCIL. Life of Charles Fay Wheeler.............................................. 2 The Council is composed of the above named officers Papers published in this report: and all Resident Past-Presidents. President's Address—Outline of the History of the Great Lakes, Frank Leverett.......................................... 3 On the Glacial Origin of the Huronian Rocks of WILLIAM SMITH SAYER.
    [Show full text]
  • Ellsworth American COUNTY Dunham’S Hotel
    Sbfcntfennmt*. Rsed, of Kllsworth, and Mrs. Annie 'Itjfnrtiacmmis. _ v- LOCAL AFFAIRS. Powers, of Bangor. Mrs. Higgins had friends in Ellsworth who NEW AI1VKUTIM M ENT* THIS WEEK. many regret C. 0. RURRILL & deeply to hear of her death. She visited SON, state assessor**’ notice. here about two *■* I‘s ('omtnissiiiu of fi-h and fisheries—Sealed years ago. ^ 1 proposals. The Mutual Life Insurance Co., of New Hancork lmll— M urrDon ( omeily « «>. m j of m qenekal INSURANCE Robert It H" in. < *<ut *\ culture *»ale- York, *, |Kent, of this city, j AGENTS, I’anook Is a speciafagent, has paid through Mr. Hi him Bank Bldg., ELLSWORTH, ME. Tyler, Fogg A « •»—Municipal bonds. Kent the policy of |15,0CK) on the life of ^ Rockland, My the late W. it. Blaisdell, of Franklin. ARSOL«JT.F*v 'piJRE Rockland Cumin* rc’.al < *•!!* ;<■. WE REPRESENT THE This is one of the largest policies of life \ A '•:iimri)1 '* > in«u1 me v; paid in this vicinity. Makes the food more de'icious and v 'v '. sew Most Kciiiihle Home ami Foreign Coni pan it's. Curtis Novelty < <>— Agent wanted George W. Davis, of Boston, formerly J'■■//> a ih/r V'i/h ! ■■■■■■■BHanannaHDunaniaaBHBaMHManiir^nMnnnnHr «ommJ9 L Safi )J. of this a brother of 10. Davis, t'nvijmt Far othrr focal news see pages •/, .7 and S. city, Henry lias purchased the Tontine house at Miss Mari* *i of Auburndaln, In sums to Hu it on real c.si ate and Morgan, Unitarian noinc. improved Brunswick. The Tontine is a popular re- of the engine had passed over the boy’s Conference at MON KY TO LOAN J is the guest of Miss Mabel —--- collateral.- ..
    [Show full text]
  • North Ridge Scenic Byway Geology
    GUIDE TO THE NORTH RIDGE SCENIC BYWAY GEOLOGY LANDFORMS The North Ridge Scenic Byway corridor lies in the Erie Lake Plain landform of the Central Lowlands Physiographic Province of the United States (Fenneman 1938; Brockman 2002). The Lake Plain consists of wide expanses of level or nearly level land interrupted only by sandy ridges that are remnants of glacial-lake beaches and by river valleys carved into Paleozoic bedrock. With the exception of the sandy ridges, much of the Lake Plain in Avon and Sheffeld was a dense swamp forest prior to settlement. The North Ridge Scenic Byway follows the northernmost ancient beach ridge as it traverses Sheffeld and Avon at an elevation ranging from 675 to 690 feet above sea level, some 105 to 120 feet above modern Lake Erie. Topography of Sheffeld and Avon Townships as surveyed in 1901, showing North Ridge near the center of the map (courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey, Oberlin, Ohio Quadrangle 1903). 2 GEOLOGY FORMATION OF NORTH RIDGE Approximately 18,000 years ago, the last The chronology of lake stages in the Lake continental glacier blanketed northern Ohio as Erie basin relates a fascinating story of glacial it pushed down from the north to its maximum action, movements of the earth’s crust and southern thrust. The ice sheet reached as far erosion by waves to form the body of water south as Cincinnati, Ohio, then it began to we see today. The story begins nearly 15,000 melt back. As the glacier paused in its retreat, years ago as the last glacier [known as the piles of rock and clay debris [known as end Wisconsinan ice sheet] temporarily halted to moraines] were built up at the ice margins.
    [Show full text]
  • Municipalprofile.Pdf
    02 Location, Location, Location! Elgin County is ideally situated in the heart of The U.S. border is just a short 2-hour drive away, southwestern Ontario with immediate access to enabling fast transport and just-in-time delivery a market of over 439,000 people, including the of products to customers south of the border. cities of St. Thomas and London. More than 10 For air transportation, the St. Thomas municipal 1 million people are located within a 2 /2 hour airport is nearby, with facilities that accommodate drive. Strategically located with convenient recreational and commercial activities. access to Highways 401, 402 and 403, the cities of Windsor, the GTA, London, Woodstock, Chatham-Kent, and Brantford are all within easy reach. 03 Elgin County Situated in the heart of southwestern Ontario on the north shore of The cities of St. Thomas and London are in close proximity to Lake Erie, Elgin County has enjoyed a long and colourful history since communities in Elgin County, with St. Thomas geographically located its origins as the Talbot settlement in 1803. in the centre of it all. Although not a part of Elgin County, these two cities put the County within close or easy reach of a market of 439,000 Founded as a primarily agricultural community, the County has 1 people. More than 10 million exists within a 2 /2 hour drive, including established a solid base of manufacturing, ship building, commercial the cities of Toronto, Hamilton, Niagara Falls and Windsor. fishing, rail, and tourism industries. Key manufacturers that have done business in and around Elgin County include Ford of Canada, Steelway Population and Labour Force Building Systems, and Imperial Tobacco.
    [Show full text]
  • BAYHAM TOWNSHIP 4 - 33 Geology 4 Climate 11 Natural Vegetation 15 Soils 17 Land T,Ypes 27
    BAIHAM TOWNSHIP By Herbert Alexander Augustine A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Geogra~ in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Arts McMaster University February 1958 i??~J 77 '"'-~ I Y.!>ii • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer wishes to express his appreciation for the advice and aid received from Dr. H. A. Wood, who supervised this study and from Dr. H. R. Thompson, both of the Department of Geography at McMaster University. Thanks and gratitude is also due to the writer's wife who typed this thesis. Mention must also be made of the co-operation received from the members of the Dominion Experimental Substation at Delhi, Ontario and also from Mr. D. Valley, the Clerk of B~ham Township. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Pages PREFACE 1 I PHYSICAL GEOORAPHY OF BAYHAM TOWNSHIP 4 - 33 Geology 4 Climate 11 Natural Vegetation 15 Soils 17 Land T,ypes 27 II HISTORY 34 - 48 Indian Period 34 Forest Removal and Early Agricultural Development 35 Extensive Agriculture 43 Intensive Agriculture 47 III PRESENT FEATURES 49 - 97 Agricultural Land Use 49 Urban Land Use 74 IV CONCLUSIONS 98 APPENDIX A 99 -108 APPENDIX B 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY 110 iii LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS River Dissection 7 Shoreline Erosion 9 Bluff on Lake Erie 9 Reforested Sand Dunes 16 Plainfield Sand Profile 16 Deltaic Sands 21 Sand Dunes 26 Vienna Land TYpe 26 Strat't'ordville Land TYpe .30 Corinth Land Type .32 Gully Erosion 5.3 Field - Cash Crop Region 5.3 Corn Field 58 Pasture - Dairy Region 58 Farm Pond 62 Erosion 62 Tobacco Field 65 Tobacco Land After Harvest 65
    [Show full text]
  • South Central Ontario Region Ontario Central South COUNTY HALDIMAND CITY of HAMILTON Middleport VE R E New Credit
    REGIONAL WELLINGTON COUNTY MUNICIPALITY South Central Ontario Region OF HALTON LAKE HURON HURON CITY OF COUNTY STRATFORD REGIONAL PERTH MUNICIPALITY COUNTY Tavistock OF WATERLOO 8 Plattsville 59 13 Centralia 3 Glen Morris East Zorra Bright Whalen Corners 8 CITY OF Mount Carmel TOWN OF HAMILTON Corbett Blandford St. George ST. MARYS Harrington 5 24A 401 Harrisburg 4 6 119 Lucan Biddulph 24 Y 13 Granton Uniondale T 23 UN Blenheim O Osborne Corners 99 Lakeside C Innerkip Clandeboye 59 32 3 5 81 7 Medina D Paris Lucan R Hamilton O Tavistock 23 International F Princeton Airport North Middlesex 24 X 59 2 403 Elginfield Parkhill Falkland O 2 20 Gobles Sylvan 7 Embro Cainsville Ailsa Craig 16 25 7 Eastwood Kintore Creditville Zorra Woodstock Brantford 17 Denfield 403 24 Airport Bryanston T Brantford 53 Birr AN Onondaga 55 28 R 18 119 B Mount Vernon 54 Thorndale 53 Burford Y 2 Cathcart Middleport Nairn Oxford Centre 23 9 NT 18 81 24 U 16 19 4 O Ilderton 59 Thames Beachville Mount Pleasant C 6 401 4 Y N Ohsweken X Ballymote Sweaburg Harley T Centre Burtch AT Keyser 27 N E Thamesford 28 U I S 17 202 O V E 20 C E New Durham 24 R L 119 Arva London Ingersoll E International Foldens 4 S D 119 E Middlesex Centre 21 Airport 2 R 45 VE ID Scotland Oakland 59 Coldstream 73 Burgessville Crumlin 9 Adelaide M Holbrook 3 Hickory Corner Poplar Hill 22 Lobo 32 New Credit 22 Melrose Hyde Park London Salford Kelvin Wilsonville Bealton Boston 402 Dorchester Putnam Norwich 18 Adelaide 29 Norwich 81 39 Nilestown Vanessa 9 19 LAMBTON
    [Show full text]
  • LAKES of the HURON BASIN: THEIR RECORD of RUNOFF from the LAURENTIDE ICE Sheetq[
    Quaterna~ ScienceReviews, Vol. 13, pp. 891-922, 1994. t Pergamon Copyright © 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd. Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved. 0277-3791/94 $26.00 0277-3791 (94)00126-X LAKES OF THE HURON BASIN: THEIR RECORD OF RUNOFF FROM THE LAURENTIDE ICE SHEETq[ C.F. MICHAEL LEWIS,* THEODORE C. MOORE, JR,t~: DAVID K. REA, DAVID L. DETTMAN,$ ALISON M. SMITH§ and LARRY A. MAYERII *Geological Survey of Canada, Box 1006, Dartmouth, N.S., Canada B2 Y 4A2 tCenter for Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A. ::Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A. §Department of Geology, Kent State University, Kent, 0H44242, U.S.A. IIDepartment of Geomatics and Survey Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B., Canada E3B 5A3 Abstract--The 189'000 km2 Hur°n basin is central in the catchment area °f the present Q S R Lanrentian Great Lakes that now drain via the St. Lawrence River to the North Atlantic Ocean. During deglaciation from 21-7.5 ka BP, and owing to the interactions of ice margin positions, crustal rebound and regional topography, this basin was much more widely connected hydrologi- cally, draining by various routes to the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean, and receiving over- ~ flows from lakes impounded north and west of the Great Lakes-Hudson Bay drainage divide. /~ Early ice-marginal lakes formed by impoundment between the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the southern margin of the basin during recessions to interstadial positions at 15.5 and 13.2 ka BE In ~ ~i each of these recessions, lake drainage was initially southward to the Mississippi River and Gulf of ~ Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacial Lakes Around Michigan
    The Glacial Lakes around Michigan By William R. Farrand, University of Michigan Bulletin 4, revised 1988 Geological Survey Division Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Bulletin 4 - Glacial Lakes Around Michigan By William R. Farrand, University of Michigan, 1967 revised 1998 Illustrated by Kathline Clahassey, University of Michigan Published by Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Geological Survey Division Contents Preface............................................................................................................................................ 3 Abstract........................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Was There A Glacier?..................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 1: The modem Great Lakes have a water surface area greater than 95,000 square miles, a total drainage area of about 295,000 square miles, and a shore line 8,300 miles long. ................................................................................................4 Figure 2: Features originating at a glacier front occur in a definite order. ...................................................................................5 Figure 3: Landforms of continental glaciation are unmistakable. Compare with figure 2 ............................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Elgin County Greenway Mapping Methodology
    Elgin Greenway Conservation Action Plan Prepared by Jarmo Jalava, Stanley Caveney, Mark Carabetta, Daria Koscinski, Rhonda Donley and the Elgin Greenway CAP Development Team Carolinian Canada Coalition In partnership with Ontario Nature & the Thames Talbot Land Trust Assistance for this project was provided by the Government of Ontario and Environment Environnement Canada Canada Habitat Stewardship Program for Species At Risk i Recommended citation: Jalava, J.V., S. Caveney, M. Carabetta, D. Koscinski, R. Donley and the Elgin Greenway CAP Development Team. 2012. Elgin Greenway Conservation Action Plan. Carolinian Canada Coalition, London, Ontario. x + 53 pp. + appendices. Cover photo © John St. Pierre ii Table of Contents Plan Authors, CAP Team and Contributors .................................................................... iv i. Background & Rationale ............................................................................................. vi 1. Conservation Context....................................................................................................1 i. Geographic Context .......................................................................................................1 ii. Historical, Cultural and Socioeconomic Context .........................................................2 iii. Ecological Context ......................................................................................................4 iv. Natural Cover / Ecosystem Types .............................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Contents List of Illustrations
    STATE OF MICHIGAN Deltas..................................................................... 41 MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY Distributaries.......................................................... 42 Lake deposits ........................................................ 42 Publication 12. Geological Series 9. CHAPTER IV. Physical Geography (Continued). .......44 GEOLOGICAL REPORT ON WAYNE COUNTY Surface drainage..........................................................44 BY Stream development ............................................. 44 W. H. SHERZER. Drainage systems.................................................. 45 Lakes, ponds, swamps and drains ........................ 54 PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Soils and subsoils. .......................................................55 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1911. General characteristics.......................................... 55 LANSING, MICHIGAN Clay soils ............................................................... 55 WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS Sand and gravel soils ............................................ 56 1913 Loam...................................................................... 57 Silt.......................................................................... 58 Contents Muck ...................................................................... 58 Amelioration of soils .............................................. 59 CHAPTER I. Geographical and Historical CHAPTER V. Physical geography (Continued)..........61
    [Show full text]