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AVIS Ce Document a Été Numérisé Par La Division De La Gestion Des Direction des bibliothèques AVIS Ce document a été numérisé par la Division de la gestion des documents et des archives de l’Université de Montréal. L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE This document was digitized by the Records Management & Archives Division of Université de Montréal. The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does not represent any loss of content from the document. Université de Montréal Constituting« Cornmunity » At the Onset of the Pascua Lama Mining Project par Christina Campisi Département d'Anthropologie Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade Maîtrise en sciences en Anthropologie Mars, 2008 © Christina Campisi, 2008 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Ce mémoire intitulé: Constituting« Community» At the Onset of the Pascua Lama Mining Project présenté par: Christina Campisi a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: Karine Bates Président-rapporteur Jorge Pantale6n Directeur de recherche Bernard Bernier Co-Directeur de recherche Dominique Coaouette Mémbre du jury 11 RÉSUMÉ Mots clés: Anthropologie politique ; Industrie minière ; Communauté ; Société civile ; Ressources naturelles; Eau; Paysans; Peuples indigènes; Chili; Canada Le point de départ de ce mémoire est le problème ethnographique suivant: comment une communauté se représente-elle face à la présence imminente d'un projet minier. À travers une étude de cas du projet minier Pascua Lama, l'auteur démontre que le processus de représentation relie des individus et groupes qui travaillent aux sphères locale, nationale, et internationale, et que chacun de ces niveaux est imbriqué à une réalité transnationale qui met au défi l'hégémonie verticale de l'État. La société civile, les acteurs locaux, l'état, l'entreprise minière s'engagent dans une lutte symbolique sur la définition de la communauté, ce qui prend la forme d'un «lieu» géographique rempli de ressources naturelles, d'un endroit culturel et historique occupé par des peuples indigènes, et un centre de production agricole des petits paysans. Ce mémoire est basé sur une ethnographie dans le cadre des «Tables Rondes nationales sur la responsabilité sociale des entreprises et lesindllstries extractives.canadiennes dans les pays en développement» au Canada, ainsi que des entrevues et une ethnographie avec des peuples de la vallée de Huasco dans la troisième région (Atacama) du Chili, des citoyens de la ville ~e Vallenar (province de Huasco), le personnel de l'entreprise minière Barrick Gold, des politiciens, religieux et militantes locaux, et une organisation non-gouvernementale environnementale. 111 SUMMARY Key words : Political anthropology ; Mining industry ; Community; Civil Society; Natural resources ; Water; Peasants; Indigenous Peoples ; Chile; Canada The point of departure of this research is the ethnographic problem of how a community represents itself once faced with the incoming presence of a major mining project in its vicinity. By focusing on the case of the Pascua Lama gold mining project, the author demonstrates how this process of representation connects actors on local, national and internationallevels of society, giving each of these levels a transnational character, and thus challenges the vertical hegemony of the state. Civil society, local actors, the state, and the mining company engage with each other in a symbol struggle over the definition of the local community, which takes the shape of a geographical resource-endowned "locality," a cultural and historical place occupied by indigenous peoples and a place o.f small peasant- irrigators. The thesis is based on research within the "National Rotindtables 011 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and the Canadian Extractive Sector in Developing Countries" in Canada, and with the people of the Huasco Valley in Chile's third region (Ataèama), citizens of the city of Vallenar in the Huasco province, personnel of the mining company Barrick Gold, local politicians, religious and local activists, and an environmental non- governmental organization. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page i Identification of the jury il Résumé iii Summary iv Tables of Contents v List of acronyms and abbreviations viii Acknow ledgements ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Ethnographic Problem 1 1.2 Pertinence of this Research 4 1.3 Thesis Outline 5 2. Theory 7 2.1 Introduction: The Pascua Lama Project in Three Transnational Spheres 7 2.2 The Local Level: Mining and Communities 9 2.2.1 Articulation, Positioning and Linkage Politics 11 2.2.2 Local Communities' Networks with Transnational Civil So.ciety 14 2.3 The National Level: Imagined National Communities and the Environment 15 2.4 The Global Level: Law in a Global "Environment" 19 2.4.1 Civil Society and the Transnational Imagination 22 2.5 Conclusion 31 3. Method 32 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 An Unfolding Trajectory in Canada 32 3.3 Towards a Multi-Site Approach 34 3.4 Field Research in Chile 35 3.5 Research in a Site of ConfLict 37 3.6 Implications of the Research Project 40 3.7 A Note on Timing 42 The Local Sphere 4. A Babel of Water, A Struggle For Inclusion 4.1 Introduction 44 4.2 "Water Is Worth More Than Gold": Inventing the Local Community 47 4.2.1 A Powerful Metaphor 47 4.2.2 Transnational Ties and the Constructing Locality 51 4.3 The Changing Forms of Water 54 4.3.1 Local Water Politics and the 1981 Water Code 57 . 4.3.2 Barrick Gold and the Positioning of the Irrigators Community 60 v 4.4 Conclusion 64 5. Struggles for Inclusion 5.1 Forming Indigenous Cornmunities 65 5.1.1 The Invention and Reinvention of the Huascoaltinos 67 5.1.2 The Emergence of the Diaguita Ethnic Group 69 5.1.3 Barrick Gold and the Diaguitas 70 5.2 Setting the Boundaries of Corruption: Interpreting Barrick' s Role in the 73 Cornmunity 5.3 Conclusion 77 The National Sphere 6. Melting Glaciers in a Mining Nation 6.1 Introduction 79 6.2 "Don' t touch the glaciers" 80 6.3 State Imaginings of "Mining Nation" 85 6.3.1 Canada-Chile Environmental Commission 86 6.3.2 Institutional Change 88 6.3.3 Recognizing Indigenous Peoples 89 6.4 Local Responses to "Mining Nation" 89 6.4.1 National Congress of Mining Municipalities 90 6.5 Conclusion 91 The Global Sphere 7. "One Step Forward, One Step Back" 7.1 Introduction 92 7.2 The "National Roundtables on Corporate Social Responsibility and the 94 Canadian Extractive Sector in Developing Countries" 7.2.1 Actionable Ideas and the Performance of Standards 97 7.2.2 From Floating Standards to Rooted Testimonies 99 7.3 The Writing of the "Canadian Corporate Social Responsibility Framework" 101 7.3.1 Changing the Terms of Debate: Of Ombudsmen and Free Consent 103 7.3.2 Where the State Fits In 106 7.4 Constructing Trans-national Civil Society 108 7.4.1 A Moral Cornmunity in Becoming 110 7.5 Conclusion 113 8. Conclusion 114 Annexes Annex 1: The Huasco Valley and "water as life" 118 Annex 2: Protests against Pascua Lama 119 Annex 3: Religious procession of the Virgin of Transito (top); 120 Photo of graffiti sponsored by Barrick Annex 4: Map of the Pascua Lama Mining Project 121 Annex 5, 6, 7: Barrick Gold' s Information Brochures 122 Annex 8: Newspaper article on the Diaguita 125 VI Annex 9: Mining Contest Poster Annex 10: The glaciers before and after 126 9. Bibliography 127 128 vii List of acronyms and abbreviations This is the list of acronyms and abbreviations that will be used throughout the text. CNCA Canadian Network for Corporate Accountability CODELCO Corporaci6n Nacional deI Cobre, Chile (National Corporation of Copper, Chile) CONADI Corporaci6n Nacional de Desarrollo Indigena (National Corporation for Indigenous Development - Chile) CONAMA Comisi6n Nacional de Medio Ambiente (National Commission for the Environment) CORDURA The former Chile-based association of North American mining companies. CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DFAIT Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada) DGA Direcci6n General de Agua (General Water Directorship) ENGO Environmental NGO FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent IFC International Finance Corporation JVRH ]unta de Vigilancia de Rio Huasco (The Huasco River Monitoring Group) NGO N on-governmental organization OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OLCA Observatorio Latinoamericano de Confiicts Ambientales (Latin American Environmental Conflicts Observatory) PDAC Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada SEGRPRES Minister of the General Secretariat of the Presidency (Chile) Vlll Acknowledgements l wish to thank everyone who CGntributed in making possible the realization of this project, in the recent and distant past, from close-up and remotely.
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