Working Paper No. 2
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Publications of the Oriental Institute, 1906–2014 Exploring the History and Civilizations of the Near East
Publications of the Oriental Institute, 1906–2014 Exploring the History and Civilizations of the Near East Second, revised edition 2014 Thomas G. Urban and Leslie Schramer, editors Compiled by Zuhal K. Sharp THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO oriental institute CommuniCations • number 26 ChiCago • illinois library of Congress Control number: 2013956376 isbn-13: 978-1-61491-007-7 issn: 0146-678X The Oriental Institute, Chicago Second, revised edition 2014 © 1991, 2014 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1991, 2014. Printed in the United States of America. Second, revised edition: Publications of the Oriental Institute 1906–1991: Exploring the History and Civilizations of the Near East oriental institute Communications 26. Chicago: the oriental institute, 1991 series editors thomas g. urban and leslie schramer thank rebecca Cain, brian Keenan, and Zuhal Kuru sharp for their assistance in the production of this volume. Editors’ Notes Publication of this volume commemorates the online distribution of all titles published by the oriental institute since its beginnings. All volumes are distributed online as Adobe Portable Document Format files (PDFs) and are available for complimentary download. Printed copies may be purchased, and the reader is advised to follow the link given for each title to learn its availability. the book scanning project began on october 27, 2004, with a unanimous vote from the faculty of the oriental institute, under the direction of Director gil J. stein. the project concluded october 1, 2013 — nine years later, which included the scanning of about 500 publications, conversion to PDFs, creating metadata and web pages, and uploading the files to the internet. -
Marten Stol WOMEN in the ANCIENT NEAR EAST
Marten Stol WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson ISBN 978-1-61451-323-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-61451-263-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0021-3 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Original edition: Vrouwen van Babylon. Prinsessen, priesteressen, prostituees in de bakermat van de cultuur. Uitgeverij Kok, Utrecht (2012). Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson © 2016 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Cover Image: Marten Stol Typesetting: Dörlemann Satz GmbH & Co. KG, Lemförde Printing and binding: cpi books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Introduction 1 Map 5 1 Her outward appearance 7 1.1 Phases of life 7 1.2 The girl 10 1.3 The virgin 13 1.4 Women’s clothing 17 1.5 Cosmetics and beauty 47 1.6 The language of women 56 1.7 Women’s names 58 2 Marriage 60 2.1 Preparations 62 2.2 Age for marrying 66 2.3 Regulations 67 2.4 The betrothal 72 2.5 The wedding 93 2.6 -
Justice in Ancient Mesopotamia Zchapter ONE JUSTICE in ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
Justice in Ancient Mesopotamia zCHAPTER ONE JUSTICE IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA Introduction Any study of justice in the Bible must begin with ancient Mesopotamia be- cause the concept and the vocabulary of biblical justice are rooted in that culture. To uncover these roots, this chapter will explore justice in ancient Mesopotamia from the Sumerian culture to the Neo-Babylonian. Although the scope of this chapter seems ambitious, its purpose is limited. The structure of judicial power and the general administration of justice in these cultures will not be treated here.1 This chapter restricts itself rather to the analysis of certain aspects of justice: the problem of the poor and the oppressed, the action of the government in response to them, and the reflection of such a problem in popu- lar piety.2 The concept of justice in ancient Mesopotamia embraces a broader meaning than our concepts of commutative, distributive, or social justice. It is not enough for the governor to promulgate good laws and supervise the keeping of these laws; in order for justice to have its place in the Mesopotamian world, he must also issue decrees of mercy that allow the restoration of a destabilized equality. This chapter studies the texts in chronological order. After an overview of early social and economic development in ancient Mesopotamia, it analyzes the first of social reforms undertaken there. It then goes on to consider the various Mesopotamian law codes, the decrees of mercy (“justice”), and the religious texts that reflect the situation facing the underclasses of Mesopotamia.3 1 For a study of the characteristic structures of judicial power as well as the adminis- tration of justice in general within the societies of ancient Mesopotamia, see Hans J. -
Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 2018; 5(1-2): 41–56
Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 2018; 5(1-2): 41–56 C. Jay Crisostomo* Language, Translation, and Commentary in Cuneiform Scribal Practice https://doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2018-0005 Abstract: Cuneiform scholarly practices systematized an exploration of mean- ing potential. In cuneiform scholarship, knowledge making emerged from multiplescribalpractices,mostnotablylist-making,analogicalreasoning, and translation. The present paper demonstrates how multilingualism stands atthecoreofcuneiformscholarlyinquiry, enabling hermeneutical exploration of possibility and potential. Cuneiform scholarly practices of translation and analogical hermeneutics coupled with an understanding of the cuneiform writing system constituted a system analogous to the medieval artes grammaticae. Keywords: translation, commentary, analogy, lists In a series of lectures given at the University of Cambridge, Ian Hacking asked the question “Why does language matter to philosophy?” He concludes “Language matters to philosophy because of what knowledge has become. … [Discourse is] that which constitutes human knowledge” (Hacking 1975: 187). Why does language matter to cuneiform “philosophy”? Or, perhaps, rather than Why, we can ask How. In order to answer this question, I examine the social and textual contexts in which a discussion of cuneiform “philosophy” can properly take place, namely in cuneiform scholarship. At the core of cuneiform scholarly practices and knowledge making is list-making. In his recent book Philosophy Before the Greeks, Marc Van De Mieroop argued that the list—the listing structure—provides the basis for a Babylonian epistemology which is grounded in the cuneiform writing system.1 As he states in his more recent work, “Lists were the dominant format in which Mesopotamian intellectuals speculated” (Van De Mieroop this 1 Van De Mieroop (2015). -
University of Groningen Elementary Education at Nippur. the Lists Of
University of Groningen Elementary education at Nippur. The lists of trees and wooden objects Veldhuis, Nicolaas Christiaan IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 1997 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Veldhuis, N. C. (1997). Elementary education at Nippur. The lists of trees and wooden objects. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 04-10-2021 Elementary Education At Nippur RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN Elementary Education at Nippur. -
Learning Mathematics and Science in the Ancient Middle East I Am Not A
Learning mathematics and science in the ancient Middle East Eleanor Robson I am not a specialist in science education in the modern world; rather, I look at the very beginnings of science education in the Middle East, 5000–2000 years ago. I cannot cover all three thousand of those years in this paper, so instead I shall present two examples of my work, and explain why I think it is important for today's students of science to understand the very ancient history of science and mathematics in this region. The role of science and mathematics in the medieval Islamic world, starting in the 'Abbasid court of Baghdad in the 9th century CE, is already well known, but science and mathematics have a much, much older history in the Middle East, starting from the origins of culture, civilisation and cities five thousand years ago. I have a rather strange job: I am an archaeologist of mathematics and science. Archaeology essentially is the study of rubbish—the things that other people have abandoned and left behind—in order to discover how those people lived and died, how and why they made and used objects to work with and think with. Like any other human activity, mathematics and science leave trails of rubbish behind. I study the mathematical and scientific rubbish of the ancient Babylonians (and Sumerians and Assyrians), who lived in Iraq many millennia ago. These cultures happen to have left a particularly full trail of physical evidence for archaeologists to excavate. Historians like me, who work on the languages and the thought, can then use that evidence to re-capture the thinking and practices behind some of the world's oldest science and mathematics. -
New Insights on the Role of Environmental Dynamics Shaping Southern Mesopotamia: from the Pre-Ubaid to the Early Islamic Period
IRAQ (2019) Page 1 of 24 Doi:10.1017/irq.2019.2 1 NEW INSIGHTS ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS SHAPING SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA: FROM THE PRE-UBAID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD By MARK ALTAWEEL,ANKE MARSH,JAAFAR JOTHERI,CARRIE HRITZ,DOMINIK FLEITMANN, STEPHANIE ROST,STEPHEN F. L INTNER,MCGUIRE GIBSON,MATTHEW BOSOMWORTH, MATTHEW JACOBSON,EDUARDO GARZANTI,MARA LIMONTA AND GIUDITTA RADEFF Recent fieldwork and archival sedimentary materials from southern Iraq have revealed new insights into the environment that shaped southern Mesopotamia from the pre-Ubaid (early Holocene) until the early Islamic period. These data have been combined with northern Iraqi speleothem, or stalagmite, data that have revealed relevant palaeoclimate information. The new results are investigated in light of textual sources and satellite remote sensing work. It is evident that areas south of Baghdad, and to the region of Uruk, were already potentially habitable between the eleventh and early eighth millennia B.C., suggesting there were settlements in southern Iraq prior to the Ubaid. Date palms, the earliest recorded for Iraq, are evident before 10,000 B.C., and oak trees are evident south of Baghdad in the early Holocene but disappeared after the mid-sixth millennium B.C. New climate results suggest increased aridity after the end of the fourth millennium B.C. For the third millennium B.C. to first millennium A.D., a negative relationship between grain and date palm cultivation in Nippur is evident, suggesting shifting cultivation emphasising one of these crops at any given time in parts of the city. The Shatt en-Nil was also likely used as a channel for most of Nippur’s historical occupation from the third millennium B.C. -
Assyrian and Babylonian Scholarly Text Catalogues Die Babylonisch-Assyrische Medizin in Texten Und Untersuchungen
Assyrian and Babylonian Scholarly Text Catalogues Die babylonisch-assyrische Medizin in Texten und Untersuchungen Begründet von Franz Köcher Herausgegeben von Robert D. Biggs und Marten Stol Band 9 Assyrian and Babylonian Scholarly Text Catalogues Medicine, Magic and Divination Edited by Ulrike Steinert The work on this volume as part of the project BabMed – Babylonian Medicine has been funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013; Project No. 323596). ISBN 978-1-5015-1363-3 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-5015-0491-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0487-7 Library of Congress Control Number 2018935702 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Cover image: Florentina Badalanova Geller Typesetting: Michael Peschke, Berlin Printing: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Acknowledgements 1 Abbreviations 3 Ulrike Steinert Introduction: Catalogues, Corpora and Canons in Mesopotamian Scholarship 7 Part 1: Studies on Mesopotamian Text Catalogues Irving L. Finkel On Three Tablet Inventories 25 Markham J. Geller A Babylonian Hippocrates 42 J. Cale Johnson Towards a New Perspective on Babylonian Medicine: The Continuum of Allegoresis and the Emergence of Secular Models in Mesopotamian Scientific Thought 55 Strahil V. Panayotov Notes on the Assur Medical Catalogue with Comparison to the Nineveh Medical Encyclopaedia 89 Francesca Rochberg The Catalogues of Enūma Anu Enlil 121 Eric Schmidtchen Esagil-kīn-apli’s Catalogue of Sakikkû and Alamdimmû 137 Ulrike Steinert Catalogues, Texts and Specialists: Some Thoughts on the Assur Medical Catalogue, Mesopotamian Medical Texts and Healing Professions 158 vi Table of Contents Part 2: Text Sources U. -
Lexical Matches Between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian: Possible Historical Scenarios
Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2014:4 <http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2014/cdlj2014_4.html> © Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative ISSN 1540-8779 Version: 3 December 2014 Lexical Matches between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian: Possible Historical Scenarios Alexei Kassian Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Th e paper deals with lexical matches between two ancient Near Eastern languages: Sumerian and Hurrian (Hurro-Urartian); namely, several basic terms (like ‘hand,’ ‘rain,’ etc.), that demonstrate phonetical similarities in both languages, are discussed. Four possible scenarios are evaluated from the typological, etymological and statistical points of view: (1) chance coincidences; (2) lexi- cal borrowings from Sumerian into Hurro-Urartian or vice versa; (3) genetic relationship between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian; (4) prehistoric language shift : adoption by a Hurro-Urartian (or closely related) group of the Sumerian language or vice versa. Out of these four, two scenarios—lexical borrowings and genetic relationship—are typologically unlikely. Th e statistical probability of chance coincidences is low, although formally this explanation cannot be excluded. Th e fourth scenario—language shift —fi ts linguistic evidence and does not contradict archaeological data. Keywords: Hurrian, Sumerian, Ancient Near East, language contacts, language shift , loanwords, lexicostatistics §1. Introduction a language of the Urartian empire (present-day Armenia §1.1. Th e languages and neighboring areas).2 For the preliterate period, it is §1.1.1. Sumerian is a language spoken in southern Mes- natural to associate the HU people with the Kura-Araxes opotamia (modern Iraq). Its earliest cuneiform attesta- (Early Trans-Caucasian) archaeological culture (Kassian tions date from the late 4th or early 3rd millennium BC, 2010: 423-428 with further references). -
A Mesopotamian Lexical List?
[Vicino Oriente XXIII (2019), pp. 65-80] * KUB 37.122: A MESOPOTAMIAN LEXICAL LIST? Federico Giusfredi - Valerio Pisaniello University of Verona In this paper, we will offer an edition and commentary of the fragment KUB 37.122, usually referred to as a Samenliste, but generally not included among the lexical lists from the Hattusa archives. We will also discuss some peculiarities of the contents, the syllabary, and the graphemics of the text, and we will try to contextualize the text within the complex scenario of the Akkadian texts written, or copied, in the Hittite capital city. Keywords: Akkadian; Sumerian; lexical lists; medical texts; plant names 1. LEXICAL LISTS AND THE PERIPHERY OF THE CUNEIFORM KOINÈ Lexical lists represent a peculiar genre in what - using the label in a very general fashion - we could call the Ancient Near Eastern literature. These texts usually contain a list of lexical entries that are presented in parallel columns, in one or more languages of the Ancient Near East.1 The languages that are usually represented in Mesopotamia are Sumerian and Akkadian, while other languages (Eblaite, West Semitic, Hittite, and Hurrian) may appear in documents recovered from local archives. In the archives from Hattusa, the main capital city of the Hittite Empire, a number of lexical lists have been recovered, most of which are in fact copies or local elaborations of traditional lists that belong to the Mesopotamian tradition. These documents were recorded by Emmanuel Laroche under the CTH numbers from 299 to 309, and the following a o Mesopotamian lists are represented in the sub-corpus: S , S , Diri, Erimhuš, Ur5-ra, Ura, Izi, 2 Kagal, Sag, Lu2, Ea, and possible fragments of an An list. -
The Export and Adaptation of Lexical Lists in the Late Second Millennium
chapter 8 The Export and Adaptation of Lexical Lists in the Late Second Millennium In the late second millennium, more so than ever before, the lexical tradition spread to areas well beyond the Babylonian “heartland”. Most excavated lexi- cal texts of the period, in fact, stem from sites in Western Anatolia and along the Syrian coast. These areas are commonly referred to as the “periphery”. This problematic term is grounded in the idea of a southern Mesopotamian cen- ter, from which cuneiform writing and traditions spread to other, “peripheral” areas.1 Without disputing the southern Mesopotamian origin of cuneiform writing and the lexical tradition, I avoid the term “periphery” here, because it conveys the idea that all scribal centers outside of Babylonia were mere receiv- ers of these traditions. This does not reflect the actual historical situation. In contrast, local innovative scribal traditions existed. This chapter deals with the different ways in which the Babylonian lexical tradition was treated in the scribal centers outside of the Babylonian core, with a focus on Ḫattuša. As will become clear, we find a different grouping of lexical lists in each of the cities Ḫattuša, Emar, Ugarit, and Aššur. Also the changes made to the lists and the degree to which they were changed vary considerably. This is not very sur- prising, seeing that these cities had very different relations to Babylonia and Babylonian tradition, and to cuneiform. The different historical contexts play a key role in understanding the differences between the late second millennium lexical corpora. In §8.1 I will discuss the find-spots of late second millennium lexical lists outside of Babylonia. -
HENRIETTE ANTONIA GROENEWEGEN-FRANKFORT by Claudia E
HENRIETTE ANTONIA GROENEWEGEN-FRANKFORT By Claudia E. Suter Henriette Antonia Groenewegen was born on December 17, 1896 in Leyden, the Netherlands. She was the second youngest of six children. Her father, Hermanus Ysbrand Groenewegen, was a minister in the Remonstrantse Broederschap, a branch of the Dutch Reformation, which distinguishes itself from Lutheran hard-liners by its liberal attitudes.1 When Jettie, as Henriette was called by her family and friends, was six years old, her father became professor for practical theology, history of the Remonstrantse Broederschap, and philosophy of religion at the Fig. 1: H. A. Groenewegen- seminary of the Remonstrantse Broederschap in Frankfort in 1941. Leyden. He was an important figure in this circle, and famous as orator. Over time the focus of his work seems to have shifted more and more toward philosophy. In 1916, when Jettie was twenty years of age, he became professor for philosophy of religion and philosophical ethics in the theological faculty of the University of Amsterdam, for which he had to give up his leadership at the seminary. Jettie thus grew up in a liberal and intellectual milieu, and received a good general education. Perhaps inspired by her father's work, she pursued studies in Greek and Chinese philosophy at the University of Amsterdam. Although women had been admitted to universities in Holland since 1890, it was still unusual for a young woman in the second decade of our century to pursue academic studies, especially philosophy. Most professions then were taught by apprenticeship, institutions of higher education in general were restricted to those who could afford it, and the middle and upper class woman's common occupation was that of mother and housewife.