FR A N C I SC A N ST U D I ES

“M m -m m “

1 6 No. 18 JULY , 93

THE MARTY RS OF FLORIDA ( 1513-1016)

BY

E . LUIS GERONIMO DE OR , o . F M.

h tio Translated , with Biograp ical Introduc n and Notes

E E MAYNA RD G IG R, O . F. M.

om MISSION, SA NTA BARBARA . CAL .

I n S a n c t i t a t e é t D o c t r i n e

JOSEPH F. WAGNER. INC. NIHIL O BSTAT

Rev . Mario n A . M

Ce nso r Dep utatu s

IMPRIMI PERMI'I' I‘IT UR

er Rev . No v t Benzin . M V a us O . F y g ,

Minister P ro v inc iali s

NIHIL OBSTAT

Rev . i e . Ms Am os E. i . V r r G ust J 0. D y g ,

Ce n so r Lib ro rum

IMPRI MATUR

t Mo st J A . i ames Griffin ,

Bishop o f Sp ri n g fie ld i n Illi n o i s

Ju ly 8 , 1936 .

HT BY COPY R G 1936 REV . A D G F M . I . . MA Y N R GEI ER, O . . FRANCISCAN STUDIES

A series of monographs published under the auspices of Of the n United States a d Canada.

BOARD OF EDITORS

EDITOR-IN-OHIEF

E R R . N . M . V MA IO A HABIG , O . F . . , A . M

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

L . P D . REV. A OYSIUS M . FISH , O . M . c , h .

HTMA Ph D. REV . VINCENT FOC N, O . F. M . , .

REV . REGINALD LUTOMSKI, O . F . M .

P D. REV . BERARD VOGT , O . F . M . , h. B REV . TURI IUS DEAVER, O . F. M;

REV . FERDINAND PAWLOSKI, O . F . M .

REV . MAYNARD GEIGER, O . F. M .

RE E . T . V . B DE HESS, O . M . C , s. . D RE P T V . CYRIL KITA , O . M . C h . D . , S. . D.

. RE L E R B I LMAIER M a . . . V. SY V STE R E , . . C p , J. C D

RE . R EL . V U BAN AD MAN , O . M . Cap J. C . D

Y ff 54 a o . n . Publicatio O ice, P rk Place, New Y rk, N

Correspondence inregard to contributions Should be sent ff 1 o to E 85c ea 3 2 n o t . di torial O ice, H rt Friary , 6 M r e S ,

to . . N . E. , Washing n , D C

BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION

Fray Luis Geronimo de Oré, O . F. M . , the author of the

’ Relaci on d e los marti res que ha habid o en las Provincias d e “ Fl i f nd la orida, s according to Means, one o the least known a ” 1 least often cited chroniclers of Peru . It might be added ’ e ni that anent Oré s R lacién , there are few writers concer ng whom so many chaotic bibliographical references have been tr made both in Spanish and English . If the present ansla tion , here offered for the first time in English , serves the humble purpose of dispelling this chaos, the labor entailed in its preparation will not have been in vain . On the other el o a s hand , the R acién , though relatively sh rt , will be a me n Of making better known an illustri ous and learned missionary who in his day was an international figure .

t a Father Oré was born a Guam nga, Peru, in the year Don Antonio de Oré and Luisa Diaz y Roj as reared seven chil r im dren, four boys and three girls . Luis Ge On o was the third n hi of the boys. He a d s three brothers entered the Francis can Order and were ordained to the priestho od . All were f o v s s a members o the Pr vince of the Twel e Apo tle in Peru . F ’ o ther Gré s three bro thers were kn wn as Fray Pedro de Oré , n Fray Antonio de Oré a d Fray Dio nisio de Oré . The three

girls became Poor Clares in their native city , Guamanga,

where Antonio de Oré was instrumental in - establishing a con

vent Of that Order.

Joined to their ability in renderl ng plai n chant and in r playing the organ , the fOu brothers became indef atigable m1ss1onar1es among the Indians and approved preachers for L the Spaniards . Fray uis Geronimo was destined to become the most famous of the brothers by reason Of his several

‘ o hi m scholarly writings . Am ng s many Offices ay be men i f a t L o t oned tho se o pre cher a ima, Cuzco , Trujill , Guanuco , and Arequipa ; parish priest at Collaguas and Santiago de 1x X BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION

Coparaque ; guardian at Valle de Jnaj a guardian at Potosi ;

a at L a. T professo r of Indian langu ges im he bishop of Cuzco ,

Don Antonio de la Raya, made Father Oré pastor of an Indian a an parish in that city . So gre t impression did the friar make on the bishop by his eloquence and his Skill in the na a o n tive languages , that the l tter requested the p pe a d the

- king to make Father Oré cO adjutor of Cuzco . NO action, how ’

n o r . i ever, was taken o the bish p s equest One s not surpri sed to learn that the highest Office of the province was conf erred upon Father Oré in the form of the provincialate .

m ol d In 1598, Father Oré published at Lima, his Sy b o C

’ tholico In dian o which contained an explanatio n of the Apos ’

n . o e tles , Nicene , a d Athanasian Creeds This w rk also includ d me a description Of the new world , together with a practical diam for teaching Christian doctri ne in the Quechua and Ay 3 f o hi o - r maralanguages . In Of ering this w rk to s fell w p iests in

r o o Peru, Father Oré was conscious of its utility f o the c nversi n n a d instruction Of multitudes Of abo rigines. He considered s f a a a a u a li o s t him el p thfinder in th t p rtic l r field Of re gi u wri , ing in the native languages and humbly asked his readers to overlook whatever errors they might find in the volume pre pared after much labor and study . a a Fray GerOnim o de Valenzuela, Dominican prior Of P rin m bo l Co cha, wrote a dedicatory sonnet for the Sy o wherein he evaluates the work of the Franciscan linguist :

Y Si saber quisieres el camino u o Deste placido , ameno é empirico p ert n Aunque o tengas guia ni piloto , Fray Luis HierOnim o de Oré ques digno e l l o De sce sa oa, te lo muestra abiert En len 4 tu guaj e con su libro docto .

a o a di d not With the public ti n Of this volume, F ther Oré e s rest on his laurels . He had other proj ects in mind but b cau e n a r a o a n fina cial me ns we e l cking , he was hindered fr m h vi g o o s 15 a d e o ther w rk printed . In 99, Fray Fern n o de Tr j , Franciscan bishop of Tucuman wrote to the king of Spain that BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION xi

Father Oré was going to that country in order to have some of s his boo ks published . On this same occasion the bishop prai ed the efforts of the zealous missionary who had preac hed ‘ 5 throughout the entire kingdom . In 1604 the bish op of Cuzco approved Of another work of

n m . rit Father Oré , entitled Rituale sen Manuale P erm u This a Pu ual or manual contained prayers in the Quechua, Aym ra, i n . n quina, Mochica, Guarani , a d Brazilian tongues It was pr t in 1 o i e to as ed Naples in 607 . This w rk s sometimes r ferred o Manual d e adminis trar los Sacram entos . Two other w rks in Indian by Father Oré are : A rte y Bocabulari o en las d os le n i h ni guas qu c ua y aimard, and Serm onario d e las d omi cas y e ii n u imm 6 fi stas d el a o en las dos le g as quichua y a d . It was probably in the year 1605 that Father Oré travelled o r a 1 06 t Spain . Thence he went to Italy . At Alexand i , in 6 t n n n he published his Tra ad o so bre las i dulge cias . Accordi g to Medina who cites the Franciscan chro nicler COrdova y Sa of linas, Fathe r Oré wrote the boo k in Latin while in the city R 7 i it e o e o . mal a a me In the following year, h s B , lre dy menti n d, i a appeared at Naples . It s quite understandable that F ther o a Oré became interested in publishing alife of St. Francis S l n o , the great Franciscan apostle of Peru and Tucuman . In Spain he had ample opportunity for gathering the necessary n la documents. This work appeared unde r the title : Relacio d e uida m la r n era a r Fra n o n o y i g os d el v e ble p d e y Fra cisco S la , r re sometime between 1614 and 1619 . Another work of Fathe O

or on d l a r tisima dealt with the Rosary , entitled : C a e a S c a i V r en M ria. g a It appeared at Madrid , in The chief work Of this Peruvian missio nary in which the interest of this treatise centers is the Relacién d e los mdrtires 9 A que ha habid o en las Provincias d e la Florida. s mentioned

- a before , none Of the great bibliographers of Hispanic Americ or Of other countries have Offered any reliable evidence as to T i s the year Of its publication . he Relac on of Father Oré ha

‘ n s received prominent mention by bibliographers a d historian , b ut o t n to a o s wing o its scarcity , few if a y were able Obt in c pie f f r o it o personal perusal and citations. xii BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION

’ 1 0 i o Barcia, writes that the Relac n : se imprimiO en Quarto el Afio de Ruidiaz y Caravia1 1 gives the year of pub li i n 1 1 2 cat o as 605. Pinelo cites the years 1605 and 1612 (Li m 1 3 a) referring Obviously to two editions. Beristain de Souza s a Relacién wa l merely t tes that the s pub ished various times . S 1 4 o a of 1 12 treit ffers the tent tive date 6 . The great Medina Offers a lengthy discourse in support of his opini on that the

’ Relacion most prob ably was not published before the year 1 “ 612 . La indicaciOn del afio de la pub licacion de esta obra ”1 5 estamos muy distantes de mirarla como segura. These various errors with regard to the date of publica

’ tion of the Relacion are understandable enough when one con

' s r . e ide s the rarity Of the work It appears, lik wise that no

a w a o o d te as ttached to the riginal printed editi n . A norm for forming a j udgment as to the date Of publicatio n is af forded by the contents of the Relacién itself. Most of the outstanding bibliographers were under the impression that

Father Oré was never in Florida. This is stated as probable by 1 6 “ - Medina. Streit declares : aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach , ” war 1 7 i er selbst nicht in Flo rida gewesen . Means, who s a specialist on Andean history offers the following comments : “ ’ In 1604 he [O re] had published a Relacion d e los martires

u e ha habid o en r f es for a q la Flo ida, a work o some inter t th t part of American history . The fact that he, a Peruvian born , wrote about Florida puts him in the same class as the Inca 12 Garcilaso , with whom , at COrdova in 16 , he had friendly ” ’ n 1 8 h Relacion a d sympathetic contact . If this were SO , t e Of to Oré would have only a relatively mediocre value, owing the supposed fact that Oré described a country he had never vis i ted .

’ Internal criticism of the Relaci on proves that the work 1 for en could not have been printed before the year 16 7, it ds , with an account Of the second Visitation of Father Oré to Flori s n re da in November and December of the year 1616 . Thi the

’ in n o ses a a presents the term us a quo. The Relacilo discl th t Fr y Francisco Parej a was elected provincial of Florida in Decem

’ ber 1 e n a s a at the , 16 6 . In the same R lacio , Father Oré st te th t BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION xiii

o time he was writing it, Father Parej a was still pr vincial . In 2 view of the fact that Father Oré left Spain in . 16 0 as bishop of

Concepcion, Chile, where he was busily o ccupied in adminis

trativ e affairs till his death in 1629, in all likelihoo d , the

’ Relacion was published in Spain between the years 1617 and o o 1620. This w uld also co incide with the pr vincialship Of

P re M . o at a a. a a as o LO ez . . f Sa a F her j Fr y At n i p , O F , o nti g de Com ostella S ai who o e o f p , p n , edited the m dern diti n o the e a i o R l c én from which thi s translation was made, declared t

' the translator that the Relacién was not publi shed prior to n n 1617, but he was ot able to Offer a y clue as to the exact year 1 9 of the seventeenth century publication . There remain for consideration the labors Of Father Oré e from 1612 to 1629 . In 1612 Father Oré while in Spain receiv d

m e o s - e a commission fro Fray Antonio de Tr j O , c mmis ary gen r al of the Indies , to recruit a number o f friars for the growing mission field Of Flo rida. With his usual energy , Father Oré

- on gathered twenty one friars from the Province Of C cepciOn, r and accompani ed them as fa as Seville . These friars j ourn eyed to Florida under the leadership o f Fray Lorenzo Mar. tinez. An interesting event occurred during that year. At

COrdova, Father Oré Visited his. renowned countryman , Garci f i las o de la Vega. The friar asked the Inca for some copies o h s history Of Florida so that the new m1ssronar1es could acquaint themselves with the customs of the natives to whom they were about to minister. The Inca graciously acceded to the ’ friar s request and gave him several copies of La Florida d el In ca together with several books of the Comm en tari os Reales dealing with Peru . This meeting is not recorded by Father Oré

- 2 0 but by the Inca in the last mentioned work . The Inca stat ed , likewise that at the time Father Oré was uncertain as to whether he was going to accompany the friars to Florida as

o A o h r c mmissary or rem ain in Spai n . s a matter f fact e e a m ined in Spain .

1 14 a r In 6 , however, Fr y Juan de Vivanco , commissa y

' general of the Indies, ordered Father Oré to go to Florida and

Cuba and make a Visitation of the Province of Santa Elena . XiV BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION

Father Oré complied with this order and during the same year visited the friars laboring in the territories now known as hi Cuba, Hon da and Georgia. On t s occasion he gathered much valuable inf ormation in the form of written statements, on the progress of the Indian missions . Several of these i i ' e c n . sworn testimonies, Father Oré included bod ly in his R la o

After his visitation to the mainland , Father Oré returned to

Cuba. T - wo years later the mini ster general of the Order, di rected Father Oré to proceed to Florida once more in order to ’ hold another visitation and to conduct the canomcal elections. e e On this occasion , the bishop of Cuba, Fray Alonso H nriqu z

” o o a o z a Oré‘ to s F o a the a a de T led , uth ri ed F ther vi it l rid in c p c of o o ity episcopal delegate as well . Clothed with this tw f ld ah thorit n t s y , Father Oré sailed for Florida a d arrived at S . Augu u s tine O November 16, 1616. For the next two months, he wa busily engaged in visiting all the Indian missions of the prov z ince , conducting the visitation with apostolic eal as well as o with bec ming prudence. He has left us an interesting itin crary Of his visitation which forms the final chapter of the R la e cién .

or In all probability, Father Oré left the West Indies f

Spain in the year 1617 . There in 1619 he published his Life Of

St. Francis Solano and the work on the Rosary already men ti n i o ed . 1 for h On August 7, 1620 as a crowni ng reward s a se a o o on m ny u ful l b rs Philip III, appointed him bish p Of C

’ ce ciOn p , in Chile . Father Oré received episcopal consecration In S a and set o t f r h hi wa to p in u o is new field Of labor . On s y

Chile, he travelled through Peru Visiting the scenes Of his a a o 1 2 e rly l b rs as well as his friends and kinsfolk . In 6 2 he

’ oo o 2 1 t k p ssession of his cathedral in Concepcicm.

W o osi m r in to ou ith ut l ng much ti e, Father O é determ ed j r ney to the ChiloeIndians for none of his episcopal predecesso rs ha V the d ever isited that Indian territory . For an entire year, mIS Ion r - a S a y bishop travelled from island to island by c noe , attempting to bring the Indians Of Chiloe into closer relations i f with the Church . However, he fo und that h s new field o BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION XV labor was less promising in spiritual returns than his native o Peru . This fact, h wever, did not dampen his ardo r . Re to turning the mainland , Bishop Oré visited his parishes to I the north . Philip V consulted him as to the best manner of subjecting the militaristic Araucani ans to Spain . He answered the practical solution Of the difficulty lay in . withdrawing the Spanish troops from the territory and sending in their plac e missionaries, who would effect a spiritual and peaceful con quest . f r i n Despite Bishop Ore s reputation o learn ng a d sanctity , o i n c mpla nts reached Madrid , that he did not exercise the e ce sar s y caution in Ordaining to the priesthood , men with the H requisite qualities. is conduct probably , was guided by his

a o f r o ze l in desiring large c nversions o the present, overlo king the evil results that in all probability would accrue to the Church at a later period by unfit or unworthy men exercising i f the m nistry of the priesthood . The king took cognizance o

’ n r the complaint a d addressed a cedula to Bishop Oré , orde ing 22 him to desist from his imprudent actio ns in that matter. The cédu la a a of , rrived too late , however, to come into the h nds

s o for n 1 . Bi h p Oré , he died o January 31 , 629 R la ién f i u The e c o Father Oré , tho ugh contain ng much val

a i o a o i Of a it a . A a ble nf rm ti n, s unequal v lue in s p rts s a m tter of fact the first part of the work where Father Oré treats Of the early conquests Of Florida prio r to 1565 is quite Sketchy an f e d contains a number of errors. The intrinsic value o the R lacién lies in the details concerning the missionary work of

16 6 . the friars during the early days, especially from 1595 to 1 o f Therein is contained a veritable mine of informati n, some o i n s which s o btai nable from o other source . Father Oré ha left us brief biographical Sketches of the friars who went to Flo ri 1 f al da in 587 and in 1595. Besides a detai led account o the Gu e R d evolt and the captivity of Father Avila, Father Oré include accounts of his two formal visitations, thus speaking with the

- authority Of an eye witness Of the events he described .

i ' The perusal Of the Relac on Shows Father Oré to have o been a man of careful inquiry and observation . Th ugh he did xvi BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION

R o was a o a n not witness the Guale ev lt, he c ntempor ry of it, a d was in intimate connection with persons who gave reliable ih The r formation concerning it. gene al tenor of his work e o a shows th means he empl yed in Obt ining his inf ormation .

F r i a o 1 o h s acco unt Of the m rtyrd m Of the friars in 597, he used the Relacion of Fray Francisco Marrén who was the

Franciscan superior at St. Augustine at the time of the out h f break . For hi sac count of t e captivity o Father Avila, he used ’ the latter s own description of it, which was preserved in the ’ r a chi ves of Havana. In fact, he gives most of Avila s Re

' la i n o - r s o f c o verbatim . The same h lds good fo the te tim nies o 14 Fathers Parej a and Prieto given to him in 16 . On a num i u s ber of occasions, Father Oré s caref l to distingui h what he knew from documents or interviews and what he had from i hearsay . His account of h s second Visitation to Florida in 1 1 l r o 6 6 is most va uable, fo he traversed the whole missi n “ f area of Florida and Georgia on foo t or by means o a canoe .

’ n In its own unpretentious way , the Relacio of Father Oré takes its place am ong the many Narratives and Histories of r the early history of Florida, occasio ned by the va i ous military exploits and religious crusades made by the Spaniards in that F r r o l e region . o F anciscan history of the col nia p riod , the

’ Relaci on adds ano ther interesting chapter to that far-flung n Spiritual battle line of the Franciscan friars, which at o e time or another stretched from Santa Elena on the Atlantic to San Francisco on the Pacific in that area of the United States o n kn w as the Spanish borderlands.

The aim of the translator has been to preserve carefully

t pressi on in English . Father Oré proves to be very cryptic a s oh times in narrating events, and to overcome the re ulting r e n scurity o incomplet ness, copious notes have been added . I terminable Spanish sentences have b een broken up into their component parts . While the Spani sh text has captions o o a ee thr ugh ut indicating chapters , chapter numbers h ve b n ad ded in the translation . BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION xvii

‘ - f r e o t a elacién . O . F . M o p rmissi n o tr nslate the R into English M for r on Relacion 0 . F . . , pe missi to translate the in English .

to . o A and He is grateful Dr David Rubi , O . S. . , in particular to ‘ M o o i r Dr. F . B . Steck, O . F. . , b th of the Cath lic Un versity , fo their many hours of unselfish labor expended in comparing the Spanish and English texts as well as for the valuable sugges

e T . . tions giv n . o Dr J A . Rob ertson, archivist of the State of Maryland and curator of the Spani sh documents of the Flo rida

s o a oc e a o State Hi t ric l S i ty , s well as to Dr. J . T . Lanning f

Duke University , the translator is indebted for the use of their

extensive documentary material , needed for the elucidation of

the text, in the critical notes . Finally the translator wishes to thank the Franciscan Educational Conference for bringing this work of Father Oré to the attention Of the American pub

lic .

Maynard Geiger, O . F . M . The Catholic University of America

n . Washingto , D . C M 4 19 6 ay , 3

NOTES TO INTRODUCTION

1 Bi b liolte A ndin Philip A . Means , ca a (New Haven ,

p. 423. 2Most of the facts relative to the life of Father Oré were D O obtained from José Toribio Medina, iccionari o Bi ogrdfico C

loni a o MD M I 612- 1 al de Chile (Santi g de Chile, C V ) pp . 6 5, and

i Bi i te H s hil e 1 2 - 1 1 José Toribio Med na, bl o ca i m na, ( 5 3 8 7)

sim 2 - (Santiago de Chile, I , pas , especially 1 7 132. 3Quechua was spoken in the area of Lima while A ymaré of a th o was the language the Indi ns farther sbu . Acc rding to no onl two e linguists , these are t y distinct languages but th y

belong to two different lingui stic families. 4 Bibl ot Hi an o— le Cited from Medina, i eca sp Chi na , I, 86 . The author of the dedi catory sonnet called upon the Peruvian Indi ans to arise from the Sleep of paganism and in the light f e o the Christian faith to sail over a tranquil sea to et rnity . xviii BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION

The translation of the final words Of the sonnet is as follows “ o s to o wa to s a And if you sh uld de ire kn w the y thi pl cid , n o v ou a nor pleasing, a d empiric p rt ; e en if y h ve neither guide o o wh i o f a pilot, Fray Luis Ger nim de Oré , o s w rthy o gre t o ear o o praise, will show it to y u cl ly in y ur wn language by ” means Of his learned book . The use of the adjective em piric refers to the necessity of the Indians finding the desired haven through repeated efforts coupled with the knowledge gained by experience . 51 bid . , p . 105.

6I - i . b d , pp . 101 103. 7I i b d . , p . 96 . 8I i b d . , p . 127 . 9The mod ern ed ition of the Relaci on of Father Oré was

19 1 L . published in 3 at Madrid by Fray Atanasio opez, O . F

’ ’ M t n o en . , under he title : Relaci o histori ca d e la Fl rida escrita c l siglo XVII, Vol . I . ° 1 Ensayo cron ologi co para la historia gen eral d e la Flo rid a (Madrid, p . 181 . 1 1 La Florida su con quista y colonizacwn por Ped ro

’ ’ M en end ez d c A vil es (Madrid , II , p . 733. i 1 2E tom e M p , ( adrid , II , c . 619 . 3 1 ib lioteca His an Am eri t t B p o can a Sep en ri on al ( 2 ed it ,

Mexico , II , 359 . 1 4 Bi bli ote a Miss n c i o um 9 . (Aachen , II , 3 4 1 5 na Bibli ote Hi n - 1 ca a o h e 14 . Medi , sp C il na, I , Ibi d . , p . 115. 1 "Bibli oteca Missi onu m , II , 395. 1 8Bibli oteca An din a, p . 424 . Le e of a a tt r Fr y Atanasio LOpez to the translator, Santi o Com ostella Ma 14 g de p , y , 1935. 20Comm en tari os Real 4 es (Madrid, p . 60.

e a Bib lioteca - - H a i . M din , isp n o Ch lena, I , 129 130 2 2 na Diccionari B e o i nial Chil 15 . Medi , ogrdfico Colo d e , p . 6 xx CONTENTS

NARRATIVE OF THE GREAT HARDSHIPS WHICH FA THER AVILA ENDURED DURING THE YEAR AND A HALF IN WHICH HE WAS CAPTIVE AMONG THE

REBEL INDIANS, AND OF THE DEATH AND MARTYR D A OM OF FATHER VER SCOLA , A NATIVE OF VIZCAYA

IX HOW THE INDIANS OF THE PROVINCE OF GUALE ER WERE BROUGHT INTO SUBJECTION . CONC NING THE GREA T SUCCESS OF THE RELIGIOUS IN THE CONVERSION OF THE INDIANS OF FLORIDA

X OTHER THINGS THAT HAPPENED To THE RELIGIOUS IN THIS MISSION FIELD ; AN ACCOUNT OF THE GREAT PROVINCE OF APALACHE

XI CONCERNING THE FIRST PROVINCIAL CHAPTER OF THIS PROVINCE OF FLORIDA AND THE STATUS AND DISPOSITION OF ITS AFFAIRS AN ACCOUNT OF THE MARTYRS OF THE PROVINCES OF F R LORIDA : TWELVE ELIGIOUS OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS, WHO

SUFFERED IN JACAN , AND FIVE OF THE ORDER OF OUR SERAPHIC F FATHER SAINT RANCIS, IN THE PROVINCE OF GUALE . OF I FEKED ALSO , s A DESCRIPTION OF JACAN WHERE THE ENGLISH HAVE FORTIFIED THEMSELVES ; AND OF OTHER MATTERS

TIVE TO THE CONVERSION OF THE INDIANS.

n a L s Hier nim r of Writte by F ther ui O o de O é, Theology and Commissary of the Province of Santa Elena of

Florida and the Island of Cuba.

a o n e a In the ye r bef re a y oth r Sp niard , Juan Ponce n ho w f n de LeO w as o k ightly rank, and a native of the city of 2 n h LeOn, a d w o had been governor of the island of San Juan R de Puerto ico, discovered the coast and mainland of the king dom of Florida. Because he discovered it on Easter Sunday (which fell on the 27th of March) he bestowed the name a f r Florid upon it , o among Spaniards this most solemn day i Pas Flo s called cua rida. He found it lying north of the island

of a. Cub He was satisfied with having discovered it, j ust as in other regions others were engaged in the discovery of vari o n 3 us islands a d countries .

Such was the case of the island of Madeira, discovered by 4 the Inf ante Don Enrique, son of the King of Portugal . A learn ed man and an accomplished mathematician, the Infante due to hi s studio us enterprises succeeded in reaching still oth n r er lands . At hi s ow expense he caused ma itime enterprises to be undertaken from Portugal to Madeira and other islands of ha that region, where, pious prince that he was, he d the faith of Christ preached , about the year It was he who awakened the desires Of Christopher CO 6 e o ai lumbus, who two years afterwards s t out fr m Sp n, sent r i a o a al e by the Catholic Kings . He discove ed H sp ni l , c l d 7 o 8 r Fernandina, and peopled the city of Santo Doming , a ich l o of port . The other islands : Cuba, Jamai ca, and al th se ar o n o9 s o n o and s B l ve t were di c vered, the c nquered ettled by f i in Spani ards . Before the arrival o the Span ards, they were i habited by innumerable Indians, who , in all parts of these s n 1 " lands, have dwindled a d die .

Juan Ponce de b een returned some years af terwards1 1 to Florida by virtue of the favor which the Catholic Kings grant n r a In ted him to govern a d conque it . When he l nded , the di ans resisted him and struggled valorously against him until 3 4 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

they routed him and killed nearly all his soldiers. Only sev en o 1 2 escaped , amo ng whom was Juan P nce . Mir el 1 3 After this a pilot named u o , the own er of a caravel , ’ reached Florida owing to a s torm which took him thither. a n However, he neglected to survey the l nd a d take the latitude , on f f which he should have do ne by reas o his Of ice. M n 1 5 of At the same time, Lucas Vasquez de AyllO , oidor the Royal A udi en cia of Santo D omingo and j udge of the ap pellate court (an institution in vogue on the island before the

“ “ n a 3 ni o establishment Of the A udi e ci with Six compa ns, armed two ships1 7 and sailed through those islands Their purpose was to search for and bring back Indians in order to make them work in the gold mines which they conj ointly owned . The Ships arri ved in a storm at a cape which they called Santa

E 1 8 - ni r a lena because it was her feas t day . The Spa a ds l nded at a river which they called Jordan because this was the nam e 1 9 of the mariner who first saw it.

Soon the Indians approached them to see the ships, n startled over a thing for them so strange and novel . I dians and Spaniards treated each other in a friendly manne r so that the Spaniards succeeded in inviting the Indians to enter their n ee W 2 0 o ships a d s hat they had bro ught in them . M re than a and a hundred thirty Indians went aboard . When the Sp n iards saw o o a o and them g bel w the decks, they Shipped nch r oo to sa for n t k il Santo Domi g o . One Of the two Ships was os ut l t, b the Indians who remained in the other, although they a e at Sa o o f and hun rriv d nt D mingo, preferred to die O grief for e a ger, they refused to eat, enraged over the dec it pr cticed on m u 2 1 the nder the guise of fri endship .

i On In the year the o d or , Lucas Vasquez de Al , o armed three ships in Santo Domingo . Meanwhile, Emper r Charles V honored him with the habit of the Order of Santiago and bestowed on him the title of Governor of the province Of C o a t a o Miruelo s o e hic r , h t pr vince which the pilot di c ver d , but who e to it o n glected determine its latitude and take s positi n . One of the ships was lost in the River Jordan but again joined o a of o a the c mp ny the ther two along the coast, and reached MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 5

‘ oi dor o an pleasant stretch of country . The c mm ded two hun dred soldiers to land in order to go and see the Indian town a a which was three leagues inland . The n tives reg led the Spani ards with festivities and dances which lasted for three

one . ans su s all days . Then night, the Indi ddenly lew them , whereby they avenged themselves for the former trick of the

ff a to o . Spaniards, when these carried o the Indi ns mine g ld 1 f D n o a In the year 539, by order o o Antonio de Mend z , as oro a o?4 et Viceroy of New Spain , Captain Juan V quez C n d s

o nd o out to explore Florida. He disc vered a expl red much ex cellent land but was unable to colonize it owing to many diffi l 25 a cu ties . About the very same time, Panfilo de N rvaez en ter d n o a b ll ani a ho e a d expl red Florid , ut he with a the Sp rds w an a Nufi ez a a a accomp ied him were lost , except Alv r C bez de V ni 2 6 T o id ca and three other Spa ards . o these G d gave such a that among those infidels, they worked miracles in the name of o D m/m Chri st, as Father Joseph de Acosta in his bo k, e Na

’ n o r 2 7 m o bis, and o ther wri ters regard them . 1 In the same year 539, Hernando de Soto went to Florida

e tta 2 8 with the title of ord lm d o . He had been a resident of the city of Cuzco and was one of the first and oldest conquerors of

Peru . De Soto was with Marquis Pizarro at Cassamarca in f the prison o Atahualpa Inca. Because De Soto was the first a who w n n Sp niard sa him a d spoke to him , he e tertained an a f r 29 o ffection o him . Powerful king that he was, and th ugh a ri so hi own o n a p ner in s h use a d country , through the aud city of o n an th se few a d valiant men , he gave him ri ch presents d sa keep kes . With these and the part which fell to him owing to m the i prisonment and de spoli atio n of so powerful a king , he returned to Spain and went to his own district which was V a u a a 3 0 ill n ev de Barcarrot , having in hi s possession a hundred ou 31 m sa a s . T a o a th nd duc t his m unt made him a very rich n . for at that time there was not in Spain so much gold and silver as was o br ught in later .

Not satisfied with the hardships endured in the conquest of s to n Peru , he wi hed undertake similar hazards . So with i s s E i tence, he entreated mperor Charles of glorious memory , 6 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

a w e o o his co at a o th t h n he w uld h ld urt V llad lid , he should a o of o n F grant him the f v r c nqueri g the kingdom of lorida. s s to a o s at hi s own Thi he wi hed cc mpli h expense and ri sk . For this purpose he was willing to spend his fortune and life in the service of the king. This favo r was granted with the result that he came in the year 1539 with seven galleons and n o n ni ne hundred a d fifty Spaniards, n t counting the sailors a d ff e wh o a 32 naval o ic rs o f rmed a gre t number . Besides, there e a i s an o f t w re secul r pr est , d religi us o the Orders of S . Do

° n r n i n 33 minic a d St. F a c s, a d a Trinitarian . On the island of o m o Cuba mo re people j ined him , a ng whom was a knight, a P l conqueror of the island , named Vasco orca lo de Figueroa.

- Him he made captain general of the whole army . e B The armada arriv d at the ay of Espiritu Santo , at a place the Indians called Pohoi . From here he commenced the n discovery a d conquest of very great provinces, such as n A r A in n o u Apalache a d cue a, v u a d others thr ugh which he e er n o and t ed Apalache . Going o great j urneys he came upon “ conquered the provinces up to the Great River where he died . Amid tears of sorrow they buried him in the middle of the o e ri ver, in a tree, hollowed in the manner of a c ffin which th y n ak ow covered with wood ; a d with a heavy trunk of o , they l o ered him to the bottom of the river, lest the Indians, in m ck i i ? who e d ery , cut h s remains to p ecesfi The governor succe de ea 36 o him, and whom De Soto had appointed b efore hi s d th , t o e o r gether with the captains and the other pe ple, s t ut ove unknown lands to the city of Mexico where they separated and ' 3 7 went to live in different parts of that kingdom . Although both Spani ards and Indians (who are very war ar o or e like, of unconquerable spirits, and valiant w ri rs) perf m d uf great military deeds, enco untered huge difficulties and s fered hunger and fatigue — things worthy of honor and ever ’ lasting memory— it was not God s will that with such a large n an f body of so ldiers a d horses, they should settle y part o o e that king dom ; but rather, being continually on the m ve, th y were always di scovering new lands and great provinces thickly populated with Indians.

8 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA gun los Computistas se celebré aquel ano a los veinte y siete de ” o e Marco . Fray Lui s Ger nimo de Oré obtain d hi s knowled ge ’ of the correct year of Florida s discovery from the Inca W hom

a a 1612. r he met at Cordova, Sp in in the ye r Father O é, a cre ole and native of Peru was naturally interested in meeting hi s o renowned countryman, wh s e writings even to day are inval l r w a uab e. At that time Father O é as eng ged in s ending to e Florida some Franciscan friars . He ask d the Inca for some T copies of hi s hi story of that country . o this request the Inca r a e a lorida espo nded by giving to F ther Oré , three copi s of L F d l Inca f n en e , and four copies o the Cm m tari os Reales, relating

‘

f . V omm en to the his tory o Peru id e C trwi os Reales (Madrid ,

l ns a r o i 4 0. o a E o o n lo r his p . 6 A s , Barci , y C g co pa a la toria e neral Flor 2 1 1 Flor d g de la id a (Madri d , 17 3) p . 8 . La i a d el Inc a was first published at Lisbon in 1605 ; the Oom m en ta R les 9 o ri os ea a L o 1 . a a , t isb n , in 60 The p tent uth rizing “ ” Ponce de Leon to discove r and settle the Islands of Beniny w 2 as s a 2 151 . w s a oss igned , Febru ry 3, It as phy ic lly imp ible for this pate nt to reach the navigato r in time to enable him to fit out his vessels and di scover Florida by March 27 of the

o s o s same year . A concise explanation of how m dern hi t rian have solved the problem and determined the date of discovery “ as 1513 Th e R o f o c is contained in Frederick Davis, ec rd o P n e ’ L o s f Florid a Histori cal de e n s Di covery o Florid a, The

i et ter — So c r l 4 1 . y Qua y , XI 1 5

2 i I r o Fl . es Garcilas de la Vega, in La or da del nca, p 3, w it “ that Ponce de Leon was a Cavallero Natural del Reyno de ” “ of an Leon . Lowery , citing Herrera, says he was a native S ” Servas in the province of Campos and the kingdom of Leon T n t t th P Li i t Cf . he Spa ish Set lem en ts wi hin e res ent m s of t t - 1 d he i t 1 1 . 13 . Un ed Sta es , 1 51 3 1 561 (New York, 90 ) p (Cite ni t e a a s h et lem n t . herein fter as Sp S s, I)

“ 3T h f s hav i s sentence o Father Oré , he was sati fied with ” ingd iscovered it, is more clearly expressed by the Inca : Con tentose Juan Ponce de Leon solo con vér que era Tierra Firme, o ” i Isla, vino aEspaiia. La Flor da del Inca, p . 3. MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 9

4 o o Prince Henry of Portugal , comm nly kn wn as the Navi gato r. 5 Father Ore is in error here . He misses the date of Prince ’ Henry s death by thirty years " Prince Henry died November Th S anish Con t Am 1 146 . A s e ue eri 3, 0 rthur Help , p q s in ca

(New York, I , 39 . note . See also : Atanasio Lopez , 0 . F .

’ ’ e ion hist ri ol Florida escri t en c si M . , ed . , R lac o ca e la a l glo “ 1 n . E : . XVII (Madri d , I , 56, ote He writes Infante D

l 1 no- ie b r Enri que , llamado cl Navegante, murio e 3 re v m e de e He cites as his autho rity the work of D . Antonio Ca

’ eneal i Cas Rea r tano de So usa, Historia g og ca d e a l Po tageza 1 h o of Lo e e (Lisbo n, II , 10. T is w rk p z will be cited her

’ inafter as Relacion histori ed

6 - f . Thirty two years afterwards. C . note 5 7 e Fer Th island was called Isla Espanola by Columbus .

' i w i a o ot o nand na as the name g ven to Cub , th ugh n fr m the beginning .

8The city of Santo Domingo was founded by Bartholomew ’ n Columbus in 1496 during Chri stopher s absence in Spai n . Sa to Domingo is the oldest European settlement in the Amer

9 Barlovento , or the Lesser Antilles were known to the

Spaniards but no settlements of account were made on them .

1 0 ’ B f . r n y the time o Father O é s visit to the Caribbea , the is lands of the area had declined in prosperity and population for a number of reasons : the greater attractions of the continent, especially Mexico and Peru ; the death of the Indians ; and the o inr ads made by foreign filibusters. See : Bolton and Marshall ,

Th ni t N rt - e Colo za ion of o h Am eri ca, 1 492 1 783 (New York ,

p . 67.

1 1 In 1521 .

1 2Ponce de Leon died in Cuba shortly after returni ng from

Florida. His death resulted from an arrow wound received in o the enc unter with the Floridian I ndians .

1 3 Diego de Miruelo, in 1516.

14 e This expedition was sponsored by Vasqu z de Ayllon , 10 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

who , however, remained at home . The pilot of the exped itio n was Francisco de Gordillo . I s n A auditor of the court . “ 1 6 In 1 11 a f e 5 , a tribun l o ind pendent royal j udges was constituted in the colony of Espanola to try cases appealed ” o a s a and from the t wn m gi tr tes the governor. Charles H . i a The A udi en ci a in the anis h n Cunn ngh m , Sp Co loni es ( U iv . of

i Pu bli cati on in Histor - Cal . s IX e f y, Berkeley , , 10 11 . Th usual date gi ven for the establishment of the audi encia is Sep h h en 14 2 . tember , 15 6 T at t e audi cia existed earlier, however , i i e ni . i . s very probable . V d Cun ngham , op c t p . 19, note .

1 7 n Ayllén sent o e ship . The two vessels are explained by the fact that Gordillo was j oined by Pedro Quexos in the Ln ex h n a o cayas . Qu os ad been out o the C rib hunting expediti n Lo a and was returning home when he met Gordillo . wery , Sp ish ettlem en 1 - S ts , I , 54 155.

1 8 E w n on o Santa lena as ot named thi s occasi n , but later ’ n f A ll n R a i e by o e o y é s pilots. Mary oss, The Sp n sh Settl ment of Santa Elena (Port Royal) in The Georgia His tori arter cal Qu ly , IX (1925) 352.

1 9 Jordan was one of the captains of the second A yllén ex tion 1 2 Lo anish e tlem ent 165 pedi in 5 6 . wery , Sp S t s, I , . “ h o f Not, however, before t e Indians to k to light at the an r appearance of the well dressed Spani ards. The Sp iards pu e a sued them and captured two . These w re sent b ck to call is h o o d . Lo an the others . C nfidence was then rest re wery , Sp

t e e - Set l m n ts, I , 155 156 .

2 1 u e es Lowery , citing Gomara says the same . H ng r strik s in modern times are nothi ng new . Nor was this the fir t o anish ettle time Indians preferred death to submissi n . Sp S m ents, I , 157 .

22Quexos who went ahead of the main expedi tion in 1525 1526 he had ix had two ships . When Ayllon sailed in July , , s

nish et m ents 1 64 . ships . Lowery , Spa S tle , I ,

This story of poetic j ustice is given by Garcilaso de la ’ V L Flor d e n a on f be a a id l I . A ll n co ail eg , a c , p . 4 y o s l y ed MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 11

n of o . A ll n cause of the cold winter a d lack fo d y é himself died , o and after that, internal dissension c mpleted the ruin . ’ 24 The explorer s name was Francisco Vasquez de Coronado o n a o o a as given by Pedr de Casta ed , wh acc mp nied the Coro wh i o a a nado expedition and o becam e ts hist ri n . F ther Oré

o writes that Coronado set out to disc ver Florida. The regions f o no a north o Mexic were k wn only in a hazy m nner, while the

Florida of that day included all the hinterland: from Newfo und ’ n B r n o land to Texas . O e has only to read arcia s Ensayo C o logi co and the documents of the period to realize what a wide ri extent Flo da had . Pedro de Castaneda in his narrative of

o a o h ] the C ron d expedition , throws light on t e hazy ideas eu tertained: at the time with regard to the geography of the “ north . Concerning New Mexico he writes For exam ple , o a n s me m ke it a uninhabitable country , others have it border

on ori a an o on a a o s ing Fl d , d still thers Gre ter Indi , which d e ” n t f o a ea to . . pp r be a slight di fference C . F . W . Hodge, ed

an ish Ex l or e n t ern n ta - Sp p rs i the Sou h U ited S tes , 1 528 1 543

2 2 . (New York , p . 8 2 5In 1 2 5 8.

2 6 a a a o o e en C bez de Vac , D rantes , Mald nado and Est v , the

negro . They reached Mexico in 1536. Too often it is for gotten that there was a fifth survivor, Juan Ortiz who had be en left in Florida and who was rescued by the members of ‘ i a the De Soto expedition . V d e Francis Borgia Steck , C p ’ ” l ri Fr n is ral 19 tain John Smith in F o da, a c can He d , XXIV ( 36)

81-83 n 1 4 - 1 a d 0 07 .

’ 2 7 Cabeza de Vaca s account of the cures among the Indians

hi n a id e . o e an is gi ven in s ow narr tiv e . V F W . H dge , d . , Sp

- sh E lorers in th o thern nit t t 1 28 1 5 3 . i xp e S u U ed S a es 5 4 , pp

- F n i i n f see 76 78. or a interest ng d scussm o the reputed cures,

n m n t - i Histori a Lowery , Spa ish Settle e s I , 456 457 . Acosta in h s

t r In di 1 4 ri s a ou n a u al y m oral d e las as (Madrid , 89 ) w te b t os a Cabeza de Vaca and the circumstances of the cures . Ac t , ’ i 4 5 a o t a a a a op c t , II , 3 7 348. Acost s w rk appeared a S l m nc in “ ha 1 L n 1 9 s . s s 589 in atin, a d at Seville in 5 0 in Spani h It ince A a s appeared in a number of editions . s the title indic te , 12 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

’ Acosta s Historia natural y moral is physical and ethnical n Hi rather than po litical a d military . s purpose was to pre sent a history of the Indi ans themselves as well as: to make

' known the causas y razon of the new and strange things in

t . the Indies, Acosta, op . ci , I , xiii 2 8The asi en to and capi tulacion between the emperor and

De Soto were executed at Valladolid , April 20, 1537. Lowery , n t e Spa ish Set l m en ts , I , 215. ” m o From Cassa arca or Caj amarca, Pizarro sent Hernand de Soto with thirty horsemen ahead to interv iew Atahualpa. Wri ters disagree as to the manner in which Atahualpa received

o o Fal o the In ca Em ir an the De S t . Philip A . Means, l f p e d

- anis u l P 1 1 . Sp h R e in eru : 530 780 (New York, p. 30 ’ After Atahualpa s capture , De Soto stoutly opposed having the ’ r o Inca murde ed . The murder was accomplished in De S to s

a s i . b ence . Against this act he registered h s fierce protest

n t - Mea s , op . ci . pp . 44 45. ” Villanueva de Barcarrota is in the province of Badaj oz o in s uthwestern Spai n, adj oini ng Portugal . ’ 3 1 o e From Atahualpa s ransom , Pizarro and the c nqu rors were able to obtain pesos in gold and marks o f silver . From this amount was deducted the royal fifth w m i re o . l t In E which as sent t Spain Means, Fa l of he ca p , e p . 36 . Garcilaso de la Vega writes that De Soto rec ived over ’ . r e . e f his ducats. Father O es statem nts as well as som o

- a . re In 1 2 phr ses a taken from La Florida d el ca, pp . . ” I s i L Fl n . Thi number s given in a orida d el ca, p . 9 The “ Gentleman of Elvas says Six hundred men in all followed ” i the to o a. L . ni Ex lorers n him Fl rid T . H . ewis, cd , Spa sh p Southern nite ta U d S tes, p. 139. ” One of the purposes of the De Soto expedition was the o i o of f o wa c nvers n the natives o Florida. This purp se s ex n pressed i the royal grant . Twelve priests in all accompanied

De Soto, eight of whom were secular priests, and four of whom o m o bel nged to religious Orders. The na es of only f ur secular o priests have come down to us : Rodrigo de Gallegos, Dieg n elo r L a s a sco del Po o ioni o de a is. s de B u , Fr nci g , D si P ui de MARTYRS or FLORIDA 13

Soto and Juan de Gallego s were Dominicans ; Juan de Torres n l Ro was a Franciscan ; a d Francisco de a cha was a Trinitarian . i el In a F r f h o La Flor da d c , p . 9 . o details o t e religi us aspects i M “ A of the expedition , r d e F . B . Steck , O . F . . , Neglected s ” -Ame peets of the De Soto Expedition , Mid ri ca, IV

3- 26

4 1 The Mississ pp1. 35 Garcilas o de la Vega gives a very detai led account of De ’ Soto s burial . He was first buried in the earth and later low

ri n a - ered into the Mississippi . La Flo da d el I c , pp . 208 209 . 36 n o a L d e When he felt death coming o , De S to n med uis Moscoso de Alvarado as his successor and commanded the of ficers of the expedition. to obey him until the king of Spain n 2 should ordain otherwise . La Florida d el I ca, p . 07 . 3 7 Some of the remaining members of the expedition r stayed in Mexico b ut the maj ority went to Peru. La Flo ida l In a 4 d e c , p . 26 . ” ’ The royal ced ula giving Fray Luis Cancer permitssio n to

o to 4 Lo g Flori da was given to him December 28, 15 7. wery , anish ttlem ents S e 41 . p S , I , 7 3” ’ The usual form in which the friar s name is found is n a o Cancer . His full name was Fray Luis Ca cer de B rbastr . i n L an s t e en 11 . He was a Aragonese . owery , Sp h Set l m ts, I , 4 ” Those who accompanied Fray Luis. were : Fray Gregorio de Beteta, Fray Juan Garcia, and Fray Diego de Tolosa. A

o . an f urth member was an oblate named Fuentes. Lowery , Sp ish ettlem en t S s, I , 418. 4 1 L n a Fray uis Cancer , Fray Juan Garcia a d the obl te were ho e k anish the three w w re illed by the Indians. Lowery , Sp

ettlem en t 1- S s , I , 42 427 .

4 2The French made their first settlement along the Florida “ o 1 2 i - c ast in 56 under Jean R b aut. He erected on a sand hill ea o of ri o on n r the m uth the ver [St. Johns] a stone c lumn , a which were engr ved the French arm s, the date, and the name of o f the c mmander o the expedition . Woodbury Lowery , The Spanish Settlem ents within the Present Limits of the

United States Flori 1 5 - 1 5 , da, 62 1 57 ; (New York, 190 ) pp. 33 14 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

H o t a Lo 4 . a s r 3 ( erein fter thi w rk will be referred o s we y , n ett e en ts Rib aut not a ish l m . Sp S , II ) did found a settlement there but passed on to Port Royal in So uth Carolina where he as and t a established a French b e then returned o Fr nce . At

Port Royal a se cond column was raised . Hernando Manrique Ro a to ori a 1564 to r o o a de j s went Fl d in car y ut the r y l orders , n among which was the o e to tear down the French columns.

n on t He was unable to locate the o e the S . Johns b ut succeeded in securing the column at Port Royal . This was taken aboard L ani ettlem en ts n a. o ship a d transferred to Havan wery , Sp sh S ,

-4 II , 35 and 47 8. i wa ft 1564 . This date s correct but it s only two years a er the founding of the colony of Rib aut that a second was

re t . established by Réné de Laudonnié . Stopping at the S Johns River Laudonniére found the Rib aut column which t o o h . . s Manrique de Roj as ad failed to locate On the S J hn , F rt i Caroline was built and there the colony made ts settlement .

t - L anish et le en ts 4 58. owery , Sp S m , II , 5

16 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA and o t c nquered the French a dawn , sacking the fort and taking o f 7 p ssession o what was in it .

a a a a e a When the French rm d rrived n ar C pe Canaveral ,

a o t . thirty le gues fr m S Augustine, a wind storm hit it with such force that it was stranded . The peo ple went on land and then travelled along the beach toward the north in search of e n their fort . The ad la tad o held for certain that the ship wreck of the enemy had taken place owing to the violent storm n o 8 hi a f they e c untered . With s inf ntry he went to the pass o the b r of z ore n a Matan as, five leagues bef o e arrives at St. Augus tine from the south . There Jean Rib aut and the greater num ber of the people of his armada arrived and when he was t about to pass there, the ad elan ad o sent him a message com manding him to surrender , at the same time stating that the

o had e a e o f f rt already b en t k n . In testim ny o this, the ad elantad o sent him at the same time the keys of the fo rt to i gether with a hat of the French general . When R b aut rea lized f om such evident signs o defeat , he surrendered . The c pany crossed over in a bark and the Spaniards beheaded them l 9 o a l . Those who escaped into the interior, afterwards came t the same end .

a el n t to After this Victorious event, the d a ad o returned Rib a t t. f o a u S Augustine by way o the seash re, leaving Je n , the French general in the custody of a captain named Bayona.

To the latter the order had been given that along the b each “ he would find a lance planted in the ground and that he should 1 0 a kill Rib aut at that place . Thi s he did , st bbing him with a a poniard . Because the French were killed at that b r, [the ni 1 1 ad elantad o had Spa ards named it Matanzas. After the to a a a and strengt hened the fort at St. Augustine he went H v n notified the king of what had taken place .

Within eight months there came storeships filled with the ca on an . a provisions, muniti s d supplies With them c me p

- Ar a o a ousa re tain general , Sancho de ciniega, with b ut th nd 1 2 ad elan tado lief troops. By o rder of the king , with them the 1 3 fortified four presidios from the Bay of Carlos to Santa MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 17

E a 1 4 d i t i len , ivid ng he nfantry among them . Because ships os a a o M t m were l t every ye r l ng the coast of a acu b e, owing to u s ss of o s a a a the n killfulne the pil t in the B h ma Ch nnel , the a s ani wh o n Indi n killed the Sp ards o t ok refuge o the beach . A s ‘ ’ a su a a ar s w re lt they c lled the pl ce The M tyr hich perhaps, so f or me were their deaths took on the nature of martyrdom , aus 1 5 bec e they died as Catholics at the hands of the infide .

S a a s. who a o s The p ni rd rem ined in the f rt , which they f built in dif erent parts, made some incursions and had many ou e enc nters with the warlike Indians. All of that coast ar a w rlike, particularly those of Santa Elena and the surround

i ri . . er ng dist ct In these enco unters many people died , or suff ed u ri o h nger, p vations and great hardships. They b re up with s o t s the e, h wever, defending particularly the forts of S . Augu an tine d Santa Elena.

NOTES

’ 1 Pedro Menéndez de Avilés was the ad elan tado s proper name . 2The asi en to entered into between Philip II and Men endez

‘ 1 o a de Aviles was dated March 20, 565. Acc rding to the sever l t in provisions of the asi en o, Menendez was to divide the land

e r i s o two to r pa tim entos among the five hundred settler , f und n a a o o s and towns, introduce horses a d cattle, t ke l ng religi u above all dri ve out the French by whatever mean s he saw

t 1 - 14 nish ettlem en s 42 3. fit . Lowery , Spa S , II , 3 The royal officials on who-m devo lved the duties of ruling ’ the province at the time of Father O‘res wri ting were the gov

u a o a nd a o . cr o r, the treasurer, the cc unt nt, a the f ct r 4 The son here referred to was Don Juan Menendez . He was wrecked off the Bermudas on a return tri p from Mexico . “ t t nish et lem en s 139 . Lowery , Spa S , II , 5Menéndez encountered four French ships at the mouth of Lo r S anish n 4 1565. the St. Johns River o September , we y , p 18 MARTYRS or FLORIDA

Settlem en ts 1 55. s wa , II, Thi s twelve leagues nOrth of St.

Augustine . Later a Franciscan mission was founded in the n n vicinity a d called Sa Juan del Puerto . 6 a ars to no o f There ppe be rec rd o a quarrel . Menendez and his council of captains differed as to whether the French

s ou a a and . Lo e h ld be tt cked then there wery , Spanish Settl m t 1 - en s , II , 55 156 .

7The s o o of o tr ngh ld the French , F rt Caroline, was taken b y surprise by Menendez and hi s soldiers on the morning of “

September 20. Orders were given to spare the women and o children . F rt Caroline was rechri stened Fort San Mateo in

o of hon r St. Matthew, whose feast fell on September 20. Low

nish ett e t - S a l m en 1 2 1 . ery , p S s, II , 7 80

’ 8 Menéndez s surmise that the French had been wrecked became an assurance when Indi ans from the so uth notified ’ f i nis tlem en t o R baut s i as . o a h et s him d s ter L wery , Sp S , II ,

1 - 1 89 90.

’ 9 Ten of Rib aut s men who stated they were Catholics were saved from execution through the interposition of Father o anish Mendoza, the chaplain of St . Augustine . L wery , Sp

ettle en ts 1 - S m , II , 93 194 .

1 0Jean Eihaut and his men were executed the very sam e of eveni ng at a spot pointed out by Menendez . The place their ’ execution was a line drawn in the sand by Menendez s spear .

Lo anish tlem ent 1 4 . wery , Sp Set s, II , 9

1 1M t n a s a er means to slay . Mata zas means sl ughtering

1 2 His 1566 . A rciniega a rrived at St . Augustine in June, fleet comprised seventeen ships , fifteen hundred men, five n Low S anish Set hundred sailors a d plentiful supplies. ery , p

n 2 -2 tlem e ts , II , 55 56.

1 3 The Bay of Carlos was in the territory of the Caloosa Vid e or Carlos Indi ans in the southwestern part of Florida.

10. n s tt em en e . 2 Lowery , Spa i h Se l ts, II , map opposit p ” 1 Santa Elena was the seco nd Spani sh city to b e founded

ri a i a Sou Ca o a. in Flo da. It was loc ted on Parr s Isl nd , th r lin “ f a ta E a o Mary Ross, The Spanish Settlement o S n len (P rt MARTYRS or FLORIDA 19

1 8 The eor ia Histori cal rter X Royal) in 57 , G g Qua ly, I

353.

1 5 According to Lowery , who cites Herrera, the Martyr Islands or Los Mdrtires were so named by Ponce de Leén on his first voyage of discovery In Florida, because the high ” r rocks looked at a distance like men who a e sufferi ng . Low r anish tt t 41 i o e y , Sp Se lem en s, I , 1 . It s quite p ssible that the term Los Mdrtires was given a new signification in the course of time by reason of the many lives lost there by shipwreck n a d Indian killings. THE DISCOVERY OF JACAN , AND THE MARTYRDOM or R S THE TWELVE ELIGIOU OF SOCIETY OF JESUS.

b o the a 15 0 e A ut ye r 7 , while the ad lan tado, Pedro Me néndez was o s di o of g verning the pre i s Florida, a ship from or of Sa a E a os it o the p t nt len , l t s c urse towards the north , at a latitude of degrees and put into a large b ay which the sa o a the B f 1 o il rs c lled ay o Madre de Dios. From am ng some d a w o In i ns ho came ab ard they retained a young caciqu e, whom oo alo w to S a a s n they t k ng ith them p in, where fter in tructi g him In the faith , they baptized him and gave him the name L 2 T uis . he king o rdered that the necessary sustenance be given him all the time he rem ain ed in Spain . They placed f him with the fathers of the Society o Jesus to b e educated .

In the year 15773 the ad elan tado brought fifty settlers to Florida and divided them between the two forts of Santa 4 E n Oll o- a 15 8 t lena a d St. Augustine . In the f wing ye r, 7 , eigh religious of the Society came for the purpose of converting the natives of Florida. When they arrived they exercised their i o min stry in Santa Elena, while two of them went to the pr v t s ince of Guale, fourteen leagues from there, between S . Augu ne a s . tine and Santa Elena, in orde r to instruct the n tive O e Escamacu went to the northern district , to a provinc called , e a e a taking in his company a b oy of ten years of ag , n m d Ju n To a a . de Lara, a son of a settler, in order to learn the l ngu ge s day Juan de Lara lives at St. Augustine . After erving the r n o ress natives fo a year a d a half, considering the little pr g E a w that he made , the father returned to Santa len , here the other religi ous were .

Father Alamo (this was the nam e Of one of the religions of that Congregation) went to Spain5 to give an account to his superiors of the condi tion and character of the natives of that 20 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 21

n of a r land , a d the meagre progress he m de among them . Fo , owing to their resistance and obduracy , the fathers did not to a z n ri i o 6 deem it fitting b pti e a y du ng th s entire peri d . At h a e that time t e c ci qu , Don Luis was living in the [Jesuit] o t h use a Seville, advancing in the Spanish language, as well as a n and o e f o in re di g writing, t gether with oth r branches o kn wl edge which they taught him . When he learned that religious had gone for the conver o of the si n natives of Flori da, he told the Father Rector and others that he would venture to take some priests to his coun and a f n hi o try th t with the help o God a d s wn industry , the a of t ‘ n a Indi ns hat land would be co verted to the f ith . These words aroused in the hearts of the religi ous an intense desire an z f r f s o o d eal o the salvation o soul . M ved to res lution, they o t n i ffered themselves o the king, a d asked h s permission as f r n well as o the necessary provisions to go to those parts, a d to a ca i u e D n L t ke with them the c q , o uis. When His Maj esty had granted permission and the sup h r e plies they ad asked fo , they set out from Spain and arriv d t 7 a Santa Elena in safety . From here the ad elan tado gave them a ship and provisions f or a year, and ordered that a e captain, Vincente Gonzal s by name , should take them thither . ll 8 o There were a together twelve religious pri ests and a b y ,

’ o 9 e Al nso de Lara, the elder brother of the other mentioned b fore , sons of a settler of Santa Elena. Having arri ved at the B f ri r ay o Madre de Dios at Jacan , they ascended the ver fo a f e distance o twelve leagu s . On the banks of this river, the ca i ue L i T i Don c q , Don uis had h s towns. wo brother cac ques of Luis together with other Indians receiv ed them and gave them o o l dgings amid demonstrations of great j y .

o Seeing the good c ndition of the land , they unloaded their provisions and found lodging in a house which they soon con o ne structed , made of palms . This had a small apartment t o side where the fathers were to say Mass until they could build o za s a more commodious church . From here Vincente G n le returned to Santa Elena to give an account to the ad elan tad o of as to where he had left the religious. And as the enemy 22 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

e a s to d o o th human race alw y tries impe e w rks Of this s rt , de o f ou s a i u e Don dicated to the salvati n o s l , he instigated the c c q , Lui s ( now placed in the position of being in the midst of his own people) to gi ve himself over to immorality in so shameful ri os o a ua a manner that the supe or Of th e religi us, F ther J n o s Bautista, reprimanded him severely . Afterwards in w rd n ri couched in the spirit of religion a d cha ty , he admonished n n o a a d begged him , telli g him that he sh uld remember th t d a they had come , moved by the promises he had ma e in Sp in ,

o o a b -ad ex and under his protection . M re ver, if he g ve s uch n o o in os ample, they would ot be able t implant the G spel , wh e

. i o mini sters and interpreters, cleanness of life s SO very imp r n tant . Despite these and other gentle words which he a d the n b ut o ther religi ous spoke to him , they could ot soften him , rather they were the occasion of spiritual hardening Of the ar heart , for the devil reigned in his heart as he did in the he t i of as . shi Judas . He forged the treachery in h s bre t Wi ng to a o s who had ri a im withdr w fr m the ight Of him rep m nded h , Don Luis said he was go ing to look for che stnuts and nuts of o a s one of his t vns hi was ou a s ther v rietie , in gy , w ch f r le gue en from there , and that he would return very se , within a de ni f o b ut n fi te number o days . The fathers let him g , seei g a n n h s e th t he did ot return o the day and at t e time p cified , ” o a ask for o of God to they wr te him letter, ing him the l ve o nd t o n c me , a o remember that they were with ut a interpreter n e n a d that after God , the conversion Of the natives depend d o him .

But it had no influence on the apostate caci qu e neither to n induce him to come or to answer the letter . On this account h t ose servants of God were in great conf usion . Wherefore , " c n o they determined to send a father whom he respe ted , a d wh w as a preacher, together with a companion to the place where ” D n o Luis was. These were to admonish him to come along with them . They presumed they would not be killed when he s l aw them coming persona ly . But as the devil had the upper

hi ri a s hand in s heart already , he killed the two p est ambass dor as soon as they cam e ; then he set out to kill the others, on the

24 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA w w hich as erected in Jacan , when God was willing that the land be watered with the blood of martyrs so that new plants should sprout for heaven . “ o ob sa s o H ly J y A tree hath h pe : if it be cut, it grow a ai and ou s o eth green g n , the b gh there f may We a o at pply these w rds, the same time , to the death and burial of those innocent martyrs whom the sacrilegious apostate deceived that ni ght when he sai d he was going to cut wood to build a church . These word s foretold their precl ous death in of Lo n r the Sight the rd a d their names a e written in heaven . These names I have not been able to find out in the diligent in quiry that I have made, except that Of Father Juan Bautista, ” n their prelate a d superior . A miraculous thing happened : while the Indrans were go a o n ing b ut busily in despoiling the clothing , chalices, patens a d sacerdotal vestments which they divided among themselves, profaning the vases and sacred obj ects in an abominable man ner, they found a chest which contai ned relics and a crucifix which the martyrs had brought al ong for their devotion and o o o i a wante o s a o c ns lati n . An Ind n d t give the che t bl w with a r hatchet, but on raising his a m and on swinging to strike it , he fell dead . At this, fear fell upon the others with the o o result that they did not dare to approach it any more . Al ns de Lara told Don Luis that the relics should be placed in a

‘

” ' ar ta g i . Thes e are found all OVOI Florida and in them the Indians place the maize they keep for their sustenance ; it is f n ai a type o barn suppo rted by four posts, hi gh a d bulky , r sed t n from the earth . These they call gari as . Up into o e of L a th x these , Alonso de ara and Don Luis together r ised e bo ,

ut a - Of relics and the crucifix . It is hardly possible b th t the soul Of Don Luis was conf ounded and that his thoughts turned on the punishment of Heaven and the horrors of condemna o u a i o n a w ti n , over s ch a nef r us act a d treason ble deed , hich he ” o c mmitted .

Such was the martyrdom Of these servants of God . And as the Indians were the lords Of the land and the authors of o i ct of this ab m nable a treachery , they held it a secret lest the MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 25

not s o e d nor Spaniards find it out . Thus it was di c v re , di wa * v ulged until the following year. It happened in this y

NOTES

1 s r s This b ay , Chesapeake Bay, wa called by the Spania d Baia d e Madre de Di os ole Jacan or Baia d e San ta Maria d e

Jacan . The year in which this Spanish vessel reached Jacan

1 n f o . n was 156 a d it belonged to the Villa afie expediti n M . Ke ny , T t h Roman o h Flo . S. J. , e ce f e ridas , (New York , pp

- 88 89 .

2The Indian cacique taken on this occasion was Don Luis e d Velasco . He was taken by Captain Velasquez under Villa D L fafi e. on uis was taken to Mexico where he embraced

Christiani ty . The Viceroy Of Mexico at the time was Don Luis de Velasco who was sponsor f or the cacique at his b ap ti m n h a T s a d w o gave the c ci qu e his name . Kenny , he Ro man th Fl r ce o e o da . f i s, p 89 .

3 er r Whatev the date may be to which Father Oré refe s, it en n cannot be later than 1574 . That year in September, M é dez “ a o died at Santander, Spain . Avilés, who at the outset h d s keenly appreciated the importance Of cultivating the soil , sent ” out farmers at different times to coloni ze his province . Low anish e tle t ery , Sp S t m en s, II , 375.

4 The first Jesuit missionaries came to Florida in 1567. n n They were Fathers Pedro Martinez and Jua Rogel , a d

Brother Francisco Villareal . Father Martinez was killed by the O Indians as soon as he reached the coast Of Flo rida. Father R gel labored in Caloosa, while Brother Villareal went among the Te o o gesta in the region of modern Miami . In 1568 the f ll w ing Jesuits set out from Spain for Florida : Fathers Juan Bau s o e o ti ta de Segura, Gonzal o del Alamo, and Ant ni o S defi ;

‘ o r n n o o Br thers Juan de la Ca rera, Pedro de Li ares, a d D ming

i . o Agust n Baez In November, 1568, Fathers Segura, Seden 26 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

n o r o t Te e a d Alam we e c nducted o g sta. Brother Villareal was

a o te a e s . a e a o aloo pp in d c t chi t there F th r Al m went to C sa, while

Fathers. Sed eno and Segura went to Guale or the coast of Geor i g a. Brother Baez worked among the Timucuans. A Brother T Ruiz was sent to egesta. In 1570, the Jesuits Father Luis

' mez n de Q uiros, Brothers Gabriel GO a d Sancho Zeballos l eft for l Th Rom an o S a o a. e e e o the Fl ridas as p in F rid K nny , c f , p sim 1 -2 2 s . 5 . , e pecially pp 3 3

5 Father Alamo was called to Spain by. St. Francis Bo rgia, , f a o o 1 . e the gener l the S ciety . This was in 569 Kenny . Th Ro mance o the Floridas f , p . 228.

6 This is not quite correct. It is true that little progress w i as made n the matter of conversions, yet there were a few baptism s By 1570 seven persons were baptized in Guale , four Of whom were inf ants while the others were in danger bf

m t . death . Kenny , The Ro an ce of he Floridas, p . 256 The ’ general results of the Jesuits work with regard to conver , sio ns during the entireperiod of their stay was very meagre . 7 The names Of the Jesuitswho left Spain on this mission a ém ez and were : Father Luis Quiros, and Bro thers G briel G

a o Ze o Th om an t e Floridas . S nch ball s, Kenny , e R ce of h , pp

24 - 2 4 45.

8 The number Of Jesuits who went to Jacan were eight . They were : Fathers Juan Bautista de Segura and Luis de ri mez n a o Quiros ; Brothers Pedro Linares, Gab el GO , a d S nch “ n e a ri o s Zeballos ; the novices Juan Bautista Mé d z , G b el de S li

n ri b l R o Th m an e o the Floridas a d C stO a edond . Kenny , e Ro c f ,

p . 273.

9 a o The name Of the b oy was Aloriso Olmos . He went l ng ’ Th Roman ce o the to serve the Fathers Masses . Kenny , e f

Flori 2 das, p . 73. ” These letters were sent through the medium of the i or 2 6 . n th Fl das . 7 Jesuit brothers . Kenny , The Roma ce of e , p

Those sent on this occasion were Father Quiros and

' a os Brothers Bautista Méndez and Gabriel de Solis. F ther Quir “ ’ appeared to have won the Indian s attachment on the voyage MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 27

T m a n F or a . he Ro ce o h l o S t e i das . 2 fr m p in Kenny , f , p 76. l On this o ccasion al three were killed . ” The Feast Of the Purification Of the Blessed Virgin or D n r Candlemas ayfalls o Februa y 2 . Since it is a feast of high rank its celebration comme nces with Vespers on the preceding

The Saint Ignatius mentioned here is not to be conf used with Sai nt Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits. Refer ence is made here to the Feast of Sai nt Ignatius of Antioch ,

Asia Minor, who suffered martyrdom f or the fai th during the o n persecuti n Of the Emperor Traj an . F . X. Funk , A M a ual of r h H tor C u c is t. 4 . as n h y (S Louis, I , 0 The fe t occurs o

1 4 In certain details Father Ore s acco unt agrees with an a o o Ca a or to a cc unt given by Br ther rrer , Acc ding the l tter, however, the priests were not slain at Mass b ut during their n Flori early morning devotions. Kenny, The Roma ce of the o das, p . 278. Father Kenny places the date of the martyrd m of o n 0 t 2 1 this sec nd group o February 9 . p . ci , p . 8 . 1 5The number should b e eight to correspond with that

r of . numbe martyrs Cf . note 8. 1 6 Book of Job , xiv , 7 .

Cf note 8. a L o 1 6 h A g rita was a public granary . e M yne ( 5 5) as

i ar id a . left a p cture of such a g ita in drawing. V e D vid I r ti l e a il t E o the Bushnell, J . , Na v e Vi lag s nd V lage Si es ast f Missi ssi ppi ( Bureau of Am eri can Ethn ology Bulletin plate 16 . 1 9 o A n account Of this story is gi ven by Father R gel . Ken n F - 2 r o ny , The Rom a ce of the loridas , pp . 281 28 . A late rec rd e s of this event, also written by Father Rog l , was pre erved in s of the Jesuit Archives of Mexico . For an English tran lation 282 Ro ri t . the event according to gel, de Kenny , op . ci , p , THE DISCOVERY OF THE TREACHERY OF THE INDIANS AND

OF THE DEATH OF THE RELIGIOUS.

After a year had passed , the same captain Vincente Gon et o o o s o to i 1 zales s ut t carry pr vi i ns the rel gious. When he a of o he aw o rrived within sight the t wn , s al ng the beach , peo ple vested in cassocks and religious robes and it seemed to him that these were the religious. He was waiting until some one should come on board . Then a canoe came containi ng Indians .

f He asked them by signs why the fathers di d Hof come on H board . e wrote giving them notice that he was Vincente n n n o o f Gonzales a d whe o answer was f rthcoming , suspici n o h evil arose . Of the Indians w o returned to the ship, he a 2 n seized two while the others j umped into the w ter . From yo der in a sho rt time he saw that many Indians were coming in o nd a to E e canoes. Then he to k to sail a c me Santa lena wh re 3 e he took the confession of the Indians. They said that the r ligious were dead and that there remai ned there a boy called

Alonso de Lara.

At this time the king called the ad elantad o to Spain, b ut o o a e a o Sa a bef re g ing thither, it h pp ned th t he went fr m nt

E . lena to St Augustine, where he had two new frigates which e were j ust being complet d . Since it was the month of July , 3' t f he sailed from that port to Spain . At the impor unity o the o religious who remained at Santa Elena, they st pped at Jacan ,

' n oo f or he was to go a d hunt for Alonso de Lara. He t k with him a hundred and fifty soldiers of the presidio and among f a them Juan de Lara, the younger brother o the c ptive . All these sailed in four ships . Arriving at the b ay , they found two Indians who belonged to the caci que, by whom Al onso de L Lara had been pro tected from the fury of Don uis. The cacique had di sguised him during the night to make him loo k 28 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 29

’ like Don Lui s s niece for he knew Alonso s uncle would not kill him . a o s oa They nch red the ship Appr ching the Indians , u ‘ La a f r i o J an de r asked o h s brother Al nso . The Indians

’ a s a was o of caci u e n wered th t he in the p wer their q , a day s ou e d el n t j rney from ther . The a a ado told them to say that Alonso was his son and that they Should tell their cacique to o hi m i s d t . h n o en him At the same time e se t s me g fts. The following day he sent Captain Vincente Gonzales. with a tender ’ and thirty so ldiers to Don Luis s town so that he could per n chance catch a d apprehend him . Arriving at the edge of h the town , t e captain commanded the soldiers to hide below

c . the l n i n n o ix m n the de ks Since d a s saw o m re than s e , Sixty

an a on o o i o Indi s c me b ard in can es, wear ng the patens bel nging to the chalices as ornaments about their necks . Since they were naked (which is the custom of the Indians of the whole a o o l nd) they c vered their private parts with the c rporals . The captain invited them to eat honey- cakes and biscuits which he o e a br ught . Then while they were in the midst of th ir me l,

i of the soldiers sall ed forth from below the decks, seized hold o thirteen of the more important Indians, and killed m re than

4 f o t e to twenty . With this booty o pris ners they re urn d the b ay where the ad elan tad o had remained . At that place there a h o arrive d within two days , two hundred Indi ns w o br ught was with them Alonso de Lara, whom they handed over . He

’ h a u and naked , in Indian fashion . It was he w o g ve a tr e lengthy story of the martyrdom of the fathers in the manner in which it has been related .

n hi on The ad elan tad o then sent Do Diego de Velasco , s s in-law with a hundred soldiers,as well as the two Lara broth ers to loo-k over the condition of the land and to speak to the caci qu e who had defended and taken under his protec o a o o a a tion Alonso de Lara. From the inf rm ti n bt ined reg rd

was . h re ing the territory , it appeared that the land rich T ey or no s o n s turned , however, with little new c ncer ing the thing ha they desired to know for the frightened Indians d fled . The ad elan tad o put many questions to the thirteen pri soners whom 30 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

Ca onz H ptai n G ales brought with him . e made a proposal to a : o n n them s ying w uld anyo e venture to bring Do Luis to him , ? r l n ' dead o a ive O e offered to do this . He gave him a definite time to return and said that if at the time determined he o not o o w hi w uld c me thr ugh ith s undertaking, he would have to hang them all. They asked for a peri od of ten days in which to carry out their enterprise . They sent him out to ac

o a ad elan tad h o e c mplish th t which the o ad told them to d . H never returned, although more days passed beyond the time

a e ad elan tad o a C rder stipul t d . The then g ve p s that the cap t ured Indians be put to death . He shed to die as Chri stians, and this they they f r 6 asked o baptism . A religious instructed them and exhorted them as was fitting . Then they were hung from the yard

o h t t arms . When this was acc mplished , t e ad elan ad o went o on 24 1 2 n ous7 an o e Spain August , 57 , sendi g a religi d Al nso d

'

Lara in a tender to Havana.

t o e o The reason why the ad elan ad , Pedro Menend z , went t Spa m was because His Maje sty had sent for him and had or

t r w da at antande . ho dered him to get ready the arma S There, n 8 r ow ever, the ad ela tad o di ed . His bo dy was ca ried to the t n 9 i o an of Avilés, where he was born . They placed h s b dy in Hi w o d honorable grave in the parish church . s tomb as c vere an with a canopy and the cross o f Santiago , together with epitaph in gold letters which relates his deeds and the Offices 1 0 en he held and the title o f ad elantad o . He left the governm t

‘ n- in— l DOn o V as of Florida in the hands Of his so aw, Dieg de el wh i e ona ar a co , o was married to h s young r daughter , D M i 1 1 oas of o a Menéndez . The ad elan tad o had explored the c t Fl rid from Cape Canaveral which is in 28 degrees latitude, to the Bay Of Madre de Dios in Jacan where the English have now 1 2 fortified themselves and peopled it in latitude of 86 degree s . f a a a C a o He explored , likewi se, the coast o the B h m h nnel fr m

Cape Canaveral directly up to Carlos Bay .

32 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA served four years in the Office of captain-general and governor n t o i of these provinces ; a d in order o do it better, I br ught h th ”

nd o o . o s o t. er my wife a h useh ld Dieg de Vela c to the king, S

1 o n o lon Augustine, Flo ri da, August, 575, in J . T . C n r, Co ial n h Flori 14 e r s . R co ds of Spa i da (Deland , I , 5 after cited as Colon ial Records . ) Menendez de Aviles had left 1 Flori da in 572 . ” Reference is here made to the English settlement at c e e i e n 38 Jamestown . Jamestown how v i s betwe n 37 a d de g grees latitude . R E EBELLION OF THE INDIANS OF SANTA LENA AND GUALE .

n t i When the ad ela ad o went to Spa n , and left the govern

-i - n ment of the presidios to his son n law, Do Diego de Velasco , the Indians of Guale and Escam acu were quiet and peaceful to such an extent that a lone soldier went securely to any of the towns from one di stri ct to another and treated with the In n u e dians . Then it happened that o e of the principal caciq s of the peninsula of Guale together with his wife be came Chris

tians . And because one of his vassals refused him respect

n e . a d obedience, the caciqu approached the town A nephew of the recalcitrant cacique killed the Christian chieftain by an o arrow shot . Wherefore the wife of the dead chieftain went t r a Santa Elena to complain to the gove nor . Since her husb nd

h o o o ad bec me a Christian, She asked the governor t pr tect her

n T o o om a d avenge the murder. o appease her, the g vern r c manded all the principal chieftains of the province of Guale

to a h o be c lled toget er, giving them the assurance that he w uld

o n d them o harm . He ordered them to bring to him the In a who h a i u e s di n ad killed the Christian c c q , With thi s as ur a E o nce they went to Santa lena with the murderer . Th ugh the oler governor tried to placate the woman with gifts and caj y , w o he as unable to satisfy her in any way . Seeing bef re her u of her h n o the m rderer usb a d , she asked for j ustice the m re t insistently , protesting that unle ss j ustice were meted ou , a o o o m ny m re deaths would occur among them . The g vern r n to o the , avo id greater evil, sentenced the Indian murderer t

be hung . The sentence was put into execution and he was hung ' e f in the pres nce o the other caciques . When they saw that o r o i i the g ve n r had broken h s plighted word , they went to the r o n t wns in a angry mood , swearing that they would avenge 1 this affront . 34 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

Soo a s o s d o of E m n the Indi n c n pire with th se sca acu, their w o i neighbo rs h l ve to the north . They sent them gifts as as an a o of well cc unt the inj ury they had received . They told them that if they brought any Spaniards to their towns. they o sa and ou not w uld kill the me w ld let them return . These In

. of E m re dians sca acu a very valiant , feared and esteemed as such . s a Indiai s in the S a s s r fled At thi time , cert in i m p ni h e vice and oo clothin k f heir t k with them the g of t two o i o t t f r 2 s ld ers went u o search o these Indians . When they a t E m ac rrived a sca u, they were well received by the Indians . Since these Indians had already determined to put into execu o n n ti n their wicked desig s , they arranged ot to have their wo n r men a d children appear, which is a Sign of wa . When an ensign inquired why the women did not appear the Indians asked why the Spani ards had on padded armor and appeared with lighted matches. o The ensign not wishing to excite the Indi ans, c mmanded i the soldie rs to d sarm and placed a guard at the end of a hut . At dawn when a soldier came }Orth and went among the w f a thickets to answer a need , he sa a group o Indi ns attack

th w e . W the hut , with e result that the al arm as giv n hile the s o soldiers were lighting their matches, the Indians h t the n h greater number of them with their arrows. The o e w o was i r s fl in the thickets, not being able to obtain h s a m , ed whither a w fortune led him toward Santa Elena. Looking b ck, he sa Alonso de Lara (the One who was rescued in Jacan) and anoth l er soldier coming , both badly wounded . They sai d that a l ni a to their compa ons were dead . The soldier then s id them “ m n od - o I a well , a d you are badly wounded ; go bye, my br th ”

r r . So e s. Fo he saw all the Indians coming after them he parted from them and plunged into a lake until he saw the s of Indi ans return , dancing over their victory , with the head

Alonso de Lara and his companion .

o As it was growing towards night, he cam e f rth from the r o and the lake . Without a road he struck out fo the s uth na w next day he found the island of Santa Ele , but he as MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 35

forced to swim across the b ay to reach it . Juan de Lara and other boys saw a naked man coming towards them through a ran to o to a s f swamp . They him in rder s ist him , or they Hi l r 3 a de én . T knew who he was. s name was C o them he f n ad f hi told the story o the death a d s fate o s companions .

Together they went to the city , where the news became known e fo r o with the result that great was the we ping br thers , sons n a d husbands who had been killed .

Likewise, at this time , there were in the province of Guale three soldiers who had gone out on a rescuing expedi m tion . An Indian woman warned the that the natives were n n intent o killing them a d that, therefore, they Should go to o Santa Elena. Accordingly , that night , with ut the Indians o a having perceived it, the Spaniards departed . F ur le gues r o o from there, there was a strait so na row that a can e c uld ho hardly pass through it . There, Indians from Escamacu w were carrying to the caciques of Guale twenty heads of dead i e men as gi fts, met them . The Ind ans apprehended the thr e ll soldiers, took them to Guale and killed them . Thus a the 4 land of Guale was in a state of rebellion .

At this time the king sent Hernando de Miranda as gov ernor and captain- general of the provinces of Florida owing to

d e n ta o 5 - - la the death of the a la d . Miranda was the son in w of the ad elan tad o and the husband of Dofia Catalina Menendez , ’ l n t o 6 ri the ad e a ad s heir according to the capitulations. Ar ving e an in Havana from Spain, he found th annual subsidy d the money which had been bro ught from New Spain f orthe relief f o the soldiers of Flori da. When he landed at St. Augustine , he paid the soldiers, for that is the first port . Thence , with three Ships he departed for Santa E lena where the wife of the ad elant ar was ad o was . When he came as far as the b , there a contrary wind ; wherefore the royal off icers. asked him that e he allow them to land that afternoon . With t n men they e s t out in a launch for the town . Soon the weather grew calm and a favorable wind arose so that the general took to i n r o sa l a d left the royal office s on land . Next day , in the m rn o n ing , these set out in search of their general and n t findi g 36 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

h him where they ad left him , sailed along the coast as far as the b ar of San Mateo which from that point is connected Sa E n f with nta lena by mea s o a channel , so that one does not t have o go out to sea. e a at a f Th y rrived town , the first o the land of Guale , c o r tn n where they landed , leaving f u e In the launch . They did l not o a o wa i a é te of o W kn w th t the c untry s ta rebelli n . hen kfl r ffi they ente ed a hut, these royal o cers and soldiers were killed he 7 by t Indians who had made a sudden inroad upon them .

r Afterwards they killed those in the launch . The gen eral a rived at Santa Elena and when he was informed that the In ol dians had rebelled , he dispatched a tender with thirteen s l diers to search diligently for the royal officers. When the so ri diers ar ved, it was late . Having placed themselves at the mouth of a channel near the town of Guale, they saw the Indians making great fires , n which among them is a means of giving signals . Within a f o of hour o their arrival , the soldiers saw twelve can es full s Indian warri ors coming to the as stance of the town . Thu the soldiers knew that the royal ogicers. as well as the militia w a d ho had: gone with them , were dead . The Indi ns invite the

o en . soldiers to land , p romising them chickens and w m e a a E ena one At this, the soldiers return d to S nt l with

m n a s . So a less, whom they put on land because he was py

- ri d with this one there were thirty Six dead all told . They ar ve

- ez wa con near the fort at night, and because the sea bre e s r r e n to o t a y , they left the t nder in a river a d went the f rt by

' of a a u a a land . But before they arrived at a quarter le g e w y , they saw a great number of fires ; also a number of Indians o wa u o dancing , by which they understood: that the f rt s e c m 8 o . s passed . They came to the town and the f rt At the new had that the royal officials and those who had gone with them , n perished , there resulted great confusion a d weeping which

the people made over them with notable feeling .

a o s and The following day , the general sent Capt in S li a a s nine soldiers to overrun the island, to see wh t Indi n were s s one of abroad . The Indians, who were in am bu h , ent their MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 37 men forward to skirmish with the soldiers ; then the rest came n out a d there killed them . They also came near the fort so that for forty- five days they advanced twice a day to assault T e it . he general realizing that the Spaniards were b ing har o rass d, and that there was a lack of hempen fuses which they

- o made from bed sheets, determined that all the pe ple who did no t o to he n o t bel ng t military , should embark a d go t S . Augus i n o tine . He rema ned with sixty soldiers a d burned the f rt . The general made use of a stratagem in this fashio n ; while

was as o o t on oa he leep, the w men , as if by f rce , pu him b rd 9 Ship . (A notary of his land has given testimony of this. ) The soldiers were in the parrel apportioning those who were e to remain . From the poop the governor said to them that th women had forced him to embark and that all Should come on

o a s . o b rd hip This they did in a hurry , leaving their pr perty to o the pillage of their enemies. Hardly had they lifted anch r whena multitude of Indians came running to the fort and be an to a n l g pill ge it o a grand scale, destroying al the artillery o e ni ri t s in the f rt . Th Spa ards ar ved at S . Augu tine where 1 0 Veas o hi a a. l c left in s place, as governor, Gutierre de Mir nd Then Velasco went to Spain to give to the king an account of a had a oo wh t h ppened and to ask for help . With him he t k s f a re even chests o the annual subsidy . In Spain he was pp hended and examined as to the reason of his coming as well as concerning his resolution which resulted in the destruction of Santa Elena.

s At this time there arrived above the b ar of St . Augu tine , a n ” a dam French galleon called El Pri cipe. This ship c me ,

o aged by the armada which Don Cristobal Eraso br ught . It

o b ar. remai ned anchored for three days, half a league fr m the Knowing that Santa Elena had been depopulated and that ar

a . tillery had been left ther e, the sailors went to the b y A

r n o a a league before coming to the b a , the ship ra int a s nd b nk n t to where it was destroyed . The mariners were o able save t n . a o n u a thing, ot even the food While the Indi ns were g i g h n n sau u o m ing, they discovered the men a d made an as lt p n the 38 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

r e until they su render d . The Indi ans divided them up as slaves ci e f among the ca qu s o Guale and Escamacu .

NO S

1 Father Oré appears to be making use of documentary evi dence on Indian affai rs in Florida. Relative to the Escamacu a sa of a s m s cre which F ther Oré subsequently treat , Mary Ross “ writes Some time before that disaster Solis , the commander t E h a Santa lena, ad unwisely interfered with a local quarrel in Gual e, even going so far as to execute some of the Indian h h leaders w o ad put to death a fellow chieftain, who happened to be a Christian . That drastic step had aroused bitter feel

i n no ings in Guale against the Span ards , a d w, linked with the a h r i o h tred that ad a isen in Or sta, it caused disaffection am ng

- the native s along the entire Géorgi a Carolina seaboard . “ French Intrusions and Indian Upri sings in Georgia and So uth

o 1 r i H s o ca arterl II Car lina ( 577 The Geo g a i t ri l Qu y , V

m I I 254 . A b rief account of these upri s gs s g ven In a a a letter of Bartolomé Martinez to the king , Havan , Febru ry

- 1 15 o n e 9 241 . 7 , 77, in Connor, C lo ial R cords I , 23

2The events and those of the two subsequent chapters are given in a document of the year 1577 entitled : Report of the f o f Uprising of the Indians of Florida, and Loss o the F rt o

1 2- 2 E o lon 1 9 03. Santa lena, in Connor, C ial Records, , The soldiers twenty- one in number under Captain Mo yano set out h from Santa Elena for Orista in search of food . On t e In a s to o o o o W di ns refu ing pr vide the fo d , M yan seized it, hile the

and r o o Colonial Indians retired prepared fo battle . C nn r,

e or F r of a R c ds , I , 195. o variation of the details this b ttle

- an n ecords 1 192 203. d its antecedents see, Connor, Colo ial R ,

3 on the a Once more, history is entirely dependent ver city wa one of Calderén as to what happened in Orista. He s the

survivor who reached Santa Elena to tell the story .

40 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

9 1s Father Oré citing a document he saw or is he giving the testimon y deri ved orally from the unnamed notary or from

' a third party ? This opera if reliable m ay be loo ked upon as the first feminine co perpetrated in what is n ni ow U ted States territory . s the story was put in wr i ll iting to discred t Miranda a the more . From the circum stances of the rebellious Indians and the poor defense the ’ Spaniards were able to offer it would appear that Miranda s to o o n c wa recourse s unher ic a a t s quite unnecessary .

1 0 r When the visitador, Baltasar del Castillo de Ahed o a in 1 rived Flori da in November, 576, he found Captain Gutierre de Miranda serving as lieutenant -go vernor of Flo ri da in

of a a e place Hernando de Mirand . Balt sar del Castillo d i a s a Fe r Ahedo , Visitador to Florida, to h s M j e ty , H vana, b u

- r 12 1 lon Re or 1 2 2 . a y , 577 , Connor, Co ial c ds , , 03 05 1 1 The Ship El Pri n cip e is mentione d in a letter of Pedro a 1 1 Menendez Marques to the king, Santa Elen , October 2 , 577,

oloni l e or 2 n in of a s o in Connor, C a R c ds , I , 6M d a letter Fr nci c

n o f a a a 10 Carre o , govern r o Cuba to Philip II , H v n , December , l was 1 o on a R c rds . Th e s 577 , in Conno r, C i l e o , I , 337 hip 1 6 o wrecked in a storm at Santa Ele na In December, 57 . M st of a the men were slain by the Indians . The rest were ret ined as slaves. THE APPOINTM ENT OF PEDRO MENENDEz MARQUES To T F F D R I U T I HE GOVERNORSHIP O LORI A ; THE EL GIO S OF S . FRANCIS SET OUT FOR THE CONVERSION OF THE NATIVES ; AND AN T CCOUN OF JACAN .

In the year 1577 , His Maj esty ordered Pedro Menendez M Ad e n t o a arques, nephew of the la ad , to t ke with him infantry and rebuild the fort of Santa Elena, with the title of Governor f n i 1 a o Florida a d ts provinces . Marqués w s then admiral of ’ the galleons of the Indies fleet and accountant of Flo ri da.

When the general arrived , he discussed the restoration of the fort of Santa Elena and took one hundred soldiers with him . These had many encounters with the Indians until the fort

w . o E . as built Fr m Santa lena as a center, they went forth to burn the Indian villages and to inf lict whatever dam age they

o . c uld In one of these assaults, they killed and captured n a hundred a d twenty persons, while in the province of Guale they burned all the towns so that when the Indians saw their villages overrun and their people dead or in captivity they sub m n itted , made peace a d asked f or religi ous who would instruct them in the things necessary for receiving baptism and em bracing Chri stianity . Thus they went about straighteni ng out m 2 atters and subduing the Indians. The first Christian towns were Nombre de Dios and San Sebastian for so they named t 3 os o r . th e t wns which a e near S Augustine .

In the year 1585 it became known that the English came to settle on the coast of Jacanf" On receiving orders from Hi s a ra o n M j esty , Gene l Pedr Me endez left St. Augustine in a frigate and sailed towards Jacan to reconnoitre it and ascer ai a o a ou 1 t n wh t he c uld b t the Settlement . So in the year 587 he came near the place but encountered a tempest so di re that was o to o o ri he f rced put int harb r with great sk to himself . 42 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

a to a a a a d et o t for t He c me H v n n then s u S . Augustine where

n - he arri ved in July . He a d uan de Texeda captain general g , f o the army, agreed that the f t of Santa Elena Shoul d be e a of of t r duced in f vor that Sk. zggustine . On his arrival he

Soon carried this out. This was done in view of the fact that the year befo re o a a a h n the c rs ir Fr ncis Dr ke ad bur ed the f ort of St. Augustine by the aid of a great force of inf antry and the artillery which he put on land ; also because of the few people and a ns was s o on the me ger defe ewhich there in the pre idi . C wh cerning this, a bugler o had gone over to him , gave him the

o a o . inf rm ti n During the time he was in the port, however, great damage was inflicted on him, such as launches that were n sunk , a d a number of Engli shmen who were killed . One in

‘ e particular was a person of note who was kill d by a soldier, L o z uis Fernandez . Him he killed with a single sh t . Fernande i \ s living today , very old and poor and with children . Drake had such feeling for him that he o rdered a gun to be fired a i o as signal to depart . Drake left and returned to h s c urs e

' o f piracy in which he was engaged . Much more damage would d have been inflicted on him and a greater resistance given, ha it not been necessary to give attention to repairing the dam age which the Indians fro m the interior of Ieaste and Caeacolo6 o e n intended to do , namely, to rebel and to capture the w m n a d T s children who were in safe keeping in the woods. he Indian e o n l l e intend d to take these to themselve s. In their c u c s th y had already apportioned the women out according to the f n status o the women a d Indians alike .

His Maj esty considered it well to listen to the advice given him concerni ng the harm done and the expense wh ich afterwards would have to be sustained in order to reconquer eo i a e so few the Indians . Mor ver, s nce the inf ntrymen w re a o of in the presidio, it was impossible to resist the gre t f rce o the enemy in a fort constructed of wood and sand, with ut hope of succo r . 158 a December, in the year 7, there c me r er of A lo nso Reinoso , of the O d Our MARTY RS OF FLORIDA 43

- Holy Father St. Francis, with fellow religious, for the con 7 ou version of the Indians . These religi s were stationed in the f n an as a towns o Nombre de Dios a d S Seb tian , in S n Antonio n and its distri ct, in San Pedro and San Juan a d in other

places in their j uris-di

Some years befo request of General Ped ro Me néndez a s sa Era Al ons Re oso M rqué , the me n s n d e” in entered ri o Flo da with the first c mpanions be brought with him . There a a f i o rato they were eng ged in the l nd p Guale, n T log , Tupi m m a a St A s i n E e be M i Elen nd ug u t e, verywher they

gan to gather abundant fruit by preaching and exhortatio n . f n s a s A number o people were baptized a d became Chri ti n . In

0 K; i o e a e h i the beginning the m ssi nari s not bly lament d t e situat on ,

’ e e n hri i - f r s caus the o C st a s, o there were Chri w l l M re M W “m m ' u u M 0 M ~ a s and at a not o b ut of own ti n th t by f rce, their free wills, u of os who not an a o s ute b ut beca se th e were , d these l tter c n tit d

the greater part of every town . These infidels persecuted the

a ousa u o s a o e suf th nd inj ri u ffr nts, which th y f e and u n o ous ea s f or . er d which were t rned i t preci , p rl them

This persecution lasted twenty years . During this same o period there were always Indian ambuscades about the t wn ,

f r r o when a soldier carelessly went o ut f or wood , or to fish o

n r r e hu t o fo some other reason , the Indians immediately kill d e him , as has been told in previous chapters. To this end th y

employe d their force and ingenuity so that no Spani ard ,

h r i a d neither is crops no h s cattle should remain in the l nd . Go a wished , however, that this difficult Situation be gr dually straightened out and be changed to the desirable state of af a n it an f irs that ow o btains, namely that the Indians co nsider honor to be Christians ; they even persecute those who are not and offer them affronts in such a manner that we religi ous find it necessary to become the defenders and protectors of Han i 1 1 r si the op ras among the Christian Indians. This te m g nifies a painted man because the pagans in greater part go o o and abo ut smeared and pai nted with a bright reddish c l r, when this is lacking they paint themselves with soot and char 44 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

coal . In this the Indians of Florida are similar to those pa a s and a a o s a s who g n b rb r u Indi n live in the cordilleras of Peru . o a use of a o s b ut B th m ke rr w , in Peru they go about clothed , or at a are s a a le st , les n ked th n the Indian s here . The Peru e vians excel in b ing mo re warlike . But the Indians of Flori da are not a to of ddicted the vice drunkenness, to which all the ” ans o of a n Indi , b th New Sp in a d Peru , are given .

f : l o 1 “ In the fo l wing year , 588, at the end of the month of Ma a y , C ptain Vincente Gonzales left from the port and presi

dio f t n - o S . Augustine . With Go zales wen t the sergeant ma or n j , Juan Menendez Marqués a d thirty soldiers and sai lors in ” a long bark which had come from San Lucar to Havana the a o ye r bef re as a dispatch boat. This boat was bought for

o - the expediti n to Jacan . The purpose of this expedition was to run al o oa t Ba f i ng the c st up o the y o Madre de Dio s, n order to try to obtain knowledge p f and to reconnoitre the ” E i n n ngl sh settlement a d fortificatio . After they made the

o o n j urney al ng the coast, the party came to Santa Elena a d found the Indians at peace ; the same was true at the port of 1 5 o h Cayagua, which they j udged to be a good p rt . Then t ey ” followed the coast, having passed the cape of San Roman . They spoke with the Indians b ut the interpreters whom they a had brought along did not u nderstand their langu ge . They 1 7 nd continued their j ourney , passing the Cape of Trafalgar a

“ o that of San Juan likewis e two other ports. Whereup n a they arrived at the Bay of Madre de Dios de J can, in the

f . month o June, in the year 1588 ” a e The mouth of the b ay is about three le gues wid , with

o . out shoals o r reefs, and is more than eight fath ms deep . It

- Be runs northwest southeast and forms a large round gulf .

tween the entrance and the place where one reaches. the main n o t s for a o land , it extends toward the west a d the n r hwe t b ut h - o at o on three leagues. In t e east west directi n , the m uth , t its a has a the mainland , there is a good port which a entr nce 0 depth of three fathoms; 2 A little less than two leagues; from i the o s 2 1 the re, there s another port toward n rthwe t, where Captain Gonzales said he had landed when he brought the re MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 45

i o o Don Lu s nd hi o lig ous of the S ciety , wh m i a s acc mplices put h to death , as as already been told .

Captain Gonzales said that on a plain which is b eyond a n o f ravine a d where there was a gr up o pine trees , an altar n o had been erected a d Mass had been said . Fr m there he re

’ u a n h ai t rned tow rd the east, where o t e m nland of that area, b ut b n a s a n within the ay a d near some sm ll i l nds a d an inlet , A e n t A elan t the d la ad o had been . It was there that the d ad o finished the gunwales o f two frigates in which he sai led for 2 2 Castille from that place .

o i o n Thereup n they departed from the sa d p rt, a d coasting a o f l ng the shore o the mainland toward the no rth , they dis covered another port which appeared to be a good one and of a great depth . On the shore there was an abund nce of large

o st ne, while the cape of the land to the north forme d a hi gh headland . These three ports can be seen at one glance from f i the mouth o the b ay ; the last, however, only fa ntly .

A on s they c tinued to sail no rth , the land from the east j utted into the b ay . It became narrower in such a manner i that at ts narrowest place, from the western shore whence it s 2 3 tretched toward the eastern part, it was two leagues After that they discovered coves and inlets as well as rivers along

o the western sho re . Then they came up n a large fresh water ix river, which , where it entered the b ay , was more than s fathoms deep . To the north there was very high land , with a ravines, b ut without trees, delightful and free, which h d the a f n o he spect o a green field a d was pleasant to beh ld . On t south shore of this river the beach is very calm and is lined

on a of with small pebbles. Farther u p the south b nk the n sam e river there appeared a delightful valley , wooded , a d pleasant land which seemed to be fertile and adaptable to stock a n w o la of 38 r ising a d farming . This river as l cated in titude 24 degree s. They named it San Pedro .

They continued to sai l no rth along the western shore and passed the night in a small inlet under the protection of high and - a to well shaded land . The next day many Indi ans c me 46 M ARTYRS OF FLORIDA

h ne the beach , and t e o am ong them who appeared to have the e o great r dignity , w re a necklace, which seemed to be of fine o i g ld . There they seized an Ind an youth of about fifteen ar f e 25 ye s o ag . a Adv ncing farther, they discovered many other ports and important rivers which entered the b ay from the western Shore until they came to latitude 352 6 where they discovered mountain ri dges which were very high and which ran in the

o of - - directi n south wes t, north east . Still mo re rivers were dis o in c vered . Soon the middle of the b ay there appeared a small 7 islan d2 while along the western sho re the depth began to di to n minish such a extent that they could go no further . They ou f nd it necessary to turn eastward . In front of the island , w n n o i the land as high a d broken a d well w oded . Near the s land on the eastern Shore there were shoals of greater or lesser r o o depth . Sailing closer toward the easte n sh re, they f und a a e f e 2 8 rt ch nn l o great d pt . Co ntinuing still farther no h , they found that the hills began to encircle the view .

In different parts they found mouths of rivers and coves .

r - Whe e this semi circular b ay ends, it is about as wide as the f 2 9 or a o harbor o Cadiz . More than two three le gues, bef re the a ou a they reached terminus of the b y , they f nd th t the n f en water was fresh . That evening they were o the point o

- e so tering a river toward the north , north west betw en me 30 o was o a high hills and rocks. At high tide the m uth m re th n

. i at a ou three fathoms deep. Because it was al ready n ght, b t

f o . a a quarter o a league from there , they cast anch r At d wn , o a a a re there was low tide . It was alm st a mir cle th t the b rk mained between the rocks by which the river was enclosed

ne ri and a s ou s from o side to the o ther . At great sk, mid h t

n 31 r he o of a d orders , it sai led forth as fa as t m uth the river a 32 a and which was clear . There they saw a small sh d , de d e a oo floating on the water, which was of no us . In br k which a ou r s came down between the rocks, some sm ll tr t we e een , of as like those of the mountai ns. This was the eve the fe t t n t of o o e ca of S . John the Baptist , a d ou dev ti n th y lled the

' n P 3 3 river Sa Juan de las eiias .

48 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

su s . o a till n et The wind , h wever , bec me too strong, and they nm were forced to u ast the ship . By rowing they came to the s o and at a b ar of h re interned very shallow depth . Within r e w o t the b a th re as a large c ve o the south , which at low tide remai ned almost dry . The view toward the north showed a great portion of the b ay as well as a large arm to the north

wa oo o e west , while the land s thickly w ded . Als , along th coast, to the north , there appeared another mouth which t n seemed o be better than the o e they had entered . That r portion of the coast , fo about a league, between one b ar and i l w n another, s o a d broken by sand . In the interior of the

— w . region where they were , there as a ship yard , indicated by r the presence of slooips, while on the land there were some e ” f mains of English barrels? Besides , there were other signs o

4 1 debris, indicating that people had been there .

ai t o a a The next day they ag n depar ed . They f und the l ti 4 2 tude to be degrees. Continuing toward the south , they ” e pass ed the three capes referred to bef ore. turn th y “ f a E n o an passed the ports o Cayagu , Santa lena a d the wh le l d

-I s wa s pQ DUJated w ith native ndian . There they o d LO ez who wa inni o a u s n be f n p g an" g ther “ M M ggw t

u m o d and a s . s a a s Indi n By the e, the n vig t r were well receive for d regaled according to what they had asked , they arrive 4 4 in great need of provisions . d u e to After they passed the b ar of this islan , they ret rn d

f am a 15 8. St . us o o u s Aug tine , in the m nth J ly , in the e ye r , 8

This trip of exploration and discovery , from start to finish , f o they made in a little less than a month and a hal , acc rding n a sa to this report , so exact a d prolix , which was m de by the id 5 sergeant- maj or Juan Menéndez} who at present is the royal treasurer in the city of St. Augustine .

Because the descri ption of the Bay of Madre de Dios and f c o of of the po rts with their latitudes, and o the dire ti ns their explorations is so trustworthy and so necessary for the time when Your Maj esty may be pleased to command that the b ay MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 49

be cleared of the robbers who have occupied it and fortified it f r 4 6 o thirty years, it seemed well that I should dwell on it at some length . This same information was obtained from what was a d at a ana o o a o ‘ le rne H v , fr m a pil t , Pedro Di z Franc , nam ely , that the port which was referred to above as being at de grees latitude, and where the remains of the English barrels

r e . we e se n , was the location of the English settlem ent . He reported further that they had taken him along on two voy a s an a t h o ge d th t a that time, it ad ab ut three hundred men n a d as many women . To the q uestion why they had not seen the settlement o fr m the bark, since they reached the place where the remai ns w ere, he answered that he was not able to see , since it was ten leagues from the port by the arm above the shore of the

o . n rthern entrance . Another reason was that they tried to conceal their purpose until they should discover good lan d for ” s n ettlement a d fortification .

‘ The same was said by David Glavid who was brought to the city of St. Augustine from Havana where he was forced to serve in the galleys He said the English had brought him e thither by force . But he said more : that they penetrat d the interi or for many leagues up a river and that a quantity of l i w a in gold dust was o btained . This David G av d ho g ve this ” o o f rmati n , said he was an Iri shman .

Having obtai ned the acco unt of the voyage from the cap tain and sergeant-maj or Vincente Gonzales and the one which e the pilot Pedro Diaz Franco gave , General Pedro Menendez d

i i o -in-law sired to go to Castille, leaving in h s place h s br ther , i o er Juan de Posadas and taking with him h s first c usin, s

- B o s geant maj or, Juan Menendez . ut he enc untered adver e weather and suffered a torn sai l . This brought him in sight k f o n o o o . na to a o Bermuda, Puerto Ric a d Sant D ming U ble m e 5° an L Y e an di ess . y other port, he arrived at a gu a in re nec ity Wishing to continue his voyage and to disembark at Cape San 51 n . Nicolas, he was prevented by the lack of sufficie t wind 5 Consequently he was forced to double the point of Mayci 2 and 50 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

w of old a to take the ay the ch nnel Havana. From there he went to St. Augustine, whence he started out again f or Cas 1 n M 1 9 . tille o ay 8, 85 He entered the port of San Lucar on July 5 of the sam e year accompanied by Fray Alonso de 5 3 R n - m or einoso a d the sergeant aj . He then went to court and gave an account to His Maj esty of the discovery spoken of

He was told to return to Havana with four supply ships, n n with i fantry, provisions , sto res a d munitions and from there t n o take the galleys a d merchant ships , as it would seem fit n ting to him , a d go to St. Augustine . There he was to station the new tro ops and take the seasoned one s with him to

e wa to n e t . u us a nd degre s . He s e t r S A g tine with the g lleys a h b r merchant ships since t e a has little depth , and send the t o ri l supply ships o the b ay . And after rec nno ite ng the ay of the land , he was to erect a fort in the place which to him appeared most suitable . He was to leave there the best equip f e ment he could afford with three hundred in antry men . Mor aid e'54 at over , he was to give orders to the alc in charge, that

r o the most oppo rtune time , either he o hi s lieutenant sh uld n explore the interior in order to reconnoitre the land , a d sat isfy thems elves as to the topography and to find out whether n there were a y mines . o Such was the understanding . Nevertheless, this rder was no t carried out because soOn another was issued whereby

General Pedro Menendez was. instructed to go to Ti erra Firme

- n h w to ri with two lateen rigged vessels, a d in these, e as b ng to Hi Ma to Castille the silver, gold and pearls belonging s 55 B of i on Ma 16 1590. j esty . This he did , leaving the ay Cad z y , H o of V ana e return ed with the treasure, enteri ng the p rt i de 56 s ea Camina on September 4 , of the same year. The erg nt f a ri a to His Ma maj or , Juan Menendez , took the news o the r v l

‘ the as e j esty of glorious memory to the Escorial , while tre ur was taken to the mint at Segovi a.

1 1 wa a d a In the year , 59 , Pedro Menendez s pl ce in ch rge of the frigates belonging to the fleet of the Indies, as well and New as of the carri age of . the silver from Tierra Firme MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 51

o r o 5 7 Spai n. Having gone to N mb e de Di s, he returned to San a e o of a 1 92 Lucar de Barr m da in the m nth J nuary , 5 .

In the following year 1593, His Maj esty was informed s o that in the presidio of St. Augu tine the pe ple were refusing r obedience to the governor, Gutie re de Miranda, who was

’ o of o a c dula a g verning the presidio by virtue a r y l e , in the h e sence of General Pedro Menendez . N ws was likewise received that Rodrigo de Junco was drowned at the b ar of San Mateo .

’ o He had come to govern by virtue of a r yal cedula. Likewise

. u w o . had o to the captain , J an de Posadas, as dr wned He c me f take the place of the treasurer, because of the death o Juan

- de Cebad illa. When the king receiv ed this news, he ordered M n n t General Pedro e é dez to go to the presidio of S . Augustine n o a d put down the upri sing agai nst the govern r. oo But he had hardly gone, when sickness overt k him so that he was forced to ask the king to send another person w i ho was satisfactory , in h s place . So there were provided f or ori o o n - t n Fl da, a g vern r a d captain general , a reasurer a d accountant who were respectively : Domingo Martinez de 5 8 A v en fi o a - m a or n arto da , Juan Menendez , the serge nt j , a d B lomé de A rgii elles . The Indian who had been apprehended on the eastern side of b n o n a the ay , died in the port of Sa Pedr , of anger a d mel n chol T as y . he o ne who had been first apprehended , went to C

- tille . He accompani ed the general in a lateen ri gged vess el , b t n - u o the return vo yage, he di ed at Viana of the small pox . o f Being already a Chri stian , they buried him in the c nvent o o Santo Domingo . He was a linguist and spoke much ab ut the excellence and fertility of his land and abo ut the gold that w i 59 a co . s in it . This, in his native tongue he called tap s

o o 1 9 S me years later, in the m nth of June , in the year 60 , o 6 0 the g vernor, Pedro Ybarra, sent Captain Francisco Fernan

dez de Ecij a in a light vessel with infantry and sailors , to

e m r- a to geth r with the aj o pilot of Florida, Andrés Gonz les ,

reconnoitre the English settlement which was said to , be os t bli h b a a a s ed on the ay , and which was thought to h ve a l rge 52 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

o e ou of This expediti n ent red the m th the b ay . After having o i a ar s on f rec gn zed l ge hip within , in the regi o the islan ds, they retraced their steps, without having been able to detect n anything else a d then returned to St. Augustine with the reporti fi1 m f 1 11 In the onth o June, In 6 , there passed by the presidio Don Diego de Molina and an ensign named Marco A ntomo and an English pilot in a caravel , in which they later arrived at the bay . When the three landed , the English seized them and said that they were sending an English pilot who wo uld take the caravel further in , which according to the information they received was the first port on the mai nland within the b Th “ ay . e Portuguese on the caravel apprehended the English

o to n pilot, to k sai l a d went with him to Havana, leaving the

o 6 2 three af remention ed friends with the Engli sh .

n Since the fortification a d the settlement were so strong , i r as it s unde stood , great strength of arms will be necessary t i o dislodge them . Accord ng to the view of him who entered n b ri a d saw the situation of the ay , which we have desc bed , it will be necessary to enter it with three sturdy galleons and a

- o a dispatch boat, two galleys, and tw long barks, built with c re n n a d light in structure . For it will be necessary to go in a d o c me out with ease , the various parts and places which it b might be fitting to investigate within the ay . The galleons,

- dispatch boat and galleys must be well supplied with artillery , o n i o d arms, muniti ns a d suppl es, manned by about a th usan

n an n i . soldiers, artillerymen , the necessary sai lors a d e g neer Li i or of sai o kewise there s needed a quantity of arm , l cl th n o a o one a d co tt n, well b sted . With these preparati ns will be able to reconnoitre with this end in view and obtai n definite n et e and i information concerni g the fortification , s tl ment, mil a o ns and tary strength of the enemy . Moreover with the g lle ’ n e o galleys, o e will be enabled to obstruct the nemy s c mmerce n e and trade with England , vexing a d disturbing the settl ment s Fo r at the same time on land by skirmishes and ambuscade . e o an ers: to within the b ay there are favorable plac s, p rts d riv r o e to serve these purposes, and to erect a fo tificati n wher in MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 53

nd to o out and s o lodge themselves a thence g di l dge the enemy . By this means that seizure of territory will come to naught in r a Short time, as well as the other which they a e now fortify in f a f ing latitude o 33 degrees in the isl nd o Bermuda. ’ The enemy s ships arrive from England with practical

n r security , there bei g no one to resist them o to thwart their

o e tw o of a a an r a 6 3 o s designs. Fr m thes o p rts J c n d Be mud , b at of the enemy set out every year and run along the islands of

R o a an a o o o . r Cuba, Puerto ic , Jamai c d S nt D ming They ob

n o r t s e . what they ca , with ut ou being able o puni h th m With

- their booty of cow hides , wine and other things which they c n l n a a ay their hands on , they pillage a d le ve again by way f o the Bahama Channel , with which they are as familiar as the pilots who have made the j ourney to the Indies ten or

o one twelve times . Then they enter int of these haunts , h whence they return to England , rich from t e robbery they were able to commit , leaving the owners. poor and bereft of n ll their money a d merchandise, which they carry away . A this witho ut alleviation to the women folk who waited for it

o from the returns, from the sale o f leather . Ab ve all the re putation of the Spanish name has be en shamed by this Silence “ an o i ff ri r a r d c nt nuous su e ng f o so many years . So m ny co sai s ar r o a e a s r e ente i ng the unf rtified places, th t th y t ke a r ni a much as they please, either ba gai ng for it or t king it by

o of n n on r o f rce men a d arms . Co diti s a e such that with ut a fleet of a o n o i fo r n rt ri g lle ns, o j urney s safely taken a y pa where f

n - n r gates a d large sea going vess els carry o trade . These a e not in danger of attack from corsairs during the W i nter season when the corsairs return to the two ports. It is then that the ships prefer to appear in order to avoid the danger of enemies , robbers and corsairs .

NOTES

1 Pedro Menendez Marques ruled in Florida first as gov gmor ad interrim o 1577 to 1578 and a e r fr m then perm n ntly l 54 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

1 1 Vi i o 578 to 589 . d e S a s o o of o a 15 fr m p n h G vern rs Fl rid , 65 1 6 o ol nial R cords 7 3, in C nnor, C o e , I , xxxiii .

o E a 21 1 Fr m Santa len , October , 577 , Pedro Menendez Marques wrote to King Philip II : Your Maj esty expressly commands that . I should strengthen this fort of Santa Elena n o e ma e o a d the thers th re y be in th se pr vinces, because it so ’ befits your Maj esty s service and the safety of the rest of ” o oloni l Re or the Indies . C nnor, C a c d s, I , 265. Even while Menendez was rebuilding the fort at Santa Elena he and his soldiers were unsafe because of the presence Of some French

Pri L men from the n cipe in the interior . etter of Pedro r t u us 15 1 78 Menendez Ma qués t b the king , S . A g tine, June , 5 ,

oloni rds - in Connor , C al Reco , II , 78 83. Indians from Guale and Santa Elena had come to treat with those in the neigh b orh of t ood S . Augustine in the attempt to get them to destroy the Spaniards in the latter city .

3Nombre de Dios is described as a quarter of a league from Vid la o l o a St . Augustine . e Nota de s missi nes de a pr vinci

l D e t t ri o la de a Florida, in Serrano y Sanz , ocum n os his é c s d e F I X lo L a X d III r . rida y la uisi na siglos V l V (Mad id , p

’ t ri u m is c . o 132 . (Hereinafter cited as Docu en tos h o os ) D c “ ments of the mission perio d refer to it as dos tiros de m os ”

s t a it o u . queta away from St. Augu tine o emph size s pr pinq ity

o w r d to a It was ruled by Dona Maria, the cacica, wh as mar ie a i a a and Spanish soldier, Clemente Vernal . D oha M r a C cic Nov t us n . Clemente Vernal , her husband , to the king , S . Aug ti e, 92 87 a o 4 30, 15 . Archivo General de Indias, estante , c j n , i legaj o 4 . Florida State Historical Society photostat . Here n after the photostats of this collection will be abbreviated in

- - San S ast a a . . 4 . o . this m nner : (A G I . 87 4 ) F . S. H . S ph t eb i n

l t r reek In ian nd according to Swanton , Ear y His o y of the C d s a

o ul e i their Neighbors ( Bureau of Am eri can Ethn logy B l t n 73, “ o n m Washington , p . 328, is descri bed as a t wn on a ar f 1 o the sea near St. Augustine, destroyed about 600 by a ” r Histor o t r flood . (Hereinafter, Swan ton , Ea ly y f he C eek

56 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

6 I e o a s - cast , pr b bly the ame as Casti , given by Laudon

a a ua o . S a o Ear t niere s Timuc t wn w nt n , ly His ory of the ek Indians 24 c ci u f re . 3 . a e o a ac l o e C , p The q C g o o bel ng d either to the area of San Juan del Puerto or San Pedro (Cumberland i M n n Island) . V d e Juan e é dez Marqués to Fray Miguel Aven o a t 160 R i i L g z r, S . Augustine , June 7, 6, in u d az y Caravia, a

’ Florida su con uista colon iza i on q y c , II , 498. (Cited herei n z L after as Ruidia , a Florida) .

7These were not the first Franciscans who came to Florida a f fter the departure o the Jesuits . The first fri ars to enter Spanish Florida (barring those who accompanied the earlier expeditions) were mémb -ers of the group who came to Santa

E 1 i d of f e lena in 573. V e A Fragment the Description o th ’ Vo ydgm ro Menendez Marqués along the east Coast of 1 oloni e r o a 57 o al R co 1 . The Fl rid , in 3, in Conn r, C ds, I , 33 “ i translation stating that there were nine new relig ous, how i n ever, s a slip. The Spani sh text o page 330 merely states

fi n ‘ b’ fi

t e Diego de Velasco to the king, S . Augustin , ‘ 1 nn on 4 . w in Co or, Col ial Records, I , 3 Bet een

The a a of n E a. ch pl ins the forts at St . Augustine a d Santa len respective fri ars were ; Fray Alonso Cavezas and Fray Fran i o a o o s cisco del Castillo . V d e The Visitati n made by Alv r Fl re of of o n n a E a 1578 the Forts Fl rida, St. Augusti e a d Sant len , ,

oloni wi o o al Re or 14 n 163. C . s in C nn r, C c ds, II , 3 a d f like e r 15 Pedro Menendez Ma ques to the king, St. Augustine, June ,

15 o ol n ia e r ous of 78, in Conn r, C o l R co d s , II , 87 . The religi the group brought to Flo rida by Father Reinoso on the occasion mentioned by Father Oré are given in metrical form by the po

— o d o o et histori an of the group, Fray Alonso de Esc be , in a p em

- 192 ri . i A no XX entitled La Flo da Arch vo Ib ero m eri ca , VIII ( 7) MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 57

f El uno ue Reinoso , el otro Vigo ,

Hoj eda, y fray Antonio , y Fustam ente

- Corpa, Manzano , Torquem ada, Oviedo o z LO ez n G me y p , y Ruiz co Escobedo .

8The San Antonio here referred to was probably on the f mainland o Georgia, west of Cumberland Island and within ri the j u sdiction of Mission San Pedro on Cumberland Island . There was another district known as San Antoni o in the Fresh a o W ter District (Agua Dulce) in the region of the St. J hns R an e n iver d Lake George so uthwest of St. Augustin . Sa f r Juan stands o San Juan del Puerto at the mouth of the St.

“ o R t J hns iver twelve leagues north of S . Augustine .

9 When Father Reinoso came to Florida in 1857 it was his third visit to the peni nsula. He was in Florida pri or to 1583.

In that year he returned to Spai n seeking recruits. for the m o of i t r issi n field Florida. The relig ous who se out with F ay M Reinoso on ay 6, 1584 were : Fray Pedro de Aguilar , Fray o A e Pedr de Arias, Fray Juan de Santa na, Fray Francisco d la R a o s Cruz , Fray afael del Castillo , Fr y Juan de San Nic la , n A r hivo Fray Alo so Pérez , and Fray Gaspar de l os Reyes . c

Ib er - Am e n o ri ca o I 1 4 n XX 1927 47 . , V 3 , a d VIII ( ” Tolomato and Tupique were not far distant from each o T r l ther. he fo mer was opposite Sapelo Island , the latter a o n s o the mainland , near the southern terminus of Guale or ’ . A re n tor cal St. Catheri nes Island . Vid e Bolton r d o d o s His i ’ Pro in t r i m of of Spa s Ti le to Geo g a, (Berkeley, 1925) ap oppo site p. xvii .

1 1 H n a opiras according to Dr . Swanton is a compound word “ ” n o n ra having as elements a , signifying human being a d pi , “ ” ’ r m an or red . Thus Father O é s use of the word as painted ” - m i L f a o to . red hu an being s correct . etter o Dr . Sw nt n Dr

. 19 J M . Cooper, Washing ton, March 19, 36 .

” Father Oré occasio nally alludes to co nditions in Peru of f o a was which country he was a native . Since no drink o Fl rid o a s r ro str ng enough to cause drunkenness, the n tive we e p s tected by nature from falling into vicious dri nking habit . 58 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

This was one vice against which the missionaries did not have to contend . ” San Lucar IS a shortened form for San Lucar de Bar

“ a i n ' ramed . It s o the Atlantic at the mouth of the Guadal i ir wa ne f u v R . o o a a o f not q iver It s the uxili ry p rts o Seville, f r a from Cadiz . ’ 1 4 a s n Dr ke s a sault o St. Augustine co upled with the wide spread belief in the Caribb ean that the corsai r was founding an E s s on a r ngli h ettlement the Atlantic co st, led to this voy f o age of exploration . Instead o f unding a colony Drake actu ally took back to England the one English colony alo ng the

oas of Roa o . n e c t, that n ke Of this, however, the Spa iards w re apparently unaware .

1 "s ilayagua, Charlestown harbo r . Maps of the United

S a s o o a S to sca of 1 w s in t te Ge l gic l urvey the le 3 5 6 6 6 6 ere u ed locating the various. places enumerated in the following notes . ” a l San Roman , now Cape Romai n , in in South C ro ina. 1 7 no a o er Trafalgar, w C ape H tteras , in Cf . L w y , anish ett n t Sp S lem e s, I , 375. ” as o as San Juan as described by the geographer , Vel c , w in therefore between Cape Hatteras and the entrance of B Chesapeake ay. ” r Between Capes Charles and Hen y .

o f o o a. The present p rt o N rf lk , Virgini ” Reference is made probably to what is now the mouth

f o B o the York River or perhaps to M bj ack ay . 22 This was. in the year 1572 .

Chesapeake Bay narrows to about this distance between Calvert and Dorchester Counties j ust abo ve the Patuxent

“ R o i o d a e lo iver . H wever, this s hardly the sp t in ic t d by the g , for the Potomac is indi cated in On the other hand the Chesapeake can hardly be said to narrow to two leagues any 4 s a o where befo re one reaches the Potomac . The di t nce fr m Smith Island in the Chesapeake to Smith Point on the Virgi nia a s o os mainland is about three leagues . Smith Isl nd lie pp ite la r the mouth of the Potomac . This may be the p ce refer ed to in the log . MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 59

The Potomac River enters Chesapeake Bay at exac tly ° 38 latitude . 2 5This Indian was taken from the western shore of Chesa B o a o t peake ay above the Potomac , pr b bly fr m S . Marys

County . ° 2 This evidently is a scribal error or false transcription ° fo r 39 latit ude . The Potomac was given as lying in 7 ° ° 2 Between 38 and 39 there are a number of rivers and in lets running into the Chesapeake from the western shore. The “ ” interpretation of small island depends to some extent on ° what the navigato rs considered a small island . The 39 parallel runs directly through Kent Island , and Kent Island would be small to Spani ards acquainted with islands the size of Cuba,

n . Hispaniola a d Jamaica. South of Kent is a much smaller f o o island , called today Poplar Island . The log re ers m st pr b ably to Kent Island . 2 8A s a matter of fact the channel of the Chesapeake runs a o f l ng the eastern part o the b ay . 2 9 Roundly speaking Chesapeake Bay terminates. in a s ort f o semicircular head , into the middle of which flows the Sus

h n R . i n que a na iver It s ot this part, however to whi ch the log refers b ut to the extreme terminus which is tongue-like in shape and runs to the northeast to a point where is situated a small town called Northeast, in Maryland . 30Beyond doubt the reference is to the Susquehanna which flows from no rthwest to southeast into Chesapeake Bay

. f o several leagues fro m the extreme terminus o the b ay . M re o ver the Susquehanna is flanked by hills . 31 The literal meaning in Spani sh as gi ven l n the log is ” n r Boat here, guard , there " sig ifying the commands that we e given by the officers for the Spaniards considered thei r posI or tion dangerous . They were in danger of being wrecked at least marooned . 32 Shad are obtained from the Susquehanna.

2 o Ba The date was June 3. The Feast of St. J hn the p ti st falls on the following day . Here one has an how so many places in the Americas were named 60 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA bination Of some incident or physical characteristic with th Of the day Of a saint Often determined the nomenclature the country .

34 Several small stream-s running in a southernly direction run somewhat parallel to the Susquehanna in Hartfo rd and C ou s ar a a ecil c ntie , M yl nd , which fl nk the Susquehanna. ” Here reference is made most prob -ably to the terminus Ba i o Of the y runn ng in a n rtheast direction . 36 The terminus Of Chesapeake Bay is only a little more than latitude . 3 7 Reference is made here to what is now the harbo r Of ° o o 3 a o H m . i N rf lk The 7 mer di n runs thr ugh a pdon Roads. 38 Of . note 36 . f n as o t . au o 2 The fe t S s Peter a d P l occurs n June 9 . This Indian was taken from the eastern shore of the

Chesapeake . “ The coastline described here is the broken island coast

Of North Carolina. The Spaniards were probably in the re “ f Al rm rl gion o b e a e So und . Roanoke Island flanked by Roanoke

n o f So und a d Croatan Sound , lies southeast from the m uth o l e R o o A b ermarl Sound . Protecting oano ke Island fr m the cean “ i the s a long narrow sand y island called Bodie Island . In

o w interi r Of the regio n where they were, there as a ship yard , oo on a indicated by the presence Of sl ps, while the l nd there ” i a were some remains of Engli sh barrels. Here it s clear th t the Spani ards detected the remains of Roanoke but did not

" in go to the spot . A s will be brought out later the text the Spani ards thought the settlement was still inhabitated and wished to co nceal their hostile de signs. from the English until

Spain was ready to plant her own colony there . a is between Roanoke Island and Cape H tteras. 4 3 an om Capes Trafalgar (Hatteras) San Juan and S R an .

4 4 San Pedro or Cumberland Island was called Tacatacoru

' by the Indians Vid e Memorial on four Forts Of Flo rida pre a o a sented to his Maj esty by Captain Antonio de Pr d , M drid ,

o oni ecords 291 . was November 16 , 1569, Co nnor , C l al R , I , It to a e . a F about twenty l ages from St. Augustine In letter r y MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 61

u A ven o ar Co ssa a a Mig el g c , mmi ry Gener l Of the Indies, Ju n

Menendez Marqués on June 7 , 1606, recalled his vo yage to ’ ri n an n Jacan . Ref er g to the ship s calling at S Pedro o its

t t . o return o S Augustine , he wrote that he f und Fray Baltasar L “ opez making progress with the Indian mission there . Y aviendo por el ano de 88 ydO al descubrimiento de la baya de l o l l o a Madre de Di s del Jacan , y tomar engua de a poblaci n del n lé n l o a r y g s , j untamente co e Capitan Vincente G nz lez , po o o i n a b el an rden del dich General, y av e do lleg do de u ta a S

e n i on P dro , bi que avia cantidad de y d os cristianos y que c

muestras de aficion y devocion acudian a oyr misa y la. doc ” R i i L ri e e trina. u d az , a Flo da, II, 498. Juan Men nd z Marqués

o . menti ns Fray Baltasar Lopez on p . 497 4 5 o Juan Menendez Marqués wrote, he made such a rep rt t ff Fl o o a . R i i z orida 49 . was the r y l O icials u d a , La , II , 8 It probably this written account that Father Oré inserted bodily

’ l ir in this Re aci on d e los Mart es . “ Here is an indication Of the time this Relacién was ’

1 . the written by Oré . If Drake s attack ( 586) is taken as ’ starting point Of Ore s thirty years the year Of the writing e would be most probably the beginning Of 1617 . The narrativ 1 Rela 1 . Of the ci én ends with the ev ents Of December, 6 6 If the discovery Of what was thought to have been the inhabited ’ settlement Of Roanoke is the terminus a qno of Father O're s

e a i 1 . thirty years, then the R l c én was written in 1618 or 16 9 “ The name Of Pedro Diaz appears in a document of the year 1589 entitled : hauana and 1589 Relacion quel g della Inhla de la parte donde los yngleses estan poblados en la costa

- - l 4 . a o n 6 4 1 . de fl rida e altura de 3 grados (A . G . I . 5 3 ) F S a H . S. phot . Diaz was captured by the English under Rich rd

r o s Grenville , near Be muda, W hile he was en route fr m the Indie to L Spain . ater Diaz was taken to Roanoke . “ Cf . note 42.

4 9 l a an David G avid , usually spelled Glauin or Glavin , w s Iri shman who was captured by the Engli sh under Richar d Grenville (whom the Spani ards called Richarte Canpouerde)

1584 w r s a in after the to e had left the po rt Of Nante , Fr nce , 62 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

in a merchant vessel . The English bro ught him to Jacan or

Roanoke where he remained with the colony until it was "taken

1 o back to England by Drake in 586 . Glavin was f rced to ac compan y a second expedition that set out for the reestabli shz ment of Roanoke a short time later. The English went by

a a hi a . o way Of Puerto Rico , where Gl vin m de s esc pe Fr m

' then on he continued in the Spanish Service . He was. a sold 159 til] t as 1 00 tes at St. Augustine from 5 a le t 6 . The above

“ tim ony was given by Glavin himself to Governor Canzo Of 1 R o l a a a Florida, in 600. Vid e elaci n de a T m y su Tierr , y de n r D o um en to his la Poblacion de I glesesf ifi Ser ano y Sanz , c s t ri 1 - 1 é cos , pp . 55 57. 5 0 La Y eguana In Espanola. 5 1 f m od Cape San Nicolas, the most northwestern point o ern Hayti .

5 2 The Point of Mayci is the extreme eastern point of Cuba. 5 3 Father Reinoso went to Spain no doubt in the hope Of O b ari o s taining more friars for the Florida missio n field . V u (zed/alas from the end Of the year 1589 to the begi nning of the r o a year 1590 expressly mention fri ars destined fo Fl rid . 54 m Vid e A lcaid e in this co nnection means co mander .

i i z L F r a 496 . Ru d a , a lo i d , II 5 5 These facts relative to Jacan and Tierra Firm e are nar rated in a le tter Of Juan Menendez Marqués to Fray Miguel

‘ - r R idiaz La Flori da 495 96 . A ven o a 1606 . u g c , June, , , II , S6 ne two o s o o a In all probability , either o Of p rt kn wn t d y as Vianna do Castillo and Caminha in Entre Minho E Buoro province in north-east Portugal bo rderi ng on Spani sh Gali n e uni d u cia. At this time Spain a d Portugal wer te nder Philip

II of Spain .

‘ 5 7 Nombre de Dios in this case must be distinguished from s to the Nombre de Dios in Florida. The fo rmer refer the f anious port on the Isthmus Of Panama.

5 8A v endafio received the news of his appointment at Ca 1 4 L “ o o a 1 59 . diz , February, 0, etter Of D ming M rtinez de

a 10 1594 . . . . Avendano to the king , Cadiz , Febru ry , (A G I

- - . o . 143 4 2) F . S. H . S ph t

64 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

Clark . He told the Spanish master that he wished to take the Spani sh ship into the Engli sh fort (Jamestown) at the same time inviting the master as well as the rest Of the crew to o a o c me sh re, promising them g ood treatment . This the master would not do until the English would produce Diego

o a. w no de M lin When this as t promised , the master held C a nor o l rk, w uld he permit him to return to shore . The next day negotiations were entered into for the ex f ri change O p soners . The Engli sh wanted the master Of the

Spani sh boat to come on sho re first . The Spani sh master de clared that unless the Engfish handed over the three prison r e s , he would fight them , to which the English replied that “ wa the Spaniards might gO to the Devil . At this time it s seen that they [the English] took away Francisco Lemb ri with much violence and that from behind the English Captain

s i he made signs that they should push out to sea, cros ing h s n arms a d hastening to get away . Thus they returned to the Caravela and discovering that a small vess el was coming out n a from within the rive r which falls in o the right h nd , they a resolved to be off to sea and to return to the Hav na , where they arrived on July 20 [10] without anything Of importance ll eo having occurred or befallen them on the way , with a the p o a a o o o ple they took out except Don Diego de M lin , M rc Ant ni

n L m ri a o e Perez a d Francisco e b , who rem ined in the p w r Of the ” T en es the nited States Engli sh . Alex . Brown , he G is of U , I ,

- o a Por 517 518. The sai lor who seized Clark was pr b bly the a sh had o o tuguese mentioned by Oré . The Sp ni ship g ne fr m i o a Lisbon to Havana and the nce to Virgin a. This w uld expl in o o at s the presence Of Portugues e on the bo at . M re ver, thi n u o ast t time Portugal a d Spain were united , which ni n l ed ill

1640.

e 1 1 11 o to the S ani s By Nov mber 5, 6 , Philip III wr te p h i s am s to re ambassador at London , tell ng him to reque t J e II

t 24 . i . 5 o o . c lease the Spani sh pri soners in Virgi ni a. Br wn , p , I , l 1 1 1 a n o to S a . By February 3, 6 3, Clark h d bee br ught p in Phi ip

III was willing to exchange him for the prisoners. in Virginia: Ma 28 1613 s it. o o a on Bro wn, op . c , Dieg de M lin y , ent MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 65 a letter from Virginia to the Spani sh ambassador co ntaining o a o a to o of E much inf rm ti n s the pr gress the nglish colo ny . He stated that Marco Antonio had died fifteen months previ ” ously and explained that the English sailor who was the “ thi rd captive clai ms to be from Arago n and real ly no one

a t i o it wo uld t ke him o be a fore gner. Br wn, op . c II , 650.

" ’ The bearer Of Molina s letter was a Venetian . Molina wrote it in cipher. If you [Velasco] have the Key to my cipher you can write to me in the same cipher ; but this letter goes b e

- f i n tween the soles o a shoe, where it s sewed in , a d thus I trust to God that I have not done wrong in writing in this o it 1 a ri o manner . Br wn, Op . c . , II , 65 . Clark died in Sp in p r

1 14 n i . o l t . w o October, 6 . Brow , op c t , II , 738 M lina as sti l in

9 . ni 1 1 cit. 50 Virgi a in 6 8, Brown , Op . , II , 6 3Jacan and Bermuda were strategically situated to cause

t ni a as s. much damage o Spa sh shipping . The Sp nish tre ure ship did not sail directly from Havana. to Cadiz and San Lucar b ut o a went along the coast Of Flori da and the Car lin s, turned di rectly east by way of Bermuda and the Canaries and then made for Spain . 6 4 Father Ore s description Of conditions In the Cari bbean Is n ma entirely correct . A substantial amount Of do cume tary terial directly or indirectly deals with the inroads made by th to a e corsai rs in that region . The attempts Of Spain ret in the Caribbean as a Mare Clai isnni were never wholly success e uarda ful , despite the vigi lance of the coast guard vess ls ( g costas) and the fleet known as the armada d c In dias AN ACCOUNT OF THE DEATH OF FIVE MARTYRS AND OF THE

SUFFERINGS OF ONE CONFESSOR , RELIGIOUS OF THE ORDER

UR H T. S OF O HOLY FAT ER S FRANCI , IN FLORIDA .

15 5 Of Hi In the year 9 , by order s Maj esty , King Philip II ori ous o and at s a a o o Of gl mem ry , the reque t Of the c pt in , D ming a z A v endafio a a m M rtine de , Fr y Fr ncisco de Arzubiaga, Co 1 m - f issary General o the Indies , sent twelve religi ous to con tinue the conversion Of the Indians Of Florida and to teach i r a o . i o them Ch sti n d ctrine Th s w rk had already started , i as I said be fore . These relig ous had been chosen from the province Of Castille. They embarked from Spai n on the feast of the glorio us Doctor? St. Bo naventure, July 14 . Fray Juan S a a and a i o s and man was de ilv , a pre cher very relig u prudent 3 i chosen as superior and commissary . H s compani ons were the following

F M m te fi est onf sso 4 and a s W am , c e r very pirit l i n e f ua relig ous, was a ma of incredible acts Of penanc , or he ri a 5 e fasted du ng all the Lents Of Our Father St . Fr ncis, as w ll n 6 L k e as o the three days Of the Great Lent . i ewise, he fast d on all Saturdays Of the year on bread and water ; on the vigils

r he Of Ou Lady and o n those Of some of his favorite saints, onl a fasted to the extent Of not even taking a bite, but y w ter e a nor u nor when thirst weakened him , eating neith r bre d , fr it a onl any other things. During Holy Week, he fasted t king y three refections : on Sunday and Tuesday of Holy Week, he a o t subsisted on bread and water ; whi le on Holy Thursd y , u

o e the o m O . Of certain c nsideration , he at what c m unity ffered

He a or a o he o . b e never knew cell bed , but nly t ch ir After a coming a priest, he wore no other clothes but the h bit, with

7 - out a tunic ; moreover he wore a hair shirt inside . When he w n e n oo his as o a j ourney , on going out Of th tow , he t k Off 66 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 67

n i sandals a d put them in h s sleeve, even tho ugh the roads would be covered with snow, a half yard deep . This happened b ause n a many times ec , since he was a exempl ry religious, they u se t o t 8 o wa Of oo freq ently n him u . This religi us s g d build n a d from the better class of society . In him there reigned a o spiritual j y by which all were consoled . He was loved by all He eri e o n a . exp enc d many corp ral a d spiritu l di fficulties o in Fl rida which were caused by a certain person whom , by his a o o i dvice in c nfession, he hindered from acc mplishing h s o F imm ral designs . or this the person wished to take revenge o n him , by bringing against him testimony which was un

‘ a so o believ ble in h ly a man .

o 9 o is When he fell ill , the Duchess Of Infantad , kn wing h nee ds ( she knew him well and was conversant with his vir tues) wro te to him that he should return to Spain and sent “0 him a royal decree from the King as. well as an Obedience i from h s prelate, on the strength Of which he went to Alba 1 1 hi e cete, s home , to se if his protracted illness would be cured

the ir . in a Of his homeland . There he di ed a holy death . They buried his bod y in the church where he had been baptized and his a i gr ve s held in great veneration .

o s and o f sso a na of W fi w prie t c n e r, tive the f 1 2 o to wn o Tendilla, is a religious well thought Of and kn wn f r o his fervent charity toward the Sick . Wherefore they made l ro him infirmarian in Guadalaj ara. He fasted nearly al th ugh

n . the year, a d on many days took only bre ad and water He was most zealous in the things pertaining to our rule and holy o o p verty . This he also Observes now, for in the visitati n I made Of the convent Of Bayamofi‘3 I found him to be the l guardian Of that house . He used very few thIngs, on y those

o which were absolutely necessary . All the people c nsider him m h i a holy and apostolic an . He as always been much g ven to the practice Of mental prayer . In Florida he has been very useful among the Indians because by means Of his teaching , a a and more SO by hi s exemplary life, he brought many p g ns t o the knowledge Of the true Go d . 68 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

o til a well kn wn family , and of ob oo a m an of a a n a n le bl d , gre t spirit; gr ce a d vo ice, w s o and eri s b all o w On l ved ch hed y with wh m he dealt . He as c a o a all and o wa a Sider te t w rds s he s m ster Of the wills of all ,

req uest Of the convent and city Of Havana to have him preach

there, he embarked for that was unable to reach it

o r o r in ve f rty days, although it is a short j ourney of six o en 1 4 sev days . I , myself, have made the j curney twice . They u a e t o 1 5 ri were n bl o r und Cape Cafiaveral, a t p Of two or three

days. Seeing their inability to make headway , they returned . “ The reverend preacher said : God did not send me to the city of a n H va a, but to this land to instruct t he Indians ; here I

to a o n intend rem in till death , because I have t receive therei some great favor from God ; thus I believe that my inability i to proceed farther with the j ourney h as not been in va n .

With this he soon prepared himself to gO among the Indians .

areawcher Of the province Of

Castill a i ousOf at a o a o ans e, relig gre ze l In w rking m ng the Indi

ri a n an in du ng the whole time he was in their midst, te chi g d t in nd s ruct g them , attended to the things Of their souls a their

t f or e n . i n o ou governme t In h s provide t way , he lo ked th m W ow M M W m -z W 7 M u n ” M g m m SO that th y wo l ha ks and zat em l u d em fi ‘ l m w w gg fi i n f r was a taught them the art Of sing ng , a d o this he gre tly

1 6 o t o esteemed by them . SO he determined to go int the in eri r,

“7 as far as the Indian towns Of the province Of La Tama where

n u he h e was well received by them . A S soo as he ret rned, was sent to Spain with the news Of the religious who had ff 1 8 o o a su ered martyrdom . Since then he has held the h n r ble

1 9 Office Of Ci ts toldi o of the province of Castille and with this title he went to the General Chapter in Rome in the year

o - al 1612 . He returned with the Office Of C mmissary Gener Of Jerusalem to solicit and administer the almS Of the Holy

21 i t ri w a a . House . Afterwards he as guard n a M d d MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 69

Fray Pedro de San Gregorio , a religious of great sanctity and very recollected , went forth from the house of recollection an o o of astaiiar22 of o f d h ly c nvent C the pr vince o Castille . He was a man of ri o a as o o inte r s well exteri r m rtificati on , and o of a religi us great devotion . He was a native Of the town

o a a a ze a 2 3 in u o kn wn s C s de U d . He fell sick P erto Ric . He h m i ad co e with the other relig ous, b ut remained on the is

a to . Not a ri l nd get well being able to obt in passage to Flo da, he returned from there to Spain . A Fray Pedro de ufi On , a preacher, native of the town of

A fi On 24 of f t an u a o u , the province o Castille, fell sick a S L c r, s he remained in Spain to his own sorrow and that of his com ni pa ons . M r a sam o of Cas W Qn Q fi j , Of the e pr vince tille , “ a o a f A ii i n of in ls native o u On, s a man of great sanctity a d z f r i n credible eal o the salvation of souls, as h s works a d writ s has o os and has had the Ja in which he c mp ed printed Lu n 4 u “M g 5m m u ‘ M , v m h -M ad -M-n-uu &M M a t i w ““ a n an ._ m o : w m m f c M

u e w of e th e I a s i e s s su ass g ag ndi n , g v te timony In thi he rp ed f the rest . In the beginni ng the Indians offered him many a

A N DHJ ‘ Christ and defending them from the molestation Of the Span i h o hi s soldiers . By these deeds and through the p wer of s a ex mple, which he always gave , he overcame the harshness and n o to cruelty of the Indians, changi g them from w lves f sheep . Because o the virtue that was known t o be in him , 2 5 was ff s of ua a o and c tstodi o he given the O ice g rdi n , definit r i ; n 2 6 a d in the visitation which I made , in order f first provincial chapter o this province, I fo m n h very holy a and most worthy of this election . T us it fell

to his lot to become provincial which office he holds. at the n n a at his present time, with sanctity a d integri ty , ot sp ring o o Flo advanced age, the labor c nnected with the j urneys in

rida.

n i o us Fray Pedro Ruiz , priest a d co nfessor, s a religi per son who has always given good example among the Indians n o s a d Spaniards. On account of thi s he was given the ffice 70 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

t i n 2 7 Of guardian, cus od o a d commissary of this custody before it was erected into aprovince . In order to express their sat i fa n hi erv e a s ctio with s s ices, the pr l tes in Spain hav e gi ven “ ” 2 8 him the title of Father of this Province . In the first provin i c al chapter we held , he was named guardian of the convent f i o na. o o of Hava He s fr m the pr vince Castille, a native of e Valdesoto , in th j urisdiction of the town of Uzeda. i Fray Fran cisco de Avila, a young pr est of the province f n o Castille , a d a native of the city of Toledo was a man of great spirit who bore up with great difficulties, as will be f hi n s e a o s a a o a s. een , wh n we tre t c ptivity m g the Indi n

r ol ri f Fray [Francisco de] Ve asc a, a p est of the provmce o “ i n Cantabria, a V scaya , was a religious endowed with good s n n h i nes a d simplicity , a d w o afflicted h s body with great n penances, about which we shall treat later o .

l o f r m f Fray Pedro de Viniegra, a ay br ther, o the p ov ce o i n Castille, was a very humble relig ous a d given to prayer . He w as never remiss in di ligent attendance at his exercises . He gave himself to the learning of the Indian language to such an He extent that he understood it and knew it thoroughly . preached with zeal and with the spirit of an apostle ; more over he was a zealot for the cause of holy poverty whi ch he keeps with such perfection that he has never used more than one o po r habit without a tunic. i i i Seeing h s humility , his g ft of language which he ac

; n quired , as well as the grace a d spirit of his preaching to the

Indians, the fathers realized that it was a shame that he was ’ not a pri est so that he could bear the Indians confessio ns and

f r ri s n say Mass, o he had the requirements to be a p e t a d to ad sto e minister the sacraments . SO the fathers of this cu dy p titioned the Father Commissary of New Spain to grant this r favor . This he did by giving permission to have him o

‘ ni of dained . Of him we have made one of the best mi sters “ the Indians who have appeared in our times.

e a 31 Fray Francisco de Bonilla, a nativ of T larrubias Of the province of Castille ; was sent to New Spai n with some

72 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

o a ua an o f o The lay br ther Fr y J n de S Nic las, o the pr vince “ o o n of Santiago , was the greatest w rker y u ever saw. He co

to hi a e ha o tinued in this up s Old g , which he s n w attained . He of t n i lives in the convent S . Augustine a d s much given to i o of a o o prayer . He s a pers n gre t simplicity in wh m the wh le o - presidio has very great faith . People obtain hi s w rn out and torn underclothing and use them for swaddling clothes f the ook m s Ev for n a s a s o a . their i nt , bec u e yj up n the s relic n h n erythi g he was taught in the Order , e keeps a d observes

o e . is f r o o to this day , as if he were a n vic He so a rem ved fr m the thing s of this world that he appears not to have been

n r or has born , o created in it . Two three times the devil beaten him at the unseemly time when he was going to tri m a the lamps . The devil left him inj ur d , although by prayer , Hi o o . the br ther always vercame him s exercise, after having ll n worked a mo rning in the garden , a d after a meal , again in

a i n ri the fternoon , s to clean a d t m the lamps with the greatest

care . At ni ght he watche s in prayer for the living and the dead ; and when praying for them [the dead] he is accustomed to o o i thr w h ly water over their graves. He s also engaged in as i for a k ng bread through the streets. This he does with gre t

r s devotion . No does he ever offer an excuse b ut rather tend

to a so this matter with the greatest obedience . This holds l ro for other things in which the guardian engages him . He p

gresses in the practice of humility and exercises. it as if he n were a rece tly admitted novice . He is signally eminent in s ai ni to u s ua s and his the thing pert ng virt e , keep perpet l ilence few words are always of great edification and serve to cause

devotion in those who speak and converse with him . Th e o 37 o of San br ther Antonio de Badaj oz, of the pr vince

Gabriel , knew the language of the Indi ans of Guale well ; of

him we shall soon speak when we treat of his death .

’

i o . a e to Fray Juan de Silva, with all the other relig us pr y d of our o God , our Saviour, after having celebrated the feast H ly a Father St. Francis, to gi ve to each one the f te which He deemed most fitting for the conversio n of those souls whom a s o MarrOn a they came to seek , from Spain . Fray Fr nci c , gu r MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 73

f dian and cus todi o o the religio us, assign ed to each one the

a and s wa . to pl ce di trict in which he s instruct the Indians, (the a a n governor, Ju n M rtinez de Ave dano hi mself being present) n so they separated a d departed from St . Augustine and entered

n , ten towns , each o e to the place which fate and the will of his “ ri supe or determined . They were separated from one ano ther at f r o o a distance o three o four leagues . M re ver, there were n a b ad roads, swamps a d waterw ys, so that travelling was ren 3 9

f . dered dif icult both by land and by se a. They served in the t e missions realizing great fruit among h Indians, occupying i n n ri themselves preaching , baptizing a d administe ng the other sacraments .

Two lo a a years after the friars arrived in F rid , n mely in a h the year the Indians of Gual e, instig ted by t e devil wh i l o s to o s adverse to al good works, seized upon an cca ion [ er i 1 revolt] . One of the fath s wo uld not permit an Indian 2 e m youth} who was a Christian and heir to the caciqu do , to r e have more than the one wife to whom he was mar ied . Becaus the priest repri manded him and commanded him that Since w n n t he as a Christian , he should live as a Christian a d o as

. o a pagan , [he rebelled] . He was told that acc rding to the n l o a one and at Christia aw, he could not have m re th n wife n a 4 3 that o o ther than the one to whom he w s married . i This caci qi te and two other Indians, like him , g ven to the a same immoral practice, went into the interi or among the p s o gans , without saying anything or without obtai ning p ermis i n a s as they were wont to do on othe r occasions. After a few d y a they returned at night with many other pagan Indians, p inted

" n s a d smeared with red paste, and with feathers on their head .

Thi s among them is a sign of cruelty and slaughter.

T hat night when the Indians arri ved neither the priest no r those in the town knew anything about it . When, in the ’ 4 o d morning} the Indians opened the priest s house, they f un him there praying; then without wai ting to gi ve any explana

tion , they killed the pri est with a stone hatchet which they a ca i i e a a of c ll ma na, but which s known as champ in th l ngu ge to a the Incas of Cuzco . This happened at Toloma , the chief pl ce 74 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

f ' of t a s ri . a o i o h t di t ct The n me the relig us whom they killed , was Fray Pedro de Corpa.

When this religious was dead , the Indians began to ex change women in order to give rein to their sensuality and , “ unlawful pleasures. A command Was given that the head of the dead religious be placed on the end of a lance and set up at a n a and a e o a en two Ih the l ndi g pl ce, th tth b dy be t k by dians to the woods, to be hidden so that the Chri stians would

‘ n t . i o find it Hence it s that the body has not been found . r e o Afterwa ds th y sent n tice to the isle of Guale, which wa 4 7 o a a i s near, c mm nding the c c que to kill the two fri ars who

e e hi o . ac n e r w r in s territ ry When the c iq hea d of this , he was u nor di h m ch grieved , d he wis to fulfill the command . There fore he warned the lay brother of what he had learned abo ut

“ ’ ns e s a s a and a er Com the India de d , dvi ing him th t he the F th o e missary go to the isle of San Pedro . M reover the caciqu off e to a a n h o m er d give him b rk a d Indians w o w uld take the . r e thithe , even though it would b e at the ri sk of their lives . Th i lay brother, however, d d no t wish to believe him , and so did n ot choose to advise Fray Miguel de Aunon of the warni ng . Nor caci n e a s o on a of the did the q d re tell the prie t, b th ccount n shame which the Situation revealed , a d because of the great m love he had for hi .

caci l i h The qae advised the ay brother aga n t e next day , n but ot being able to believe such a thing, the brother reacted

'

‘ the a n ian f s me as the first time . On the third day , the I d s o the conspiracy cameand told the cacique th at they were com

‘ ing to have him kill the friars ; otherwise they would have to i u e n o r kill the cac q . The cacique answered he had o reas n fo m nd killing the fri ars and that if they cared to overlook the , a as wo uld leave them free , he would give the Indians as much “ a ha o to he had . The Indians agreed to answer th t they d c me e n o kill and that they intended to carry out th ir inte ti n . The caci que then went to Fray Miguel and with tears told him what was happening and that he could not rescue them and that he and hi s people were going to the woods to weep f or them as if they were their own brothers. MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 75

a n hi w s When Fr y Miguel a d s companion sa thi , they turned to prayer to await the critical hour of death . He said r Mass and afterwa ds spent more than four hours in prayer .

Presently the Indians sacked the house, then cam e first upon the lay brother and gave him a blow with the hatchet or ma i r o cana, from which he soon died . They d d not da e appr ac h B a Fray Miguel ; owing to the respe ct they had f or him . ut pagan Indian came and gave him a heavy blow with a macana

a e s o and stunned him . All the fai thful of the town c m , wi hing t n o a a a a o defend a d rescue him , b ut an ther p g n Indi n c me fr m b ehind and gave him another very heav y blow which cut his } 8 . a s a brains to pieces This pagan Indian , within a few d y , g ve way to despair and hung himself from a height with the cord

a o ia s . of his bow. This caused great wonder m ng the Ind n The Christian Indians buried the body [of Fray Miguel] at the ix foot of a very high cross which he himself had erected . S years afterwards when [the Spaniards] came to loo k for hi s s bones, they found them at the foot of the cross , as the Indian “ had told them .

f T’ i i 50 i a In the to wn o up qu , whi ch s near there where Fr y : Blas Rodriguez resided , the Indians came and said to him “ We have come to kill yo u ; you have no other alternative b ut ” to s die . The n the pri est asked them to allow him to fir t say Mass and after that they could do with him as they as pleased . He said Mass, while the Chri stian women as well o to m o s me men came mourn o ver hi . Then he divided am ng

e t e f r hi n e o a th m h little he had o s ow us . Four h urs h ving o s passed after he said Mass, he held an argumentative disc ur e with all his [spiri tual] so ns whom he had baptized and ih a structed in the law of God . Seeing that they h d rebelled “ a n e i not gai st him , he said to th m : My children, for me it s a ff r o al di icult thi ng to die, fo death of the body will c me o E r ou th ugh you be not the instrument of my death . ve y h r

we must expect it ; at the end we shall have to die . What a hurts me is your loss, and that the devil has been able to m ke yo u commit so great an offense against your God and Creato r ; s ” r e for w o it hurt me, likewis e, that you a e so ungrat ful the rk 76 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA which I and the other fathers have unde rtaken for you in ” o to o W to a u a a . hen rder te ch y the y he ven T he said to them , “ : Loo r now ou a o weeping k, child en , y h ve time, if y u wish to depart from your evil intention ; God our Master is merciful ” an o i d He will f rg ve you. But that sacri legious people pai d no o to i n attenti n h s counsel a d tears, b ut rather they despoiled [ the relics and vestments of the church and everything the h hi t hi a ad s ell . w f ther in c O ing o s requests and petitions, f or two o they held him days with ut killing him . During this time he prepared for death with the be st disposition and care

o e n he could , like a g od r ligious a d Chri stian . h 5 1 When these days ad passed , they gave him a heavy

o o i bl w with a st ne hatchet, the reby break ng hi s brai ns to hi pieces . They threw s bo dy to the birds, for the Chri stians B did not dare to bury him . ut the birds did not come to feed on a o ha him , while d g t t came upon him , immediately turned

- a . wa l . l m n way This s seen by al An o d a , a Christian, took o t o the b dy secretly o bury it in the wo ds. Because this good ’ Ol man ha i o o r 52 d s d ed we d not kn w whe e the friar s bones lie. Father Avila was at his mission5 3 whither the Indians

rm ri went with the set dete ination to kill him . They ar ved at n night a d Since they found hi m already retired , they kno cked i rel at the door, feigni ng they were bringing a letter from h s p h o ate . He replied that they Should give it to him in t e m rni ng . d a (He was already fearful , knowing that they ha killed F ther o i Co rpa. ) The Indians insisted that he open the do r to wh ch o ni he answered that it was not time to open till m r ng , and ’ that in God s name they should depart for he had already re oo tired . Then the Indians commenced to open the d r with n o violence, which in fact they fi ally succeeded [in d ing] The a e s religious, seeing himself in this danger , pl c d him elf behind n s ll t the door, a d since there was no light, they ru hed in a a hi ou once to rob s poor abo de . In the avarici s Spirit in which n for had e they cam e , they did ot encounter the priest he fl d oo e from their fury , hiding himself in some rushes. They l k d for him carefully and found him for they were able to see by e arro s the light of the moon . They Sho t at him with thr e w MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 77

r e and left him fo dead . With on , they struck him in the ri ght ano hand , with ther in the shoulder, while a third hit him in i n ni the thigh . Soon there came to h m a Indian , feig ng char “ who oo Off his a and sa to : a s ity , t k h bit id him T ke Off thi i n a f r habit which s full of blood a d I sh ll wash it o you. l The Indian took it Off and put it on himse f, so that the

i . of e w . relig ous as naked Nevertheless , the Indian was us to him in that he was a young chieftain f or he then liberated , , ' n o a not him from the fury of the others, a d so the religi us w s o killed . The chieftain persuaded the Indians that they sh uld take the religious along with them and give him a more cruel f o fo rm o death , or that he Should remain a captive am ng them

r e r e to se ve th m , since they had already left him f o dead in th i n o ff a ca rushes . They then tied h s arms a d to k him o s a p tive to the pagan towns by means of Indians who guarded him . It is incredible what this religi ous experi ence d in the 54 i year of h s captivity among those barbarians. He was naked n r in a climate which is as ri gorous as that of Madrid , o did n he have anyone to heal his wounds, nor did he have a y cloth f r i a o bandages to cover or bind them . God healed them m r cu l l r ous y o mercifully . After this the Indians determined to burn him , tied to a stake which was to serv e as a firebrand , with a great quantity of twigs and sticks which they had n brought together for that purpose . In this predicament, a Indian woman came forth and freed the religio us from the n o pillar , for She had a so am ng the hostages, held by the “ military . She declared This man I must have in place of son for a to son o and i my , he will h ve bring my t me ; if I del ver him from death , the governor will not o rder my son to be ” killed . At this, they delivered him from death after which he was somewhat more free .

Great was the persecution he sustained at the hands of the boys who many times came short of killing or hanging him in View of the fact that when the religious had taught ri nd them Ch stian doctrine a readi ng , he had sometimes struck m them . The Indians made him serve as a slave in the co ff u o u . m nity h s e He su ered great hunger, but wherever he 78 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA went they gave him something because he asked for it for the love of God . They made him carry wood on his Shoulders and ordered him to guard their huts5 5 and the cultivated mai ze “ o k w fields fr m the j ac da s that pilfered from them .

Although in this bri ef eulogy, the death and martyrdom

of e . four r ligio us have been told , together with the great suf f erin of gs Father Avila, I have deemed it well to include the very narrative of Father Avila which h e left written in his own a e o h e to S a and a the h nd , b f re returned p in , which rem ined in ’ a of er i a r h nds Fath Marron . After h s de th [Father Mar on s] it was ‘ f e f 5 7 s kept in the archives o the conv nt o Havana. In thi i m narrative , after having briefly narrated the death of h s co i pan ons, he continues the story of his impri sonm ent and cap tivity and at the same time recounts minutely his own suffer r ings. He w ites as follows

NOTES

1 The Franciscan commissary- general of the Indies resid w a ing at Madrid ; and maintai ned at royal expense, as , fter

- r the minister general of the Orde , the chief executive Offi Hi al i s cer concerning friars who went to the Indies . s de ng were directly with the Crown: The king gave permission f or

e o ss r - ral friars to go to the Indies, wher upon the c mmi a y gene om ssa to was notified ; he, in turn, appointed a c mi ry recruit ns orta on of friars for a definite field in the Indies. The tra p ti f as the fri ars from their friari es to the port o Seville, well as their maintenance in Seville until embarcation was

e to the b th m ur . assa W a y e oyai mrgas y Their p ge s ai a a iITFlorida u as of Indie , their d ly m inten nce the p rch e on o of u s and vestments and chal ices, and the c structi n ch rche the n Sp nish king . Docume tary evidence [ a w ” details as t3 the mann er in which the fri ars were mai ntained at royal support.

80 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

édum was s ne at Caravanchel 1 This g oyal ig d , July , w c “ ’ “ r Th Cédula t eanh tet th e a ma r e 1598. e ete s sa ym nr ar tfi ’ Indies consented to Father Montes return to Spain owi ng to r his illness in Flori da. The gov e r of Flori da was commanded ’ to place no o bstacles in the wayof Father Montes return to

1 4 - — 1 Spain . (A . G . I . 5 1 8) F . S. H . S. phot . “ 23 1 1 Albacete is the pri ncipal town in the province of the

same name in southeastern Spai n .

h 1 2 i e o Tendilla s locat d in the pr vince of Guadalajara, south of th f east e city o Guadalaj ara. B 1 3 1 Bayamo , Cuba. In 609 Florida and Cuba were j oined into a Single custody or minor province and in 1612 both o o e of E f o f rmed the pr vinc Santa lena o Fl rida.

1 4 a a two s o o a 1614 nd F ther Oré m de vi itati ns in Fl rid , in a 1 1 L o i in 6 6 . In the Memorial del P . Fray uis J rOn mo de Oré l a S. M . pidie ndo misionero s para a Florida, donde aumentaban l “ as conversiones, he states, he visited Flori da twice con peli gros y trab axo s de la costa de la Flo rida por ser mas tem pestuoso la canal de Baham a y estar a la boca della la ciudad ” t l s ri 4 . y puerto de S. Agustin . Vid e Lopez , Re acion hi é ca, II , 5

1 5Cape Canaveral which retains the same nam e today is

e t i . thirty leagues or about ninety mi l s south of S . August ne It was a treacherous part of the coast that proved disastrous

to many a Spani sh mariner .

1 6 Thi s fact of his teaching the Indians singing is bro ught o L Flori E o o ut in another source, the poem a da by sc bed , in

’ Rela ion ist r - LOpez , c h o i ed , I , 32 33

r Hubo po su veni da gran contento ,

Cantando a punto de Organo canciones, l o Que e Padre Chozas, con su buen talent , i Les daba cada d a do s leccio nes,

Great happiness prevailed as a result of [Father Cho ’ zas ] return [from Tama] [The Indians] sang their songs to

the accompaniment of the organ ; for Father Chozas, musically ”

a . talented , had given them two lessons each d y MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 81

r l e m pany of Fray Francisco de Ve asco a, a soldi r and a nu ri i ber o f Indians, Father Chozas explored the inte or of Georg a in 1597 j ust before the Guale outbreak . He was commissioned

to a f o o o o m ke this trip o exploration by the g vern r, G nzal Méndez n hi o u ri o de Canzo a d by s religi us s pe r, Fray Fran

‘ ’ ’ o L Rela i n h st s o a . L Flori o c o i ori a ci c M rr n a da in pez , c , I ,

26- 5 n en o s t s - 3 a d o D t hi Ori co . 14 145 , Serran y Sanz , oci wn s , pp 3 . “ Father Chozas was sent to Spain by order of Father Mar ron despite the fact that the governo r wanted him to wait until royal permission had been obtained . Lanning, The Spanish Mission o eor i 1 1 s f G g a (Chapel Hill, p . 9 . When the o o g vern r complained of this pro cedure to the king, the latter wrote to Canzo that in Similar circumstances the fri ars were o t b e o o n t o impeded from going to Spain. Carta del g bernad r la an s de Florida Gonzalo Mendez de Canzo a S. M . S Agu tin

- - 2 e 1 44 . 3 d febrero de 598. (A . G . I . 54 5 9) Modern number, 2 L anning transcri pt . “ Cas todio appears to have been the title given to a friar wh o represented a province at a general chapter.

The general chapter of the Order elects a mi nister- gen f E i s eral o the Order. ach province sends ts delegate . At thi

1 o . chapter, held at Rome in 16 2, Flo rida became a pr vince

2 1 a Since the days of St. Francis the holy places in P lestine have been under the care and protection of the Friars Minor . Alms for the maintenance of the holy places are gathered by commissaries throughout the world who send the proceeds to the Holy Land .

2 2 Castaiiar is in Estremadura.

It was from such ho uses of recollection that the Re n R o a s collects in France a d the eformati in Italy , ref rm br nche o a within the ranks of the Franciscans, developed . H . H lz pfel , M n es chi cht Fr iskan erord ens O . F . . , Ha dbi i ch d er G e d es anz

1 4 - 6 o s s of recol (Freiburg im Breisgau , 909) pp. 33 33 . H u e lection were friaries in which was mai ntained a stricter ob o a on and servance of the rule, coupled with severer m rtific ti 82 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

o o a greater rec llecti n from the distr ctions of the world . Vid e F n M . Th ra cis a r . . e n Dominic Devas, O F , c Ord e : an Essay on i H its S ri t and is tor N k 1930 . 42. p y ( ew c , ) p 24 Aunon IS a town in the province of Guadalaj ara in north eastern Spain .

The title of guardi an is given to a local superior espe ll f cia y o larger houses, while that of definitor to a member of ’ o io the provincial s co uncil . The cus t d was the chief admini s tr tive o ns'tlodia or o r a fficer in a c cust dy , a province in the p o f cess O formation . When the custody became a province the l chief ad ministrative officer was ca led a provincial . Father

Parej a obtained this latter office in December, 1616.

In the year 1616 . Father Ore s pri or Vi sit in 1614 in fulf illment of a comm i ss10n to visit the fri ars Offi

b ut not to hold a provincial chapter .

2 7 mm1 1 o Co ssary s a term used in vari us ways; A friar delegated for a special task may be designated a commissary. f This occurred a number o times in early Flo rida. A com r a u missary , likewise , recruited fria s in Spain (which F ther R iz n r i e did in 1610) a d provided fo the r eco nomic ne ds .

2 8 Father of the Province or Pater Prooin ciae was a title f efinitor wh e e a efini r given to some o the d s o w re p rpetu l d to s, and who enj oyed the right of perpetual vote in chapter. Holz

t . apfel , op . ci . , p . 424

2" o He is referred to as the Cantabrian Giant in Bolt n , ’ A rr ed on d o s H ri is to cal Proof, p . 15.

“ Fray Pedro Viniegra after ordination was stationed at Nombre de Dios and mini stered at Tocoy and Anto-nico In the Th anish Missions o Fresh Water District . Lanning , e Sp f e 14 G orgia, p . 6 .

’ o ai Talarrub l as Is located in the province of Badaj z , Sp n .

32 M rrén ha e Prior to his coming to Flori da, Father a d s en la al a. Lo ez Re veteran service in Peru , Mexico and Guatem p , i - cién h stéri ca, II , 12 13.

MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

s a o e on the ever l d cum nts the revolt . Various Indians who testified at the trial held at St. Au stine in 1598 stated that the friars specifically commande d t e Indians to live with b ut n o e wife . That the religious die d because they upheld the Christian law of monogamy is clear from a letter of the fri ars w l in a s not r pe wk in the Indi n did m m tgm td g w a f f m rtyr the friars d the faith , it is certain that they mar tyred them because of the law of God which the religi ous ” “ au h w o a t g t them . It as p lyg my versus mono gamy . This is aso a and i the re n they g ve which they attest to to day , s nce

n i . they realize their si . It s known in this land that since the de ath of those ho ly religious this people has become docile an - d mild mannered. attaining the point [of subj ection] they ” s o efini r how t day . The d to s of the custody of Santa Elena to tob r 1 1 12 4 — - 1 6 6 . . . . 5 . the king , Oc e , (A G I 5 7) F . S. H . S A o o m e phot . c ntributary cause of the rev lt ay have been th fact that Father Corpa. in conj unctio n with Father Rodriguez removed; Don Juan from the exercise of the office of ewei qu e

i n— h am because o f h s u Christian mode of life . Lanning , T e Sp ish Mis i n o e l s o s f G orgia, p . 82. “ e 1 1 L i Th anish Mis on o S ptember 3, 597 ann ng , e Sp si s f eor ia G g , p . 84 . 4 5 n s According to Barcia, Do Juan delivered a fiery peech to the Indians who had participated in the murder and told them that since the Spani sh gove rnor would punish them as l severely for the death of one fri ar as for the death of al , t ct as o rs . o o a they , might well kill the the Then they pr ceded

' l hi Ens n 1 0. upon s words. ayo Cro ologi eo, p . 7 “ When Gove rnor Canzo in the company of Fray Blas de Montes and soldiers went to Guale after the friars had been

- and killed , he found the church at Tolomato burned , in the

- t o brush recovered an altar stone and a statue of S . Anth ny

1 -Te im olni l u i o la e a of Padua. 598 st o de o s ced d en l ngu de Guale en el viaxe que hizo Gonzalo mendez de Canco governa , d or y Capitan general de las prouincias por el Rey nuestro Schor a aueriguar y castigar la mue rte de lo s Relixiosos que de la o a No . n s mataron en aquella lengua. . I Sa Agu tin Fl rid MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 85

4 - - 9 o 12 159 . N o de enero de 8 (A . G . I . 5 5 ; . 23) M dern number

- 224 . Lanning transcri pt . (Cited hereinafter as 1598 Tes

- - im ni . 4 o t o o , etc (A. G . I . 5 5 9 ; N . 4 7 or t. a wa o o Guale S Catherines Isl nd s t the n rtheast .

The date of the death of these two friars was. Septem

1 Th anish Mi ssi n o eor ber 7 L anning, e Sp o s f G gia, p. 89 . Soldiers under Govern or Canzo discovere d the burial place of

t re— the wo martyrs, exhumed them and buried them in a de n cent man er . The bodies were ho rri bly mutilated and they we re in such a state of decay that at the time they could not b n e a t. a o t ken to S Augustine . A mo dest marker was pl ced the graves so that the bodies could be located at a later date .

1 - - - 598 o o 4 9 No . Testim ni , etc . (A . G . I . 5 5 ; “ The reference here is to the time when the bones of the o a martyrs were taken to St. Augustine . Acc rding to Barci , on l i this occurred in 1605. Ensayo Cr o og co, p. 176 .

5 0 Tu i ui was. os to Toloma o a u s to p q cl e t , three le g e the ’ or n A rre n d o H s tori a Proo n th o the mainland . Bo lton , do s i c l f , p . 15 .

5 1 he Hi 1 . n T s death occurred on September 6 La ning ,

anish Mis i on or a Sp s s of Ge gi , p . 87 .

52Sbldiers under Canzo found the buri ed corpse of Father

R hi r di s odriguez, s head split in three o four places. They

- - s and u a . 1598 s oni o . ( h , interred him b ried him new Te tim , etc A 4 — - G . I . 5 5 9 ; No .

5 3 ’ A - n ek o n A rre n d o His tor t Ospo o J yl Island . B lto , do s i ca P o l r o p . 15.

5 ‘-" More precisely ten months .

i e n The Span sh text of Oré as edited by Lop z , here a d in several other places has sabanas which in the circumstances o used wo uld mean orchards . In all probability the c rrect f r a s reading o the original manuscript was cabanas, huts o c bin

an ri wa s o . d more specifically , the ga tas where the grain s t red ’ Father Avila s work was to keep away the birds. from pilfering

a n . a ua la the grain fields and the c ba as as well . Fr y J n de i a Trin dad , of the province of San Gabriel , in Spain declared th t 86 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

’ ela ion a ar s o hi a s the R c Of Father Avil e n int s h nd . In giving a a digest of the account Of Father Avil , Fray Juan declares ’ “ that one of the captive s duties was que guardase las caba ” fi hroni d la rovinc d e San bri el e as . C ca e p ia Ga (Sevill , 1 p . 7 7 . 5 6In the above paragraphs Fathe r Oré has been anticipat ’ ing the sto ry of Father Avila s captivity mentioning certain events which will be retold in the Relacion. Of Father Avila himself . 5 7 Here one has an extraordinary history as to the fate of

n 1 an important document. In giving the reader the ge es s Of e a o hi s events in the hi story of the docum nt, F ther Oré sh wed

o 55 as to r a histo rical scholarship . Cf. n te the fu ther f te Of the document .

88 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

~ had satisfied themselves by this) amusement and had made fun aci n Of me , the c q e ordered that two Indians should tie my

a s a o and a t Tul n 1 h nd with r pe t ke me o afi a, which was the s ss o or os h fir t mi i n p t where I ad been . It was distant six J ' leagues through swamps and mire . so that one had tO gO ou u to s thr gh them p the hip . Moreover the Indians said that I had declared that the land of Tulafi na was b ad and that “ ”

a s b ad . o a u e the Indi n were very Theref re , said the c ciq , “ I wish you to go there ; and there they will treat you as you

s . O u de erve S with great cr elty they soon took me there , o s s with ut con idering my wounds . And since the roads were o b ad t For , I fell a almost every step and stuck in the mire . them it was the occasion of so much satisfaction and delight

a o n t for f th t they c uld o hide it , they made fun o me with s u s and a s n a a on ge t re grim ce , a d pl yed with me by sl pping me h nd the neck . If God ad not given me sufficient strength a n a relief, this j ourney would have been enough to bring o de th , f r B h s a o I was sick and wounded . ut God w o wi hed to liber te me from their hands gave me sufficient strength to bear it . u u a at a At abo t fo r in the afternoon , we rrived very

a Uf l i n wa to Tulafi na. l rge town called a age . This town s o the y all of Many Indians, men and women , came out to meet me, n h s o and o whom were painted , a d w o made a great h w m ckery hut Of me . In this manner they took me to their where they

ll s oo a ou made me sit down on the ground , while they a t d r nd was and me laughing at me and ridiculing me. I very tired hungry and on this account I would have preferred to remain

w not to so there that night . This, however, as their liking, that night they took me to Tulafi na because they alleged that Tul fi na was s a the Indians there were awaiting me . a di t nt o a o s oa two leagues from there . The j ourney was ver w r e r d

s a a than the previous one and in many part , the w ter re ched

o s and o to the waist . Nevertheless, G d gave me trength , bef re T fi n o a nightfall we arrived at ula a. A little bef re rriving a s there we encountered a great number Of painted Indi n , their n out o s and faces smeared with red earth , a d fitted with b w t ss and oo arrows . They seemed o be numberle l ked like MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 89

ll o s. a a out to n dem n They c me receive me , a d amid great o and fun t m ckery , led me o their habitation . When I arrived at oo of hut ou a the d r the , I f nd great quantity Of dry palm .

‘ o a a w s t They t ld me th t the p lm a o make a fire to burn me . on ou h And entering, I f nd they ad erected a large cross , while on one side there was a large whip which was a green rod with many branches which they use when at first they a o fl m ke the blo d ow. On the other side Of the cross was a rod to be used as a firebrand having a pine branch before it

- f with the head skin o a small animal . They commanded me to sit o at d wn the foot of the cross. Thereupon they tied my hands ; my arms being already bent because Of the arrow s o s s ou rm n h t in the h lder, a a d hand . They also tied my neck n ~ stro gly to the same cross so that they almost hung me .

s was aci n h When thi done , a c q e came , w o was the commander “ n is ? The Of the dwelling, a d said : DO you know what this oss is i i cr which erected here , s an nventl on of yours so we s a a to n to h ll h ve place you o it . The torch is to be bound your body to burn you ; the whip is to beat you ; and this s is i o kin which here , s a sign that you have to die . Tomorr w ” all s ut e e thi will be p into x cution . Then an Indian dressed

a asu u ass . in ch ble , went abo t in mockery, mimicking the M Another Indian came and placed a book before me and when

not e e aci n n I did r v rence it, a principal c q e came a d with the

J o u n n h d / b ok str ck me o the head a d cheek with a blow so o ai r 2 that it left me senseless. I was stark naked for they did not even let me have a f os poor coat . Another Indian came with a cord , one o th e 3 n nd a with which we gird ourselves, knotted a d doubled , a g ve me three or four strokes so hard that I was left like dead . n a While they were engaged in this, a caciqne arose a d c rried

a little bit Of burning wood and threw it on my back . Since

w u n t o o u . I as tied , I co ld o thr w it fr m me very q ickly It oo left a deep mark on my body and caused me much pain . S n the Indians began to dance around me as if they were passing ’ u eo s a in review before me, and if it str ck som ne f ncy, he a gave me a heavy blow with a macana . In this m nner they 90 MARTYR\s OF FLORIDA

a for d nced three hours, while they made a thousand incanta

o s. a ti n When they were tired Of d ncing, they sat down a and saw was a little when I there little quiet, I asked them if f r f they, o the love o God , would have the kindness to untie my a s for a W for rm little hile, ( they were in a bent position) and o th ugh they were going to kill me, I asked them to show this

to . s not mercy me Ju t then they did wish to heed my request , but they soon began to treat among themselves about showing me some mercy . They remembered that there was in the h t city Of St. Augustine , a b oy w o was the heir o the c ci u m n a q edo a d they reasoned that if they would not kill me , 4 they could sometime exchange him for me . Others said that those who had entered that hut were immune from death ; still others said that the daughter Of the sun had appeared to them and had told them that they should not kill me . This is one Of their practices Of witchcraft . ll s Finally, confronted with a these Opinion , they decided “ t n a i ne n t : DO ou o let me live, a d so a c c q arose a d said o me y wish me to unbind ou ? DO ou wish to live or to die ? We y y 2 But Y m ou s . leave it in your hands . ou ay have what y wi h a to s a I tell you that if we do not kill you, you will h ve t y here and oo and among us, serving us by carrying water w d , by

at and a to all a o digging times, by ttending th t we tell y

was a a . When the caciqne said this to me , I h lf de d : DO a ou s for o Nevertheless, I answered wh t y de ire my b dy s a do a is in your hands ; b ut if you do not kill me , I h ll wh t ”

f r see a a o s . you tell me and will be good , o you th t I c nn t tir This seemed good to him and I said much in a seasonable h o a e to time . And so he untied me . Then t ey c mm nd d me

n a a a s a . sit down o the ground , having pl ced me g in t bench

’ 5 But They gave me two m as orqaillas of cooked maize to eat . I was in such a condition that although it was good and n t t o to sa s substantial food , I could o ea it ; but in rder ti fy k to one of s to eat . as them , I forced my elf I ed them give me s and laced those cane beds that I might sleep . Thi they did p an Indian with me who was to be in my presence in case I h s os o needed anything . But ow could I leep in th e kn tted

92 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

s s as o for it them elve , they kn w by experience , we have made s t thi known o them . The same wizards themselves have

o ss s and a a e c nfe ed thi we h ve m d good Christians of them . TO this I answered that although they cut me to a thousand s ou n t a s piece , I w ld o enter th t ho u e but I would rather go and u w . sa so s o b rn it When they me tr ng in my resolve , they

left me .

affa s a When ir re ched this stage , the Indians wished to take the crown from me by saying : Y ou will never see the

S a a s a a n r u n p ni rd g in , o they , yo ; leave your law and become a Indian and you will enj oy what we enj oy ; you will have a or o ou w u ou wife m re , if y ish ; f rthermore , in the other life y

o a ou f r h h will enj y wh t y enj oy here , o we know that he w o as be n miserable and mean in this life will be the same in the fil f , e l M . " 0 w w x fi n m w 4 ..wv n OWM m v m m l ' m ‘m o

o i L th are f oolishA are s w n tgachA ns O em Here we bringing thi

Indian woman , young and beautiful ; marry her and you will

have a happy life and thus reward yourself. While they were

s n o peaking a d acting in this manner, the Indian girl br ught de ca ed a a a y palm leaves from the woods, similar to str w , m de bed 9 for s q [me] and called [me] to dine . A s soon as I saw thi , I per ceived the persecution of the devil who did not leave any occas had ion in n o a . pass, order to tempt me a d make me discons l te I recourse to God in prayer on this occasion and wi th tears that a to v fell from my eyes, begged Him to give me the gr ce deli er a su me from so diabolical a temptation . God g ve me ch persuasiveness and such spirit that by means Of them I convinced the Indians and in order to safeguard myself from

“ ll fl f r ou s a this, I ed to the woods where I remained o f r day , u n n Nor to s staining myself o herbs a d roots. did I return nd s that town , but betook myself to another , a ince then they t f never spoke o me o such things . a One day while I was going along leisurely, I passed by w o s o hut here s me Indians were digging . Under the in pirati n

of x the devil , they took their heavy rods and si Indians conj ointly gave me so many strokes that they left me for MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 93

ou s and aus a new o s dead . This renewed my w nd c ed m ny ne

b ut od was ase a s ou a a as well , G ple d th t they h ld be he led in s o s was short time without any curative mean . Ten m nth I in this state Of captivity during which the Lord delivered me , o a a s s oo a and s fr m gre t d nger , giving me uch g d he lth trength that never in my life have I experienced the same . On a certain occasion when the Indians had determined w r o to declare a against some enemies Of theirs, they came t

n a : w u u him a d s id See , here e have ten arq ebuses witho t and n powder bullets . Make us some powder and bullets a d if ” d not ou o s a t . y we h ll have o kill you He excused himself, sa a he n w h w T ying th t did ot kno o . o this the Indians answered : DO not excuse yourself for you do know how ; ” ou o s u h an a a y r bo k tell yo ow you c make them . F ther Avil “ answered : I have no books because you have taken them ”

o . : fr m me They said We shall bring them to you. Then e ou a rnm a9 n us th y br ght him Sn a d a prayer book for religio , those by Fray Luis de Granada} O and a breviary 1 1 all Of , , a a which were gre t consolation for him in his solitude . He hid them in the cavity Of an oak tree where he went to read

them and to console himself with their contents . The

re a o e s b vi ry , h wev r, he always carried publicly b ut the boy

tore out the pages . In order to answer them in this matter Of the powder and bullets concerning which they molested nd him a pressed him , he asked for the necessary materials Of

u e s oo which there were none in that country . Thus they nd r t d

a w s not a s w u f r th t it a bec u e he as nwilling, b ut o lack Of the

a to a . s . materials, that he f iled m ke them And o they left him s s o of o and u s a not Thi t ry the p wder b llet , Father Avil did

’ write in his Relaci on b ut it was given to me by a religious who dealt with Father Avila before and after his captivity and a s who spoke and conferred with him a great deal . He rel te s o to this incident and divers other , which I pass over in rder

1 2 avoid prolixity .

Father Verascola who at this time was in the city Of St .

r had o to a so s Augustine , whithe he g ne Obt in me thing f r hi was a of necessary for his cell and o s Indians, in ch rge 94 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

nu r f mi ni s o 1 3 s the ss on o St. Do c at A a . He returned to A ao , very glad to divide among his Indians the thi ngs he brought

Bu h a h s along . t they ad already played f lse and ad apo tatized

o u o fr m the faith , witho t the religi us knowing about it . They

a f or n s a w o w ited him a d when he di emb rked , t o Indians to k him n in their arms, while the others arrived a d killed him by r 1 4 means Of blows f om an ax . Then they buried him . Soon the Indians took up the subject Of going to war with h n the other Indians w o were their enemies, a d of killing the ous wh T religi o were with them . O them it seemed a good o o u aus o to us un re pp rt nity bec e wing the religio , they were p

f r ined pared o meeting warlike conditions . Many Indians j O ;

o n a s and a o they n minated a d appointed c ptain , pporti ned other Offices ; prepared bows and arrows and got ready all

o 1 5 a o s con that was necessary f or war. More than f rty c n e

o gregated in order to attack the principal town Of San Pedr ,

s o to a on the feast of our Holy Father St . Franci , in rder c tch

not to s s the enemy unawares . They were determined de i t

ll s f or s a s are until they had killed a the Spaniard , the e Indi n past masters when it comes to arrogance . It happened that a brigantine had come to San Pedro to oa a bring two religious and certain articles . The b t c me with peaceful intent since it had only one soldier and the necessary God a for n . so as sailors . There were o arms It ple ed th t

f r of thirty days it could not leave port , o lack wind , either by u o sea sea or by the channel . Four times it ret rned fr m the

our o a St . and the channel , until the day Of H ly F ther

1 6 a s a at a u o o Francis . The enemy Indi n c me d wn p n the t wn a a a i a s with more than forty canoes, containing m ny p g n Ind n f at and rebel Christians . They landed many o their men the head of the island so that they coul d kill the Indians in their w a or houses . A s soon as they sa the brig ntine in the p t , the

Indians were dismayed and their arrogance was subdued .

They thought there were soldiers with firearms in it . More over the chieftain of San Pedro was warlike so he went out in canoes with Indian bowmen and guns after the invaders of os who had who took to flight . They apprehended some th e

96 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

they understood that it was a punishment Of God for having

killed the fathers. The Indians treated with the governor about giving

i 22 s themselves up to the service of H s Majesty . He an wered that he could not receive them unless they first handed over f T lom was to him the heir to the inheritance o o ato , since he the chief one of those who conspired for the death of the

w caci n t o religious . Because he as a q e they took it ill o c mply

s ss u a s . with thi demand ; neverthele , they t rned gain t him But he strengthened his position with many Indians who

o rallied around him. They went out with determinati n against him and his followers and killed them all sparing

r o s or neither brothers, cousins, relatives, friends o neighb r 2 3 w a those united by any other bond . In this ay , the l nd ’ ix s ous became quiet and at the end Of s year , after the religi deaths they were brought into subjection under Holy Mother f the Church and the service o God .

NOTES

1 T ulafi na was on the mainland . M 2 o Indians are past masters in the art of ridicule . Am ng can many tribes, ridicule IS the worst punishment that be t a b i a given o fellow tri esman . This weapon s pplied with

A a f on os who a o a law or a us o . , gre t ef ect th e h ve br ken trib l c t m 3 ga oo u The w len cinct re worn about the waist . 4 Previously Father Oré mentioned that one Of the women os son was a w s u a wh e hostage at St . Augustine , as in tr ment l ’ in Obtaining Father Avila s release from death .

5 A mazorca is a spindleful of anything ; it -likewise means

M a or n l r a a an ear o . z i la u o s Of c rn q , a dimin tive f m , me n

s a s u and f o . m ll pindlef l , in this case , o c rn

G t a s A the trial held at St. Augustine the Indi ns te tified that Father Avila was the butt of ridicule at the hands of the MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 97

Inf r i Indian boys. o mac On sobre el martirio de los misioneros

’ ’ l L ez elac st r - é R i on hi . a s a os a o a. o i ca 1 2 fr nci c n de Fl rid p , , II, 3 3 7 This information was likewise supplied by the Indians at the t rial . 8 The Indian maiden anticipating her domestic duties as a a n wife, prepared bed a d a meal . 9 A Samm a is a name generally given to a scientific com

endi m r r p u Of theology o philosophy . It is employed also fo a o book c ntaining a compendium Of prayers .

1 0 Fray Luis de Granada ( 1504 — 1588) was a Spanish Hi Dominican . s real name was Luis de Sarria but he is best

o o a as a Lu a a hi . kn wn t d y Fr y is de Gr nada, the pl ce Of s birth Among the best known Of his non- mystical works was the

nia d c P ecaclor es n f th o a f a . G , o e o e chief dev tion l books o Sp in

h E. It ad wide circulation also in France and England .

- n s M s t sm 90 1 . so e s a i h i ci L . 9 Alli n P er , Sp y ( ondon , pp 1 1 The breviary or breviarium contai ns the Divine Office which every priest is bound to recite daily . 1 2 ’ Here Father Ores trustworthiness is again evident . Such distinctions as to the source Of his material for this se history make him all the more trustworthy . The story it lf n does ot appear to be fantastic . 1 3 i n Asao s a island , St. Simon Island of today, lying ’ l o A rred ond o s between Jeky and Sapelo Islands . B lton,

Hi tori al Proo 1 s c f, p . 5.

‘’ 1 -4 This murder occurred after September 17 According

’ to Lanning it occurred after the martyrdom of Father A urién

and a a. Brother Badaj oz , b ut before the attack on F ther Avil

L Th an h M s n eor a 9- a e is is i o s o i 90. nning, Sp f G g , pp . 8 1 5 According to a trustworthy document only twenty- three

a 1 . . c noes were seen at San Pedro . 598 Testimonio , etc (A

4 - - . 5 5 G I . 9 ; NO . 1“ Father Chozas also testifies that the attack on San Pedro 159 a s. 8 m de in the morning Of the feast of St . Franci

A 54 - 5- ( . G . I . 9 ; NO . 1 7Evidently Father Oré again wished to avoid prolixity b ut in so doing he left out quite a number Of interesting details . 98 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

f wo Only occupants O t canoes made a landing at San Pedro .

s s u ou f s The e Indian surro nded the h se o a Chri tian, named L z . Antonio épe Aroused by the barking Of a dog, a certain

use e son- in law o o Lo ca out the J p , the f Of Ant ni pez , me Of u l ho se to quiet the animal . At that moment he rece ved five w w arro wounds . Ho ever, he was able to run back to the

ous nd ou hi - in - l L u h e a ar se s father aw. Antonio opez so ght

h e " s o o and t e caciqn Of the island , Don Juan . He o n f und him

f r n u n hi o u s gave the alarm o battle . Do J an a d s foll wers p r ued the attacking Indians across the river to the mainland and ff succeeded in catching only a few . Among the e ects the intruders left behind were the habit and capuche of Father

r l a Ve asco a. When the alarm for battle was sounded F ther

Parej a was standing in front of the church at San Pedro . He ran to the assistance of the wounded Jusepe and heard his Put rib a on confession . A messenger was sent to u the northern part of the island where Father Chozas was stationed . Meanwhile some Of the retreating Indians arrived by

o P ri n a . a can e at utu b a. They did ot attack the pl ce F ther Chozas was apprised Of their presence by some Of the faithful

Th aci s wh w s a o Indians Of the town . e c qne Of A ao o a m ng the retreating Indians lifted up the hat Of the dead Father

Verascola declaring that five Of the friars had been killed . “ ” “ h n C o as o Since I ad o other arms, declared Father h z , I cl thed myself with those of the Church and commenced to celebrate h f a i s for t e Mass o my glorious and seraphic Father St. Fr nc

' it was his feast-day”That evening Father Chozas dispatched t a s a letter o Governor Canzo at St. Augustine , by me n Of the a had a brigantine , telling him Of the grim events th t t ken

54- 5- 9 a u . 5 etc . . . pl ce in G ale 1 98 Testimonio , , (A G I ; 2 No . 3)

' 1 8 The Testimonio Of 1598 does not. mention anything o a s about the Indians committing suicide . Indeed am ng Indi n u i u s icide s almost nknown . 1 9 This date corresponds with the Official report of his death as contained in the : testim onyo de como murIO el t s gouernador Domyngo mytnez de Avendano . [S . Augu tine ,

HOW THE INDIANS OF THE PROVINCE OF GUALE WERE S BROUGHT INTO SUBJECTION . CONCERNING THE GREAT SUCCES OF THE RELIGIOUS IN THE CONVERSION OF THE INDIANS OF F D LORI A .

Pedro de Ybarra succeeded Gonzalo Mendez de Canzo as

a s i hi of M je ty K ng P lip III , our master, sent a number religious of the Province Of Los Angeles2 to continue the work w s s a Of conversion that as progre sing w . The e c me under Fray Bartolome M o of thi s group were sent to the province of Guale where they have remained to this a day . They have made great headway in learning the langu ge hi n o a a w ch they k ow perfectly. More ver they have m de gre t strides in reconcil ing the Indians and in bringing them to our w r ua d Holy Catholic Faith . These t o religious were F ay J n e compani ons Of Fray Pedro Ruiz who was a compani on who a c me with the martyrs . These religious encountered great difficulty inLegg ing os i u ll h o th e Ind ans, beca se a ad exchanged their w men with

os of h r n th e others, and ad two o more children by them duri g f wi a o the time o their apostasy . They lived th them cc rding hi s to their desires more than wi th their lawful wives . T ng were SO b ad that the friars could not get the Indi ans to an

‘ o had o to agreement . S me Of the Christian women g ne the pagans in the interior and had given birth as a result of these

r s a s had n unions to two o three children . Their hu b nd e tered into relations with Women here by whom they also had hi n had e a d c ldren . Because they were Christians a d b en m rrie

ur w u o by the Ch ch , it as imperative that they give p the w men n hi was o a d live as Christians . And in t s manner there m re 100 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 101

difficulty than if they had to be converted for the first time . “ The fathers told the Indians Leave this woman who is not ” T “ yours . O this the Indian would reply Bring me mine who is among the pagans and make her love me and I shall n leave this o e . But the religious answered thus : Until ” : we bring her, leave this one . Again the Indian answered “ a not a a o to to eat and If I le ve will h ve ny ne give me ~ v W ~

' are and if d o , T I ” p L b j hem oo and oo the will eriShZ The , in Q - l g _ " W f d w d , p M , “ y m ‘ m m m " m ‘lr -u l wwfl religious were not able situation by any remedy f r w n s u . o it as grave a d onerous, so they were di co raged They turned to " God in prayer and besought Him to remedy the f af air . He favored them so that gradually He brought them

a n n Hi o of b ck a d o s part evened out the difficulty , taking s me a e s them out of this world to the other . Thus the p rtn r became free of their former alliance and were able to contract anew . We have an example of this in reference to the principal ca i f his c qn e o the province Of Guale . During the time Of apostacy he took to his house as a concubine and mistress one

his s s- in — law s s his Own o Of Si ter , the i ter Of wife , with wh m he

l h e and lived a l that time . By her he ad three childr n, by hi om s own wife four children . Knowing that he would be c manded to leave his sister- in- law he spoke first and said to the

’ fathers I see the evil I have done in committing this incest b ut with the Sister Of my wife . I have three children by her, ff nd if I ej ect them from my house , they will have to su er a u h n t a to a perish . Altho gh S e be in my house . I do o h ve h ve a relations with her ; if the Indians murmur at this, recall wh t ” a I said . The fathers said nothing in order not to bre k immediately with the caci qii e for it Seemed proper to them to act in this manner until a more opportune season presented

o . a itself, lest everything be l st Afterwards they tre ted with hi f to this caciqn e in resolving s dif iculty . They told him eject ’ his Sister- in-law from his house and send her to her father s house because her presence in his house was scandalizing the a s Indians and was setting them a b ad example . The f ther 102 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA\ sa o a o o a s o s a W id the ref rm ti n Of m r l Sh uld t rt ith him . All they accomplished with him was that he put her in a separate ous w n h e, which as a ancient custom of the chiefs who placed

a s a a ous a one of o in ep r te h e e ch the w men or lovers they had .

“ ’ Even then the Indians complained Until now the caciqn e had in one house two women and children ; now he has two houses and in each house he has a woman as if he were a ”

a a . a s u p g n The Indi n rged him to marry her . Neither

nor s nor a o a to a f r did he She wi h , did ny ne d re m rry her, o it was a custom that no one Should marry or speak to the wives or o s a e the l ver Of the c ciqu s . God was pleased to call to Him s Of caci ue - i - elf the wife the q , while the Sister n law gathered s the children Of her ister together with hers in her house .

The religious forbade him to enter the house Of his Sister- in law hi i , s m stress . A He answered with tears that he had no relatives and that he would die Of hunger if that woman would not give him to eat and if they forbade him to go and see his children in o to n rder bring them food a d wood . The religious answered : “ Take them to our house and there we shall take care Of

f r them in exchange o your turning from Sin . Fray Pedro

R sa to a o o a o o s : uiz id him with feeling , m ng ther dm niti n “ Y ou a not s e to a ff in r h ve de ir d le ve O S , no to take the advice a l v n h we h ve g e you. It would be better if you ad never been a C s a a s o not hri ti n , bec u e in hell , being a pagan , you w uld a to m n n a h ve endure so a y pains a d torments, as you will h ve

” to i a b ad f d , be ng Christian . But I tell you in the name o Go a ou do not a u or s th t if y mend , I will have to bury yo thi o a w m n within thirty days . This was a portent full Of

. wonder to all the Indians and a means by which many were converted for within twenty days the sister- in- law died and on da of u a at he a the y b ri l the door Of the church , t Indi n “ said with tears : Because I did not take the advice Of the

a - i -l s s s n . f ther, thi , my i ter aw died , as the father foretold I am f r n very sorry o this. Take warning from my case a d

a r n ou nd le ve the women you have stolen and who a e ot y rs, a receive those whom God has given you through the Church ,

104 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA among the Indians ? DO they live as Christians ? DO they confess as such ? Are there any reasons why Communi on IS forbidden them ? He answers in the following words :

Lu erOnim ssa f s o Fray is J O de Oré , Commi ry o thi pr v 7 a ince , the other fathers Of this province being g thered , commanded us under holy Obedience and ordered us at the same time to place our hand “ on our breast and to swear in p erbo sacer t 8 d o is, to tell what we know concerning certain

hi h . questions which s paternity asked , Signed with is name a s a defi nit r f s In fulfillment Of this, I , Fr nci co P rej a, o o thi

o s : pr vince , aid the following

To o a n e the third questi n , n mely , whether a y improv ment is apparent among the converted Indians and whether they show themselves to b e true Christians : I answer that it is f or more than fourteen years that the more advanced are going forward in the things of the faith ; that Holy Commun ion has i a been g ven them , which they receive with gre t

wa fastodi o 9 a so of devotion . When I s the c , I ex mined me h s these together with some in the interior . I ad been a ked by the fathers to do SO in order to ascertain if Communion

u r a co ld be given to them . Among them there a e Indi n men who have sufficient knowledge to give instructions while there r a a e Indian women who catechize other Indian women , prep r f s at ing them or the reception Of Christianity . They as ist Masses of Obligation on Sundays and feast- days in which they take part and sin g ; in some districts they have their confra ternities and o ss o o s a and o the pr ce i n Of H ly Thur d y, fr m the mission stations they come to the principal mission to hear

alv e1 0 i a to the S which s sung on Saturdays. They st y there

Sleep over Saturday night in order to hear Mass on Sundays . ll nd In a the towns, they have their churches, a they a o emulate one another in building better ones . They t ke h ly water and recite their prayers in the morning and evening . They come together in the community house to teach one

“ a nd ous o s out nother Singing a reading . Whenever a religi g e

his t for a to Of convent o a rather distant place , as ex mple the o on e s r o s to presidi som necessary bu iness, o if he g e there be MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 105

i fferm cured of some indisposition from which he s su g, many

Indian men and women ask him to hear their confessions, “ ” saying perhaps I shall die before your reverence returns .

‘ i a s one When someone s ill , they immedi tely end Of the runners of the town [for the priest] in order that he might ’ hear the person s confession and administer extreme unction . s s a e Although some die in the mis ion stations, in their te t m nt

f r u which they make orally , they order that o b rial they be i carried to where the fathers say Mass every day . This s the principal place over three or four towns which every religious h ub - r a e e as as s stations . Others, when they a e ill , h v th m selves brought in canoes to where the priest is in order to

n u to e confess , a d after they have done this they ret rn th ir

r r for not houses o huts. They Show reverence fo the dead , only on the General Commemoration Of the Dead 1 1 do they

n ff u u r a r as e bring them a O ering, s ch as p mpkins o be ns o a b k t a e r f fl u the Of m iz o a hamper o toasted our, b ut also d ring year they have Mass said for them with some Offering of the

- afore mentioned articles which they Offer as an alms. On

o a at f r u o M nd y , the procession o the Departed So ls, they c me

to at n r s be present it a d to hear Mass. These a e the sign I

a s o not to h ve een t gether with others which I omit , in order nd b e too long . I shall add that they have left all their rites a o s and a u cerem nie b ses to which they were prone .

DO o ss as s a s ? s are they c nfe Chri ti n I an wer yes, if they

' suff A iciently instructed . S a person who has Visited this us o a oo t ee a c t dy , I h ve l ked carefully into this matter, o s th t had a ff to n they th t su iciency receive Holy Communion , a d I have fohnd no reason why they Should be denied this h Sa a . a so s are ou n w o cr ment M ny per n f nd , men a d women , o ss and who o and c nfe receive [H ly Communion] with tears, wh u o Show p advantageously with many Spaniards . And I shall make bold to say and sustain my contention by what 1

“ have learned by experience that with regard to the mysteries a f Of f ith , many o them answer better than the Spaniards

r o s because the latter a e careless in these matters . The religi u never cease to instruct them and repeat to them the word of 106 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

God a . a a s to a n d ily Wh t pert in f ith a d belief, God is the One ’ wh c n o a j udge . We can judge only by a person s exterior h manifestations, w o by the actions he performs presumably s 1 2 hows forth the workings of faith . A S to the question whether there are any reasons why s ou o o u f r they h ld be denied H ly C mm nion, [I reply] that o many of them I find no reason (except the scruple of some of the religious) for among them I have never found a trace of a r r idol try o witchcraft o superstition . For instance they “ never say By means Of this you will be healed ; if you d o “ not o s r cure y ur elf with this herb , you will die o , if the l i ow hoots, it s a Sign that some disgrace must overtake me “ ‘ or d n h , o ot cook the fi s in warm water if it was the first that entered the fishing grounds where no other fi sh enter ; or “ do not eat maize Of the cultivated land where lightning ” struck for you will be sick with such a Sickness .

but she no When a woman gives birth , She does so apart, longer places a laurel at the door of her house saying that

e o n t h d . se the d vil Sh uld o strike her, as s e used to o All the things and others has the word Of the Gospel extirpated so much SO that the Indians do not even remember them . u h h h F rthermore , t e younger generation whic as been nourished on the milk Of the Gospel makes fun Of and laughs at some Old men and women who carelessly have recourse to i u ss these abuses . There s no need Of treating Of dr nkenne , for their drink does not cause it ; even many Of the religious

r n i ak . a e ot without it . It s made Of some leaves Of the o tree

This IS toasted dry In a pot or j ar placed In water . Immediately they pour water upon it to a point where it is neither hot It is n r r m x . o cold . No d o they i any other thing with it good for preventing stones and small accretions in the kidneys, For s as well as a preventative against pain in the Side . thi 1 3 reason it has been taken to Spain and to New Spain . [Another question was : ] Have churches and fonts for baptismal and holy water been erected ? I s ay they esteem it to have a better church or temple than in other places. It has happened that pagans have come (as they do every day

108 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

o at s o a s pr posed time that Y ur M je ty, Our King and Lord , give an arroba and a a of for n h lf wine Mass, a d also be pleased to i two arrobas wax for g ve Of the same purpose , for the period

Of a whole year, because of the great penury that is But n experienced here . Since we have ot the means to buy it ,

h k r zo there as been no one to as f o it .

This good religious relates other things in greater extent and hi u i s acco nt s very true . The other religious agree with

a ou a . i the cc nt Of F ther Parej a He s the oldest of them , a m an Of great Virtue and has approved Of the accounts given by the other religious so that I have contented myself with hi 21 giving s alone in order to avoid prolixity .

NOTES

1 Pedro de Ybarra was appointed governor of Florida in 1 2 Y 1 16 2 September, 60 . Camara de ndias 9 de noviembre 0 Proponense psonas Para los Cargos de goueror y Capitan

l i r a as Prou n ias l flo ida Va o . . . gener l de c de a . [ llad lid] (A G I

14 - - 1 7 5 5 . . . . o ) F S H S. phot G vernor Canzo before the termi nation Of his Office made an Official visit through Guale and w as well received . In 1604 Pedro de Ybarra made another x m Visitation . E cellent accounts Of both visitations ay be

L 12 - 1 he h ss on r i 6 45. read in anning, T Spanis Mi i s of Geo g a, pp .

2 The Province Of Los Angeles which developed from the

Province of Santiago, was located in the region Of Sierra a u a Moren in so th central Sp in .

3 Other friars Of this group were : Fray Juan Bautista at n o and a Capilla stationed Sa Pedro , Fray Martin Priet Fr y s a Alonso Romero stationed at Nombre de Dio , F ther Del a w T l x n Tu i i T l o s os g do as placed at a a e a d p qu . wo ay br ther wh e names are not mentioned labored at San Maria and Moloa in n s Timucua. These friars were twice shipwrecked o the coa t o at a Of Florida before arriving at St. Augustine, nce C pe MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 109

fi v l n r Ca a era , a d again at the b a of Mosquito . From the latter ‘

a ou e to . pl ce they j rn yed by land the presidio city Mary ROSS , R o a o f s 1 The est r ti n o the Spani h Missions in Georgia, 598 ” 1 1 The eor r a uarter 1 - 6 6 6 G gia Histo i c l Q ly, X 85 18 and Tanto de laS diligencias que hicier [on] Para atraer a la ouediencia de su magd las Prouys de Sorruque y Aiz de la

- - r P in i n 1 5. 4 5 a a u s 60 . . 5 S s a rou a . o d b nd del de t s c a e (A G I . 61 9 . . ; NO ) F S. H . S. phot .

4 Here is a close- up picture of the difficulties encountered by the friars in the laborious work Of uprooting the pagan

a of o u pr ctice p lygamy . Incidentally, it Shows the tact req ired on the part Of the missionaries inasmuch as they had to abide ’ n their time in the matter of the Indians final co versIOn . The recitation of these events also throws abundant light on the background Of the Guale revolt . 5Among all the missionaries Father Parej a became the

u u o ar e e len ce f r w wh Tim c an sch lar p xc l ; o , it as he o reduced the language to writing and left for posterity a detailed knowledge Of that language . His complete works, as given

P A r h I ero Am an a u . i o b eri c by o y Marti , O . F M . In c v ,

XX 1 2 64 r VIII ( 9 7 , a e the following :

ate h sm n L en astella Tima ana C c i o e gua C na y qn , (Mex ico , 1612) Cathecism o y Breo e Exposi ci on ole la D octrina Christiana

(Mexico, o n el n T ma nana Confessi nario en Le gua Cast la a y i q ,

(Mexico , Catheci smo y Exam en para los que coma lgan en Len gua astellana Timn aana C y q , (Mexico ,

‘ n tel ana A rte g Pronu ciaci on en Lengua Timnqaana y Cas l ,

(Mexico , Besides these Father Parej a wrote works In Spanish and

u u i of a Tim c an concern ng the Pains Hell , the Joys Of He ven , u a o Rosa ss and o o s P rg t ry, the ry Of the Ble ed Virgin ther w rk la i st r a of L z Re c én hi é i c 46. devotion . épe , , II , 6 1 1 n Buenaven The Chapter Of December, 6 6, held at Sa u s o of t ra de Guadalquini . The fir t provincial Of the pr vince 110 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

Santa Elena appointed in 1612 was Fray Juan Bautista de

l Ensa r n 1 Ca a. a a o olo i co 1 pil B rci , yo C g , p . 8 . 7 A n Official Visitor to a province was called commissary

z”- In c erbo sacerd otis signified that the priest made his

a a o on s his decl r ti n the trength Of sacred character . 9 Prior to 1612.

1 0 The prayer Salve Regina or Hail Holy Queen o The C mmemoration Of All Souls, November 2 What Father Parej a wishes to say is that in so far as he could j udge from external actions he percel ved genuine signs Of Catholicity among the Indians with whom he came In contact . 1 3The drink mentioned here and for which Father Oré does “ not s a a was h a f upply n me probably t e cassina, the bever ge o the Florida Indians mentioned by all the ancient French and ” i n o 2 2 . S a s s n . olo al Rec r d 8 p ni h writer o Florida Connor, C s I ,

Technically it is known as Ilea Cassen e or Ilea Vomitori a.

r a t si n The ye b ma e is a South American variety of cas na. Co nor Colonial Records 282- 28 , , I , 3. M A r i n a n o cco n t . ti s d g o Dr Swanton , U ma sig ifie the p wer ” “ ” “ ful r l - n a one, o the a l powerful o e . It was a term pplied to some Of the native Chiefs and it is interesting to find that

‘ ’

u f r L t . oo e it was sed o God . etter of Dr . Swanton o Dr C p r, 1 1 a of Washington , March 9, 936 . According to the Gentlem n E ti‘ na u lvas, Uz ma was the name Of a town thro gh which De i h o L s d . S an s So ass o o a o . . . c t p ed in the regi n Of P t n T H ewi , , p

~ E o e n t 1 l r rs i th o thern ni te tes 56 . x e u d a . p S U S , p 1 5 r ‘ i si s and was According to Dr . Swanton o ob means wi e

L to . COO er applied to doctors . etter Of Dr . Swanton Dr p , a t su ra p . 1 6 The reference is to wax candles used liturgically at u f nerals .

1 7 A n arroba was equi valent to twenty- fi ve pounds 1 8Each religious laboring in Florida received three reales h a day for is support . The money was supplied by the king

o se for . from the royal treasury in Mexico . The m ney nt the support of the religious and military in Florida was known as

OTHER THINGS THAT HAPPENED TO THE RELIGIOUS IN THIS MISSION FIELD ; AN ACCOUNT OF THE GREAT PROVINCE OF

APALACHE .

fi nitor f s r In I, Fray Martin Prieto , de o thi p ov ce Of Santa E l l L erénim lena Of F orida, dec are that Fray uis J o de Oré ,

Commissary Of the said province, having commanded me by virtue Of Obedience and havi ng taken from me the oath in c erb o sacerd otis to make a declaration on certain matters about which his paternity has asked me to answer according m a to y knowledge , on the strength Of the oath I have t ken , _ declare the following :

I declare that I am from the province Of Los Angeles and that I left the house Of Nuestra Schora de LOS Angeles f or

r I fl the conve s On Of the natives of Florida, in the eet which 1 5 a 60 a o . a rrived in the year , ten years g After we rrived , I 1 10 was in Nombre de Dios until the year 606 when on April , I was sent to the province of Potano 1 among the infi dels where there had been b ut one Christian and he had been ?

a at St . us . o ous b ptized , Aug tine An ther religi went with me 3 I commenced to build a church in San Francisco and there I ordered my compam on to stay until I went to three other

towns In which there were twelve hundred persons .

a a s When the other father commenced to te ch c techi m , s u i o at the end Of twenty days, the Indians ro e p in rebell n

n W i H l a to ainst im d k L-h One night he c me my a g h a “ g M E fl h

h n s a s a . small abode which I ad built, a d in thi m nner e c ped a ou not I ordered him to go to St. Augustine SO th t he w ld

i a o a all encounter misfortune , while I rema ned l ne in ch rge Of u s the places for the period Of five or Six months . D ring thi time I experienced such difficulty that I would prefer not to 112 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 113

speak about it . But, because I have been commanded to do

SO by virtue of Obedience, I shall tell about it . Every day I said Mass at San Miguel and held the instruction in C hristian doctrine alone because there was no n w o e in the land ho knew it . I left there and went a league and a half to San Francisco where I recited the instruction and made another address by means of the ateqni4 as they A n name the interpreter . I returned to Santa na a d did the same while at n ight I returned to sleep at San Miguel . At that time I breakfasted on a little porridge made of ground

f r h n maize o I ad nothing else . In San Miguel a d San Fran cisco, the Indians listened to the instruction and with great diligence learned the things Of God that I taught them . In Santa A na there congregated not more than four or five

Indians whfleM mes ma e funn f m e . a to o os L m b They c me pp e ‘ d fl ” me and j ostled m e when I announced Christian doctrine to them ; they caused such an uproar that nothing could be heard . One day I made up my mind and told them

' that in the two other places the Indians wished to be

Christians and hear the word Of God . The wizard Of the

’

. o place answered that he was their priest He said , m reover

a ur aci n e i i ous a F ther, o c q s Very Old ; he s in a h e ; in f ct , he i wa s SO Old that he cannot stand . When he was a b oy he s 5 h d a captive Of Hernando de Soto . From Christians he a received much injury and for this reason he tells us that we s u n n o ho ld ot become Christians, a d that while he lives n ne in ” this town Should become such . When I heard this I departed for the house where the i t cac ae wa . w s q s When he sa me enter the hou e, he turned o an t o at the wall d told others o thr w me out, while he foamed the mouth with great anger and scolded his chief men because they had consented to allow meto come where he was . ’ a t B t not I beg n o tell him some things about God s law. u he only did not want to hear them for he closed his ears but he commanded them to gi ve me a beating and to throw me out of the house . At that moment there was a thunderclap SO ll that a fell to the ground , accompanied by SO strong a wind 114 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA that in this place and in the other there remai ned neither a

o s nor a a s a nor a nor n u h u e b rn t nding, hut a y str cture, great Or s a a w m ll, th t as in those places. Only a cross and a church ass had sa a n in which M been id , rem ined standing, a d this ou od o r thr gh the mercy Of G , u Master . SO great was the

a s o o ll h fe r which thi br ught up n a , t at the next day the ca i ae ca for o a cq lled me in rder th t I might instruct him . s u o h o l t God. The entire locality ad the greatest deSire of

o s s . a s bec ming Chri tian I b ptized there four hundred person ,

Old and young .

" n u n At Sa Mig el , I baptized two hundred persons ; at Sa u Francisco half the place, which wo ld total about two hundred o h t persons . Father Serrano wh m the prelate ad sent o help h me , baptized the rest . He will declare in is statement how n many he baptized . In another place which we call Sa

Buenaventura, in the same district of Potano , where in past P re times the Spaniards had killed many people , Father a j a, the t h l cus odi o, sent a religl ous w o baptized a l the people .

s a 1607 to m m a s . T s Thi ye r Of , I went m ny time hi i ll f i f s a district near Potano , a o which s under the rule o the great caciqa e of Timucua who IS greatly esteemed and feared M a m -“ um — m E nd of a ha o a in the Florid . He s m re th n twenty

u i u two a places nder h s command . D ring a period Of ye rs I exhorted this caci qae many times to receive the law of God in i wm t the h s land . He delayed for nearly three years o g o difficulty he had with his vassals for they w ere at war with o d of God the Indians of the province of Apalache . The w r

caci ae was more powerful than the deceits Of the devil . The q a e for went to St. Augustine to ask the governor and the prel t .

7 In the said city he became a Christian . The prelate 1 l st da of Ma commanded meto go with him . In 608, on the y y , to a s I arrived at his place . After I had preached the Indi n l had for some days on the aw Of God , he told me he been feared in all the land and that he was the leader in all the Indian ceremonies ; that he himself had wanted to become a

116 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

w s h therein, God ould permit, ince He ad died for all men , that things would turn out well in Apalache, if I Should go there, and they would be saved . o f u i nm Placing s me dif ic lties before me at the b eg ng, he

finally said that if I Should go , it would not be right for him to remain . We departed for the provin ce Of Apalache in the mid ’ of 1 n ix at dle July, in 608, a d after s days j ourney arrived I i 9 Cotm ChLn , a large settlement near Apalache . From the province Of Potano and Timucua I took with me a hundred and c h fifty Indians . From Coto oc uni which is twelve leagues

o o fr m Apalache, I dispatched two captives wh m I found there n h a d w o were from Apalache . They were to announce that I w as coming and were to state the reason of my coming, n namely, that it was a mission of peace a d to make peace

c u e forever . I took along the ca iq s Of the towns through which I passed (neighboring on Apalache) in order that

c ne a ach u _ e gr eat caci Of A l e the wo ld make h h h o a . t e s a a at a a pe ce When runner d rrived Ap l c e , the wh le a u s province gathered . This province comprises twelve le g e w

a i Seventy c c ques came together with all their people , asking the runner what the people had done for me in i u n h h s a T m cua a d ow they ad received me . They an wered th t h they ad cleaned the roads leading to the town , over which I had a s gone . They cleaned [the road] more than three le gue

o a t o a oa . bef re rriving a the place, making a br ad l rge r d They had abundant food consisting Of cakes made Of maize and fl a ou an . r Of the same , d thus they awaited me H ving a at i chuc 1 0 saw o a rrived the Plaza Of Ju ta o , I testify I m re th n n m 1 1 os Indians a d I a not surprised . Concerning th e who s SO a have gone there since , if they have not een m ny, I was say that the Indians are fond Of novelties and that , that the first time they ever saw a Spaniard in their land in these A times . S soon as they saw their enemies in their houses, ll d a a e o . r o n c m t gether They sent the younger boys fo w od , a each one brought a log ; of this they made a pile so that the two hundred men I brought with me were enabled to eat for MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 117

i s x a . oo a was o e a not d ys When we left, the w d th t left v r w s su f t w f icient o fill t o carts . Finally, in everything that per t tains o this province Of Apalache , I refer to what has been made in the reports to Your Majesty and the Royal Council n i by me a d which s the same that I gave to Governor Ybarra, what neither a Spaniard nor any other person in that period h b ut o ad seen myself. My own report I gave to the govern r,

ua a 1 2 s J n Fern ndez de Olivera with those which other father , wh o came here afterwards, have given [him . ] I treated Of

he caci que of uit h J ac uco, Since he was the most important among them , ais hi n : r ed s voice in the midst of them a d said , weeping “ When did I merit that so happy a day Should dawn upon m e that I Should see peace in my enemies and behold them eating a a n ? w a in my pl z a d home, in the spirit Of peace No we Sh ll a a a now a n ss n h ve me l ; we Sh ll have peace a d happine ; ow, my so s a s an o he n , we Shall h ve quiet . The e d many other w rds u ttered on the subject . Together with this all the caci ques Of Apalache delegated ” a i the c c ae O to o to St. u s q M g the city Of A gu tine , nd ll t a in the name Of a , give obedience to the governor of S .

u us a t h our A g tine , s o the person w o represents the king, a o sovereign . He came as far as San Buenaventura de Pot n h a a with me . But the governor w o knew what was t king pl ce sent two soldiers who met him two leagues from San Buena u a w n u s s Vent r which as o the way to St . A gu tine . The soldier h a i ad received instructions that if the c c qn e was with me , e s s they were to take him from me , in order that they th m elve t us n o o Should bring him o St. Aug tine a d thus he [the g vern r] But would Obtain the merit for which he had not worked . ut a t . r b s poor friars Of S Francis, we hope fo nothing the f s u reward o heaven . I was sati fied that they cond cted him ssa an o a s thither, delivered the me ge d perf rmed the err nd

which they desired .

r elve c l s The people of Apalache a e numerous. Tw eagne

w t s to o ar ulate a h alf . or e o e r pop i more Of h pe ple de ire bec me 118 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

i ze ns C s a s . s a a os o : g hri ti n It l nd m t pr ductive in fpgd m , bea - e and r ins. is not s . a s ar w pgnpk There hing el e there The Indi n 1 4 as naked as when their mothers brought them forth . There

‘ is great difficulty in carrying thither overland the food and sus a s a for r o s a s is a hu ten nce nece s ry the eligi u , bec u e it ndred leagues to St . Augustine where the provisions are gathered 1 5 for all .

h - All t e above mentioned things , I have desired to write down , taking from the account those which this religious gave h me , although I have ad the larger and more copious account

s a . te s Of Fray Alon o Serr no He en red Apalache afterward , preached there and erected some crosses in some parts of the a u f a ft rw r y e gre t pop lated area o Apal che . A e a W o r h other religious entered [the territory} a n¢all s tatedt he desire permanent placing Of religious among them has not been

‘ determined upon owing to Hd fmlflt U M ISMO CLD t e

T i s s his s done for f ear le t the Indian ,

o or r a a a m ved by the devil , aggrieve maltreat them o t ke w y their lives and thus Your Majesty would be obliged to punish n them . Such a provision was made by His Majesty a d the

Ro a ou and wa t u o a o a of y l C ncil s given o J an Mald n d , citizen 1 6 Cuzco and governor of the expedition to Chunchos. The point was brought out to him that the [soldiers] should safe guard the priests and missioners SO that the Indians would t t a s no kill them . They were also to take care o rep ir uch

a a f o and sh as s . d m ge i d ne, puni them they de erve In s are not Apalache , the priests and missionaries of the Go pel able to have peace with the Indians forthere is much for n a which they Should be taken to task ; for insta ce , the extirp

aid of divine grace and the exercise Of prudence , nothing will be impossible to thosewho might be sent

‘ Owing to the great multitude Of Indians in this district f f a u s o Apalache , covering a stretch of territory o twelve le g e ,

120 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

Royal Council I took them to put them on board ship at ~ " . " ‘ S 0 v i 9 u . a . The governor at that time was Juan Fernandez de Olivera who received them with great satisfaction because the g reater

‘ a a a s p rt Of them were very ble pre cher , Spiritual men who have s a f or o ” been very ervice ble the c nversion Of souls .

NOTES

1 o a o was s s P t n the di trict we t Of St . Johns River and sou s t S . u thwe t Of A gustine . 2 The writer has been unable to identify this religious o an o fr m y ther record .

3 A mission was established here which became known as

San - a s o o a o . was Fr nci c de P t n It twenty five leagues from St .

u us . ota las s o s la o l A g tine N de mi i ne de pr vincia de a Florida, S a o Sa Docum en tos histéri cos 1 in err n y nz , , p . 33.

4 Aztequi is frequently found in the Spanish documents “ a a o te i o a. o em n ting fr m Fl rid Acc rding to Dr . Swanton, A qu seems to represent a borrowing from Creek in which language ‘ ’ ” o f or i ati L the w rd interpreter s y ka. etter Of Dr . Swanton t o . o t Dr C oper, u supra .

5 So o and hi o De t s expedition passed through Potan , a o to L s cc rding the Gentleman Of Elvas . T . H . ewi , ed S anish Ex lorers in th out nte tates 1 6 p p e S hern U i d S , p . 5 .

6 Timucua was a large territory extending over northern Florida from the sea- coast to the confines of Apalache In the

u o o extreme west . It incl ded likewise a small porti n Of m dern u Georgia, the so theastern corner .

7 ‘ a as . At this time , however he had not been b ptized yet 1609 at His baptism occurred on Palm Sunday in April , ,

- wa his od a . Nombre de Dios . Pedro de Ybarra s g f ther testim onyo de la venyda del c apitan grande de ays y cacique mayor de timucua a hesta ciudad y como se b autico cl cacique MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 121

de timucua y su b edero y principales . [St. Augustine , April

- - 1 0 . 5 . 21 . . 54 0 . . S. o . , (A G . I 9, NO ) F S H ph t 8 Gran Apalache or Apalache the Great was the territory T l h around modern a a assee . 9 och ni T rihi n i h Cotoc u between a ca a d Ju tac uco . 1 0Juitachuco in the form Of Vitachuco is frequently

L i e In 1- s s mentioned in a Flor da d l ca, pp . 5 68 pas im . It wa

described as a large province more than fifty leagues wide . The principal town as well as its cacique bore the same name 1 s (p . 5 ) According to the account Of the Gentleman Of Elva , i h U t c co L d . a u was a town subject to Apalache . T . H . ewis, c , S anish Ex lorers 1 1 p p , p . 6 . 1 1 Modern historians are surprised "Father Prieto doubtless was sanguinely elated with the success Of his mission and

thought he saw more Indians than were actually present .

,

There must have been a great concourse Of them , however ;

- but their number he over estimated . Any one witnessing a

o a f r i - s a m dern p rade , o example , s apt to greatly over e tim te the u n n o a n mber Of marchers . Based o this report o d ubt F ther Oré reported to Spain in a M em orial asking for more mission h ” aries, that Apalache as a population Of Indians, ’ ’ ’ L e t a 5 s s on é ez R lacion his ori c 4 . S a o a o s p , , II, w nt n Ob erv ti n “ this matter are worth quoting in full . Parej a, the well o f u u an o a kn wn missionary o the Tim c a Indians, d an ther fri r, o fi n 1607 a Al nso de Pe ara da, state in letters, written in th t the Apalachee had asked for missionaries that same year

through the friars in Potano . Their statement that the

a a u 107 is o s s exa era Ap l chee towns n mbered , Of c ur e , a gro s gg nd tion . We read that in 1609 more than 28 Timucua a Apalachee chiefs were begging for baptism

W elt- uponi n d

was not u a a a w was a a u . it ntil the l tter d te th t q , ctu lly beg n

‘ b 15 16 w o s A letter dated Novem er 33, states that t o m nk [Sic l] had gone to the Province of Apalachee w e e It adds that these people had desired conversion for more than 20 nd years, that their country was 12 leagues in extent a 122 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

o ai to c nt ned Indians, w hich last statement IS ou s a o a Of c r e n ther gross ex ggeration , though indeed more moderate than one Of made in 1618 and another of 1 made in 635. This last placed the number of Christian converts in the province at probably more than the o a a a o t t l Ap l chee populati n . By a letter of September 12, 16 8 3 , we learn that the conve rsions Of Apalachee were greatly on as nd r the incre e, a Governor Damian de la Vega Castro y Pa d o s u u 22 1 write , A g st , 639 , that there had been more than a ousa o s o th nd c nver i ns there, although there were still only two ” Earl H t r a s . S o is or o th I ia a e C ee n n . fri r w nt n , y y f k d s, pp

118- 11 9 .

1 2 Juan Fernandez de Olivera was governor Of Florida m 1 1 12 Hi fro 609 to 6 . s term Of Office was Shortened by H death . is rule was characterized by peace and harmony with the Franciscans in distinct contrast with that of Pedro de hi Ybarra, s predecessor. 1 f‘ Inihayca is probably the Anhayca Apalache mentioned “ a E by the Gentlem n Of lvas . It was a town where the lord ” of all a ou and o . L s th t c ntry pr vince resided T . H . ewi , ed S anish Ex lorers 1 1 p p , p . 6 .

1 4“ The narrative Of Cabeza de Vaca describing Apalache “ a u a s o ne rly a cent ry e rlier give m re details of Apalache . We

ou a a ua of i r n f nd l rge q ntity ma ze fit fo plucking, a d much a was ous a so dry, th t h ed ; l many deer skins, and among them so a s a n me m ntelet Of thre d , small a d poor, with which the

o a a r s w men p rti lly cove their persons . There were numerou mortars f or cracking maize The country where we Gam e on shore to this town and region of Apalachen is for the most a t e ou u u p r l vel , the gr nd Of sand and stiff earth . Thro gho t are s s nd re a u immen e tree a open woods, in which a w ln t , lau and a o u - s savm s rel, n ther tree called liq id amber, cedar , ,

a s s - n o o evergreen O k , pine , red oaks, a d palmit s like th se Of

S a . T are a s n a o p in here m ny lake , great a d sm ll , ver every part of it In this province are many mai ze fields

are s a s o s and There deer Of three kinds, rabbits, hare , be r , li n o as s ou i ha ther wild be t The c ntry s very cold . It s fine

124 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA so l l in r bre sentar aS placas a os Religiosos q . V ye on de Castilla l l l St s 2 a e os n es . . p ra a conversion d [ Augu tine , July 6,

54 - 5- 1 l (A . G . I . 0; NO . 3) F . S. H . S. phot . In the fol owmg 1 1 year, 6 3, eight more friars came to Florida under Fray Juan

Bautista de Capilla, the provincial of the province of Santa E Ensa o ron olo i co 1 1 f lena. Barcia, y C g , p . 8 . The register o the friars who sailed to Florida on these two occasIOnS 1s

r incomplete . The following names, however, a e known L o 1612 Fray orenz Martinez , , Fray Juan Bautista de 1 1 1 1 Capilla, 6 3, Fray Martin de Bustamente, 6 3, Fray Alonso a l S a a Pesquer , Fray Juan de a Cruz , Fray Miguel de anta M ri , a s o Fray M theo de Carca, Fray Alonso de Nabo , Fray Dieg de s o Rodriguez , Fray Alonso Ortiz , Fray Antonio de San Franci c ,

’ T ill n as l C a Fray Francisco Toro est a o , Fray B ilio de a ruz , Fr y

Antonio de Torres Fray Francisco Alonso de Jesus. Sources on these friars : Bequest of Fray Martin de

- 2 - 2- 1 1 1 5 . S Ma 6 5. . . . 3 Bustamente , Spain , y June, (A G I ) F W

— f i s H . S. phot . Testimony Of the friars in behalf o the r yndic , 1 4 16 . . . . 5 Captain Alonso de Pastrana, Florida, May , 6 (A G I

5- 1 — a la 7) F . S. H . S. phot . Fray Antonio de st. Fr nco de

- - 1 . 2 2 1 . . 1 16 2 S. S orden de st. Franco . Oct . 0, . (A . G. I . 53 ) F H

— 1 21 0. phot . Petition of Fray Antonio de Torres, Jan . , 63

- - — 5 2 1 a o . o o (A . G . I . 3 1) F . S. H . S. phot . Fray fr nc t r

o . testillano de la provi ncIa de la florida de la orden de st. franc

' - 1 4 - F H . o . 14 2 5 2 . S Spain , March , 6 . (A . G . I. 3 . S. ph t CONCERNING THE FIRST PROVINCIAL CHAPTER OF THIS PROVINCE OF FLORIDA AND THE STATUS AND DISPOSITION OF ITS AFFAIRS

1 14 i si of o a s In the year 6 , with the perm s on Y ur M je ty f and with the provision of the Royal Council o the Indies, the

- f Rev . o ssa a o Fray Juan de Vivanco , C mmi ry Gener l the er ni of Indies, ordered and commanded Fray Luis J O mo de Oré , h u t and s the province of t e Twelve Apostles of Per , o go Vi it the provinces of Florida as also the convents Of the island of 1 Cuba. He gave him the necessary patents for the commis sion which he fulfilled and executed according to the command

' Of hi n s general superior . He Visited the said province, co soled the religious and gathered them together for a chapter nd in the city Of St . Augustine . After they had ordained a resolved upon the things touching the conversIon Of the t a f Indians, he returned o H vana, providing or the convent ous ssa for a t a a s of there , religi nece ry pre ching o the Sp ni rd

that city as well as for attending to other affairs there . When he was two and a half years in the government of the o n pr vince , new pate ts came to him with an order from the 2 minister-general to Visit the province once more and call together the guardians and defi nitors in the celebration of a provincial chapter and to l choose a provincial and guardians for all the convents of the province as well as f or Havana and the s i land Of Cuba. 6th of o 1616 sa a On the N vember in the year , the id F ther o L r ni i f C mmissary, Fray uis Je O mO de Oré entered the c ty o

St. Augustine in Florida with his companions to visit the v n pro ince a d hold the provincial chapter. It had taken him twenty- fi ve days to reach the bar of Havana owing to storms and o a c ntr ry winds which he encountered . When [the Ship] 125 126 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA had r w o anchored outside the b a it as necessary, owing t n weather conditions, to cut the cables a d sacrifice two anchors . This raised the loss for the owner of the ship to more than

u e ov five h ndr d ducats. [Father Oré] was received by the g

' ernor ua Triviiio ill m s 3 l , J n de Gu a a , the religious and the so diers Of the presidio with Signs of great j oy . He remained f h ll in the convent ten days , giving notice o is arrival to a the religious who are engaged in the conversion of the Indians in f tw s a and the missions o the interior, in the o di tricts Of Gu le

Timucua. On the 17th Of the same month he went to Visit the land

“

o s . ou on foot, in company with three religi u Alth gh the s governor ordered a horse to be given him, which a oldier ou o a to o n oo o a br ght f rw rd , he preferred g o f t in the c mp ny 4 n of of his religious . He embarked in a canoe o the river 5 T ll f a and a . ocoy , greater than a the rivers o Spain, Fr nce It ly I s is ts shores were wooded with pine and other tree . There s an abundance of good fi sh . Twenty leagues up the river , he and his companions arrived at the convent Of San Antonio de Enacape6 where he had ordered that the guardian of that 7 house and the guardian of the other convent called Avino ou f o ua Sh ld come together, as well as the religious o b th g rdi a a n i r n tes a d a defi n to .

ll a s ua When a were in the said convent , he delivered pirit l s ou s was di c rse to them and held the Visitation . When thi o 8 t he c mpleted , he held the chapter of faults and charged fathers to pray to our Lord for the favorable outcome Of an o a s electi n which was to be held at the provincial ch pter . Thi same thing was ordered in the patent that was sent to the whole province together with the news of his arrival ; the fathers were ordered to say the accustomed suffrages at 9 Vespers and Matins SO that our Lord would be pleased to have a guiding hand in this chapter and election so that there would be nothing to vitiate it in any way of worldliness or solicitation on any part ; and for this intention the commissary with the religious Of those two guardianates prayed and took the discipline .

MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

n this convent Of Sa Martin in Timucua, according to the order h d e im th n which a b en given h in e letters pate t, the guardian

' of that place as well as the guardians Of Potano1 6 and ~ Tarihica1 7 and the religious of the convents of San Juan de 1 8 1 9 20 h a a T l n a . Gu car , e eco a d Cof [ ad been gathered together] He exhorted them in the service of the Lord and in the Observance Of the rule and in diligence in the conversion of

a s . h the Indi n After the visitation ad been made, all the i s a ne ne s d relig ou were c lled , o by o . When this was accompli he , f u s he conducted the chapter o fa lt , said the prayers and took r the discipline fo the favorable outcome Of the chapter . And in

h r ou each one Of the towns referred to , he remained t ree o f r a h n exa m i nd d ys, conducting t e Visitation a d the m at On a taking down in writing the exact number Of baptized n h Christians, both the living a d those who ad died . Considering the great difficulty for the religious who had a f or a s a to a vote, as well s the Indi n , if the ch pter were be

— r t held at St. Augustine , fo they would have o bring their

o rovi I ns -he o s bo ks with them as well as p s o , c n ulted with the religious and the guardians who were present as to the feasibility of holding the chapter at the convent Of San Buena

u a u l ini 2 1 for a s as vent r de G adaqu , where the food the Indi n well as the fare for the fathers In chapter could be had at less

r f t . expense , fo everything is very costly in the city o S diffi us . o of a Aug tine Moreover, they w uld be relieved gre t culty because the voters could come together from the two districts of Timucua and Guale (which they call agua dul ee and agua salad a) to the said convent of Guadalquini for they could go from one province to another in canoes . He resolved to make this plan effective and advised the governor F f i A as Of lorida o h s intention . t the same time he ked the

o o had n dul r a o s o s g vern r if he a y orders, cé as o roy l pr vi i n from Your Majesty in reference to the mi ssi ons and the

o f . o so c nversion o the natives If so, he Should f rward them that the religious could comply with them in every respect throughout the land . had a t a hi s When he ttended o this, he dep rted with MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 129

, secretary from the convent of Timucua to that of San Juan ‘ i de Guacara which s eight leagues distant . Having visited r i n that town, he passed on to the gua d a ate of Santa Cruz de T rihi f a ca, a place where five years before, when the friars o the province . of Concepcion came , there were not four w 12 Christian Indians, b ut no there were 7 living Christian i ' hi i u Indians n t s town alone . It s distant from G acara, eight

s more leagues. He Visited and made the examination in thi town with more care because of the neophytes recently con verted and found that they knew their doctrine and catechism . Moreover there were some Indian men and women who knew h w t n r s o o read a d write , being already thirty o forty year

f s . o age . They have learned these things within four year There he remained more days in order to preach to them on the rudiments of our Catholic faith and on the Sacraments.

- s Here he determined to take a short cut that was arduou , by entering a desert and unpopulated district for fifty leagues tin hi a 22 in order to go to the convent of Santa Isabel de U a c , where the woods were closed with dense trees and Chaparral . He passed through some towns inhabited by pagan Indians who received him with great j oy and who showed a desire to become Christians. T rr co23 n f t a nd They arrived at a a o the feast o S . B rbara a we [sic named the place Santa Barbara. After having taken leave of the Indians and having departed from them for the distance of about a league , a messenger came to ask the name of the saint they would have to employ in naming the town a when they bec me Christians. In the meantime, [they were told] they would be given a Christian Indian who would a n te ch them the doctrine a d catechism . This was attended t o and word was sent from here to a religious residing at Tari , notifying him that he should attend to this good work with u f m ch care , because o the good disposition of these pagan h r Indians w o formed a fairly large district . Continuing ou o j urney, we arrived at three or four small towns containing “ s pagans . Although we were lacking food because it wa

L s Advent, the ord provided us with a good gift of mushroom 130 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA which we gathered on the road in order to sustain ourselves with them in the shelter we made for ourselves in order to rest and to protect ourselves from the severe colds and rains which fell upon us and which made us feel moist and drenched us even to our tunics and the documents [we carried ur Lo for u s o with us] . O rd provided s in the e lab rs with r much counsel and spirit until we set out f or Santa Isabel , fo n t we passed large rivers, which owing to their depth could o be forded ; the only sort of bridge available was a large thick h a s pine . The Indians w o accomp nied me , passed over thi , w running, like persons ho had lost fear of those dangerous

a a . a o o p ss ges I , fter first g ing t confession , passed over in f L the name o the ord , and in the name of holy obedience given by my superiors who placed the visitation and commis “ sion upon me . Havmg visited the convent and the religious of Santa Isabel and having preached to the Indians and having

a o n s a a e ex mined them in d ctri e , we de cended by l rger riv r '

f th f a . than the Tagus, in canoes, to the people o e land o Gu le We visited the towns and the six priests in the convent of San José de Zéi pala2 5 where [the Indians] had martyred one of our 26 T f a s a . h a o five m rtyrs e visitation was made , the ch pter f ult , n s prayer a d discipline were held , as m the other place referred h a and to before . Days before we ad dispatched the p tent letter of convocation to all the convents which had been i a ans v sited . The father commissary and the father gu rdi who were in the land of Guale went to the house of the definitors chapter where all the other f athers with a vote , the and guardians, were already gathered . ll o s We arrived late and after disembarking, a we religi u Te Daw n went in procession with a large cross, singing the ” / f r a a to Lands mus as a as the church . There we g ve th nks our Lord that He j oined us in His name to treat of things

h so one a o . touching His service , w ile the religious con led n ther w ea s e o Since the first time I visited this province , t o y r b f re, h w to a they ad not seen one another very much , o ing the f ct that they , are divided and dispersed through widely separated

132 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

the newly elected defi nitors. He confirmed the provincial and the others setting forth in a short discourse the testament of David to Solomon wherein the former recommended the 3 punishment of Joab and Semei 2 and that he sho uld have s t hi wh eated a s table those o were faithful and loyal friends . He exhorted father provincial that he should admit to the a of off and o n n s t ble ices honors the g od a d the worthy, a d tho e h w o are not such , he should have the courage to punish .

And in order that they could be dispatched to their h missions before Christmas, is paternity ordered that they should gather immediately in defi nitorial session to apportion the offices of guardians ; also that the other voters should

3 3 o gather for a discretorial meeting . These latter were t propose what seemed fitting with “regard to the statutes and ordinances of the province . This they did and presented their fi ni rium deliberations to the de to for consultation .

So the schedule and the statutes of the province were

o finished in four days . And because the chapter was close t a the general chapter, in which there had to be an election of custodi o according to the general statute of Barcelona and

Toledo , his paternity ordered that they should proceed to the of t i a election such a cus od o . Fray Lorenzo Martinez , u was religio s of great merit, was elected . In this office he confirmed .

That this is true we affirm with our names in order that all that was done and ordained in the provincial chapter might

r - f appear to ou Most Reverend Fathers, the Vicar General o the

- whole Order and the Commi ssary General of all the Indies .

L f a. Fray uis Geronimo de Oré , Commissary o Florid r Fray Francisco Pa ej a, Minister Provincial . L Fray orenzo Martinez .

Fray Bartolomé Romero . l Fray Juan de a Cruz .

Fray Alonso Pesquera.

‘

Fray Francisco Alonso de Jcsus.

Fray Pedro Ruiz. MARTYRS OF FLORIDA 133

NOTES

1 - f i . The decree o the commissary general s extant , in (A . G

5 -2- 1 I . 3 0) F . S. H . S. phot . The commission was signed 12 1 1 u 6 4 . J ne , w 2This chapter then is the first provincial chapter ever [ held by Franciscans within the present limits of the United

3 ll 1 1 - 1 1 Governor Trivino de Gui amas ruled 6 3 6 8. 4 Franciscans are forbidden to ride horseback except in “ ”

t . case of manifest necessity or infirmity . (Rule of S

to Francis) . In this case Father Oré would have been entitled f use a horse for the laborious j ourney, for it was a case o “ uni er S of a manifest necessity . But like Fray J p o erra l ter

t of hi . California fame, he preferred no to make use s privilege

5 t R s Ri de The S . Johns iver, otherwise known a the o r i o the R o de San Mateo .

“ ‘ 6The same distance is given i n the Nota de las misiones de la provincia de la Florida There the name of the

i Do en tzos o Naca e . cum t wn s spelled p Serrano y Sanz , h t fl 1 is é os . c , p . 33 7 Earl His tor the ree n dian 23 Swanton, y y of C k I s , p . 3 , “

Abin u n . locates o as forty leag es i land from St . Augustine There is no indication as to whether it lay to the west or , s outhwest . Father Oré in speaking of the De Soto expedition writes that the conqueror passed through the provinces of

~ n Aouera and Avino a d then Apalache . Aouera was south

of f s west St. Augustine . Corroboratory evidence or thi statement is the fact that Father Oré called the guardian of ’ o at Enac f A ino s , Avino t meet him ape, an indication o v

general location . If Avino had been in the direction of Timucua

r a f o Apalache , the guardi n o Avino would doubtless have been called to meet Father Oré at San Martin de Timucua or other o missions further west , as was d ne in the case of the mission n u aries resid ing in that area. E acape was twenty leag es 134 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

16 5 from St . Augustine . In 5 there was a mission at A cuera

s a - s x a s de cribed s thirty i le gue from St. Augustine . The

o i n one a of Acuera n menti n bre th a d Avino by Father Oré , as hi u a f n ca e well as s action in calling the g ardi n o Avino to E a p , together with the existence in later times of the mission San L ll ’ uis de Aouera, a point to the mission s location as south

u - west of St . Aug stine at a distance of from thirty six to forty leagues. 8A disciplinary practice in religious communities where

ous u a o o au not a sin for the religi p blicly ckn wledge s me f lt ( ) ,

- i which the super or gives a slight penance .

’ 9 Suff s or sa ra za ar f rage , fi g , e additional prayers or a s u pecified p rpose .

0 1 Small cylindrical containers in which the holy oils are

il- n kept . The purpose of the m spection of the o stocks a d baptismal font is to see that the water and oil which are blessed are kept clean i n keeping with the sacred use for which

they are destined .

1 1 Fa This saved the bishop a special trip toFlorida. Since ther Oré represented the minister- general in making the tour a o se of the province , he could easily fulfill the oblig ti ns impo d on him as representative of the bishop f or all the pari shes and

a s of St. u us missions in Florida, save the city p ri h A g tine , a s o s were under the care of Franciscan friars . The p ri h rec rd f s o St . Augustine likewise state that Father Oré repre ented the

f i r d Ba rtism os Con irm acion es bishop o Cuba. L b o I e p , f ,

t m on En ti ' e h ' Parr d c A ustin Ma ri i os, y erros h c os en la oqa S. g Fl a a ss o d e la orida, Engelhardt Extracts, Santa Barb r Mi i n

Archives, Old Mission , Santa Barbara.

A l n L . pa o, between E acape and ake Orange

1 3 L was on wa Very probably ake Orange . Father Oré the y from Enacape to Potano and Apalache .

1 “ u s Santa Fe de Teleco was thirty leagues from St. A gu fi ’ 1 r os 3 . tine . Serrano y Sanz , Docum en tos his o i c , p . 3 1 5San Martin de Timucua called San Martin de Ayacouto

“ - i I . 1 us . b d i n 655 and thirty four leagues from St . Aug tine

136 MARTYRS OF FLORIDA

the St. Marys or the Saltilla by travelling the distance of fifty leagues which Father Oré gives as the distance between the two places. 23T rr ri i i hi a aco, on the way between Ta h ca and Ut na ca. 2“fl‘Evi n l - t de t y Father Oré was not a swimmer . This inciden is n quite frankly told a d lends a human touch to the story . 25 Mission San José de Zapala was forty-fi ve leagues from t i 1 2 t. u . D ocum en to h ér cos . S Aug stine Serrano y Sanz , s is , p . 3 26 i os T l m a This island , Sapelo , s opp ite o o ato , where F ther w Corpa as martyred . 27 The Te Damn Laudamus or hymn of praise by St. is u ll Ambrose s ng on a j oyful occasions. 28 This feast is no longer celebrated . It was kept to honor f the expectant Mother of Christ . Christmas, the birthday o i h Christ, s observed on the 25t . 29 The Mass of the Holy Ghost is said at times when heavenly enlightenment is sought for the happy solution of

‘ ff f ea a . o rthly airs The Holy Ghost , the Third Person the i Blessed Trinity, s invoked as the fountain of wisdom , under s a u n t nding, co nsel a d knowledge . 30 The deacon is the chief assi stant to the celebrant in a so - r n lemn high Mass . The sub deacon is the next in a k . 3 1 El L Abroj o , Spam , whence Fray orenzo Martinez left for Florida.

- III Kings, ii , 5 9 . 3i This discretorial meeting was of an advisory character and subordinate to the defi nitorial meeting. INDEX

ino 6 26 133 134 . Avinu (Av ) , , 1 , , i ian an ua e x . Aymara, Ind l g g , x ,

ain 11 1 1 1 6. Sp , 9, 3 , 3

ose h de 5. J p ,

1 1 4 . 6, 33, 3

5, 7.

131 . ain 8 ro inc of 12. Badajoz , Sp , 3; p v e ,

57 82. r ntonio de 72 74 , Badajoz , F ay A , , ,

75 83 97. , ,

20 25. ro h r Domin o ustin , Baez , B t e g A g ,

25.

h m hann e 17 53. Ba a a C l ,

i e 12. Banuelos, D ego d ,

Barcelona, 132.

v . Barlo ento, 3

12 114 115 116 a am o u a 67 80. , , , , B y , C b , ,

118 120 121 122 123 133 on a tain 16. , , , , , , Bay a, C p ,

135. n Is an of 8. Beni y , l d ,

Fl ori a 127 134 . m e o Fra e ro 67 . d , , B er j , y P d , ’ >stles Cre e x. 49 53 61 65. d , Bermuda, 17, , , ,

L on 65. Beteta Fra Gre orio de 13. g , , y g ,

Bi a Ba of 31 . sc y , y ,

inie a Sanch de 16. 0. g , o , Bodie Island , 6

s ui a eru ix . Fr Francisco de 70. q p , P , B onilla, ay , ( i i ll ar o om 1 . n i n an ua es x . gi e es, B t l é , 5 Brazil , I d a l g g ,

ra e ro de 57. i 3. as, F y P d , Buenos A res, 6

‘ zub ia a Fra Francisco de 66. rovince of 71 . g , y , Burgos, P ,

n de 124 . L G or ia 94 97. e Fra Marti O, e g , , Bustament , y , n a thualpa I c , 5. i e lanas an Cre d , x. i antic Ocean , xv ; coast , 58. ali encia 4 , .

‘ a e a de Vaca var une 5, rién , Spain , 69, 82. C b z , Al N z ,

fi n Fra Mi ue de 68 74 75 11 122. é , y g l , , , , ,

a lo 46 56. 7. C caco , ,

fi n r e ro de 69 . a i 46 50 58 62 65. é , F ay P d , C d z , , , , ,

F i ue 56 61 62. Calderén 35. engozar, ray M g l , , , , ila Fra Francisco de xv xvi Caloo sa In ians 18. , y , , , d ,

' n 58. 95 96 97 99. Ca ver Count ar a , 0, 76, 78, 86, 93, , , , l t y, M yl d

62. i es S ain 30. aminha ortu a , l , p , C , P g l 137 138 INDEX

Cam os ro ince of 8. l i p , P v , Col aguas, Peru, x .

Canar Is an s 65. omm emor tion of All ou 1 10. y l d , C a S ls,

an r L i . cer F a u s 7 ommissar 82 110 125. C , y , C y, , , ?

an emas Feast of 23. m i a f e ai 0 C dl , , C o m ss ry o N w Sp n , 7

10 - ie a e anave ra 16 0 68 80 9 . ener h I s C p C l , , 3 , , , Commissary g al of t e nd ,

a e Char es 58. 6 78 80 119 132. C p l , 6 , , , ,

0 - e r . i e er e a m Cape Hatte as, 6 C omm ssary g n al of J rus l ,

a Henr 8 C pe y, 5 68. ’ ‘ i . hi 1 a e San uan 44 58 on i n e x 11 x v . C p J , , C cepc 6é , C l , ,

a e ra a ar 44 58 60. Conce cién S ain rovince of C p T f lg , , , p , p , P , a i ta 108 a i ra uan ut s . C p lla, F y J B , , xm , 119, 129

i x11 xm 123. 110 124 . or ova S a n , C d , p , , , i Carav anchel S ain 80. Corona o Franc sco 5. , p , d , , 4 r r atheo de 124 . Fra e r de 57 71 7 Ca ga, F ay M , C orpa, y P d o , , , ,

n 9 8 5. 4 . Caribbea , , 5 , 6 76, 83, 8

0 i i ea of 55. ari 1 . hr s C bs, Corpus C st , F t ,

ar o s Ba 16 30. Cotocochuni F ori a 116 12 . C l y , , , l d , , 1

i 119. ar In ian 18. n i f In e s 39 C los d s, C ou c l o the d , ,

B h uan de 25. n oun 60. Carrera, rot er J , Croata S d ,

e zed a S ain 69. ra asi io e la 124 . Casa d U , p , Cruz , F y B l l , e ranci sco de la 57 Cassamarca, P ru, 5. Cruz , Fray F , - 32. afi ar ain 69 81 . Fra Juan de la 124 1 Cast , Sp , , Cruz , y , , 1 53 59 astane a e ro de 11 . u a x111 xiv 3 6 5 C d , P d , C b , , , , , , , , 4 4 0 51 66 68 Castille, 42, 5, 9, 5 , , , ,

e r i 57 . 0 71 119. r an Is an G o a 69, 7 , , Cumbe l d l d , g ,

i r ran i del 6. e ro . Cast ll o , F ay F c sco , 5 See San P d

as i o ra Ra ae de 57. us todia 2. C t ll , F y f l , C , 8

i o d hed o a tasar d el i a 82 104 . Cast ll e A , B l , Cus tod , 81 , ,

4 eru ix x xi 5 3 1 18. 0. Cuzco , P , , , , , 7 ,

a a 1 . Catholic A rm d , 3

- Kin . Catholic gs, 3

on o 6. Cav ez as, Fray Al s , 5

r estown 44 48 58. Cayagua (Cha l ) , , ,

Davi 1 2. i a uan de 51 . 3 Cebad ll , J , d ,

D a Fra 108. t ar an 60. e o Ce cil C oun y, M yl d , lg d , y ,

e of S ain 4 5 7 Dia Franco e ro 49 61 . Charl s V p , , , z , P d , ,

k e Ba 25 58 59 60 63. Dia Ro as Lui a Chesapea y , , , , , z y j , s ,

- 4 Disca ce Friars 83. Chicora, . l d ,

i minicans 6 13. hi e Indi an s hi e x v . Do C lo , C l , , ,

D Enri ue of ortu a 3. f 132 136. on Christm as, Feast o , , q P g l ,

F In ian chie 99. h n h In ians eru 118 123. Don rancisco C u c os d , P , , , d f,

om ew 9 Don uan Juani o of Tolomato , Columbus, Barthol , J ( ll )

hri o her 3. 83 84 99. Columbus, C st p , , ,

J n hie of San Pedro 98. o a F ori a 128 135. Don ua c C f , l d , , , f ,

140 INDEX

Ken I t sland , Mar land 59? Hampdon Roads, 60. y , H n r an artford Cou ty, Ma yl d , 60. Havana xv i 7 15 30 35 42 44 , , , , , , , , 4 : 49, 50, 63, 6 , 65, 68, 71 , 78, 125 Ha i t 2. y , 6 k r i a e eo e or a . ra onso L G g , Fl d , 57 Henriquez de T oled o , F y Al , i Lake Orange Flor da 134 . i a i . , , b shop of Cwb , x v Lara l e 1 4 , A on so d 2 , 23, 2 , 28, 29, His aniola 3 59 62. , p , , ,

H 34 . da ra . oj e , F y, 57 ar ua e 0 L a, J n d , 2 , 28 29, 35. H r omman er of the 31 . , oly C oss, C d , L e am a 1 a Tama. S e T . l n . Ho y La d , 8

Laudonniere Réné de 14 . Ho Thurs a 6 . , , ly d y, 6

La Y e uana 49 62. H g , , ol eek 6 . y W , 6

Lemb ri rancisco 63 64 . , F , , nt Le , 66, 79. n e i Le t, S raph c, 79. n E i h Le t of the p p any, 79. L e6n Spain 3. i , , Icaste, Flor da, 42, 56.

e . Lesser Antill s, 9

nca In ians 73. I d , i i ii L ma x , x x . i , , Indies, xiii ; West Indies, x v , 78, in s e o e . L ares, Brother P dr d , 25

79. Lisbon, 64 .

Inih a ri 1 1 2. ayc , Flo da, 1 7 2 London , 64 .

ta xi 81 126. I ly , , , i . Lépez , Anton o, 98 L F A ana i 6 ez ra t s o q . p , y , L ra Ba ta ar 48 57 61 6pez , F y l s , , , ,

71 , 83.

r vin of 100 108 Los Angeles, P o ce , , , acan 20 21 24 28 30 4 1 44 55 J , , , , , , , , , 112.

61 62 63 65. Lu a a 10. , , , c y s,

i . Jama ca, 3, 59 n Jam estow , 32, 64 .

Jek l Island 85 97. y , ,

esus Fra Francisco Alon ; de J , y so ,

124 , 132.

oa 132. ios Ba 20 21 30 44 J b , Madre de D y, , , , ,

Job , 24 .

or an River 4 . 8 78. J d , Madrid , xv, 6 , 77,

u as 22. J d , Maldonado , 11 .

Juitachuco F orida 116 117 121 al ona o Juan of Cu co 118. , l , , , , M d d , , z ,

123. Manri u d Ro as Hernan 7. q e e j , ,

unco Ro ri o de 51 . a n ra 7. J , d g , M nza o , F y, 5 INDEX 14 1

M r lausum a e O 65. Mos oso d l ara o 3 , c e A v d , Luis de, 1 . M rr n ra ran i o xvi 71 i a é , F y F c sc , , , Mosqu to Bar, 109 2 1 2 3 M i 8 8 8 8 . o amo a . 7 , 7 , , , y , C pta n, 38

Martin Bartolom 38. ez , é, n or n o iii 123 Marti ez , Fray L e z , x , ,

124 , 131 , 132, 136.

artine Fathe e ro 25. M z , r P d ,

a o s ra on s d 124 . N b , F y Al o e, ne en o o in o Marti z de Av daii , D m g , an Nantes, Fr ce, 61 . - 51, 62, 66, 73, 83, 95. a e xi N pl s . r i 17 , Martyr Islands ( Los Ma t res ) ,

ar ae P nrfil . N v z , a o de, 5 18, 19.

n . Newfou dland , 11 Matacumb e 17 , i New Mex co, 11 . n a 1 Mata zas B r, 6.

New S ain 5 44 . i i p , , r D e . Maza egos, go, 7

icene Cree x . i N d, r Ba t ta 26. Mendez , Brothe Juan u s , N om re de Dio s anama 51 b , P , , en e d an o on a o 62 81 M d z e C z , G z l , , , om r de Dio s ori a 4 1 N b e , Fl d , , - 4 99 100 108. 8 , 85, 95, , , 54 , 62, 82, 112. n n 1 . Menendez , Do Jua , 7 r k Vi i ia No fol , rg n , 58, 60. ona ta ina 3 . Menendez , D Ca l , 5

orthea t ar an 9. N s , M yl d , 5 Menen e Doii a Maria 30. d z , , i e r 15 20 Menende z de Av les, P d o, , ,

25 30. an 44 48 Menendez Marques, Ju , , ,

4 1 61 . 9 50, 5 , 56, Olatora Die o de 39 . , g , e e ro 40 41 Menendez Marqu s P d , , , , O m os on so 26. l , Al ,

49 50 51 55. , , , i Or sta, 38.

en o a Don Antonio de 5. M d z , , D n i e i Oré, on A ton o d , x .

Mendoza Father, 18. , ré ra An ni e ix . O , F y to o d ,

i 110 111 . Mex co , 82, , Oré ra Dioni i de ix . , F y s o ,

’ Miami 25. , ré ra is r mi o e ix O , F y Lu Ge c m d , , x , - inister enera 81 . M g l, xi x11 x1u x1v xv 61 80 82 , , , , , , , ,

iran a Gutierre de 37 51 . M d , , , 8 6 96 104 10 112 121 3, 8 , , 97, , 1 , , ,

e 3 123. Miranda, Hernando d , 5, 123 125 126 133 134 135 136. , , , , , ,

Miruelo 4 . , ré r O F ay Pedro de, ix . n u a ua a Missi on San Buenave t r , G d l Orti ra n o 124 . z , F y Alo s ,

uini 109. q , Orti uan 11 z , J , .

ission Santo Domin o sao 94 . M g , A , s Ospo . See Jekyl I land .

i i i i iver 13. M ss ss pp R , Ovie o Fra 57 . d , y ,

8. Mobjack Bay, 5 i a e . Mochica Indian langu g , x

ie e 52 63. Mo lina, Don D go d , ,

Mo oa 108. l ,

ontes Fra B as de 66 80 84 . acifi c Ocean xvi . M , y l , , , P ,

or n i e 39. a e tine 1 . M e o , M gu l , P l s , 8 142 INDEX

al m un a 1 . P S d y, 20 anama i th P , s mus, 62.

are a Fra Francisco x11 q uechua In ian an ua e x i P j , y , , , Q , d l g g , , x . xv i 69 82 98 104 108 109 110 uexo s e r , , , , , , , , Q , P d o , 10.

111 114 131 132. uiro s athe u F r is de 26. , , , Q , L ,

arina ocha P C , Peru , x. ari Dio i P s, n sio de, 12.

ari s n iver it U s f . P , y o , 79 ar i P r s I sland , 18. Ra a Don tonio a P as cua Florid a y , An de l , x . , 3. Rec e o ts 1 . astr na a i ll c , 8 a ta n ons e 4 . P , C p Al o d , 12 Re on o B o he ri a P ater P rov in ciae d d , r t r C stéb l , 26. , 82. Re r i o ma . atu en iv f t , 81 x t R er 58. P , einoso ra onso 4 4 0 re ra on R , F y Al , 2, 3, 5 , Pé z , F y Al so , 57 .

62 1 . rez arco nto i 4 , 7 Pé , M A n o , 52, 63, 6 , e es ra as r R y , F y G pa d e los, 57 . 65. Rib aut Jean 13 15 16. eru ix xi xiv 44 , , , , P , , , , xv, 5, , 57, 82, R an k o o e o on 55 58 61 . 11 C l y, , , 9, 123, 125. Roanoke Is n 0 1 la d , 6 , 6 . es uera ra on o 1 4 P q , F y Al s , 2 , 132 . R an k n o o e Sou d , 60. hi i II of ain 1 P l p S p , 5, 66, 99. Rocha ra ran i o a , F y F c sc de l , 13. i i III h f a 4 0 . P l p o Sp in , 6 1 0 , Ro ri ue Fra B as 71 8 84 d g z , y l , , 3, , hi i I f ain v V o S x . P l p p , 85 .

i arro Fran i ‘ P z , c sco 5. , i 1 o r ue ra Die d e 4 . R d g z , F y go , 2

Pinzén Ginés 47. , , R o e ather an 2 . g l , F Ju , 5 P0 0 r n i 1 9 , F a c sco de, 2. Rom e, xi . oh i r a P o Flo id , 6. , R uiz , Brother, 26. oint Ma ci 4 P y , 9 62. , ui Fra e ro 57 69 82 R z , y P d , , , , n de L n n 4 o c e ua . P e 6 , J , 3, 107, 132. Poplar Island , 59 . R i a on as ar . u z de Pered , D G p , 63

P r l d i e . o ca lo e F gu roa, Vasco , 6

a 4 . e ta a . Port R oy l , 1 S e San Elen o P rtugal , 62.

o sa as uan d e 49 51 . P d , J , , River otom ac 58 59. P , , ' 4 A n f a u . St . thony o P d a, 8 0 Potano 112 114 , 116, 117 , 12 , , , n ri i x i 5 St . u usti e o a x v v 1 A g , Fl d , , , ,

121 128 134 . , , 16 28 35 4 1 42 43 50 51 , 20, , , , , , , ,

otosi eru x . P , P , 56 7 63 72 73 80 84 85 90 , 5 , , , , , , , , rieto Fra artin xv i 108 112 P , y M , , , , 93 96 99 108 112 114 117 118 , , , , , , , , 121 . 2 121 12 125 126 128 133 1 0, , 3, , , , ,

ra a in ntoni e 0. 4 P do , C pta A o d , 6 13 , 135.

uert i 4 3 2 69. n v nture 79. o R co 3 9 5 6 St . o a e P , , , , , B , i t of 6. in n i n e x . v re ea 6 Puqu a, I d an la guag , St . Bona entu , F s ,

5. ifi i n 3. h i Is an 57 8 ur a o e st 2 S . a r nes P c t , F a of , t C t e l d , ,

144

Se ura uan Bauti sta de 22 24 . T an In 1 imucu dians 2 . g , J , , , 6, 7

Semei 132. T ori a , ocoy, Fl d , 82.

Se rra Fra Juni ero 133. To ed o S ain 0 1 , y p , l , p , 7 , 32. *

Serrano Fra A onso 114 118. Toledo Kin dom of 7 . , y l , , , g ,

iii 21 8 8. i . Seville, x , , 5 , 7 Toledo , Don Franc sco de, 119, 123

ierra orena S ain 108. T l ma r i 4 83 S M , p , o o to , Geo g a, 3, 57, 73, ,

2. i an de 6 7 I S lva, Fray Ju , 6 , 84 , 99.

mith Is an 58. o osa ra Die o de 13. S l d , T l , F y g ,

Smith oint Vir inia 58. Tor uema a Fra 57 P , g , q d , y,

Societ of esus 20 45 56. To rres uan de 13. y J , , , , J ,

in 39 . T r ra ntonio de 124 . Solis, Capta , 36, or es, F y A ,

a r de 26. r ran i o Solis, Brother G b iel , T oro Testillan o, F ay F c sc ,

2. Solom on , 13 124 .

Soto Hernan o de 110 113 120. ra an Roman Em eror 27 , d , , , T j , p ,

ui s d 12 13. Fra Antonio de xiii 119. Soto , L e, , Trejo, y , ,

aro ina 13 18. r ra ernan o . So uth C l , , T ejo, F y F d de, x i ix x xi xiii xiv xv 3 7 ini ra uan de la 83 85 Spa n, , , , , , , , , Tr dad , F y J , , , 2 30 33 37 51 57 62 20, 22, 8, , , , , , , 86. 1 82 97 111 0 72 8 i ri 1 . 65, 68, 69, 7 , , , , , , Trin ta ans, 6, 3

121 123 124 126. e Guillamas uan 126 119, , , , Trivino d , J , ,

h nna River 59 60. Susque a , , 133.

e ix . Trujillo , P ru , i T e ina x . ucuman, Arg nt , x,

r ia 88 96. Tulafi na, Geo g , , i G r ia 43 57 75 85 Tupiqu , eo g , , , , ,

Tacatacoru um er an Is and ) , ( C b l d l 108. i 60. rov nce of Twelve Apo stles, P ,

a us River 130. T g , 125.

ori a 121 . Tal ahassee , Fl d ,

i ain 70 82. Talarrub as, Sp , ,

or ia 108. Talaxe , Ge g ,

Geor ia 68 80 81 119. Tama, g , , , ,

ri a 129 . i . Tari , Flo d , Uf alage, Georg a, 88

i a Tarica F ori a 121 xv i 133. Tarih c ( ) , l d , , United States, ,

135 136. 128, 129, ,

123. Tarma, Peru,

Tarraco F ori a 129. , l d ,

T ta F ori a 26. eges , l d ,

i 1 . n 67 80. a de sco ezo S a n 1 9 T endilla, Spai , , V l p , p ,

V in 70. Texed a uan de 42. a esot o S a , J , ld , p ,

1 Va enzue a Fra Gerénimo de x . a 1 . T ex s, l l , y ,

V i S ain 6. i i 0 62. a a o T erra F rme , 5 , ll d l d , p ,

imucu 108 114 116 117 120 Va e de ua a eru x. T a, , , , , , ll J j , P ,

Vas e de A llén Lucas 4 . 128, 129, 133. qu z y , , INDEX 145

Ve a Castro Par o Dami an de Vinie ra ra e ro de 0 g y d , g , F y P d , 7 , 82.

la 122. ir i , V gin a, 64 , 65. Velasco Die o 2 0 , , 9 3 33 37. Vivanco Fra Juan de xux 12 g , 5. , , , y , , Vela Lui e Vi sco , s d , ceroy, 25. Velasco Luis de caci ue 20 21 , , q , , ,

22, 23, 24 , 28, 29, 30, 45. e a e t i V l squ z , Cap a n, 25.

Verascola Fra Francisco de 70 Y arra e ro 3 00 , y , , b , P d 6 , 1 , 108,

81 3 98. , 9 , 117, 119, 120, 122.

Vernal C em ente 4 . 5 ork Riv 58. , l , Y er,

Viana, 51 .

Viana de Camina, 50. i i V ann o o . a do Cast ll , P rtugal , 62 i V go, Fray, 57.

Vi lan r arr a . za a I an e a e o Is nd . ueva de Ba c ota S in 5 a s . S e S l la l , p , p l l d p in Vil a t i o . Zara os a . l real , Bro her Franc sc , 25 g s , Spa , 68

i i Zeb a lo Broth r Sancho 26. V lla il 11 . s o s, Spa n, 9 l s, e ,

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