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Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 50, Number 3 Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 50 Number 3 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 50, Article 1 Number 3 1971 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 50, Number 3 Florida Historical Society [email protected] Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Society, Florida Historical (1971) "Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 50, Number 3," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 50 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol50/iss3/1 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 50, Number 3 Published by STARS, 1971 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 50 [1971], No. 3, Art. 1 FRONT COVER “Vista de Panzacola y se Baia. Tomada por los Espanoles ano de 1781.” The original of this fanciful sketch of Pensacola, as it appeared at the time of the Battle of Pensacola, is in the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. The EngIish and Spanish forces in the background are engaged along the edge of Pensacola Bay and near Fort George. Santa Rosa Island and Fort Santa Rosa are depicted in the front lower part of the picture. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol50/iss3/1 2 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 50, Number 3 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Volume L, Number 3 January 1972 Published by STARS, 1971 3 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 50 [1971], No. 3, Art. 1 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY SAMUEL PROCTOR, Editor PETER D. KLINGMAN, Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD LUIS R. ARANA Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine HERBERT J. DOHERTY, JR. University of Florida JOHN K. MAHON University of Florida WILLIAM W. ROGERS Florida State University JERRELL H. SHOFNER Florida State University CHARLTON W. TEBEAU University of Miami Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32601. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, original- ity of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and interest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively in the text and assembled at the end. Particular attention should be given to following the footnote style of the Quarterly. The author should submit an original and retain a carbon for security. The Florida Historical Society and editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsibility for statements made by contributors. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol50/iss3/1 4 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 50, Number 3 Table of Contents CLAUDE PEPPER AND THE FLORIDA CANAL CONTROVERSY, 1939-1943 ....................................... Alexander R. Stoesen..... 235 SLAVETRADING IN ANTEBELLUM FLORIDA ............................. Julia F. Smith..... 252 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS TAMPA BAY IN 1757: FRANCISCO MARIA CELI’S JOURNAL AND LOGBOOK PART II John D. Ware..... 262 THE LABOR LEAGUE OF JACKSONVILLE: A NEGRO UNION AND WHITE STRIKEBREAKERS Jerrell H. Shofner..... 278 TACATACURU AND THE SAN PEDRO DE MOCAMO MISSION Jerald T. Milanich....... 283 JOHN BULL'S STINGINESS IN EAST FLORIDA Claude C. Sturgill......... 292 FLORIDA HISTORY RESEARCH IN PROGRESS ....................... 300 BOOK REVIEWS ......................................................... 306 BOOK NOTES ................................................... 328 HISTORY NEWS .................................................. 334 COPYRIGHT 1972 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. Second class postage paid at Tampa, Florida. Printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. iii Published by STARS, 1971 5 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 50 [1971], No. 3, Art. 1 BOOK REVIEWS Fancher, The Lost Legacy of Georgia’s Golden Isles, by James C. Bonner ......................................................................................... 306 Frakes, Laboratory for Liberty: The South Carolina Legislative Committee System, 1719-1776, by George C. Rogers, Jr. ........................... 307 Combs, The Jay Treaty: Political Battleground of the Founding Fathers, by J. Leitch Wright, Jr. ...................................................... 308 Daniels, Ordeal of Ambition: Jefferson, Hamilton, Burr, by Aubrey C. Land ...................................................................................... 309 Ketcham, James Madison, a Biography, by James Rabun .......................... 311 Stewart, Joshua R. Giddings and the Tactics of Radical Politics, by Alfred A. Cave ......................................................................................... 313 Davidson, The Last Foray, The South Carolina Planters of 1860: A Sociological Study, by John Hebron Moore ...................................... 315 Thomas, The Confederacy as a Revolutionary Experience, by Roger D. Bridges ....................................................................................... 317 Reynolds, Editors Make War: Southern Newspapers in the Secession Crisis, by Edward C. Williamson .................................................................. 318 Link, The Higher Realism of Woodrow Wilson and Other Essays, by Byron S. Hollinshead ............................................................................... 320 Hertzberg, The Search for an American Indian Identity: Modern Pan-Indian Movements, by Floyd A. O’Neil ................................. 321 Grubbs, Cry from the Cotton: The Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union and the New Deal, by Ralph F. de Bedts ............................................... 322 Scott, The Southern Lady: From Pedestal to Politics, 1830-1930, by Thelma Peters ............................................................... 324 Rogers, Jr., The History of Georgetown County, South Carolina, by Martin Abbott ........................................................................................ 325 Gibson, The Chickasaws, by Charles Hudson ....................................................................................... 326 https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol50/iss3/1 6 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 50, Number 3 CLAUDE PEPPER AND THE FLORIDA CANAL CONTROVERSY, 1939-1943 by ALEXANDER R. STOESEN* HE DREAM OF a waterway across Florida from the Atlantic T Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico long has captured the imagina- tion. In 1595 Spanish cartographers depicted one across the peninsula, a mistake assumed correct for nearly 200 years. Dur- ing the British period in Florida, the royal government con- ducted a survey to determine if such a route existed, and in 1788 the United States army produced a sketch map of the area, although by that time it was clear no watercourse existed. Later, Thomas Jefferson’s administration exhibited the first high-level American interest in the construction of a water- way—an interest which has continued to the present. Four sur- veys were completed in the nineteenth century, including one in 1832 while Florida was still a territory. All called for further information and skirted the issue of actual construction of a canal. The first twentieth-century study was made in 1913, a second was completed in 1924—both noncommittal as to con- struction. But in 1927 another survey was authorized, which has been described as the beginning of “concrete efforts to complete the 400-year-old dream.“1 This survey came during the tenure of Florida Senator Duncan U. Fletcher, a long-time supporter of the project. In 1935, $5,000,000 in federal relief money put 6,000 men to work on what Franklin D. Roosevelt hoped would “become one of our greatest national achievements.“2 The result was a year of desultory effort which produced a work camp, 4,000 acres of cleared right-of-way, 13,000,000 cubic feet of earth moved by primitive methods, and the construction of four concrete * Mr. Stoesen is associate professor of history at Guilford College, Greens- boro, North Carolina. 1. Charles E. Bennett, “Early History of the Cross-Florida Barge Canal,” Florida Historical Quarterly, XLV (October 1966), 144. 2. Franklin D. Roosevelt to Duncan U. Fletcher, September 23, 1935, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York, PPF 1358. [235] Published by STARS, 1971 7 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 50 [1971], No. 3, Art. 1 236 FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY bridge piers.3 But in 1936 the President backed off and informed Fletcher that after checking the figures, “it was really impos- sible to go ahead with the canal project . under the Work Relief Act of 1935.” He advised the senator to seek “direct Congressional action.“4 Fletcher took the advice and secured senate approval of a $10,000,000 appropriation, but it failed in the house, June 17, 1936, on the very clay that Fletcher died.5 The start in 1935 was not a serious one by any stretch of the imagination. The complex and expensive nature of the project had precluded making it a relief measure. Roosevelt’s support came partly from his interest in maritime affairs, but there was also a note of deference to Fletcher. In 1933 the sena- tor, as chairman of the senate banking and currency committee, had rendered vital services to the New Deal when the financial structure of the nation
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