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Development of Thermal Infrared Imagery to the Detection of Urban Heat Islands Ronald L

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Development of Thermal Infrared Imagery to the Detection of Urban Heat Islands Ronald L University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Open-Access* Master's Theses from the University Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln of Nebraska-Lincoln 7-1978 Development of Thermal Infrared Imagery to the Detection of Urban Heat Islands Ronald L. Block University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/opentheses Part of the Remote Sensing Commons Block, Ronald L., "Development of Thermal Infrared Imagery to the Detection of Urban Heat Islands" (1978). Open-Access* Master's Theses from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 16. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/opentheses/16 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open-Access* Master's Theses from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERMAL INFRARED IMAGERY TO THE DETECTION OF URBAN HEAT ISLANDS by Ronald L. Block A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College in the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Geography Under the Supervision of Dr. Merlin P. Lawson Lincoln, Nebraska July, 1978 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to my major professor, Dr, Merlin Lawson, who first recommended the topic of thermal infra• red imagery and urban heat islands and gave countless hours of his time and support, especially while on sabbatical research leave, I would also like to thank the other members of my committee, Professor Rex Peterson provided invaluable technical assistance and supervision essential for the execution of this thesis, Professor Kenneth Dewey was especially helpful in his comments about urban climatology, I am also grateful to the staff of the Remote Sensing Center, Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska, and especially to Professors Marvin Carlson and Rex Peterson for gra• ciously providing financial support and to Donald Buckwalter and Terry Cox for their help in the use of the equipment and the production of photographs, Special thanks is also extended to Professor Donald Rundquist, J,R, Giardino, and Russ Cole, who all contributed to the completion of this thesis, Finally I would like to thank the Central Telephone and Utilities Corporation~ CENGAS Division, of Lincoln, for permission to use their vital data on the city of Lincoln, Ronald L. Block i ABSTRACT The primary objective of this study is to demonstrate the sci• entific validity of using airborne and satellite thermal infrared sensing as a teclmique for detecting the urban heat islandsof selected towns and cities in eastern Nebraska. Emphasis is on the development of the technique, rather than on specific applications of its method• ology. Two objectives of application include ascertaining the relation• ship betweens 1) large structural density index values and high density renditions; and 2) increasing city size and increased density ranges. Several instruments and techniques were used to determine the feasibility of thermal infrared sensing. Density renditions were obtained by use of the point densitometer and the spatial data system and digitized to produce computer isodensity and trend surface maps. The structural density index values for Lincoln were regressed with density renditions to illustrate that a strong relationship exists between these variables. Regression was also employed to indicate a similar correlation between city size and density values. Likewise, color slicing reveals a strong relationship between various land use types and their thermal patterns. However, a qualitative analysis of satellite thermal imagery indicated. that current problems in reso• lution and distance from target render satellite technology incapable of determining intra-urban thermal patterns. ii The conclusions of this study may be conveniently grouped into two partss 1) thermal infrared sensing is superior to traditional temperature measurement techniques as it reveals many interlaced pockets of warm and cool areas that were previously undetected by con• ventional sensors. As a result, this technique should be utilized for a more accurate evaluation of urban heat island patterns; 2) the photographic graytones that appear on the images might lead one to believe that urban areas have numerous undesirable heat sources that lead to human discomfort and can now be corrected. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements ••• . i Abstract ••••••••••• . ii Table of Contents •• . ... iv Table of Figures. .. .... .... v Table of Tables •• . ..... ........... .............. vi Chapter I INTRODUCTION •••••• . ................... 1 Procedure ••••••• . 2 Objectives ••••••••••••••• . 2 Study Area •..............................•............• 3 Definition of Terms •................................••• 6 Evaluation of Temperature Measurement Techniques ••••••• 11 Implications for Man•• ••••••••••••••••.•• . 19 Remote Sensing from Satellites •••••••••••• . 20 II A SURVEY OF TRADITIONAL AND THERMAL IR RESEARCH OF URBAN HEAT ISLANDS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 Conventional Temperature Measurements •••••••••••••••••• 24 Traditional Land Use and City Size Studies •••••••••••••• 26 Thermal IR Imagery •••••••••••••••••• . ..... 27 Eastern Nebraska Study Area ••••••••• . 33 Ill THE METHODOLOGY OF THERMAL IR SENSING. .... 35 Data Collection ••••••••••••••••••••••••• . 35 Imagery Information •••••••••• . 38 Techniques and Instruments •••••••••••••••• . 40 Review of Methodology •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 54 IV THE VALUE OF THERMAL IR IMAGERY TO THE DETECTION OF URBAN HEAT ISLANDS ••••••••••••••••••••• ...... 56 Lincoln, Nebraska •••••••••••••••••••.••••• . 56 Other Study Sites •••••••••••••• . 70 Mapping Sununary ••••••••••••••••••••• . 86 Color Slicing •••••••••••• . .. ..... 86 City Size •••••••••••• . .. 93 Satellite Imagery. .. 99 v CONCUJSIONS ••••••••• .............................. 107 APPENDIX •••••••••••••••••••• . 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY ••••••••••••••••• . 115 iv TABLE OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Omaha Metropolitan Study Area. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 2. Peak Energy Emission at Selected Wavebands,............... 8 3. The Scanner Operation Principle ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15 4. ITOS-1 Data of Eastern United States Megalopolises •••••••• 32 S. Image Distortions of Infrared Imagery Resulting from Aircraft Notion, ••••••••• ,......................... 37 6. Lincoln, Nebraska Study Area •••••••••• ,................... 48 7. Scattergram of Structural Density Index and Density Values.......................................... 58 8. Thermal IR Mosaic of Lincoln CBD. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62 9. lsodensity Map of Lincoln CBD............................. 63 10. Trend Surface Map of Lincoln CBD ••••••••••.••••••••••••••• 66 11. Nimbus Satellite Photograph of Nebraska 28 February 1975........................................ 67 12. lsodensity Map of Lincoln City •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 69 13. Trend Surface Map of Lincoln City ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 71 14. Nimbus Satellite Photographs of Nebraska During the Bellevue to Fremont-Bellevue Area Flightlines ••••••• 72 15. Thermal IR Imagery of Capehart Housing Area ••••••••••••••• 73 16. Isodensity Map of Capehart Housing Area ••••••••••••••••••• 74 17. Trend Surface Map of Capehart Housing Area •••••••••••••••• 76 18. Thermal IR Imagery of Urbanized Bellevue •••••••••••••••••• 78 19. lsodensity Map of Urbanized Bellevue •••••••••••••••••••••• 79 20, Trend Surface Map of Urbanized Bellevue ••••••••••••••••• ,, 81 21. Thermal IR Imagery of Offutt Air Force Base ••••••••••••••• 82 22. Isodensity Map of Offutt Air Force Base ••••••••••••••••••• 83 23, Trend Surface Map of Offutt Air Force Base •••••••••••••••• 85 24. Color Slices of Capehart Housing Area, •••••••••••••••••••• 88 25. Color Slices of Bellevue ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ,.. 89 26. Color Slices of Offutt Air Force Base ••••••••••••••••••••• 90 27. Scattergram of City Size and Density Values Including Omaha. • . • 96 28, Scattergram of City Size and Density Values Excluding Omaha •.......••.•...••..•• , . • 97 29. Isodensity Map of Omaha, •••• , ••• ,,., ••• , ••••• ,.,, •• ,...... 98 30, Land Temperatures of the United States 10 October 1976 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 100 31. Land Temperatures of the Midwest, 20 October 1976, •••••••• 101 32, Land Temperatures of the Midwest, 2 October 1975 •••••••••• 102 33, Land Temperatures of the Midwest, 20 August 1976,, •••••••• 103 34, Land Temperatures of the Midwest, 7 August 1975 ••••••••••• 105 v TABLE 0 F TABLES Table Page 1. Infrared Emissivities of Selected Surfaces in Percent •••••• 10 2. The Boundaries of the Nineteen Study Zones ••••••••••••••••• SO 3. The Percentage of Each Land Use Type for the Nineteen Study Zones. • 51 4. The Population Density Factor for the Nineteen Study Zones. , .........• , , ........................• , • • • 52 S. The Structural Density Index Values for the Nineteen Study Zones •••••••••••••• , . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • 53 6. The Density Excess for the Nineteen Study Zones •••••••••••• 54 7. Density Ranges for Towns Along the Bellevue to Fremont Fl ightl Lne , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 94 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
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