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Reconnaissance Report of Damage to Historic Monuments in Cairo, Egypt Following the October 12, 1992 Dahshur Earthquake

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Reconnaissance Report of Damage to Historic Monuments in Cairo, Egypt Following the October 12, 1992 Dahshur Earthquake III 1111111111111111111111111111 PB94-142221 NATIONAL CENTER FOR EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH State University of New York at Buffalo Reconnaissance Report of Damage to Historic Monuments in Cairo, Egypt Following the October 12, 1992 Dahshur Earthquake by D. Sykora, D. Look, G. Croci, E. Karaesmen and E. Karaesmen Geotechnical Laboratory Department of the Army Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180 Department of the Interior National Park Service San Francisco, California 94107 Department of Civil Engineering University of Rome, "La Sapienza" Roma, Italy and Parlar Education and Research Foundation Middle East Technical University Ankara, Turkey Technical Report NCEER-93-0016 August 19, 1993 REPRODUCED BY: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service Springfield, Virginia 22161 NOTICE This report was prepared by the U.S. Department of the Army, Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers through a grant by the National Science Foundation. Neither the Depart­ ment of the Army, the National Science Foundation, the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, nor any person act­ ing on their behalf: a. makes any warranty, express or implied, with respect to the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report or that such use may not infringe upon privately owned rights; or b. assumes any liabilities of whatsoever kind with respect to the use of, or the damage resulting from the use of, any informa­ tion, apparatus, method or process disclosed in this report. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Army, National Science Foundation, the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, or other sponsors. Quote on page 1-6 is Copyright 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985 by Henry Petroski from the book "To Engineer Is Human" and reprinted with permission from St. Martin's Press, Inc., New York, NY. Excerpts from "The Minarets of Cairo" by Doris Behrens­ Abouseif, Copyright 1985 by The American University in Cairo Press; Reprinted by permission. Excerpts from "Coptic Egypt: History and Guide" by Jill Kamil, Copyright 1987 by The American University in Cairo Press; Reprinted by permission. 50272·101 l. REPORT DOCUMENTATION p. REPORT NN'CEER-93-0016 III 11111111111111111111" 111I11 PAGE ·1 PB94-142221 4,." Title and Subtitle .., • 5. Report Date Keconnaissance Report of Damage to HistOriC Monuments In Cairo, August 19, 1993 Egypt Following the October 12, 1992 Dahshur Earthquake. 7. Author(s) 8. Periorming Organization Rept. No: D. Sykora, D. Look, G. Croci, E. Karaesmen and E. Karaesmen 9. Periormlng OfEanlzation Name and ~ress fl' Dept of Civil Engrng. 10. Projec:t/Task/Woric Unit No. Geotechnical Lab uep.t 0 nterlor N t'l P rk S . e University of Rome, Dept. of the Army a a. ervlc "LaSapienza", Roma, 11. ContractCC) or GrantCG) No. Waterways Experi- San FranCISco, CA. Italy CC) NSF Agreement Number ment Station, Corps Parlar Education & Research Foundation MSS-9300955 oJ Engrs., Vicksburg, Middle East Technical University CG) MS. Ankara Turkev 12. Sponsorinc Orcanlzatlon Name·and Address 13. Type of Report & Period Covered National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research Technical Report State University of· New York at Buffalo Red Jacket Quadrangle 14. Buffalo New York 14261 15. Supplementary Notes This report is a result of a National Science Foundation-sponsored multi-national recon- naissance trip to Egypt to investigate damage to historic munuments following the earthquakE 16. Abstr.c:t (Umlt: 200 _rds) On October 12, 1992, a moderate earthquake occurred near Dahshur, Egypt, about 20 km south of Cairo. The intensity of-ground shaking at historic districts of Cairo was VI to VII using the Modified Mercalli scale and 212 of 560 monuments in Cairo were. reportedly damaged although none destroyed. Damage to historic monuments can be generally des­ cribed as having resulted from the contir:lUous degradation of foundation and structural masonry from environmental effects, especially groundwater, inadequate lateral structural resistance, and the subsequent imposition of light to moderate earthquake forces. Other large earthquakes have affected old monuments in Cairo, but the recent earthquake may have caused a disproportionate amount of damage because of wide-spread poor structural conditions. This study provides specific examples of how monuments ranging from 80 to about 1500 years in age, in various conditions, respond to near-field motions from a moderate-magnitude earthquake and helps to define problems that research studies can solve. It also provides strong evidence that a preservation strategy be adopted for historic monuments in Cairo that embraces scientific and engineering knowledge to understand these monuments and propose the least invasive repair and retrofit procedures. 17. Document "'nalysls a. Descriptors be Idefttlfiers/Open-Ended Terms Earthquake Engineering. Dahshur, Egypt earthquake, October 12, 1992. Damage. Cairo, Egypt earthquake, October 12, 1992. Historic monuments. Historic preservation. Local soil conditions. Maintenance. Regional tectonics. Groundwater. Environmental deterioration. Co cos.-. TI Field/Group 18. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This Report) 21. No. of Pages Unclassifed 172 ~----------~----------~--------.----.----- Release unlimited 20. Security Class (This Page) 22. Price Unclassified (See ANSI-ZJ9.18) See Instructions on Reverse OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4-77) (Formerly NT1S--3S) 1111111111111111111111111111111 PB94-142221 Reconnaissance Report of Damage to Historic Monuments in Cairo, Egypt Following the October 12, 1992 Dahshur Earthquake by 1 2 4 5 D. Sykora , D. Look , G. Croci\ E. Karaesmen and E. Karaesmen August 19, 1993 Technical Report NCEER-93-0016 NSF Agreement Number MSS-9300955 1 Research Civil Engineer, Department of the Army, Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers 2 Chief, Preservation Assistance Branch, Division of National Register Programs, Department of the Interior, National Park Service 3 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Rome ("La Sapienza"), Rome, Italy 4 Professor, Department of Engineering Science, Parlar Education and Research Foundation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 5 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Parlar Education and Research Foundation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey NATIONAL CENTER FOR EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH State University of New York at Buffalo Red Jacket Quadrangle, Buffalo, NY 14261 PREFACE The National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research is publishing this report to supplement the existing literature on the Dahshur, Egypt earthquake of October 12, 1992. The report is a result of a National Science Foundation-sponsored multi-national reconnaissance trip to Egypt to investigate damage to historic monuments following the earthquake. NCEER contributed to other reconnaissance efforts following this earthquake by cosponsoring two trips by NCEER investigators to Egypt. Dr. M. Khater of EQE International performed an assessment of damage to structures and lifelines four days after the event (see NCEER technical report 92-0033). Dr. A. Elgamal of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute investigated liquefaction and other geotechnical aspects following the earthquake (see NCEER technical report 93-0018). This report complements the structural and geotechnical investigations conducted on NCEER's behalf by focusing on damage to cultural property. NCEER is pleased to have the opportunity to publish and disseminate the results of this study. iii ABSTRACT On October 12, 1992, a moderate earthquake occurred near Dahshur, Egypt, located about 20 km south of Cairo. The intensity of ground shaking at historic districts of Cairo was VI to VII using the Modified Mercalli scale and 212 of 560 monuments in Cairo were reportedly damaged although none destroyed. Nineteen days after the earthquake, a reconnaissance team began making observations at 29 select Coptic and Islamic monuments, 24 of which had incurred some of the most significant damage. The team consisted of five professionals in the fields of architecture, architectural engineering, mathematical modeling, structural engineering, and geotechnical engineering from the United States, Italy, and Turkey, who also provided expertise in the areas of earthquake engineering and the preservation of historic monuments. Damage to historic monuments can be generally described as having resulted from the continuous degradation of foundation and structural masonry from environmental effects, especially groundwater, inadequate lateral structural resistance, and the subsequent imposition of light to moderate earthquake forces. Other large earthquakes have affected old monuments in Cairo, but the recent earthquake may have caused a disproportionate amount of damage because of wide-spread poor structural conditions. This study has provided specific exaPIples of how monuments ranging from 80 to about 1500 years in age, in various conditions, respond to near-field motions from a moderate­ magnitude earthquake and helps to define problems that research studies can solve. It also provides strong evidence that a preservation strategy be adopted for historic monuments in Cairo that embraces scientific and engineering knowledge to understand these monuments and propose the least invasive repair and
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