Annual Report 2007 101 Staff List 2007 (Staff Who Left in 2007 Are Listed in Italics)

2007 Annual Report

PRIO Annual Report 2007 101 Staff List 2007 (Staff who left in 2007 are listed in italics)

Director Øystein H. Rolandsen Alain Gilles Information Stein Tønnesson Kaushik Roy Anke Hoeffler Knut Sindre Åbjørsbråten Siri Camilla Aas Rustad Alper Kaliber John Carville Research Staff Hanne Eggen Røislien Christina Masters Øyvind Ekelund Pavel Baev Anita Schjølset Alfonso Monroy Agnete Schjønsby Morten Bergsmo Sven Gunnar Simonsen James Morrow Helga Malmin Binningsbø Inger Skjelsbæk Oliver Richmond Editorial Staff Kaja Borchgrevink Endre Stiansen Akbar Sarwari John Carville Marit Brochmann Arne Strand Maria Stern Glenn Martin Halvard Buhaug Håvard Strand Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh Marit Moe-Pryce J. Peter Burgess Trude Strand William Terry Naima Mouhleb Jørgen Carling Kaare Strøm Julian Wagstaff Friedrike Schwebler Jeffrey T. Checkel Henrik Syse Lars Christie Pinar Tank Visiting Scholars Library Indra de Soysa Ole Magnus Theisen Megan Lynn Becker Olga Baeva Kendra Dupuy Beate Thoresen Royce Carroll Odvar Leine Jon Elster Anne Thurin Krishna Chaitanya Marta Bivand Erdal Torunn Lise Tryggestad Christian Davenport Administration Hanne Fjelde Ola Tunander Namrata Goswami Lars Even Andersen Scott Gates Henrik Urdal David Lake Lene Kristin Borg Camilla Gjerde Hilde Henriksen Waage Marit Hovdal Moan Kai Robert Braaten Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Cecilia Wiindi Nedziwe Cathrine Bye Nils Petter Gleditsch Advisers Desiree Nilsson Joachim Carlsen Kristian Berg Harpviken Kazuhiro Obayashi Andrew John Feltham Wenche Hauge Research Assistants Clionadh Raleigh Ingeborg K. Haavardsson Håvard Hegre Linda Bjørgan Martin Sandbu Damian Laws Helga Hernes Nina Boy Uttam Sinha Thomas Winter Lieungh Cindy Horst Åshild Falch Atsushi Yasuotomi Svein Normann Are Hovdenak Mohamed Husein Gaas Lorna Quilario Sandberg Helene Christiansen Ingierd Helge Holtermann Interns Martha Snodgrass Thomas Jackson Patrick Meier Julian Detzel Pablo Kalmanovitz Jason Miklian Diana Mata-Codesal Peace and Reconcilia- Sonja Kittelsen Naima Mouhleb Maria Victoria Perotti tion in the Eastern Kjell E. Kjellman Tarjei Vaa Mediterranean Åshild Kolås Hilde Wallacher MA Students Local Staff & Consultants Gina Lende Sarah Zukerman Maria Hernandez Carretero Guido Bonino Kristoffer Lidén Ellen Fadnes Costas Constantinou Ola Listhaug Conscientious Christian Gahre Olga Demetriou Nicholas Marsh Objectors Ksenia Glebova Ayla Gürel Halvor Mehlum Stian Skaalbones Helge Holtermann Mete Hatay Karl Ove Moene Jonas Rusten Wang Elida Kristine Undrum Natasa Lousiou Frida Austvoll Nome Jacobsen Özlem Öguz Martin Austvoll Nome External Consultants Jørgen Jensehaugen Kudret Özersay Ragnhild Nordås Bilal Barakat Nina Langslet Yiannis Papadakis Christin Mørup Ormhaug Martin W. Daly Elisabeth Lothe Sanem ahin Gudrun Østby Sonal Desai Florian Roth Arne Strand Sabrina Ramet Rachelle Doucet Miriam Latif Sandbæk Gregory Reichberg Oscar Florencio Duarte Elisa Montiel Welti Jan Ketil Rød Helga Gibbons

Editor: Agnete Schjønsby Design: Hilde Sørby, Bardus design Language Editor: John Carville, Carville Language Services Cover Illustration: Photo Editor: Agnete Schjønsby Soldiers’ graves in Armenia. Photo: Jørgen Carling, PRIO • • Research CouncilofNorway: three PRIOhighlightstoourcorefunder, the For 2007, thefollowing we have reported attendance. PRIO research, withastrongPRIOpresencein become the main venue for presentation of Report). The annual ISA convention has address are given on page 3 of this Annual debate onthe peace’‘liberal (highlightsofthis On’, ofresearchand summingup15years under thetitle Moment15 ‘The Liberal Years delivered keynote address awidely praised on 26–29March2008. At thatevent, healso Convention, whichwasheldinSanFrancisco took over aspresidentattheISA’s 42nd 2007, aspresident-electduring served and elected by theISA’sin2006, 4,700members Studies International Association (ISA). Hewas Petter Gleditschtothepresidencyof was theaccessionofResearchProfessor Nils For PRIO, the most conspicuous event of 2007 Director’s Introduction institutions; indigenousconceptionsof groups; and theroleofreligiousactors mobilization anddemobilizationof armed security; andtransnationalism; migration sions ofthe Afghan situation: regional engaged inresearchonmultiple dimen- for PRIO in2007.a key concern We are Afghanistan’s Conflictual Peace Processwas Studies. centre for NewSecurity a as profile nationally andinternationally PRIO’s tosharpening INEX contributes Dialogue tosixissuesperyear asof2008, Securitythe decisiontoexpandjournal consortium of nine members. Together with the project brings together an international With anoverall budget ofNOK19million, theme coordinatedby aNorwegian institute. and theonly projectintheFP7Security EUprojectcoordinated by PRIO,the first Continuum inEurope’Security (INEX)is ing Ethical Values intheInternal/External theme:Security ‘Converging andConflict- one of the first project grants underthe than four successfulapplicationsandwinning (FP7),ofnoless Programme beingpart intotheEU’s 7thFramework strong entry PRIOmadea SuccessinBrussels: Security • generating conflict.generating subject thathasasignificantpotential for and exchangeofopinionsinrelation toa research canprovide abasisfor education ‘Remittance Week’ atPRIOshowed how conference attheendofweek. were disseminatedataone-day public question. The conclusions from this seminar aspectsoftheremittance discuss various cametogetherto (Norad) Cooperation Norwegian Agency for Development ofForeign andthe Affairs gian Ministry operators, andofficialsfromtheNorwe- Somalia, at which Somali immigrants, hawala a unique evening seminar on remittances to disciplines. Inthesameweek, PRIOorganized ofscholarly andarange different countries camefromeight atthecourse Participants ofOslo. withtheUniversity in cooperation ‘Remittances and Transnational Livelihoods’ on course we adoctoral-level organized From 30Octoberto3November 2007, oforigin. totheircountries immigrants centre for researchonremittancesfrom Remittance Week: PRIOhasbecomea agenda in Afghanistan. peacebuilding unfolding oftheliberal programme,Security whichexaminesthe seminar series, aswell asthroughour throughourjointCMI–PRIO part large research-based debateon Afghanistan, in regime. InNorway, to PRIOcontributes peace in failure toengagereligiousactors involved community’s intheinternational 2007, examiningthemissedopportunities civil societywasanewresearchareain within The roleofreligiousactors Afghan from Afghanistan andtheNordiccountries. andgovernment officials personnel military brought togetherpractitioners, To Reachthe Women’, which ‘Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: How co-hosted theconference ofForeign Affairs gian Ministry November, PRIOandtheNorwe- interventions.in external In peacebuilding; and the role of gender building sincethefallof Taliban Photo: StianSkaalbones, PRIO the week 5–13June2009. 50th anniversary, in whichwillbecelebrated appointing my successorwell aheadofPRIO’s PRIO InstituteDirector, withaviewto In 2008, thepositionof we areadvertising Wide Web. refresh theway onthe we interact World willbeable tocontinuously Department Hence, PRIO’sandInformation researchers communicate withthemanagementsoftware. which throughSharepointwillbeable to with theintroductionofnewweb software, developments have been followed up in 2008 management software (Maconomy). These carefully preparedintroductionofnew for theinstituteasawhole, alongwiththe War (CSCW)and anewinstitutesecretary istrator for the Centre for the Study of Civil ofanewchiefadmin 2007 withthehiring PRIO’s administration was strengthened in tional relations. - managetheirlocalandtransna immigrants concern, elementinhow acentral andform they tothefamiliesandcountries importance economic Remittances areofenormous

PRIO Annual Report 2007 1 www.prio.no

PRIO’s Mission

PRIO’s mission is:

• to conduct high-quality academic research on questions relevant to the promotion of a more peaceful world; • to contribute to theoretical and methodological development, both within specific academic disciplines and through cross-fertilization between disciplines; • to engage in the promotion of peace through conflict resolution, dialogue and reconciliation, public information and policymaking activities; • to disseminate research through academic publications, through reports related to our engagement activities and via the general media.

Main Goals Research Organization strategic planning, for budgeting, for directing PRIO will continue to fulfil its basic mission, PRIO research is organized within three research and generating new projects, and as stimulate and provide room for intellectual thematic programmes: the Ethics, Norms and a guide for recruitment policies. In addition, curiosity, and increase its ability to respond to Identities programme, the Conflict Resolution they provide the organizational basis for strategic challenges in terms of identifying and Peacebuilding programme, and the Security frequent internal seminars in which PRIO rising trends of relevance to peace research programme. In addition, the Centre for the researchers present initial ideas and findings and filling gaps in our expertise and research Study of Civil War (CSCW) – which was to groups of colleagues. portfolio. In the four-year period 2006–09, awarded Centre of Excellence status by the PRIO aims particularly to achieve the Research Council of Norway – was established PRIO does not seek to cover every conceiv- following goals: in 2003. (The organization of the CSCW’s able type and aspect of conflict, focusing research is presented separately; see insert instead on organized armed conflict. The Academic Publications: Increase the pages I–XII in the middle of this report.) institute’s research staff are not committed to number of peer-reviewed publications and supporting particular policies, nor do the ensure that every PRIO researcher publishes Institute Programmes adopt specific the equivalent of one peer-reviewed article Institute Programmes in 2007 standpoints. Our aim is to conduct research per year. that leads to solid conclusions, which can in • Ethics, Norms and Identities turn serve as the basis for tenable generaliza- Engagement: Promote peace by support- • Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding tions and theories that are useful in confront- ing peace processes, contributing to • Security ing key international problems of our time. policymaking, assisting local capacity-building, facilitating dialogue and reconciliation, and Each Institute Programme consists of a group serving as a credible broker of information. of related projects. Together, the programmes For detailed information on all projects within and projects fulfil PRIO’s basic aim of studying the Institute Programmes, see the PRIO website Level of Activity: Undertake a moderate the causes and consequences of peace and at www.prio.no. expansion, with a personnel increase from conflict. The programmes act as a focus for the current level of 50 work-years to some 60 work-years, along with an increase in Rebuilding Afghanistan. overall annual turnover from NOK 45 million Photo: Kristian Berg Harpviken, PRIO to approximately NOK 60 million.

Organizational Culture and Innovation: Establish an open organizational culture and a work environment that fosters excellence in research output both for individual researchers and for the institute as a whole. New competence areas (such as ‘migration’ and ‘energy’) will also be given priority.

Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW): Ensure the renewal of the Research Council of Norway’s Centre of Excellence (CoE) contract for a second five-year period (2008–12). Raise the profile of the CSCW both internationally and in Norway. This goal was obtained in 2006. The renewal of the CSCW for the second period was confirmed in December 2006. PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 2 ‘liberal peace’‘liberal sincethetimeofKegley’s lecture: ofthe challenges mountedagainstthetheory Gleditsch went through the four main Towards the endofhisaddress, Professor Moment’ thatheperceptively saw coming. of the Moment’‘Liberal orthe ‘Neoidealist ago,15 years notlongafter1989, onthesubject lecture given by ISA President Charles Kegley The titleofthekeynotetoa addressreferred organization. andinternational integration liberal indicators: democracy, economic conjunction with the growth of three main and how life expectancies have increased, in conflictshave ofarmed the severity decreased, presentation onhow boththenumber and ballroom. Gleditschgave animpressive nently seated in the first few rows of the full convention were PRIOresearchers, promi- Many of the 4,000 participants at the 49th in New York Cityin2009. theassociation’sorganizing 50thconvention president, andwillberesponsible for CA. Gleditschnow takes over asISA Studies Association (ISA)inSanFrancisco, 49th annual convention oftheInternational Moment–15 ‘The Liberal Years On’ atthe Petter Gleditschgave hiskeynote address On 27March2008, ISAPresident-ElectNils Nils Petter Gleditsch, President ofInternationalStudies Association The LiberalMoment–15 Years On 4. 3. 2. 1. intriguing anddifficulttorefute:intriguing China, for integration.market Gleditschfound this simply reflectseconomicgrowth and organization, or international racy but thatpeaceowes littletodemoc- asserts The commercial challenge, which change. challengefromclimate serious the very ability toadapt, althoughheacknowledged ‘cornucopian’ view, humansociety’s trusting leanedtowards amore ideas andclearly sceptical towards suchneo-Malthusian result ofresourcescarcities. Gleditschwas asa willemerge predicts thatnewwars The environmental challenge, which this unlikely. the US-dominatedworld. Gleditschfound asaresultofgrowing inequalitiesin erupt of UShegemonicpower. will Newwars that theso-calledpeaceisjustareflection The radicalchallenge, whichargues US power. belostasaresultofdeclining necessarily that the peace’‘liberal would not Gleditsch refutedthischallenge, claiming of power thatarelikely tounravel. balances the peaceiscausedby temporary The realist challenge, whichclaimsthat published in International StudiesQuarterly. published inInternational thatwillbe ofanarticle ofparts version The keynote addresswasacondensed ambitious slogan ‘Make money, notwar!’ it acceptable totake refugeintheless such adevelopment, though, Gleditschthought realized: ‘Make love, notwar!’ While waitingfor a sloganfromhisyouth mightfinally be in the direction of more integrative power, so ismovingGleditsch felt thatperhapstheworld from suchaction, simply becauseitisright. and even if they may have nothing to gain even iftheyarenotforcedworld) todoso, community (family,interest ofthelarger nation, power, people arewillingtodothingsinthe third onlegitimacy. Where thereisintegrative second onhaving goodstoexchange, andthe isbasedonthecapacitytodestroy,first the economic power power. andintegrative The ofpower: threatpower,three mainsorts Kenneth Boulding’s old distinction between In the meantime, he sought comfort in this challengetoo. Russett andJohnOneal–sohecouldrefute fromBruce research –orgoodarguments towaitforpreferred moreandbetter want toacceptthecapitalistargument, but become democratic. However, hedidnot seeks toavoid conflict, armed but hasnot instance, statethat hasbecomeatrading Stein Tønnesson

Photo: Stein Tønnesson

PRIO Annual Report 2007 3 www.prio.no

Ethics, Norms and Identities

Programme Leader: Gregory Reichberg

Photo: Knut S. Åbjørsbråten

The Ethics, Norms, and Identities programme international humanitarian law, who has Migration Research at PRIO comprises two broad and interre- received a stipend from the Norwegian Much of PRIO’s research on migration has lated strands of research. First, research Ministry of Defence to write a doctoral thesis been based within the ENI programme. This within the programme addresses normative on ‘Military Necessity’. has included studies on migrant remittances dimensions of conflict and peacebuilding, in the context of transnational activities and including questions related to the resort to During 2007, the legal work conducted at networks; the political activities of migrant armed force, norms for behaviour in conflict PRIO received international recognition for diasporas; and migration and security viewed situations, and issues of moral and legal three conferences hosted by the Forum for from the perspectives of states and migrants. responsibility. Second, the programme International Criminal Justice and Conflict, In 2007, the migration group was joined by a considers how different identities influence, which is coordinated within the ENI new researcher, Marta Bivand Erdal, who is and are influenced by, the dynamics of programme under the leadership of Morten writing a doctoral dissertation on remittance conflict and peace. Identities examined Bergsmo. These conferences were ‘Law in practices and integration among Pakistanis in include those of gender, ethnicity and religion. Peace Negotiations’, held in Bogotá on 15–16 Norway. Over the course of the year, the The aim of the programme’s research is thus: June; ‘The ICC Legal Tools Programme of the migration group conducted a market survey Norwegian Centre for Human Rights and the on remittance services in Norway, organized • to increase awareness of normative issues, Broader ICC Legal Tools Project’, held in Oslo a conference on ‘Remittances, Integration and both philosophical and legal, relevant to on 27 September; and ‘National Military Development’, and was cited frequently by peace and conflict research; Manuals on the Law of Armed Conflict’, held Norwegian and international media on • to conduct research on perceptions of in Oslo on 10 December. The Forum aims to migration issues. identity and belonging, as well as on beliefs identify and facilitate debate on key issues in about social, moral, legal and religious international criminal justice and conflict, Ethical and Religious Perspectives on norms, insofar as these contribute to including the full range of accountability- Peace and War conflict and/or peacebuilding; related measures, and to bring together The ENI programme’s research activities in this • to explore, often through fieldwork, local practitioners, government officials, NGO area found expression in a number of perceptions and factors that bear on representatives, academics, students and initiatives, including the publication of a volume, conflict and conflict resolution. others with an interest in this field of practice edited by Henrik Syse and Gregory Reichberg, and research. The Forum will launch a on Ethics, Nationalism, and Just War: Medieval The ENI programme is organized into three publication series in 2008. and Contemporary Perspectives (Catholic research groups: University of America Press, September 2007). Conference on Women in Afghanistan Also significant were several inter-religious • ethical, legal, and religious dimensions of In November 2007, the ENI programme’s conferences organized by the programme: armed conflict (Morten Bergsmo, Helene gender group hosted a Nordic/Baltic ‘Religion, Reason, and Public Life’ (Lucerne, Christiansen Ingierd, Gregory Reichberg & conference on ‘Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: Switzerland, June 2007), ‘Comparative Ethics of Henrik Syse); How To Reach the Women’, in cooperation War’ (Stresa, Italy, September 2007) and • gender, security and peacebuilding (Helga with the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign ‘Religion and Statecraft in the Abrahamic Hernes, Inger Skjelsbæk & Torunn Affairs. The conference provided a forum for Religions’ (Lisbon, Portugal, December 2007). Tryggestad); exchange of ideas on issues such as security Participants at these events have included an • migration and transnationalism (Jørgen threats to women and women’s access to internationally diverse group of scholars and Carling, Marta Bivand Erdal, Mohamed education, health, legal protection, the labour religious leaders, representing the world’s Husein Gaas & Cindy Horst). market and related services. The conference major religions, with a special focus on the was attended by a number of prominent monotheistic religions that find their common Expansion of Research on Law guests, including Afghan Minister for origin in the biblical patriarch Abraham. Since coming to PRIO in 2006 from the Education Hanif Atmar and Norwegian International Criminal Court in The Hague, Minister of Defence Anne-Grete Strøm- Educational Activities Morten Bergsmo, a specialist in international Erichsen. The conference represented a ENI researchers have remained active in criminal law, has re-introduced law as an area continuation of work carried out at an earlier teaching at the graduate level. Engagements of research at the institute. The former legal conference on ‘The Impact of Armed Conflict include a course organized by Inger Skjelsbæk expert, Asbjørn Eide, left PRIO in 1987 to on Women’, which was arranged by the ENI on ‘Gender and Conflict’ and another by establish what is now the Norwegian Centre programme’s gender group in cooperation Greg Reichberg and Henrik Syse on ‘The for Human Rights. In 2008, Bergsmo will be with the Norwegian Red Cross and held in Ethics of War and Peace’ – both for the MA joined by Nobuo Hayashi, a specialist in Oslo on 8 May 2007. programme in Peace and Conflict Studies run PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 4 by the Australian National University (in • Remittances from Immigrants in Norway, MA Projects conjunction with PRIO and Bjørknes College, Jørgen Carling, Marta Bivand Erdal, Kristian • Internally Displaced Persons in Colombia: Oslo). In addition, Jørgen Carling, Marta Berg Harpviken, Cindy Horst, Hilde Rights and Regulations – An Assessment of Bivand Erdal and Cindy Horst have taught an Wallacher & Mohamed Husein Gaas the Discrepancies Between a Comprehensive MA course on ‘Migration and Ethnicity’ as • Use of Force: Religious Perspectives and Legal Framework and the Process of part of the programme of studies in International Norms, Gregory Reichberg Implementation, Ellen Fadnes (supervisor at International Political Economy and Conflict • Women in Armed Conflict and Peacebuilding, PRIO: Cindy Horst) Dynamics offered by Stellenbosch University, Helga Hernes, Inger Skjelsbæk & Torunn • Perceptions and Practices of Migration Among South Africa (also in conjunction with PRIO Tryggestad Young Moroccans, – Miriam Latif Sandbæk and Bjørknes College, Oslo). (completed June 2007; supervisor at PRIO: Jørgen Carling) Completed Doctoral Projects ENI Projects in 2007 • Sexual Violence in Time of War: Sexuality, • Accountability-Related Measures and Peace Ethnicity and Gender Diversity in the War in Staff in 2007 Processes, Morten Bergsmo Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1991–95, • Children’s Mobility and Immobility in Inger Skjelsbæk (defended February 2007; Researchers Transnational Family Networks, Jørgen supervisor at PRIO: Greg Reichberg). Morten Bergsmo Carling • Transnational Migration and Mobility Conflicts, Jørgen Carling • Comparative Ethics of War, Ingeborg Jørgen Carling (defended September 2007; Marta Bivand Erdal Haavardsson, Gregory Reichberg & Henrik supervisor at PRIO: Stein Tønnesson) Helga Hernes Syse Cindy Horst • Criminalizing Aggression, Morten Bergsmo Ongoing Doctoral Projects Helene Christiansen Ingierd • Direct and Indirect Causes of Death in Armed • Transnationalism, Integration and the Gregory Reichberg Conflict, Helga Hernes Norwegian Policy Environment: Remittance Inger Skjelsbæk • Ethical Dimensions of War and Peace, Practices and Integration Among Pakistanis in Henrik Syse Gregory Reichberg Norway, Marta Bivand Erdal (supervisor at Torunn L. Tryggestad • Forum for International Criminal Justice and PRIO: Jørgen Carling) Conflict, Morten Bergsmo • Transnational Advocacy Networks and the Research Assistants • A Gender Perspective on the UN Peacebuild- Implementation of UN Resolution 1325 on Hilde Wallacher ing Commission, Torunn Tryggestad Women, Peace and Security, Torunn L. Tryggestad Mohamed Husein Gaas • Globalization of Protracted Refugee Situations: (supervisor at PRIO: Helga Hernes) Kenyan Case Study, Cindy Horst • The Mental State Requirement of the MA Students • The Impact of Livelihood-Support Programmes International Crime of Genocide, Morten Ellen Fadnes in Dadaab, Cindy Horst Bergsmo (supervisor at PRIO: Greg Miriam Latif Sandbæk • Remittance Services in Norway, Jørgen Reichberg) Carling, Cindy Horst, Hilde Wallacher & • On Being a Moral Decisionmaker in War: A Interns Marta Bivand Erdal Normative Analysis Focusing on Peacekeepers, Diana Mata-Codesal • Remittances for Peace? Experiences from Helene Christiansen Ingierd (supervisor at Maria Victoria Perotti Somalia, Cindy Horst & Mohamed Husein PRIO: Greg Reichberg) Gaas

Hindu fundamentalists marching in India. Photo: Jason Miklian, PRIO PRIO Annual Report 2007 6 and culture-historical approachesthatreflect and culture-historical complemented by anumber oftheoretical Asia. are These geopoliticalpriorities particular, Turkey andEastern andCyprus) Europe relations, basin(in theMediterranean haveprogramme typically beenRussia– disciplines. interestsofthe Coregeographical research andthematictheoretical relationbetween area on acomplementary isbased programme Research intheSecurity in2003.programme taking over andrevampingtheSecurity atPRIO, andIdentitiesprogramme Norms PoliciesSecurity andtheEthics, programme Foreignand underboththeformer worked andphilosophy.literature Hepreviously and politicaltheory, history, cultural linguistics, has abroadacademicbackgroundinsocial Leader J.this effort. Programme Peter Burgess reality. in studyiscentral Cross-disciplinary ourevolving security andunderstand chart interestsinordertobetter of itsempirical theoretical approach and increasing the depth aimedatbroadeningthescopeofits strategy hasatwofold programme The Security Research Strategy systems, etc.). communities, economicandecological (individuals,new objectsofsecurity environmental) andtoadaptanalyses tothe threats (economic, societal, political, approaches thatattempttothematize new approaches. Itrelatestoinnovative ofmethodological evolving universe challengesofourtimeandan security researchbasedonboththechanging security aimstodevelop newfieldsof programme policy perspectives,retaining its traditional the referent ofsecurity.as theprimary While approaches thatdonotemphasize thestate new while atthesametimeexploring challenges, ofsecurity respond toarange European UnionandtheUnitedNations the ways inwhichindividualstates, the researchprojectsfocusing on interdisciplinary comprises programme The Security Programme Leader: J. Peter Burgess Security horizons ofPRIO’shorizons participation. international two EUprojectssignificantly widenthe ‘Global BorderEnvironment’ (GLOBE). These in participant isalsoacentral programme by aNorwegian institute. The Security the EU’s ‘Security’ themetobecoordinated be basedatPRIOandtheonly projectwithin projectto EUFramework that itisthefirst Continuum inEurope’ (INEX)isuniquein Values Security intheInternal/External ments: ‘Converging andConflicting Ethical crown theprogramme’s recentaccomplish- 2007 projectsobtainedduring Programme Two newEuropeanUnion7thFramework at PRIO. broad scopeofcompetenceinareastudies within thefieldofpoliticalethics, yet linkstoa on Poverty andPeace, issituatedsolidly Research CouncilofNorway’s programme Ethics ofPeacebuilding’, financedthroughthe studies.of risk Peace‘The Liberal andthe intheexpandingfield expertise international new researcharea, linkingtoNorwegian and squarely withinavibrant programme Security ofRisk’Social Determination placesPRIO’s reflect thebroadaimsoutlinedabove. ‘The 2007 Four newprojectslaunchedduring New Projects in 2007 philosophical reflection. research andhigh-level theoreticaland empirical enhanced by bothstate-of-the-art programme,widely engagedinternational intoa programme expansion oftheSecurity inthe iscentral This double-edged strategy transfer.institutional politicsandsmall-arms intervention, control, sociology, arms military ethnic conflict, terrorism, theethicsof questionsaboutpoliticallegitimacy,raising practices, threatsandsecuritization security of anewera tounderstand of efforts seekstoremainattheforefront programme economic theory. Inthisway, theSecurity history, studies, cultural andlegal security, studies, migration Europeanpolitical –for example,political priorities health andevolving shifts inthenotionofsecurity Photo: JonasRusten Wang programme. by the for research inthefieldsprioritized researchandapointofdissemination security for debatingthepremisesofstate-of-the-art programme.of theSecurity Itisbothaforum peer-reviewed pillar journal, isanimportant Dialogue,Security recognized aninternationally Security Dialogue bioterrorism. gender andterrorism, and migration Research as Area fundingin areas asdiverse a number ofresearchproposalsfor European developing and currently European partners tostrengthenrelationswith working elsewhere, is programme theSecurity inEuropeand existing researchnetworks of Defence. While takingadvantageofalready of Foreign andtheNorwegian Ministry Affairs Council ofNorway, theNorwegian Ministry assured by theEuropeanUnion, theResearch Funding for individualresearchprojects is Sources ofFunding programme. the Security Culture ofInsecurity’ arealsobasedwithin Troubles’ and ‘Europe Under Threat: The New (SIPs) programmes ‘Arms Against aSeaof institute strategic PRIO’s interdisciplinary of Construction Threat’ (COST A24). COST Action on ‘The Evolving Social inEurope’Security (CORPS); andtheEU for BiologicalHomeland Research Priorities of Observations Threat Perceptions and Security’ (CHALLENGE); ‘Cross-Sectoral and Changing LandscapeofEuropeanLiberty projecton Programme 6th Framework ‘The three EuropeanUnionresearchprojects: the involved iscurrently programme in Security In additiontothesenewinitiatives, the (‘Security: for Enquiry’). A Framework Science Foundation/NATO SAFE programme intheEuropean through itsparticipation filledout isfurther programme Security ofPRIO’s personality The international • Putin’s Vision and Plans for Modernizing the Security Programme Projects in 2007 Russian Military, Pavel Baev Staff in 2007 • Arms Against a Sea of Troubles (SIP), led by J. • The Role of East Timor’s Security Institutions Peter Burgess in National Integration – and Disintegration, Researchers • The Changing Landscape of European Liberty led by Sven Gunnar Simonsen Pavel Baev and Security (CHALLENGE), led by J. Peter • Russia and Europe: Geopolitics and Nina Boy Burgess Geo-economics, Pavel Baev J. Peter Burgess • Cross-Sectoral Observations of Threat • Russia’s Energy Complex and Europe, Pavel Lars Christie Perceptions (CORPS), led by J. Peter Burgess Baev Sonja Kittelsen • Europe Under Threat: The New Culture of • The Social Determination of Risk (SORISK), Kristoffer Lidén Insecurity (SIP), led by J. Peter Burgess led by J. Peter Burgess Marit Moe-Pryce • The Evolving Social Construction of Threat Naima Mouhleb (COST A24), led by J. Peter Burgess Matilde Pérez Herranz • Geopolitics of the Caspian Region, Pavel Baev Ongoing Doctoral Projects Sven Gunnar Simonsen • Internationalized Statebuilding and Theories • The Ethics of Peacebuilding, Kristoffer Lidén Pinar Tank of Military Unit Cohesion, led by Sven (supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess) Stein Tønnesson Gunnar Simonsen • Turkey’s Military Elite at a Crossroad: Paths to Ola Tunander • The Liberal Peace and the Ethics of Desecuritization?, Pinar Tank (supervisors at Elisa Montiel Welti Peacebuilding, led by J. Peter Burgess PRIO: Pavel Baev & J. Peter Burgess) • Military Intervention and Post-Conflict Nation-Building, led by Sven Gunnar Simonsen • Nordic Chinese Conference, led by Ola Tunander

UN soldier guarding the UN Headquarters in Kinshasa, DR Congo. Photo: Nic Marsh, PRIO www.prio.no

Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding

Programme Leader: Åshild Kolås Photo: Marit Moe-Pryce, PRIO

The Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding research projects with researchers in countries conflict between Israelis and Palestinians, has (CRPB) programme undertakes research, affected by conflict, cooperating with several been the topic of several interrelated policy analysis and dialogue projects. The universities and research institutes in the South. projects focusing on international, regional programme aims to bridge theory, applied The project ‘Conflict Prevention in a DDR and national aspects of that conflict. CRPB knowledge and engagement in peacebuilding, Context in Haiti’ is being conducted in researchers linked to the ‘Missing Peace’ and is involved in cooperative activities with cooperation with researchers from the programme have also carried out research several nongovernmental organizations. The University of Kiskeya in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on religious diversity and attitudes towards Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers while the project ‘Domestic Capabilities for ‘the other’ in Syria; cross-border communica- (NISAT) was established in 1997 as a Conflict Management’ involves cooperation with tion between religious communities in Syria coalition between PRIO, the Norwegian Red Academie Malgache in Antanarivo, Madagascar. and Lebanon; and the dynamics of Israeli Cross and Norwegian Church Aid, in settlement policies in the West Bank. response to the global proliferation of small Research on the peace and development arms and light weapons. In 2007, cooperation process in Afghanistan is carried out in CRPB Projects in 2007 with Save the Children Norway resulted in a collaboration with the Afghan organization • Afghanistan Seminar Series, led by Kristian PRIO study on the role of education in Cooperation for Peace and Unity (CPAU), Berg Harpviken peacebuilding in countries emerging from civil together with the Chr. Michelsen Institute • Assistance to Mine-Affected Communities war, which provided input to Save the (CMI). A joint project conducted in 2007, (AMAC), led by Kjell Erling Kjellman Children Fund’s ‘Rewrite the Future’ ‘Religious Civil Society in Afghanistan’, • Civil Society in Peacebuilding: Afghanistan campaign. included training of Afghan researchers in Case Study, led by Kaja Borchgrevink research methodology and analysis. Outputs • Conflict Prevention in a DDR Context in Haiti, CRPB researchers carry out research on topics from the project include a PRIO report, a led by Wenche Hauge such as mine action and development, CPAU case study report and a joint • Data Analysis for the ‘Small Arms Survey’, led small-arms proliferation, conflict management PRIO–CMI–CPAU policy brief. by Thomas Jackson and resolution, the reintegration of former • Demobilization and Political Participation of combatants, and wealth sharing in peace During 2007, the NISAT project engaged in Female Fighters in Guatemala, Wenche agreements. The programme has key compe- cooperation with the Institute for Security Hauge tence on a number of countries and regions Studies (ISS) in South Africa on a study of the • Domestic Capabilities for Peaceful Conflict that have been, and continue to be, sites of development of laws and regulations to Management: A Comparative Study of conflict resolution and peacemaking efforts, prevent arms trafficking in the member-states Ecuador, Madagascar, Tunisia and Venezuela, including Afghanistan, Guatemala, Haiti, Israel/ of the Southern African Development led by Wenche Hauge Palestine, Lebanon, Sudan, Nepal and Cyprus. Community (SADC). This relationship involved • Education, Peace and Armed Conflict, Kendra researchers from the ISS and PRIO undertak- Dupuy ing field visits to 12 governments and finding • European Small Arms and the Perpetuation of Small Arms, Landmines and Cluster out how they develop new legislation. Violence: COST Action A25, led by Munitions Nicholas Marsh Both NISAT and the Assistance to Mine- PRIO has also partnered with the Institute for • Hamas: In Transition from Guerrillas to Affected Communities (AMAC) project have Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi Statesmen, Are Hovdenak worked on arms control for many years. (IDSA). This institutional cooperation furthers • IDSA–PRIO Institutional Cooperation, led by AMAC focuses on research into communities the development of new knowledge and Åshild Kolås affected by landmines and on humanitarian expertise on non-traditional security issues, • Integrating Small Arms Measures Into demining strategies. In 2007, its priorities were with conflict management being a core area Development Programmes, Anne Thurin gender mainstreaming in mine action, the of joint research. In addition to organizing • Islamic Networks in Iran, Frida Nome tenth anniversary of the Mine Ban Convention joint conferences and carrying out policy- • Micro–Macro Issues in Peacebuilding: A and the campaign to ban cluster munitions. relevant research, the cooperation facilitates Research and Monitoring Programme on NISAT focuses on the trade in small arms and scholarly exchange between researchers the Sudan Peace Process, led by Endre light weapons, along with measures to control from India and Norway. Stiansen that trade. During 2007, its priorities included • The Missing Peace: Conflict Resolution and international law, the development of Peacebuilding in the Middle East, led by trafficking controls in Southern Africa, and The ‘Missing Peace’ in the Middle East Hilde Henriksen Waage research on the relationship between arms PRIO’s strategic institute programme on the • Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers flows and civil warfare. ‘Missing Peace’ entered its last year in 2007. (NISAT), led by Nicholas Marsh The project, led by Hilde Henriksen Waage, • Peace and Reconciliation in the Eastern Research Cooperation has provided a solid foundation for PRIO’s Mediterranean, led by Stein Tønnesson The CRPB programme aims to promote joint Middle East research. Its key theme, the PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 8 • Politics in a Context of Fragmentation: Israel’s Completed Doctoral Projects Settlement Policy in the West Bank, Trude • Mobilization and Protest in a Consensus Staff in 2007 Strand Democracy: Social Movements, the State and • Programme for Return to Afghanistan: The Political Opportunities in Norway, Kjell Erling Researchers Impact on Reintegration in the Country of Kjellman (defended 30 May 2007; Kaja Borchgrevink Origin, led by Kristian Berg Harpviken supervisor at PRIO: Kristian Berg Kendra Dupuy • Progressing Towards an Arms Trade Treaty, led Harpviken) Kristian Berg Harpviken by Hilde Wallacher Wenche Hauge • Regional Stability in the Middle East, led by Ongoing Doctoral Projects Are Hovdenak Hilde Henriksen Waage • The Acquisition of Weapons by Armed Groups Thomas Jackson • Religious Civil Society in Afghanistan, led by Engaged in Civil War, Nicholas Marsh Kjell Erling Kjellman Kaja Borchgrevink (supervisor at PRIO: Stein Tønnesson) Åshild Kolås • The Role of Human Rights in Conflict, led by • The Civil Religion of the Israeli Defense Forces: Gina Lende Arne Strand A Study of a Military Universe of Meaning, Nicholas Marsh • Tenth Anniversary of the Mine Ban Conven- Hanne Eggen Røislien (supervisor at PRIO: Frida Austvoll Nome tion, Kjell Erling Kjellman Greg Reichberg) Hanne Eggen Røislien • Transborder Religious Networks: The Case of Endre Stiansen Religious Education in Afghanistan and MA Student Projects Arne Strand Pakistan, led by Kristian Berg Harpviken • The CPI (Maoist) Movement in Andhra Trude Strand • Transnational Bonds of Religion: Exploring the Pradesh, Maria Indiana Alte (supervisors at Beate Thoresen Peacemaking Potential of Religious PRIO: Åshild Kolås & Scott Gates) Anne Thurin Communication Across the Syrian–Leba- • Ethnic Mobilization and Migration in Northern Stein Tønnesson nese Border, Frida Nome Afghanistan, Nina Langslet (supervisor at Hilde Henriksen Waage • Violence in the Post-Conflict State: The PRIO: Kristian Berg Harpviken) Trajectories of Three Pashtun Warlords, led • Friendship Reanimated? The Israeli–Transjor- Research Assistants by Kristian Berg Harpviken danian Armisitice Negotiations 1948–49, Jason Miklian • Wealthsharing: Inter-Sudanese Peace Talks on Jørgen Jensehaugen (supervisor at PRIO: Hilde Wallacher Darfur, Endre Stiansen Hilde Henriksen Waage) • What Kind of Peace Is Possible? The • Staging the Lebanese Nation: Urban Public MA Students Integration of Armed Actors in Peace Space and Political Mobilization in the Maria Indiana Alte Processes, led by Wenche Hauge Aftermath of Hariri’s Assassination, Christian Christian Gahre Gahre (defended 6 June 2007; supervisor Jørgen Jensehaugen at PRIO: Åshild Kolås) Nina Langslet

Tribal villagers in Chhattisgarh, India. Tribals are recruited for the fight between the Maoist insurgency and the Indian state. Around 40,000 Chhattisgarhi tribals languish in IDP camps as the conflict rages on. Photo: Jason Miklian, PRIO #90253#%.42%

Photo: Sofronis Sofroniou

Peace and Reconciliation in the Eastern Mediterranean

PRIO’s Eastern Mediterranean project comprises the PRIO Cyprus Centre, our participation in the Greek-Turkish Forum (GTF) and our participation in an EU-funded project on human rights and civil society in several countries, including Cyprus (SHUR).

The PRIO Cyprus Centre (PCC) furthering foreign interests or that their Society (SHUR) (an EU Sixth Framework recruits researchers from both the southern research findings are inaccurate or biased, project, co-ordinated by the Luiss and northern parts of Cyprus, who work on though such claims are often made without University, Rome, with PRIO’s research joint research teams and projects, demon- supporting or credible evidence. The focusing on Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Kurds, strating the ability of Cypriots across the appropriate response is transparency, a Palestine and Cyprus) divide to collaborate and challenge each rigorous focus on research methodology, • Media in Cyprus other in an academic environment. Staff at quality control of research, and, not least, a • Nicosia: Economic Factors for Walled City the Centre strive to identify research issues dissemination strategy that aims to reach as Regeneration and disseminate findings within their broad a segment of the population as • The Political Economy of a Cyprus respective communities, with the aim of possible with accurate information and Settlement: Examining Four Specific contributing towards a comprehensive independent analyses. To be able to Scenarios resolution of the protracted Cypriot conflict. contribute to informed debate on the • Public Information Project on the Property conflict, research must address issues of Issue in Cyprus Cyprus is presently divided by the UN buffer concern to Cypriots themselves: while • Settlers and Immigrants in Cyprus zone, and the island’s violent history has political leaders might reach negotiated • Social, Political and Psychological Impedi- generated a number of unresolved differ- settlements, in the end it will be the island’s ments to Intra-Island Trade in Cyprus ences between its majority Greek-Cypriots, communities that have to sanction a peace • Sustainable Diplomacy minority Turkish-Cypriots and smaller agreement through a referendum. ethno-religious groups. The separation that followed the Greek-supported coup d’état in If this is to be successful, there are a number Staff and Consultants on the 1974 and the subsequent Turkish military of issues that will require a solution, and such EastMed Project intervention led to the formation of two issues are high on the research agenda of the separate and hostile regimes within an island PRIO Cyprus Centre. Most prominent is the In Cyprus of only 1 million inhabitants. These regimes issue of property, as both Greek Cypriots and Guido Bonino hold competing narratives on both the past Turkish Cypriots had to leave behind homes Christophoros Christophorou and the present, and much energy has been and properties when the island was divided. Costas M. Constantinou spent on both sides attempting to ensure The next most salient issue of concern for Olga Demetriou that civil society, the media and academics do both sides is the question of the number and Ayla Gürel not stray far from official positions. political influence of Turkish settlers and Mete Hatay migrants in the north. Then come issues Saskia Kort Among accusations frequently levelled against related to the economic costs and benefits of Praxoula Antoniadou Kyriacou academics are suggestions that they are a possible settlement, the role of media in the Dilek Latif conflict, the conflictual role of history and Natasa Loizou culture, and how human and minority rights Fiona Mullen are applied or used. Özlem Öguz Kudret Özersay Project List Synthia Pavlou • Attitudes Towards Reconciliation in Cyprus Sanem ahin • Beyond Bicommunalism: The Representa- Ari Sitas tion and Status of Maronites, Roma and Arne Strand Ethno-Religious ‘Converts’ in Cyprus Andreas Theophanous • Civil Society, Human Rights and Conflicts in Cyprus In Oslo • Cypriot Refugee Subjectivities: Are Hovdenak The Structure of Politics and Loss Gina Lende • The Day After: Commercial Opportunities Inger Skjelsbæk Following a Solution to the Cyprus Problem Pinar Tank • Human Rights in Conflict: The Role of Civil Stein Tønnesson Photo: Bente Karlsen PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 10 into Greekand Turkish in2007. Ayla Gürel& KudretÖzersay, wastranslated 3/2006 onThePolitics in Cyprus, ofProperty by In additiontotheabove, PRIOReport Period, 4/2007. PRIOReport Oslo: PRIO. inthePost-Referendum inCyprus Forgiveness Prospects ofReconciliation, Co-existence and Sitas, Ari; DilekLatif&NatasaLoizou. Conference Proceedings. Nicosia: PCC. Cyprus: The Path Towards Reunification,PCC Mullen, Fiona,ed. EconomicPerspectives in http://dzforum.de/downloads/020102104.pdf. Legal System’, Berlin, 25–26May; available at Accession: A MemberStatewithaDivided Conference ‘Cyprus Three Years After EU Forum presented attheGerman–Cypriot the Turkish inCyprus’, Immigrants paper and “Slaves”: The ComplexCompositionof Hatay, Mete. ‘Settlers, Soldiers, Students 2/2007.Report Oslo: PRIO. of the PRIO Turkish 2006Census, Cypriot Results intheLightofPreliminary phy inCyprus oftheEthno-DemograShrinking? - An Overview Hatay, Isthe Mete. Turkish Population Cypriot ext/seesox/WorkshopPapers.html. (20–29); available athttp://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/ Anthony’s College, ofOxford University Getting Past No?Oxford: SEESOX/St. To ReuniteCyprus?’, inCyprus After Accession: Gürel, Ayla. ‘CantheEuropeanUnionHelp Review 19(2): 137–141. Challenges ofNGOPeacebuilding’, Cyprus Carey,& Henry eds, Subcontracting Peace: The Gürel, Ayla. ‘ReviewofOliver P. Richmond hagar/issues/7_1_2007/7120072.aspx. Hagar 7(1); available athttp://hsf.bgu.ac.il/ Unspoken ReunificationofaDividedCity’, Demetriou, Olga. ‘FreedomSquare: The Institute 13(4): 987–1006. in Cyprus’, oftheRoyal Journal Anthropological Cross? Subjectivizationandthe Absent State Demetriou, Olga. ‘To CrossorNot To dosyalar/may_costasconstantinou.doc. at http://www.cypruspolicycenter.org/ University,Mediterranean 7–8May; available Ahead’, Policy Cyprus Centre, Eastern the conference Conflict:‘The Cyprus Looking ofResistance’,Practises paperpresentedat ofthe Discourses Problem”“Cyprus and Constantinou, CostasM. ‘Dominant 42(3): 247–270. Problem”’,“Cyprus Cooperation andConflict Identity: Bicommunalism, andthe Hybridity Constantinou, CostasM. of ‘Aporias Publications in2007 resumed between the two parts of the island in oftheislandin resumed between thetwo parts buffer zone. freemovement While partial along ethniclines, by aUN-controlled separated invasion andthedivisionofisland military the Greek junta, was followed by a Turkish d’état by the island’s National Guard, backed by (UNFICYP) inMarch1964. In1974, acoup dispatch oftheUnitedNationsForceinCyprus violence inDecember1963, leadingtothe resulted in the outbreak of intercommunal andthe the GreekCypriots Turkish Cypriots 1960. between Subsequentconstitutionalcrises Cyprus gained independence from the UK in Photo: RainerJahn Photo: BenteKarlsen officially recognized only by Turkey. Republic of Northern Cyprus, which has been member-state oftheEU, andthe Turkish attheUNandisa represents Cyprus recognized Republic ofCyprus, which negotiations between theinternationally 2007, but did not lead to any substantial A UN-facilitated process was under way in approved by the Turkish Cypriots. while was rejectedin2004by GreekCypriots the following year, aUNplanfor reunification EUmembership wasgranted 2003 andCyprus

PRIO Annual Report 2007 11 www.prio.no

Migration Research at PRIO

Researchers: Jørgen Carling, Kendra Dupuy, Marta Bivand Erdal, Kristian Berg Harpviken, Cindy Horst, Marit Hovdal Moan & Clionadh Raleigh Research Assistants and Students: Ellen Fadnes, Mohamed Husein Gaas, María Hernández-Carretero, Nina Langslet, Diana Mata-Codesal & Hilde Wallacher

Migration research at PRIO addresses central Political Activities of Migrant Migration and Security: theoretical aspects of international migration Diasporas The View from Both Sides and transnationalism, together with the ways Diasporas play an increasingly important role European and North American countries in which these phenomena are connected in conflict and peace processes in their have increasingly framed migration as a with peace and conflict. Many migration flows countries of origin. Migrants engage in the security issue, not least in the post-9/11 era. are caused by armed conflict; diasporas may political transformation of their ‘homeland’ Ongoing research within PRIO’s Security play a role in the perpetuation and resolution through the provision of financial, political or programme addresses irregular migration by of conflicts; and finding solutions for refugee military support to political actors, as well as sea from West Africa to the Canary Islands. populations is often fundamental for through lobbying activities in their host This migration flow starkly illustrates the establishing a lasting peace following conflict. countries. The enormous potential of challenges to European authorities seeking to Furthermore, migration itself is a conflict- diasporas is clearly seen in past examples control migration, as well as the dangers and ridden issue in international relations. such as the activities of overseas Chinese in hardship endured by migrants themselves. Migration researchers at PRIO seek to be at the 1911 Revolution, the role of the Jewish Based on fieldwork in Senegal, research at the forefront of developing research diaspora in the creation of the state of Israel, PRIO provides innovative perspectives by methodology, drawing upon a combination of and the role of Irish-Americans in the examining how prospective migrants relate to qualitative and quantitative approaches. Northern Ireland conflict. Research at PRIO risk and insecurity. Security, in a broad sense, is studies contemporary examples from various also an aspect of PRIO’s research on the links angles, including Pashtun responses to the fall between migration and climate change, and on Migrant Remittances: of the Taliban, the impact of refugees in the challenges of protracted refugee situations. Transnationalism in a Nutshell Pakistan and Iran on the war in Afghanistan, Remittances – the money sent by emigrants and the contributions of Somali, Ethiopian to their countries of origin – now comprise and Eritrean communities in Europe to peace more than twice the amount of official aid to processes in the Horn of Africa. developing countries and are essential to the livelihoods of millions of families. In addition to being important in their own right, remittances are a focal point for transnationalism more broadly. ‘Remittances from Immigrants in Norway’ is a three-year project at PRIO that examines, among other issues, the connections between remittance- sending and host-country integration, and the dynamics of relations between remittance senders and receivers. The project combines quantitative and qualitative methods in a way that is unique within research on remittances. Remittances are significant across a variety of migration contexts, and this project compares and contrasts the experiences of Somali refugees and Pakistani Advertisement for Western Union money transfers in rural Sierra Leone. Remittances are essential labour migrants and their to livelihoods in many developing countries, not least in post-conflict societies. families. (Photo: Heidi Østbø Haugen, WFP) PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 12 Crime. Photo: Mohamed HuseinGaas, PRIO Prosecution ofEconomicandEnvironmental National for Investigation and Authority Presentation onremittancesby theNorwegian for theseandfor numerous otherjournals. Racial Studies, andhave actedasreferees both Review, ofRefugeeStudiesandEthnic Journal Migration,International Migration International researchers at PRIO have published in Over thepastcoupleofyears, migration ing withleadingresearchcentresinthefield. - andcollaborat journals foremost international PRIO issafeguarded by publishing inthe researchat The academicqualityofmigration Publishing andPartnerships Foreign andthe Affairs World Bank. rate of Immigration, the Norwegian Ministry of ment Cooperation, theNorwegian Directo- Council, theNorwegian Agency for Develop- Development Bank, the Danish Refugee commissioned research for the Asian community, as well as consultancies and practitioners and members of the Somali onremittanceswithpolicymakers,workshop researchinvolvedmigration aparticipatory ofSussex.University 2007, During PRIO’s withthe incollaboration researchers migration publishing for oninternational young training and from2008onwardsPRIOwillorganize on ‘Remittances and Transnational Livelihoods’, course ofOslohostedadoctoral University and civilsociety. In2007, PRIOandthe and for engagingwithpolicymakers for training activity, we seek to use this as a platform both While academic research is PRIO’s core Training andOutreach andintegration. between transnationalism relations atthemicrolevel, andtheconnections networks, decisionmaking, migration transnational onthedynamicsofmigrant advance theory development. Research at PRIO has aimed mobilization,armed peacebuildingto and incomplexprocessessuchas transnationalism and theroleofmigration understanding A soundtheoreticalbasisisessentialfor Transnationalism onMigrationand Theory Photo: JonasRusten Wang, PRIO ‘Remittances and Transnational Livelihoods’. Participants on atthedoctoral course Islands has been undertaken intraditionalIslands hasbeenundertaken fishingboats. Photo: Carling, Jørgen PRIO The fishingharbourofRufisque, Senegal. Mostoftheundocumentedmigration totheCanary refugee situation. Photo: CindyHorst, PRIO 1991, example of a protracted areaprime Dadaab refugeecampsinKenya, established in inacultural event.Female spectators The

PRIO Annual Report 2007 13 PRIO Journals

Security Dialogue Photo: Sven Gunnar Simonsen, PRIO

Security Dialogue is liberty–security relationship set out in issue Stefan Elbe, University of Essex, UK an international 37(4), and issue 38(2) was a special issue on Cynthia Enloe, Clark College, USA peer-reviewed ‘Securitization, Militarization and Visual Lene Hansen, University of Copenhagen, journal that seeks Culture in the Worlds of Post-9/11’. Denmark to combine the Jef Huysmans, The Open University, UK development of Up to and including 2007, Security Dialogue Jennifer Klot, Social Science Research Council, USA new theoretical was published on a quarterly basis. From 2008, Anna Leander, Copenhagen Business School, perspectives with the journal will be published on a bimonthly Denmark innovative analysis basis, and the number of pages per volume will Rex Li, Liverpool John Moores University, UK of challenges to increase from 576 to 672 per year. Sverre Lodgaard, Norwegian Institute of public policy across International Affairs (NUPI), Norway a wide-ranging Editorial Staff in 2007 Terrence Lyons, George Mason University, USA field of security issues. The journal aims to Editor: J. Peter Burgess Taylor Owen, Oxford University, UK revisit and recast the concept of security Managing Editor: Naima Mouhleb (January– Patricia Owens, Oxford University, UK through new approaches and methodologies, May); Marit Moe-Pryce (May–December). Paul Rogers, University of Bradford, UK and encourages ground-breaking reflection on Language Editor: John Carville Mark B. Salter, University of Ottawa, Canada new and traditional security issues, including Book Review Editors: Stephan Davidshofer & Alexander Serguinin, Nizhny Novogorod globalization, nationalism, ethnic conflict and Francesco Ragazzi, Sciences Po, France. Linguistic University, Russia civil war, information technology, biological and Michael Shapiro, University of Hawaii, USA chemical warfare, resource conflicts, pandem- Editorial Board in 2007 Henrik Syse, PRIO, Norway ics, global terrorism, non-state actors, and Didier Bigo, Sciences Po, France Peter van Ham, Clingendael, The Hague, the environmental, energy, food and human Pinar Bilgin, Bilkent University, Turkey Netherlands security. It seeks to provide an outlet for David Campbell, Durham University, UK Ole Wæver, University of Copenhagen, Denmark analysis of the normative dimensions of Simon Chesterman, New York University Rob Walker, University of Victoria, Canada & security, theoretical and practical aspects of School of Law, USA Keele University, UK identity and identity-based conflict, gender Carol Cohn, Fletcher School, Tufts University, USA Annick T. R.Wibben, University of San aspects of security, and critical security studies. William E. Connolly, Johns Hopkins University, USA Francisco, USA James Der Derian, Brown University, USA Michael C. Williams, University of Wales, In 2007, Security Dialogue published, in 576 Michael Dillon, Lancaster University, UK Aberystwyth, UK pages, 28 peer-reviewed articles and Pál Dunay, Geneva Centre for Security Policy, rejoinders. Issues 38(1) and 38(4) included a Switzerland (Board members who left in 2007 listed in italics) continuation of the debate on theorizing the

Journal of Peace Research

Journal of Peace Elbadawi, eds, 2008); and Micro-Level Associate Editors Research (JPR) is Dynamics of Violent Conflict (Philip Verwimp, Michael Brzoska, University of Hamburg an interdisciplinary Patricia Justino & Tilman Brück, eds, 2009). Han Dorussen, University of Essex and international Authors with quantitative data are obliged to Scott Gates, PRIO bimonthly of post their data on the Internet. JPR’s Mats Hammarström, Uppsala University scholarly work in data-replication page (http://www.prio.no/jpr/ Magnus Öberg, Uppsala University peace research datasets) contains links to such datasets from Øyvind Østerud, University of Oslo that strives for a 1998 onwards. As of March 2008, 230 Patrick M. Regan, Binghamton University global perspective datasets are listed on the replication page. Anne Julie Semb, University of Oslo on peacemaking. JPR is edited at PRIO and published by Sage Henrik Urdal, PRIO JPR is fully Publications in London. Since its establish- peer-reviewed, ment in 1964, JPR has published the work of Editorial Committee and most articles are submitted unsolicited. authors from over 50 countries. In 2007, JPR Lene Bomann-Larsen, University of Oslo One issue per year is a guest-edited special published, in 768 pages, a total of 39 articles Sabine Carey, University of Nottingham issue, subject to the same strict review and 106 Book Notes. The Journal Citation Jørgen Carling, PRIO process as regular issues. Topics covered by Report ranked JPR as no. 7 out of 50 journals Indra de Soysa, NTNU, Trondheim such issues have most recently included in international relations in terms of its impact Tanja Ellingsen, NTNU, Trondheim Demography of Conflict and Violence (Helge factor, and as no. 5 out of 85 in political Håvard Hegre, PRIO Brunborg & Henrik Urdal, eds, 2005); Military science. Timo Kivimäki, NIAS, Copenhagen Alliances (Christopher Sprecher & Volker Päivi Lujala, NTNU, Trondheim Krause, eds, 2006); and Protecting Human Editorial Staff in 2007 Bjørn Møller, DIIS, Copenhagen Rights (James Ron & Emilie Hafner-Burton, Editor: Nils Petter Gleditsch Håkan Wiberg, DIIS, Copenhagen eds, 2007). Forthcoming special issues: Managing Editor: Glenn Martin Polarization and Conflict (Gerald Schneider & Book Review Editor: Ragnhild Nordås Joan Esteban, eds, 2008); Aftermath of Civil War (Håvard Hegre, Gary Milante & Ibrahim PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 14 PRIO Annual Report 2007 15 www.prio.no

The PRIO Library

Head Librarian: Odvar Leine Librarian: Olga Baeva Photo: Sven Gunnar Simonsen

The PRIO library has three main functions: an yearbooks and statistical sources is essential. PRIO’s membership in the Nordic NIAS internal function as the supporting library for We have also accepted a special responsibil- Council (NNC) grants the library full access all projects and researchers at PRIO; a public ity for the vast production of PRIO’s founding to a host of journals that mainly have an East function as a permanent collection and father, Johan Galtung. Asian scope. documentation centre for peace research and conflict resolution (as such, it is open to At the end of the year, the library held The library’s IT system for periodical holdings outside visitors); and a network function as a approximately 24,000 volumes, an increase of can send an automatic e-mail notification library cooperating and sharing resources 4% over the previous year. The library’s about the arrival of a new issue of a with other libraries in Norway and abroad. database is searchable on PRIO’s intranet. particular periodical to any individual institute member. These e-mail alerts include links to The increase in lending activity from one year tables of contents. to the next has never been bigger than from Periodicals 2006 to 2007. Interlibrary loans into PRIO Also of crucial importance is our stock of PRIO is connected to JSTOR, the electronic increased by 74% from Norwegian libraries, relevant periodicals. By the end of 2007, archive of back issues of periodicals. and by 55% from abroad – an overall PRIO’s library held approximately 325 current increase of 70%. Interlibrary loans out from periodicals. Of these titles, 267 could be PRIO saw an overall 12% increase. There was accessed online from computers within PRIO’s Databases a 29% increase in the number of loans within local network – an increase of 19% from the The library subscribes to the ISI Web of Science PRIO, and a 7% increase in the number of previous year. In total, at the end of the year and ISI Journal Citation Reports, JSTOR, Lancaster loans to external visitors to the library. the library held approximately 660 periodical Index to Defence and International Security titles, both current and discontinued. Literature, Transitions Online, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Keesing’s Online and Statskalenderen. Books In 2006, a major effort was carried out to A high priority for the library is the review the selection of journal subscriptions. The NNC membership also implies access to a acquisition of books that are basic for work in This work was followed up in 2007, with the number of databases with an East Asian scope. peace and conflict research. A strong result that another 12 important subscrip- reference collection of the most relevant tions will start from 2008. handbooks, encyclopaedias, dictionaries,

PRIO Information

Information Director: Agnete Schjønsby PRIO Historians: Øyvind Ekelund and Webmaster: Knut Sindre Åbjørsbråten Gudleiv Forr Information Assistant: Jonas Rusten Wang Language Editor: John Carville Photo: Marit Moe-PrycePhoto:

Information is regarded as part of the basic Media and Debate PRIO Website research activities at PRIO. We aim to PRIO researchers are encouraged to take The PRIO website is updated daily and disseminate expertise and findings from our part in public debate and to make their covers all PRIO activities. In addition, we seek research to a variety of different audiences. The expertise available to the general public. to provide information and useful links on Information Department assists in the topics of relevance both to researchers and dissemination of the work carried out at the In 2007, PRIO staff published a range of to the general public. In 2007, the number of institute. Through our website, seminar activities op-eds and commentaries in the national and visitors to the PRIO website continued to and visibility in various other public arenas, PRIO international media. (For further details, see increase. endeavours to function as a central meeting the list of popular articles on p. 24.) point and resource centre for peace research, both internationally and nationally. PRIO staff members are very much in PRIO History demand with the media. Throughout 2007, The 50th anniversary of PRIO’s founding in PRIO researchers enjoyed a level of visibility 1959 is rapidly approaching, and two ‘PRIO Publications within the Norwegian media that was both historians’ are now in place at PRIO to work In 2007, we introduced two new series of steady and high, and international media on the history of the institute from different PRIO publications – PRIO Policy Briefs and coverage is increasing. (For a visual represen- angles. This work will continue throughout PRIO Papers – as complements to our tation of the events in 2007 that brought 2008, and the results will form part of the longstanding PRIO Report series. (For further about the most media coverage of PRIO June 2009 celebrations. details, see the publication list on pp. 22–25.) researchers, see p. 21.) PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 16 graduate-level course oftheISS, course graduate-level andforms isapopular The peaceresearchcourse of Oslo’s SummerSchool(ISS). International oftheUniversity the peaceresearchcourse responsible andadministering for organizing For thepast30years, PRIOhasbeen International SummerSchool2007 ‘Conflict and Peace’, andEthnicity’ ‘Migration The Oslo semester consists of three modules: emphasisonsub-Saharan Africa.a particular political economy andconflictdynamics, with focuses oninternational The programme inSouth subsequent threesemesters Africa. taught inOslo, withstudentsspendingthe semester ofthistwo-year is programme CollegeinOsloandPRIO.Bjørknes The first inSouth Stellenbosch University Africa, Studieswaslaunchedby International In 2006, anewMaster’s in Programme International Studies taught by PRIOstaff. are All othercourses specially developed and Oslo incourses Students spendone(autumn)semesterin one offour degreesawarded by the ANU. areenrolledin Students intheprogramme from two sidesoftheglobe. relations,international peaceandconflict academics attheforefront ofresearchon together innovative brings programme specializing inpeaceandconflictstudies. This relations, ininternational degree programme and PRIOlaunchedanewpostgraduate CollegeinOslo (ANU) inCanberra, Bjørknes In 2004, the NationalUniversity Australian Peace andConflictStudies PRIO Education Photo: Kendra Dupuy Summer Schoolstudents atcabinintheOslowoods. which isfollowed by amoregeneral on conflictresolutionandpeacebuilding, beginswithatwo-day workshop The course summer programme. oftheUniversity’s annual part an integral with threethree-hoursessionsperweek and The Oslosemesterhasanintensive format, Dupuy.and Kendra semester togetherwithCamillaHoueland Oslo. coordinatedthe Carling Jørgen of Michelsen InstituteandtheUniversity other institutions, includingFafo, theChr. from andexperts other PRIOresearchers lectures. The remaininglectureswere given by Carling, whoalso gave aboutathirdofthe were developed by PRIOResearcherJørgen and ‘Nations andRegions’. These courses Reichberg. were taught The two othercourses SyseandResearchProfessor Gregory Henrik Peace’ wastaughtby PRIOSeniorResearcher is English. In2007, ‘The Ethicsof War and tional profile, andthelanguageofinstruction - ing ofupto25students–hasaninterna Ethics of War andPeace’. The class–consist- Peacebuilding’, ‘Gender andConflict’ and ‘The semester are ‘Conflict Resolutionand oftheOslo taughtaspart The threecourses Research SchoolofPacific and Asian Studies. Relationsatthe ofInternational Department taught byprincipally theacademicstaffof taken atthe andare ANU inCanberra dynamics ofconflict; and causes ofconflict; the three conceptualrealms: the wasdividedinto curriculum In 2007, thecourse presentations anddiscussions. well asgroupwork, the fieldofpeacestudies, as in andscholars practitioners Sessions includelecturesby in ordertohelpresolve it. ofconflict the understanding areas andthemestoincrease focused studyofselected aspects, alongwithamore methodology andempirical combinestheory,The course fieldofpeacestudies.plinary introduction totheinterdisci- Photo: SvenGunnarSimonsen, PRIO Cape Town. universities, islocatedaboutanhourfrom which isoneof Africa’s bestresearch ofStellenbosch.University The university, ofPolitical Science,taught attheDepartment After moving toSouth Africa, studentsare sub-Saharan conflictareaindetail.African group projectinwhichstudentsanalyse one a number ofassignments. Oneoftheseisa hemisphere. the southern world’s topuniversities, andasnumber onein asoneofthe isranked partner Australian the NationalUniversity.Australian PRIO’s has beennameda ‘Prestige Programme’ by degreeprogramme This jointpostgraduate Inger Skjelsbæk(‘GenderandConflict’). (‘Conflict Resolutionand Peacebuilding’) and Senior Researchers Sven Gunnar Simonsen diplomats and scholars, and coordinated by speakers, includingprominentpoliticians, by PRIOspecialistsandaselectionofvisiting master’s degrees. anddoctoral but many areintheprocessofcompleting minimum equivalentofa bachelor’s degree, and conflictissues. Studentsholdthe in, with, andinsomecasesexperience peace interest aparticular applicants demonstrate highly competitive process, andallsuccessful Students areselectedeachyear througha aroundtheworld.students from22countries wasattendedby 27 The 2007course globally.efforts withpeaceandreconciliation experiences a lectureonNorwegian policyandNorway’s of thePeace andReconciliationDivision, gave Kjersti Andersen, Assistant Director-General ofForeign NorwegianAffairs, Ministry where alsovisitedthe conflict. participants Course conflict, and andtheroleofsmallarms conflict resolutioninSudan, autochthony and conflict, ofarmed geography power sharing, onwarandpeace, perspectives historical the ethics ofwar, justice, criminal international includedthe thecourse explored during resolving conflictand building peace. Themes

PRIO Annual Report 2007 17 www.prio.no

PRIO Events 2007

Woodrow Wilson Presentations seminar organized by the ‘Arms Against a Sea Films from the South 2007 A number of PRIO/CSCW researchers gave of Troubles’ SIP at PRIO. presentations at the Woodrow Wilson Center, 21 September Washington, DC: 15 November Civil War in Colombia Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: How To CSCW Film Seminar on the civil war in 5 March Reach the Women Colombia: a screening of La Sierra, followed Ethical Investment of Oil Wealth: Conference organized by the gender team at by a seminar with Scott Gates & Sarah Devising a Strategy for Norway’s PRIO. Zukerman of CSCW. The seminar was ‘Petroleum Fund’ CSCW’s contribution to Norway’s National Presentation by Henrik Syse. 7 December Science Week (forskningsdagene). Afghanistan: The Neo Taliban and The Peace Risk in the Middle East and the North 5 October Asia’s Role in Stopping Global Seminar with Antonio Giustozzi (London Palestinian Prisoners Warming School of Economics) as part of the Are Hovdenak commented on the film Hot Presentation by Stein Tønnesson. PRIO–CMI Afghanistan seminar series House.

Demography and Conflict: How Migration Team 7 October Population Pressure and Youth Bulges The migration team at PRIO (see pp. 12–13 of Women in Afghanistan Affect the Risk of Civil War this report) organized several seminars and Kaja Borchgrevink commented on the film Presentation by Henrik Urdal. conferences during 2007: Enemies of Happiness, together with Line Begby of UNA Norway. 6 March 25 June Climate–Security Connections: An The Ethical Challenges of Fortress 8 October & 10 October Empirical Approach to Risk Europe Haiti Assessment Conference organized by the migration team Wenche Hauge commented on the film Nils Petter Gleditsch took part in a panel at PRIO. Ghosts of Cité Soleil. discussing this theme. 24 August 9 October Afghanistan Legal, Rapid and Reasonably Priced? A Darfur Several research teams at PRIO focused on Survey of Remittance Services in Endre Stiansen commented on the film The different aspects of the conflict in Afghanistan Norway Devil Came on Horseback. during 2007: Launch of PRIO Report 3/2007 by Jørgen Carling, Marta Bivand Erdal, Cindy Horst & 9 October 18 January Hilde Wallacher. Child Soldiers The Tajikistan and Afghanistan Kendra Dupuy took part in a panel debate ‘Peacebuilding’ Processes Compared 30 October led by Ivar Iversen (Dagsavisen), following a Seminar with Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh Somali Remittances screening of the film Ezra. (Director of the CERI Program for Peace and Participatory workshop. Human Security, Sciences Po, Paris); seminar Other Seminars, Conferences organized by the ‘Arms Against a Sea of 2 November and Workshops Troubles’ SIP at PRIO. Remittances, Integration and Develop- ment: The Debate Explored 19 January 19 April Conference organized by the migration team Liberal Peace and the Ethics of Transitional Justice in Afghanistan at PRIO. Peacebuilding Seminar with Nader Nadery (lawyer and Workshop in the Security programme political analyst, Afghanistan) as part of the Gender Team project on ‘Liberal Peace and the Ethics of PRIO–CMI Afghanistan seminar series. Peacebuilding’. 8 May 14 August The Impact of Armed Conflict on 1 February Afghanistan: Opportunities and Women Prospects of Peace in Africa: The Challenges Conference organized by the gender team at Mozambican Experience Seminar with Javed Ludin (Afghan ambassa- PRIO and the Norwegian Red Cross. Seminar with Mozambican President dor to Norway), Sima Samar (Afghan Human Armando Guebuza. Rights Commission) & Shukria Barakzai 15 November (member of Afghan parliament) as part of Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: How To 28 February the PRIO–CMI Afghanistan seminar series. Reach the Women ESU Student Peace Price Conference organized by the gender team at Seminar with Charm Tong of Burma/ 1 November PRIO. Myanmar, winner of the European Students’ The Afghan Quagmire: Whose Peace, Union’s Student Peace Prize 2007. Which Peace and How To ‘Build’ It 12 December Seminar with Professor Shahrbanou The Gendered Subject of Contempo- 15 March Tadjbakhsh (Director of the CERI Program rary War Living in a Post-American World for Peace and Human Security, Sciences Po, Seminar with Vivienne Jabri (Kings College, Seminar with Immanuel Wallerstein (Yale Paris) and Shahmahmood Miakhel (govern- London), Cristina Masters (University of University). ance adviser to the deputy special repre- Manchester), Maria Stern (Gothenburg 16 March sentative of the secretary general and former University) & Terrell Carver (Bristol University).

PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 18 deputy minister of the interior in Afghanistan); remittances senttoPakistan explains whathappensto WEEK 31: Carling Jørgen the Norwegian government Ivanov refusedtotalk Sergej why RussianMinisterofDefence WEEK 6: Pavel Baevexplains week) mediaevery (Number oftimesPRIOismentionedinnationalorinternational WEEKLY MEDIACOVERAGE 2007 withtheNorwegian at PRIOincollaboration Conference by organized the AMAC project Clearing thePath for aBetterFuture 18 September Presidency. withtheColombian collaboration Vice Seminar heldinBogotá, by organized PRIOin Law inPeace Negotiations 15–16 June China–Nordic Roundtable 23–25 March Seminar with Ambassador MaZhengang. Policy China’s Development andItsForeign 23 March CSCW Workshop. Transnational Facets ofCivil War 120 140 160 180 200 100 20 60 80 40 0 01/07

03/07

05/07

07/07

09/07

11/07

13/07 retreat fromIraq doubts whethertheUSAwill WEEK 32: Ola Tunander

15/07 their war-torn homeland despite toughconditionsin are forced toleave Norway, WEEK 18: Afghanrefugees

17/07 (University ofOslo). (University Seminar withOlle Stokke &Kristian Törnqvist 2004 Tsunami tion in Aceh andSriLanka After the Conflict ResolutionandDemocratiza- 24 October California, SanDiego). Seminar withDavid of Lake (University Hierarchy inInternationalRelations 8 October Nanyang Technological University, Singapore). Studies, SchoolofInternational Rajaratnam Seminar withProfessor C. RajaMohan(S. Security Energy India, ChinaandtheGeopoliticsof 20 September oftheMineBanConvention. anniversary ofForeign Affairs, the10th Ministry marking 19/07

21/07

23/07

25/07

27/07

the NobelPeace Prize guesses ontheoutcomeof Stein Tønnesson gives qualified WEEK 41: PRIODirector 29/07

31/07 conflict inGaza escalationofthe fears WEEK 24: AreHovdenak

33/07

35/07

37/07 Centre at the Ledra Palace Hotel,Centre attheLedra Nicosia. Conference by organized thePRIOCyprus Paths toSustainable Diplomacy 10–11 December Social Studies, The Hague). (Instituteof Seminar withDubravkaZarkov Gender intheBreak-Up of Yugoslavia The Bodyof War: Media, Ethnicityand 19 November Seminar withKarin Aggestam (LundUniversity). Conflict Peacemaking intheIsrael–Palestinian 29 October College). Seminar with Amina Loukili(Volda University National Imagination Moroccan Diaspora, Internetand 29 October

39/07

41/07

43/07 participation in Afghanistan participation debate aboutNorway’s Norwegian troopsspur WEEK 45: Assaultson hostage death ofaSouthKorean Afghanistan following the of hostagesituationsin discussestherisk Harpviken Berg WEEK 30:Kristian 45/07

47/07

49/07

51/07

01/08

PRIO Annual Report 2007 19 PRIO Annual Report 2007 20 www.prio.no Defended June. (UiB). OlafSmedal, Supervisor: UiB. Social Anthropology, ofBergen University Rape of That ShookOkinawa, Department Strømmen, Kjersti.IgnitingIdentity: The Carling,KU &Jørgen PRIO. Defended June. Nielsen, Korsholm HansChristian Supervisors: Anthropology, ofCopenhagen(KU). University Motivations inMorocco, Department of Go Abroad’: An Ethnographic Analysis ofMigration Sandbæk, MiriamLatif. ‘Everybody Wants To Fafo &ScottGates, PRIO. Defended Summer. Bøås, ofOslo.University Morten Supervisors: Science, Peace andConflictStudies, Peace ofPolitical inBurundi?, Department Institutional Power toSustaining Contribute Lothe, Elisabeth. EndingEthnicConflict: Can Burgess, PRIO. Defended 27June. Guzmán,Vicent Martìnez UJI&J. Peter Jaume I(UJI), Castelló, Spain. Supervisor: Conflict &Development Studies, Universitat Eastern ‘Other’: IdentityandSecurity, Peace, andtheMiddle- Norwegian MediaDiscourse Jacobsen, ElidaKristineUndrum. Åshild Kolås, PRIO. Defended 6June. (AUB). SamirKhalaf, Supervisors: AUB & Studies,Eastern inBeirut University American Assassination, Centerfor andMiddle Arab Mobilisation inthe ofHariri’s Aftermath Nation: UrbanPublic SpaceandPolitical Gahre, Christian. StagingtheLebanese Master’s Degree Dissertations Kravdal, UiO. Defended 10February. sors: NilsPetter Gleditsch, PRIO&Øystein Science, ofOslo(UiO).- University Supervi ofPolitical Conflict,Department Armed Urdal, Henrik.Demography andDomestic Hegre, PRIO&UiO. Defended 22June. ofOslo(UiO). Håvard University Supervisor: ofPoliticalWar Science, Revisited, Department Strand, Håvard. Political Regimes andCivil Reichberg, PRIO. Defended 5February. Schei,Kaul andBerit NTNU&Greg and Technology (NTNU). Hjørdis Supervisors: Psychology, ofScience Norwegian University of theBosnian War-Rapes, of Department Political-Psychological Analysis ofthe Aftermath Skjelsbæk, Inger. Voicing Silence: A Harpviken, PRIO. Defended 30May. Mjøset, Lars Berg Supervisors: UiO&Kristian Human Geography, ofOslo(UiO). University in Norway, Department of Sociology and Movements, theState, andPolitical Opportunities Protest inaConsensusDemocracy: Social Kjellman, KjellErling. Mobilization and Tønnesson, PRIO. Defended 14September. Nick vanHear, ofOxford &Stein University Geography, ofOslo. University Supervisors: ofSociologyandHuman Department ImmigrationContext Policy, ofRestrictive Carling, Jørgen. Transnationalism inthe Doctoral Dissertations Selected Publicationsin2007 A&M University Press.A&M University East Central CollegeStation, Europe. TX: Texas the Transformation ofDemocracy: The Caseof Ramet, SabrinaP. TheLiberal Projectand Paris:Europe. UNESCO. and EducationalFrameworks in Western Promoting HumanSecurity: Ethical, Normative deKoning.Kim Knibbe &Martijn Gunhild Hoogensen, SonjaKittelsen, Bellanova, Alfio Cerami, ErikEggum, Salemink, EdienBartels, Rocco Khalid Koser, Keith Krause, Oscar Burgess, J. Peter; Anthony Amicelle, Monographs Onset: Results from a New Dataset of Natural ‘Resource Wealth and theRiskofCivil War de Soysa, Indra&EricNeumayer. Institute 13(4): 987–1006. oftheRoyal Journal in Cyprus’, Anthropological Cross? Subjectivizationandthe Absent State Demetriou, Olga. ‘To CrossorNot To 247–270. Problem”’, Cooperation andConflict 42(3): Bicommunalism, andthe Hybridity “Cyprus Constantinou, Costas. ofIdentity:‘Aporias of ConflictResolution 51(1): 58–87. Frequency ofSevere Terrorist Events’, Journal Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. ‘Onthe Clauset, Aaron; Maxwell Young & tion 45(4): 3–37. from Migra- toSpain’,International Africa Carling, Jørgen. Migration ‘Unauthorized 316–343. Borders’, Migration Review International 41(2): FatalitiesattheSpanish–African Migrant Carling, Jørgen. Controland ‘Migration Environment 28(6): 337–353. and CivilConflict, 1961–99’, Population and Man?EnvironmentalGiant orStraw Pressure Soysa &NilsPetter Gleditsch. ‘Green Binningsbø, HelgaMalmin; Indrade sis 31(3): 447–465. of Superpower”’,“Energy Strategic Analy- Baev, Pavel K. ‘Russia Aspires totheStatus Political 19(2):Violence 247–268. Examining Post-Soviet Conflicts’, Terrorism and Baev, Pavel K. ‘DefiningCivil War by Peer -Reviewed Journal Articles of Catholic University Press.America Perspectives.Contemporary Washington, DC: Ethics, Nationalism, andJust War: Medieval and Syse, Henrik&GregoryReichberg, eds. Station, TX: Texas Press.A&M University eds. Democratic Transition inCroatia. College Ramet, SabrinaP. &Davorka Matic, Press. University Cambridge Cambridge:and SocializationinEurope. Checkel, Jeffrey, Institutions ed.International Edited Volumes History of International Law 9(1): ofInternational 3–33.History Classical Just War ofthe Theory’, Journal Reichberg, Gregory. ‘Preventive War in 16(2):tory 215–231. Yugoslavia’, EuropeanHis- Contemporary Croatian Peasant Defence intheKingdomof Ramet, SabrinaP. ‘Vladko Maèekandthe 16(2): EuropeanHistory 199–202.rary Croatian History: An Introduction’, Contempo- Ramet, SabrinaP. ‘Vladko Maèekand ment andBlame’, SüdostEuropa 55(1): 26–69. Yugoslavia: of Resent- CompetingNarratives Ramet, SabrinaP. ‘TheDissolutionof Post-Communist Studies 40(1): 41–58. Culture Since2000’,Communistand and ItsConsequences: SerbianPolitical Ramet, SabrinaP. ‘TheDenialSyndrome 674–694. and Conflict’,Armed Political Geography 26(6): ‘Climate Change, Environmental Degradation Raleigh, Clionadh&HenrikUrdal. Political Geography 26(6): 627–638. Gleditsch. ‘ClimateChangeandConflict’, Nordås, Ragnhild &NilsPetter Strategic Analysis 31(5): 853–860. ‘On theStateofMedia Violence inNepal’, Miklian, Jason&IngvillHåkås Tveite. Policy 28: 401–409. of Violence’, ofPublic Health Journal Marsh, Nicholas. ‘Taming the Tools Studies Perspectives 8(1): 54–72. Acquisition inCivil War’, International Capital: The Roleof Weapons Marsh, Nicholas. ‘Conflict Specific Strategic Analysis 31(4): 625–643. Balance: The GeopoliticsofGas’, Kolås, Åshild. inthe ‘Burma 16(2):Security 121–142. Infectious Disease’, European and theGlobalCirculationof Bounded Space: Europe, Security, Kittelsen, Sonja. ‘Beyond 293–309. War’, ofPeace Journal Research 44(3): ‘Transnational DimensionsofCivil Gleditsch, KristianSkrede. ment Economics 12(1): 33–53. Saving’, Environment andDevelop- andGenuine the ResourceCurse & IndradeSoysa. ‘Corruption, Dietz, Simon; EricNeumayer 51(4):Quarterly 927–943. 1980–2000’, Studies International Religion andPolitical Terror, Nordås. ‘Islam’s BloodyInnards? de Soysa, Indra&Ragnhild 201–218. Management andPeace Science 24(3): Resource Rents, 1970–1999’, Conflict 34(2): 157–176. Studies East’, ofMiddleEastern Journal British States inthePeace ProcessintheMiddle and the “Whale”: Norway and theUnited Waage, HildeHenriksen. ‘The “Minnow” Strategic Analysis 31(3): 417–445. Security’,Climate ChangeandEnergy Proactive IndianandChinese Approach to Tønnesson, Stein. ‘The Case for a Social ScienceResearch 37(1): 268–286. Datafrom30Countries’,Analysis ofSurvey Muslim PrejudiceinEurope: A Multilevel Strabac, Zan&OlaListhaug. ‘Anti- Society 33(4): 571–590. Forcesand Efforts’, Armed tion Integration ofSuccessfor- Post-Interven Determinants “National” –BuildingNations? Armies Simonsen, Sven Gunnar. ‘Building 232–245. Ethics 6(3):Philosophy’, ofMilitary Journal Roy, Kaushik. ‘JustandUnjust War inHindu Conflict &Violence 1(2): 169–184. of the JewishSettlers’, Journal International Contradiction: Examiningthe Worldview of Røislien, HanneEggen. ‘Livingwith ofSociology37(3):tional Journal 75–95. the EthnicConflictinMacedonia’,- Interna Listhaug. ‘DisaggregatingPublic Opinionon Ringdal, Kristen; Simkus&Ola Albert one-page chapters inPaul KhalilSaucier,one-page chapters ed., ‘Population’ and ‘Remittances’, of aseries ‘Diaspora’, ‘Immigration’, ‘Emigration’, Carling, Jørgen &Richard A. Lobban. Schmitt.Carl London: Routledge(185–201). Petito, eds, Political TheInternational Thought of Nomos of Europe’, in Louiza Odysseos & Fabio Schmitt’sUnion Law andCarl ofthe Theory Burgess, J. Peter. ‘The Evolution of European chaft (205–212). War]. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesells- ProcessesaftertheSecond Crimes World Weltkrieg Dimensionsof [Historical War nachdemZweiten Krigsverbrecherprozessen Form, eds, Dimensionenvon Historische Dieter Rössner, Theo Schiller & Wolfgang Crimes’,International inHenningRadtke, Investigation andProsecutionofCore New Court: Bringing Technologies intothe Criminal ‘Innovations attheInternational Bergsmo, &Philippa Morten Webb. (99–103).Affairs Politics’].Security Oslo: ofForeign Ministry [‘InterestsandChallengesin og utfordringer Henrik Thune, eds, Sikkerhetspolitiske interesser for Norway’,Opportunities in Aina Holm& andDefence Policy:Security Challengesand Baev, Pavel K. ‘Current Trends inRussia’s Book Chapters Adonis & Abbey (89–101). of Reconstitution inthe Horn Africa. London: Gundel, eds, Somalia: Diaspora andState Osman Farah, MammoMuchie&Joakim DreamsofRelatives’,ties andMigration in Minneapolis DealingwithFamily Responsibili- Horst, Cindy. ‘ConnectedLives: Somalisin (177–195). DC: UnitedStatesInstituteofPeace Press Management inaDivided World. Washington, eds, LeashingtheDogsof War: Conflict Crocker, FenOslerHampson&Pamela Aall, Change, Security, andConflict’, inChester Gleditsch, NilsPetter. ‘Environmental lan/Thomson Gale. Hills, Farmington Social Sciences. MI: Macmil- Singleton, eds, Encyclopediaofthe International Mason, Paula McClain, David Scott& Theresa Bonilla-Silva, PhilipConstanzo, L. Patrick Yugoslavian’, in William A. Darity, Eduardo Gleditsch, KristianSkrede. ‘Civil War, Press(221–243).University tive Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge Cooperation: Regional InstitutionsinCompara- & Acharya Alastair IainJohnston, eds, Crafting the EUReally All That Different?’, in Amitav the QualityofCooperation: Are Europeand Checkel, Jeffrey. ‘SocialMechanismsand Verde. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. oftheRepublic ofCape Dictionary Historical Photo: SigurdZiegler

PRIO Annual Report 2007 21 Horst, Cindy. ‘The Role of Remittances in the Non-Referred Journal Articles Rolandsen, Øystein H. ‘The Restructuring of Transnational Livelihood Strategies of Somalis’, Baev, Pavel K. ‘Statehood and Security: Sudan’s People Liberation Movement in Three in Ton van Naerssen, Annelies Zoomers & Ernst Georgia After the Rose Revolution’, Slavic Southern States’, PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO. Spaan, eds, Global Migration and Development. Review 66(2): 341–342. London: Routledge (91–110). Sitas, Ari; Dilek Latif & Natasa Loizou. Buhaug, Halvard. ‘The Future Is More Prospects of Reconciliation, Co-existence and Horst, Cindy. ‘The Somali Community in Than Scale: A Reply to Diehl and O’Lear’, Forgiveness in Cyprus in the Post-Referendum Minneapolis: Expectations and Realities’, in Geopolitics 12(1): 192–199. Period, PRIO Report 4/2007. Oslo: PRIO. Abdi Kusow & Stephanie Bjork, eds, From Carling, Jørgen. ‘The Merits and Limita- Mogadishu to Dixon: The Somali Diaspora in a Skjelsbæk, Inger. ‘Gender Aspects of tions of Spain’s High-Tech Border Control’, Global Context. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea (275–294). International Military Interventions: National Migration Information Source, June and International Perspectives’, PRIO Paper. Ramet, Sabrina P. ‘What’s Love (of Oslo: PRIO. Country) Got To Do With It? Civic Values in Demetriou, Olga. ‘Freedom Square: The Democratic Transition’, in Sabrina P. Ramet & Unspoken of a Divided City’, Hagar 7(1). Thurin, Anne, ed. Integrating Small Arms Davorka Matic, eds, Democratic Transition in Gleditsch, Nils Petter. ‘Changements Measures into Development Programmes: Croatia. College Station, TX: Texas A&M environnementaux, sécurité et conflits’ Report from an International Workshop, Oslo, 30 University Press (1–27). [Environmental Change, Security and November–1 December 2006, PRIO Report Reichberg, Gregory & Henrik Syse. Conflict], Les Cahiers de la Securité 63(4): 1/2007. Oslo: PRIO. ‘Protecting the Natural Environment in 121–156. Wartime: Ethical Considerations from the Just Reports (Other) Gleditsch, Nils Petter. ‘Incentives To Publish’, War Tradition’, in Henrik Syse & Gregory Carling, Jørgen. ‘European Strategies for European Political Science 6(2): 185–191. Reichberg, eds, Ethics, Nationalism, and Just Reducing “Unwanted” Immigration’. War: Medieval and Contemporary Perspectives. Kolås, Åshild. ‘China in African Oil: Guilty as Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Interna- Washington, DC: Catholic University of Charged?’, EPS Quarterly 20(2): 6–8. tional Studies (DIIS). America Press (190–217). Miklian, Jason & Ingvill Håkås Tveite. Pugel, James. ‘What the Fighters Say: A ‘On the State of Media Violence in Nepal’, Reichberg, Gregory. ‘Is There a “Presump- Survey of Ex-Combatants in Liberia February– Strategic Analysis 31(5): 853–860. tion Against War” in Aquinas’s Ethics?’, in Henrik March 2006 – A UNDP-Funded Empirical Syse & Gregorg Reichberg, eds, Ethics, Mouhleb, Naima. ‘Algerie: Amnesti som en vei Study Conducted in Partnership with African Nationalism, and Just War: Medieval and ut av volden?’ [Algeria: Amnesty as a Recourse Network for the Prevention and Protection Contemporary Perspectives. Washington, DC: from Violence?], Babylon 5(2): 130–137. Against Child Abuse and Neglect (ANPPCAN)’. Catholic University of America Press (72–98). Liberia: Joint Implementation Unit, United Rolandsen, Øystein H. ‘Sudan: The Janjawiid Reports in External Series Nations Development Programme. and Government Militias’, in Morten Bøås, ed., de Soysa, Indra & Eric Neumayer. Thoresen, Beate & Wenche Hauge. ‘El African Guerrillas: Raging Against the Machine. ‘Disarming Fears of Diversity: Ethnic destino de los excombatientes en Guatemala: Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner (151–171). Heterogeneity and State Militarization’, World obstaculizadores o agentes de cambio?’ [The Bank Policy Research Working Paper. Roy, Kaushik. ‘Conventional War’, in Jyoti Fate of Former Combatants in Guatemala: Washington, DC: World Bank. Bhusan Das Gupta, ed., History of Science, Spoilers or Agents for Change?]. Guatemala Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, City: Magna Terra. Volume XV; Part 1: Science, Technology, Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Ragnhild Imperialism and War. New Delhi: Pearson Nordås & Idean Salehyan. ‘Climate Tryggestad, Torunn L. & Inger Longman (641–707). Change and Conflict: The Migration Link’, Skjelsbæk. ‘Kvinner i Forsvaret og Coping with Crisis Working Paper Series. implementering av FNs Sikkerhetsrådsresolus- Roy, Kaushik. ‘The Theories of War’, in Jyoti New York: International Peace Academy. jon 1325 om kvinner, fred og sikkerhet: Bhusan Das Gupta, ed., History of Science, Potensial, status og anbefalte tiltak’ [Women Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Gürel, Ayla. ‘Can the European Union Help in the Norwegian Armed Forces and Volume XV; Part 1: Science, Technology, “Reunite” Cyprus?’, in Cyprus After Accession: Implementation of UN Security Council Imperialism and War. New Delhi: Pearson Getting Past ‘No’. Oxford: SEESOX, St. Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Longman (575–639). Anthony’s College, Oxford (20–29). Security: Potential, Status and Recommenda- tions ]. Oslo: PRIO. Tank, Pinar. ‘Turkey’s Ambiguous Identity: Reports in PRIO Series The Symbolic Significance of EU Member- Bergsmo, Morten; Mads Harlem & Reports to Donors/Funders ship’, in Edgeir Benum, Alf Johansson, Jan-Erik Nobuo Hayashi. ‘Importing Core Smilden & Alf Storrud, eds, Are We Captives of Hauge, Wenche. ‘The Demobilization and International Crimes into National Criminal Political Participation of Female Fighters in History? Historical Essays on Turkey and Europe. Law’, FICJC Publication no. 1 (2007). Oslo: PRIO. Oslo: UniPub (129–148). Guatemala’, report submitted to the Borchgrevink, Kaja. ‘Religious Actors and Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Franklin Roosevelt, Civil Society in Post-2001 Afghanistan’, PRIO Trusteeship, and Indochina: A Reassessment’, Paper. Oslo: PRIO. Horst, Cindy & Khadra Elmi. ‘Participa- tion in Sustainable Livelihoods: An Assess- in Mark Atwood Lawrence & Fred Logevall, Carling, Jørgen; Marta Bivand Erdal, ment of Socio-Economic Conditions in eds, The First Vietnam War: Colonial Conflict Cindy Horst & Hilde Wallacher. Legal, Dadaab and the Impact of DRC-Care and Cold War Crisis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Rapid and Reasonably Priced? A Survey of Interventions’, report submitted to the University Press (56–73). Remittance Services in Norway, PRIO Report Danish Refugee Council, Nairobi. 3/2007. Oslo: PRIO. Urdal, Henrik. ‘The Demographics of Political Violence: Youth Bulges, Insecurity and Hatay, Mete. Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Horst, Cindy. ‘Globalization of Protracted Conflict’, in Lael Brainard & Derek Chollet, Shrinking? An Overview of the Ethno-Demogra- Refugee Situations: Kenya Case Study eds, Too Poor for Peace? Global Poverty, Conflict phy in Cyprus in the Light of Preliminary Results Fieldwork Report’, report to the Social and Security in the 21st Century. Washington, of the Turkish Cypriot 2006 Census, PRIO Science and Humanities Research Council of DC: Brookings Institution Press (90–100). Report 2/2007. Oslo: PRIO. Canada (SSHRC). PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 22 Monitor 4(30), 12February. Kremlin for FreshInstructions’, Eurasia Daily Baev, Pavel K. ‘BigBusinessIsInvited to the Monitor 4(15), 22January. “War on Terror” IsNotOver’, Eurasia Daily Baev, Pavel K. ‘Moscow IsReminded That Monitor 4(5), 8January. Over DealswithIran’, Eurasiaport Daily Baev, Pavel K. ‘USSanctionsRosoboronex- Popular Articles Mine Action’, PRIOPolicy 8. Brief Oslo: PRIO. Wallacher, Hilde. ‘GenderMainstreamingin 6.Brief Oslo: PRIO. inColombia’,Justice Discourse PRIOPolicy Saffon. ‘Uses and Abuses of Transitional Uprimny, Rodrigo &MariaPaula PRIO Policy 7. Brief Oslo: PRIO. Nalepa, Monika. asInsurance’,‘Infiltration Policy 4. Brief Oslo: PRIO. Justice’, Criminal and International PRIO Hartmann, Florence. Politics‘International 5. Oslo: PRIO. the Limitsof Accountability’, PRIOPolicy Brief Cohen, David. ‘War Crimes Tribunals and Oslo: PRIO. the Norwegian Setting’, PRIOPolicy 2. Brief ‘Societal Security: DefinitionsandScope for Burgess, J. Peter &NaimaMouhleb. in Norway’, PRIOPolicy 9. Brief Oslo: PRIO. Presentation oftheStateSocietalSecurity Burgess, J. Peter &NaimaMouhleb. ‘A Bio- European Commission’s Green Paper‘Between Prevention andPreparedness: on The Burgess, J. Peter &SonjaKittelsen. Bergen: PRIO, CPAU &CMI. stan’, PRIO–CPAU–CMI Policy Brief. Oslo/ Religious CivilSocietyinPost-2001 Afghani- Strand. ‘DisconnectedandDiscounted? Zaman, Mirwais Wardak & Arne Harpviken, KanishkaNawabi, Idrees Borchgrevink, Kaja; KristianBerg Policy Briefs Studies,of International Geneva. Institute oftheGraduate Small Survey Arms Open Sources’,commissionedby the report the SudanConflictComplex– AReviewof ‘Weapons Acquisition by Groupsin Armed Marsh, Nicholas& Thomas Jackson. Domain Technical Committee. COST SocialSciencesandHumanities tion of Violence’, submittedtothe report A25 EuropeanSmall andthePerpetuaArms - for COST ‘AnnualAction ProgressReport Marsh, Nicholas& Thomas Jackson. ofForeign to theNorwegianAffairs. Ministry 2006’,submitted ProjectDuring Arms report onthe Affairs Activities oftheNISAT Small ofForeign totheRoyal Ministry Report Marsh, Nicholas. andFinancial ‘Narrative Preparedness’, PRIOPolicy 3. Brief Oslo: PRIO.

23 February–1 March. bladet, 23February–1 rett’ [JusticeIsNot Always Right],- Morgen Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Rettferd erikke alltid the USA?], 19–25January. Morgenbladet, mot USA?’ [Why NotMore Terror Against Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Hvorfor ikke merterror in Battle], 24 Morgenbladet, August. Skjelsbæk, Inger. ‘KvinneriKamp’ [Women from theNorth],Aftenposten,30December. Soysa. Nord’ ‘Nyttigeidioterfra [UsefulIdiots Saravanthan, Muttukrishna&Indrade Aftenposten, 16January. fornyede rolle’ [Religion’s Renewed Role], Røislien, HanneEggen. ‘Religionens 23 February. strasjon’ Demonstration], [AnEternal Ny Tid, Nome, Frida Austvoll. ‘Enevigdemon- Nest], Ny Tid, 26January. Nome, Frida Austvoll. ‘Ormebol’ [Viper’s Aftenposten, 17January. normalt’ [DialogueIs Also Normal], Nome, Frida Austvoll. ‘Dialog erogså of the War’, Nepali 21December.Times, Success Story in Removing a Dangerous Legacy Miklian, Jason. ‘Progressive Demining: A Rare for Nepal’,Press Matters Nepali 13–19July.Times, Miklian, Jason. ‘Pressing Need: Why aFree Forward?’, MainichiDailyNews, 15November. To BanClusterMunitions: Which Way Kjellman, KjellErling. ‘TheOsloProcess Dagbladet, 19February. mulighet?’ Opportunity?], [AHistoric Kjellman, KjellErling. ‘En historisk 18 January. orBenefactors?], Dagbladet,Warriors eller velgjørere?’ [SomalisinNorway: Horst, Cindy. ‘SomaliereiNorge: Krigere Aftenposten, 16 April. EU’ [Norway: European Without EU], Burgess, J. Peter. ‘Norge: Europeiskuten Morgenbladet, 1June. [Will ClimateChangeLeadtoMore War?], Henrik Urdal. krig?’ ‘Skaperklimaendring Buhaug, Halvard; ClionadhRaleigh& Limbo], Aftenposten,1October. ‘Freden larvente påseg’ [Peace Remainsin Buhaug, Halvard &Håvard Strand. Eurasia DailyMonitor4(157), 13 August. To Play Solo in the Middle Eastern “Quartet”’, Baev, Pavel K. ‘Moscow Looksfor Opening Monitor 4(153), 7 August. Pole’,Claim attheNorth Eurasia Daily Baev, Pavel K. ‘RussianFlagStakes Energy Eurasia DailyMonitor4(80), 24 April. Kremlin Shiftsinthe “Munich” Direction’, Baev, Pavel K. ‘Economic Thinking inthe Daily Monitor4(49), 12March. 1917 HangsOver Putin’s Final Year’, Eurasia Baev, Pavel K. ‘The Shadow ofFebruary February. New Course’, Eurasia DailyMonitor4(39), 26 Baev, Pavel K. ‘The Iranian Test for Putin’s Power], Morgenbladet, 21December–3January. Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Olje girmakt’ [OilsGives NATO’s Grave], Morgenbladet, 9–15November. NATOs grav’ [AfghanistanMay Become Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Afghanistankanbli New in War?], Morgenbladet, 24–30 August. Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Hvaernytt ikrig?’ [What’s Morgenbladet, 13–19July. USA?’ [Whoor What Threatens theUSA?], Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Hvem ellerhvatruer [Global Peace Index], Morgenbladet, 15–21June. Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Global fredsindeks’ 11–17 May. grav’ DigsItsOwnGrave], [Iran Morgenbladet, Tønnesson, Stein. graver sinegen ‘Iran March. [China’s IncreasingPower], 30 Morgenbladet, Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Kinas økende makt’ 30March.Morgenbladet, verden’ [China’s Harmonious World], Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Kinas harmoniske March, May, September. eds. ofPeace Journal 44(2, Research 3, 5), Urdal, Henrik&NilsPetter Gleditsch, issue onClimateChangeandConflict. eds. Political Geography 26(6), August; special Nordås, Ragnhild &NilsPetter Gleditsch, Research 44(1, 6), January, November. Gleditsch, NilsPetter, ofPeace ed.Journal 3, 4), September, December. Burgess, J. Peter, Dialogue 38(1, ed.Security Journal Issues 345–347. of Civilians’ inGenderandDevelopment 15(2): Children: andtheProtection GenderNorms Carpenter, ed., ‘Innocent Women and Skjelsbæk, Inger. R. ReviewofCharli Babylon 5(2): 174–175. [My Life with Al-Qaeda: in A Spy’s Story] ed., ‘Mitt livmedal-Qaida. Enspions historie’ Mouhleb, Naima.ReviewofOmarNasiri, Lobby’ inPalestina 12(4): 30–31. &StephenM.Mearsheimer Walt, ‘The Israel Jensehaugen, Jørgen. ReviewofJohn Refugee Studies 20(4): 373–374. Refugees: IssuesandGuidelines’ of inJournal Rhetta Moran, eds, ‘Doing Researchwith Horst, Cindy. ReviewofBogusia Temple & ReviewCyprus 19(2): 137–141. The ChallengesofNGOPeacebuilding’ in Carey,& Henry eds, Peace:‘Subcontracting Gürel, Ayla. ReviewofOliver P. Richmond Security’ inSlavicReview 66(2): 341–342. Legvold,& Robert eds, ‘Statehood and Baev, Pavel Coppieters K.ReviewofBruno Book Reviews www.prio.no

PRIO Annual Report 2007 23 PRIO Board

PRIO Board As indicated by PRIO’s Statutes, the PRIO Board consists of five external members nominated by other institutions and two staff members nominated by the staff. In addition, the Institute Director, Deputy Director and Administrative Director participate in its meetings without voting rights. The external nominating bodies are the Institute for Social Research, the Research Council of Norway (which nominates two members), the University of Oslo, and the Nordic Interna- tional Studies Association (whose nominee must be from another Nordic country). At 31 March 2008, the members and their deputies were as follows:

Board Members Bernt Aardal (Chair) University of Oslo

Back: Jan Paul Brekke, Raimo Väyrynen, Mette Halskov Hansen, Bernt Aardal (chair) Jan Paul Brekke Front: J Peter Burgess, Martha Snodgrass (dep), Ragnhild Sohlberg Institute for Social Research, Oslo Photo: Knut S. Åbjørsbråten Mette Halskov Hansen (Deputy Chair) Director’s Office University of Oslo Ragnhild Sohlberg Norsk Hydro ASA

Raimo Väyrynen Finnish Institute of International Affairs

J. Peter Burgess PRIO

Inger Skjelsbæk PRIO

Deputies Damian Laws, Kristian Berg Harpviken, Ingeborg K. Haavardsson, Stein Tønnesson Rolf Tamnes Photo: Sven Gunnar Simonsen Institute for Defence Studies

Jo Saglie Prio Administration Institute for Social Research, Oslo

Dag Harald Claes University of Oslo

Britt T. B. Brestrup Norwegian National Defence College

Karin Aggestam Lund University

Jørgen Carling PRIO

Martha Snodgrass PRIO

Stein Tønnesson (ex officio) Kristian Berg Harpviken (ex officio) Jonas R. Wang, Thomas Lieungh, Cathrine Bye, Lars Even Andersen, Lorna Q. Sandberg, Lars Even Andersen (ex officio) Svein Normann. Photo: Marit Moe-Pryce PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 24

Board Member Inger Skjelsbæk Board Member Jan Paul Brekke Chair Bernt Aardal Oslo, 13March2008 were NOK48.8millionand22.9 million). figures for 2006 The corresponding liabilities(NOK22 equal 2.3timescurrent good. assets(NOK51.4million) Current and PRIO’s liquiditysituationisconsidered 31 December2006to2007, million intheinstitute’s cashequivalentsfrom analysis alsoshows anetincrease ofNOK3 58% ofnetassetsandliabilities. The cash-flow amount toNOK30.5million, equivalentto added toothernetassets, whichnow to 3–5%ofturnover. willbe The 2007surplus equivalent assets throughanannual surplus four-year aimofbuilding upnet strategic 2006, thisfigureisinaccordwiththe 3.2 million. Though lower for thanthesurplus ofNOK The 2007accountsshow asurplus figure for 2006. of 11%onthecorresponding amounted toNOK65.9million, anincrease activity. The institute’s income totaloperating The annual accountsreflectthehighlevel of profile andcoverage. high level ofactivity, andadistinctmedia good year for PRIO, withsolidresearch, a We consider2007tohave beenanother • • • • programmes: ofone terms ‘Centre ofExcellence’ andthree In 2007, in researchatPRIOwasorganized 2005–09. for theterm 2004 wasreappointedasInstituteDirector has beenheadedby Stein Tønnesson, whoin conflict.of armed Since2001, theinstitute lasting peacecanbeestablished inthewake why theylastaslongdo, andhow research on, inparticular, breakout, why wars academic discipline. The instituteconducts establishing peaceresearchasanimportant rolein played international acentral Peace ResearchInstitute, Oslo(PRIO)has Since itsfoundation in1959, theInternational fromReport theBoard 2007 Burgess). (Leader: programme Security (Leader: Gregory Reichberg); Gregory (Leader: Ethics, ÅshildKolås); (Leader: programme Conflict ResolutionandPeacebuilding ScottGates); (Director: Centre for theStudyofCivil andIdentitiesprogramme Norms J. War (CSCW) Peter

Ragnhild Sohlberg James Peter Burgess Stein Tønnesson Board Member Board Member Director established, environment andawork havemental awareness andsecurity been environment. Routinesfor health, environ- working PRIO enjoys agoodinternal aremet. conditions for continued operation certain. Itistheboard’s opinionthatthe budgeted incomefor 2008wasconsidered 2008. oftheyear, At thestart 73%ofthe for financialsurplus turnover andamoderate PRIO hasbudgeted witha10%increase in mechanismisbeingphasedout.the SIPgrant 2007, compensatingfor thefactthat partially This representsanincreaseof33%over has approved of NOK 9,998,000. a core grant For 2008, theResearchCouncilofNorway European Commission. ofDefence, the Ministry World Bankandthe (Norad),ment Cooperation theNorwegian (35%), theNorwegian Agency for Develop- ofForeign the NorwegianAffairs Ministry projects forotherfunders, several including throughresearch income wasgenerated projectgrants. through ordinary Additional income camefromtheResearchCouncil total turnover. 11%oftheinstitute’s A further Excellence represented15%oftheinstitute’s Norway’s totheCentreof contribution Correspondingly, theResearchCouncilof of theinstitute’s revenues operating in2007. Thus, together, corefundsrepresented17% of theinstitute’s totalincome, respectively. fundingrepresented11%and6% programme In 2007, institute andstrategic thecoregrant will increasingly bebasedonresults. allocation ofcorefundstoresearchinstitutes expected that, witheffect from2009, the initiated a revision of these guidelines, and it is ofEducationandResearchhas Ministry building withinkey researchareas. The competence- the institutethroughlong-term outat ensure thequalityofresearchcarried research institutes, thesecorefunds should guidelines for governmental fundingof (basisbevilgning). According tocurrent constitutePRIO’sgrants corefunds are settoexpireattheendof2008. These two strategic instituteprogrammes (SIPs)that Research CouncilofNorway, andalsohas fromthe The institutereceives acoregrant million, respectively. offices inOslo. outatPRIO’sinstitute’s activities arecarried Centre,from thePRIOCyprus allofthe been established inNicosia, Cyprus. Apart In relationtothisproject, officehas abranch Mediterranean’.Reconciliation intheEastern PRIO isengagedintheproject ‘Peace and were responsible for 42%ofthese. staffatPRIO,tive andsupport andwomen - wereby performed administra person-years competence.professorial Inaddition, 17 37%, whileitwasonly 5%for thosewith holding PhDs, figurewas thecorresponding worked. person-years Forseniorresearchers women were responsible for 60%ofthe person-years. Among juniorresearchers, research staffattheinstituteamountedto43 employees. In2007, outby carried work PRIO promotesgenderequalityfor its atPRIOin2007. and/or workspace degree studentsbenefitedfromscholarships candidatesandtwelvedoctoral master’s have degrees. doctoral thirteen further Ten ), 1 competence(forsker professorial anda institute in2007. Seven ofthesehave were employedresearchers full-timeby the basis.CSCW onapart-time Thirty-four 2007,PRIO during many ofthoseby the two. were engagedby A totalof131persons increasedby the number ofperson-years increased by threefrom2006to2007, and people employed theyear atPRIOduring 60 person-years. The average number of 2007,PRIO during anequivalentof working On average, 81peoplewere employed at environment. does notpollutetheexternal decrease thatthisrepresents. The institute in 2006), andPRIOissatisfiedwith the sickleave in2007was2.4%(5.2% Reported the InstituteCouncilandPRIOBoard. oforrepresentationon through membership indecisionmakingattheinstitute participate more inclusive workplace. PRIOemployees a committed totheagreementonfostering committee hasbeensetup. PRIOisalso Raimo Väyrynen Mette Halskov Hansen Board Member Board Member www.prio.no

PRIO Annual Report 2007 25

Income Statement (All figures in NOK thousands) 2007Photo: Stein Tønnesson in2006 Niger, chewing a makeshift toothbrush. OPERATING REVENUES Core grants 11 520 10 662 Project grants 50 550 42 867 Sales revenues 2 594 3 284 Other revenues 1 204 2 774 Total operating revenues 65 867 59 587 Note 3 OPERATING EXPENSES Salaries and social costs 34 472 32 542 Note 7 Professional fees 5 679 2 528 Other personnel costs 1 512 1 742 Office costs 10 565 6 821 Notes 5, 9 Running costs field offices 1 850 1 089 Travel, representation and seminars 9 113 8 703 Depreciations 1 034 653 Note 4 Total operating expenses 64 225 54 078 Operating surplus (deficit) 1 643 5 509 FINANCIAL INCOME/EXPENSES Financial income 1 576 532 Financial expenses 16 92 Net financial items 1 560 440 NET SURPLUS Net surplus 3 203 5 949 DISPOSAL OF NET SURPLUS Transferred to other equity capital 3 203 5 949

Cash-Flow Statement (All figures in NOK thousands) 2007 2006 CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Annual surplus 3 203 5 949 Depreciations 1 034 653 Loss on disposal of fixed assets 18 Gain on disposal of fixed assets Change project advances from funders -2 098 2 615 Change debtors 122 -939 Change other receivables 344 -1 094 Change accounts payable and other liabilities 1 270 -59 Effect of pension fund 1 097 1 173 Change in other periodized items -71 304 Net cash flow from operating activities 4 890 8 620 CASH FLOW FROM INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES Payments for purchase of fixed assets -1 878 -1 104 Payments for sale of fixed assets Net cash flow from investment activities -1 878 -1 104 CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Net change in cash and cash equivalents 3 022 7 516 Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January 39 963 32 447 Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December 42 985 39 963 PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 26

Oslo, 13March2008 Board Member Inger Skjelsbæk Board Member Jan Paul Brekke Chair Bernt Aardal (All figuresinNOKthousands) Balance Sheet Total netassetsandliabilities Total current liabilities Other liabilities Accounts payable Project advancesfromfunders Withholding tax, socialsecurity, VAT liabilities Current Total allocationfor liabilities Pension liabilities Allocation for liabilities Total netassets31December Other equitycapital Basic capital Net assets NET ASSETS AND LIABILITIES Total assets Total current assets financialinstruments term Short Bank andcashinhand Other receivables Debtors assets Current Total fixed assets Machines andfurniture Fixed assets ASSETS Ragnhild Sohlberg James Peter Burgess Stein Tønnesson Board Member Board Member Director 54 179 21 983 30 493 54 179 51 363 12 175 24 296 12 899 30 086 1 703 2 816 5 874 1 662 2 272 1 703 6 197 1 749 6 629 2 816 2007 Raimo Väyrynen Mette Halskov Hansen Board Member Board Member 50 779 22 883 27 290 50 779 48 806 14 274 21 093 39 963 1 973 4 850 1 416 2 343 6 197 2 093 6 750 1 973 2006 606 606 Note 11 Note 3 Note 6 Note 2 Note 3 Note 4 www.prio.no

PRIO Annual Report 2007 27

Notes to the Accounts at 31 December 2007 Note 1: Accounting Principles The annual accounts are produced in accordance with the Accounting Act of 1998 and sound accounting practice. Photo: Stein Tønnesson in Niger, chewing a makeshift toothbrush. Valuation and Classification of Assets and Liabilities Long-lived assets aimed at permanent utilization or ownership are classified as fixed assets. Other assets are classified as current assets. Items falling due within one year are classified as current assets and liabilities.

Fixed assets are stated at historical cost net of accumulated depreciation or at estimated fair value if less than book value and the decline in book value is not perceived as temporary. Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis at rates calculated to amortize each asset over its expected economic lifetime. Current assets are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Assets and liabilities in foreign currency are valued at year-end exchange rates.

Principles for the Entering of Royalty Income Revenue on royalty is recognized in the year the money is received.

Pensions The basis for recording pension liabilities is estimated salary level upon retirement and years of service. Deviations from estimates and effects of changes in assumptions are amortized over expected remaining years of service if exceeding 10% of the greater of pension liabilities and pension funds. Changes in the pension plan are dispersed over the remaining years of service. The figures include payroll tax. The pension means are assessed at real value.

Note 2: Separate Bank Account for Withholding Taxes The balance in the separate bank account for withholding taxes at 31 December 2007 was NOK 2,302,123. The corresponding figure at 31 December 2006 was NOK 2,101,294.

Note 3: Project Accounts The method of accounting for the projects is the percentage-of-completion method (Norwegian Accounting Standard 2, Construction Contracts). Project revenues are accounted for according to progress and reflect earned income. Project expenses are accounted for according to the accrual principle of accounting. The project balance and any outstanding income are regarded as sufficient to cover future expenses needed for the completion of the project. Earned non-invoiced revenues are included in the sum for debtors in the balance. Account payments and project advances from funders are presented as current liabilities on the balance sheet.

Projects at 31 December 2007 2006 Earned non-invoiced revenues on ongoing projects 1 699 570 1 118 972 Pre-invoiced production 11 158 400 14 273 632

Note 4: Machines and Furniture 2007 2006 Cost price 1 January 4 771 323 3 687 376 New investments 1 877 400 1 104 947 Decline/sales during the year 0 20 000 Accumulated previous depreciations 2 798 677 2 146 022 This year’s depreciation 1 034 188 652 654 Net book value at 31 December 2 815 858 1 972 647

Depreciation of machines and furniture is calculated using the linear method.

Note 5: Leasing PRIO has entered into an agreement with the Norwegian Red Cross for rent of office space in Hausmanns gate 7 for the period 1 August 2005 to 31 July 2010. The annual rent, with addenda for the 3rd floor, is NOK 2.6 million. PRIO has the right to renew the contract on similar conditions for two additional five-year periods. Finally, PRIO has the right to extend the agreement for a further five years, at a market-regulated rent from year 16 of the contract. Each of the parties can claim an annual regulation of the rent equal to 100% of the change in Statistics Norway’s consumer price indices.

Note 6: Pension Expenses, Pension Assets and Pension Liabilities PRIO’s employees are members of the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund. The pension plan comprises retirement pensions, disability pensions and contingent life pensions (contingent life pensions include joint life pensions and children’s pensions). The pension plan is regulated by the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund Act. The plan also comprises contractual pensions from 62 years. The pension plan is coordinated with pensions from the National Insurance Scheme. Membership is mandatory for all employees who qualify according to current regulations. At 1 January 2007, 59 employees were included in the fund, and the number of pensioners was 1. Calculation of pension contributions and pension liabilities are based on actuarial principles. The pension scheme is not based on funds; payment of pensions is guaranteed by the Norwegian state (Retirement Pension Act §1). The Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund simulates placing the pension assets in government bonds (fictitious funds). PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 28

Note 11: Net Assets Pensionpension schemeattheseNorwegian Fund. Public Service NOK 165,000, respectively. These figuresdonotincludepayroll tax. TheInstituteDirectorisamemberofPRIO’s collective In 2007, PRIO’softhePRIOBoardwere NOK795,277and costsforoftheInstitute Directorandmembers remuneration Note 10: Remuneration oftheLeadership Special attestationsonprojectsamountedtoNOK250531. These amountsinclude VAT. In 2007, PRIOpaidafee ofNOK284,385toDeloitteState PublicAuthorized Accountants Ltdfor theirauditoftheaccounts. Note 9: Auditors’ Fee 2006 was13). figure for 2006was0). was1.2(thecorresponding The average number ofconscientious objectors figure the for year (thecorresponding and/orofficespaceatPRIOduring studentswithscholarships institute had12graduate The average numberfigure ofemployeesfor 2006was78). 2007was81(thecorresponding atPRIOduring Additionally, the Note 8: NumberofEmployees DuringtheFinancial Year Total andsocialcostsconsistofthefollowing salaries items: Note 7: SpecificationofSalariesandSocialCosts andretirement. factors assumptionsfor demographic areusedasactuarial industry The regularpresuppositionsintheinsurance Economic Assumptions Net pensionfunds(liability, afterpayroll tax) Periodized payroll tax Pension funds(liability, before payroll tax) Estimate deviationsnotrecognized Pension value) planassets(atmarket pensionliabilities Earned Total Employer pensionscheme contribution Payroll tax Salaries Pension expense(afterpayroll tax) Periodized payroll tax Net pensionexpense(before payroll tax) Effect ofestimatedeviation Net pensionexpense(before payroll tax) cost Administration onpensionexpense(before payrollReturn tax) Interest expenseonpensionliabilities pensions Present valueofearned Total netassets, 31 December Other equitycapital, 31December Net surplus Other equitycapital, 1January Basic capital Discount interest Expected salaries regulation/pensionregulation Expected salaries Expected Gregulation Expected return onfunds Expected return 31 December2007 Assets >liabilities 34 471712 22 862721 28 370655 30 493099 (1 177490) -1 703154 -1 492684 -4 015250 27 185668 24 296099 21 093388 3 997092 3 503152 3 387352 1 195240 3 299000 3 154822 4 131222 -210 470 3 202711 6 197000 493 940 115 800 70 602 5.00% 4.50% 4.25% 5.75% 2007 2007 2007 2007 31 December2006 Assets

PRIO Annual Report 2007 29 www.prio.no

Photo: Stein Tønnesson in Niger, chewing a makeshift toothbrush. PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2007 30 PRIO Statutes the Board during his/her period of appointment, employees in non-permanent positions (amended by the PRIO Board, 26 March 2007) a new appointment should be made for the employed for 50 % or more of standard duration of the period. working hours for more than 6 months. All these have voting rights in the IC. § 1: Aim and Purpose A quorum of the Board shall be constituted by The International Peace Research Institute, Oslo the presence of at least five members; or by the The conscientious objectors and the students elect (PRIO), herein also referred to as “the Institute”, presence of four, including the Chairperson. The one representative each with voting rights – with is an independent international research Chair has a double vote in the case of a tie. personal deputies. These are to be chosen at institute. Its purpose is to engage in research separate, annual elections. Further rules concerning concerning the conditions for peaceful relations The Board shall be convened when demanded these elections shall be determined by the IC. between nations, groups and individuals. by the Chair or by two of its members. A quorum of the Institute Council shall be In addition to this main purpose, the Institute shall: The Board shall keep minutes of its meetings. constituted by the presence of at least 3/5 of its - stimulate research cooperation nationally and Minutes are to be available to the members of members with voting rights. Unless otherwise internationally the Institute staff. determined, matters are to be decided by - undertake training and teaching § 5 Board: Functions simple majority vote. The Chair has a casting - hold conferences and seminars vote in the case of a tie. - disseminate information based on its own The Board shall discuss and approve the work research as well as that of other institutions. plan of the Institute, approve the budget and The Institute Council shall be convened when accounts, and evaluate the activities of the requested by the Institute Director or three of The Institute is free to choose its research projects. Institute in relation to the Institute’s aim and its members. purpose and its work plan. The results of its research shall be available to The Institute Director takes part in the meetings the public. The Board shall appoint the Institute Director of the IC, without the right to vote. (cf § 6), the Administrative Director, researchers The name of the Institute is, in Norwegian, employed in permanent positions and other At the beginning of each meeting the IC is to “Institutt for fredsforskning” and, in English, “the researchers when these are engaged for a decide who shall chair that session. International Peace Research Institute, Oslo”, period of over one year. Notice of termination with “PRIO” as the official abbreviation in both for these same personnel categories is likewise The Administrative Director normally acts as languages. to be approved by the Board. secretary to the IC. The IC shall keep minutes of its meetings. § 2: The Foundation § 6: Appointment of Institute Director The International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, is and Deputy Director § 9: Institute Council: Functions an autonomous non-profit foundation, independ- The Institute Council and the Board jointly The Institute Council is a consultative body for ent of ideological, political or national interests. prepare the appointment of a new Institute the Board and the Director. All matters which, according to § 5 above, are to be dealt with by The “basis capital” (grunnkapital) of the Institute Director. The Institute Council is to deliver an annotated recommendation to the Board. Before the Board (including work plan, budget and (as of 31 December 1996) stands at NOK accounts, appointment of the Administrative 6.197 million. delivering its recommendation, the Council is to obtain statements from outside experts. Director, researchers in permanent positions § 3: Governing Bodies and other researchers when they are engaged The Institute has the following governing bodies: The Institute Director shall be appointed by the for a period of over one year) are to be Board to serve for a period of four years, with presented first to the IC for its recommenda- - the Board the possibility of an extension of up to four years. tion. Unless special circumstances are an - the Institute Director If the Institute Council, within two weeks of the impediment, the Institute Director and the staff - the Institute Council. Board’s announcement of the appointment, and representatives to the Board shall also present by at least a 3/4 majority, disagrees with the to the IC all other matters which they intend to § 4: The Board decision of the Board, the Board must take the put before the Board. The Board shall consist of seven members with matter up for new deliberation and decision. personal deputies. Board members are Personnel matters are not to be dealt with by appointed for a three-year period, in such a way The Board shall appoint the Deputy Director the Institute Council. The Institute Council itself that 4 and 3 members, respectively, are to be for two years at a time, following nomination by determines whether a matter falls within its appointed at a time. the Director and the recommendation of the IC. mandate. The Deputy Director may be re-appointed. Members are appointed by the following bodies: The Institute Council elects two members of the - One member by the Institute for Social § 7: Institute Director: Functions PRIO staff to the Board. The IC can require these Research The Institute Director is in charge of leading the to take up specific matters before the Board. - Two members by the Norwegian Research activity of the Institute. Council (NFR) § 10 Freedom of speech - One member by the University of Oslo The Institute Director has overarching All staff members have full freedom of - One member from the other Nordic responsibility for the planning, running, expression, internally and externally. countries, appointed by the Nordic Interna- co-ordinating and financing of the scholarly activities of the Institute, within the framework § 11: Statutes tional Studies Association These Statutes are available in both Norwegian - Two members by the Institute Council (IC). set by the work plan and the budget adopted by the Board. The Institute Director is to see to it and English. In the case of any discrepancies, the These two members shall be chosen from Norwegian text shall apply. among the PRIO staff. The Institute Director, that the staff are provided with possibilities to develop their competence. the Deputy Director and the Administrative Amendment of the Statutes requires both a 2/3 Director are not eligible. The Institute Director has main responsibility for majority of the Institute Council, and a 5/7 majority of the Board. The Institute Director, Deputy Director and the information about the Institute externally. He/ Administrative Director take part in the She shall also determine what is to be published in the name of the Institute. § 12: Dissolution meetings of the Board, without voting rights. Dissolution of the Institute requires a 2/3 Consideration shall be given to achieving The Deputy Director shall execute the daily majority of the Institute Council, and a 5/7 reasonable representation of both sexes. functions of the Institute Director when the majority of the Board. latter is prevented from performing them. The Board elects its own Chairperson and Should this take place, any funds shall go to Deputy Chairperson. § 8: The Institute Council the Institute for Social Research or be used The Institute Council (IC) is composed of all for a research purpose designated by the If any Board member finds it necessary to leave employees in permanent positions, as well as all latter Institute. www.prio.no

Photo: Stein Tønnesson in Niger, chewing a makeshift toothbrush.

Hausmanns gate 7 NO-0186 Oslo, Norway

www.prio.no Tel.: +47 22 54 77 00 Fax: +47 22 54 77 01 E-mail: [email protected]

CSCW Director: Scott Gates PRIO Director: Stein Tønnesson

ISBN 978-82-7288-233-3