Of Nicosia: 1943–1960

Appendix 1: Timeline of Selected Events Affecting the Commercial Life of Nicosia: 1943–1960

1943 Separate Turkish labor unions are organized, but remain unpopular. 1945 The Cyprus Turkish National Union Party (Kıbrıs Milli Birlik Partisi) is established. 1955 This party is renamed as the Cyprus is Turkish Party (Kıbrıs Türktür Partisi). 1955–1958 EOKA begins violent action directed at the British. 1958 A separate Turkish Chamber of Commerce is established. Membership in separate Turkish labor unions grows by more than 400%. Turkish residents leave the Ömerye neighborhood. May The Turkish community in Nicosia issues resolutions demanding separate municipalities. June Turkish Auxiliary Police Force member killed in an EOKA attack in Nicosia. 7 June Turkish press offce in Nicosia is burned down, sparking off riots in Nicosia. 7 June Olympiakos Football Club on Ermou Street is burned down. July Numerous bombing of factories and places of business near Ermou Street including The Çiraklı factory and Irfan Hussein’s retail store. 1 July Pantopolio/Bandabulya–the main Municipal Market on Ermou and Goldsmiths’ Streets—reopens as an exclusively Turkish market after three weeks of closure. 3 July Sir Hugh Foot, the British Governor in Cyprus, sends a report to London regarding the creation of de facto separate municipalities in Nicosia. 1960 The constitution of the new Republic of Cyprus formalizes and institu- tionalizes the creation of two separate municipalities in Nicosia.

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 301 A. Bakshi, Topographies of Memories, Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Confict, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-63462-3 Appendix 2: Timeline of Selected Events from 1963–1974

1963 30 Nov. Archbishop Makarios proposes amendments to the constitution. In response Turkish-Cypriots withdraw from the government. 21–30 Dec. Intercommunal violence in Nicosia, during which seventy-nine people were killed, known as Kanli Noel or Bloody Christmas. 23 Dec. Telephone lines to the north of Nicosia are cut, and Greek-Cypriots institute road blocks in Nicosia threatening to overrun the Turkish- Cypriot quarters. They are prevented by the threat of Turkish military intervention. 25 Dec. Archbishop Makarios accepts a ceasefre. 28 Dec. At a meeting at the British High Commissioner’s residence in Nicosia the Green Line is drawn by British Major-General Peter Young. Also present at the meeting and in agreement with the location of the line were Glafkos Klerides, Rauf Denktaş, the Ambassadors of Greece and Turkey, and the British High Commissioner Sir Arthur Clark. 30 Dec. British troops begin to patrol the Green Line. 1964 March UNFICYP is established. Former Vice-President of the ROC, Fazıl Küçük, becomes the head of the new General Committee for the Turkish-Cypriot Administration based in Lefkoşa. November The Greek-Cypriot administration eases restrictions on movement from the Turkish-Cypriot enclaves.

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 303 A. Bakshi, Topographies of Memories, Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Confict, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-63462-3 304 Appendix 2: Timeline of Selected Events from 1963–1974

1967 21 April Military coup in Greece leads to diplomatic isolation and a loss of international support for Enosis. Sept. 1967 Greek-Turkish diplomatic talks regarding the Cyprus problem begin in earnest. 1968 March The Greek-Cypriot imposed blockade on the enclaves ends. 1974 15 July The Cypriot National Guard and EOKA-B Coup, backed by the military junta in Greece, overthrows Archbishop Makarios and installs Nicos Sampson as the ruler in Cyprus. 20 July Turkish forces land on Cyprus, marking the beginning of what is known either as the “Turkish Invasion,” or the “Happy Peace Operation.” Glossary

A note on the Turkish characters appearing in this text: The Turkish alphabet is a Latin alphabet, with some letters unique to the language. Ş, is pronounced as “sh”; Ç, is pronounced as “ch”; Ğ lengthens the pre- ceding vowel; Ö is pronounced similarly to the ö in German, like the ur in fur; ı (without the dot) has a sound similar to the ir in shirt; and Ü is pronounced similarly to the ü in German, like the ü in über.

AKEL The Communist Party in Cyprus (ROC). Arasta Street A commercial street in Lefkoşa, just north of the Ledra Street checkpoint. Archbishop Makarios The political fgurehead of EOKA and the legally elected President of the ROC, ousted by the 1974 coup. Bandabulya The Turkish-Cypriot pronunciation of the Greek word Pantapolio, referring to Nicosia’s main municipal market. Buffer Zone Patrolled by the United Nations, the Buffer Zone divides the Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot areas of Cyprus. Enosis Political Union with Greece. EOKA The National Organization of Cypriot Fighters. A Greek Cypriot anti-colonial movement seeking to oust the British

Colonial Government and achieve Enosis, or union with Greece. EOKA-B A paramilitary organization formed in 1971 by General George Grivas, the leader of the original EOKA movement. It continued to pursue Enosis even after the founding of the ROC. Ermou Street A major east-west street in Nicosia’s walled city and a former center of trade and commerce. In English the street is called Hermes, and in Turkish it is spelled Ermu. Evkaf A formerly Ottoman institution that administers foundation resources, including properties, for the public beneft. Fazıl Küçük A Turkish-Cypriot political leader, Dr. Küçük was appointed the frst Vice- President of the Republic of Cyprus and later became the head of the General Committee for the Turkish-Cypriot administration based in Lefkoşa. Han A type of commercial building intro- duced to the region by the Ottomans, the hans also contained residential facilities. Kyrenia A town located 25 km from Nicosia, along the north coast of the TRNC. Ledra Palace Crossing This crossing point just outside of the city walls was opened in 2003. Ledra Street Today the main north-south commercial street within the walls in Lefkosia. Ledra Street/Lokmacı Crossing This crossing point inside of the walled city opened in 2008. Lefkosia The Greek name for Nicosia. Lefkoşa The Turkish name for Nicosia. Mehmet Ali Talat Former President of the TRNC (2005–2010) from the Republican Turkish Party (CTP). Glossary 307

Nicos Sampson A member of EOKA and EOKA-B, he was appointed President of the ROC following the 1974 coup, holding that position for only eight days. NMP Nicosia Master Plan, a bicommunal planning initiative established in 1981. Pantopolio The Greek word, meaning place for buying everything, for the main municipal market. PEO The Pan Cypriot Labour Federation. Rauf Denktaş The former President of the TRNC (1983–2005). Denktaş helped to found the TMT in 1957, then becoming President of the Turkish Communal Chamber in the ROC in 1960. He was elected President of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus in 1976, and then declared north Cyprus to be an independent sovereign state in 1983. ROC The Republic of Cyprus (controlled by Greek Cypriots). Taksım The Turkish word for partition, referring to the Turkish-Cypriot movement for partition of the island. TMT The Turkish Resistance Organization,Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı, was created in 1957 in oppo- sition to EOKA, and began to pursue taksım. TRNC The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (unrecognized except by Turkey). UNDP The United Nations Development Program. UNFICYP The United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus. UNOPS The United Nations Offce for Project Services. Bibliography

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Anonymized Interviews Alekos (Greek-Cypriot born in 1939). Ali (Turkish-Cypriot born in 1938). Andreas (Greek-Cypriot born in 1937). Antonis (Greek-Cypriot born in 1925). Christos (Greek-Cypriot born in 1925). Feride (Turkish-Cypriot born in 1931). Garo (Armenian-Cypriot born in 1927). Giorgos (Greek-Cypriot born in 1926). Hasan (Turkish-Cypriot born in 1938). Marios (Greek-Cypriot born in 1937). Mehmet (Turkish-Cypriot born in 1983, military service in the Buffer Zone from 2005–2006). Murat (Turkish-Cypriot born in 1920). Mustafa (Turkish-Cypriot born in 1941). Önder (Turkish-Cypriot born in 1936). Petros (Greek-Cypriot born in 1937). Remzi (Turkish-Cypriot born in 1936). Bibliography 327

Sotiris (Greek-Cypriot born in 1935). Tassos (Greek-Cypriot born in 1937). Vasillis (Greek-Cypriot born in 1950). Vathoula (Greek-Cypriot woman born in 1936). Vazken (Armenian-Cypriot born in 1943). Volkan (Turkish-Cypriot born in 1938).

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Maps Census Offce. 1947. Cyprus Distribution of Population 1946. Coronelli, Vincenzo Maria. 1706. Nicosia. Published in The History of the Cartography of Nicosia, ed. A. Stylianou and J. Stylianou. 1989. Nicosia: Leventis Municipal Museum of Nicosia. Department of Land and Surveys. 1958. Eight-Inch Map. Published in Topographical Map of Nicosia and Environs, ed. Merrillees, Robert, 1992. Nicosia Before Nicosia. Hocknell, Peter. 2001. Diagrammatic Representation of the Territorial Management of the Buffer Zone. Published in Boundaries of Cooperation: Cyprus de facto Partition, and the Delimitation of Transboundary Resource Management, ed. Hocknell, R. Peter. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. Jeffery, George. 1918. Nicosia: The Twenty-Five Quarters of the City. Published in A Description of the Historic Monuments of Cyprus: Studies in the Bibliography 329

Archaeology and Architecture of the Island, with Illustrations from Measured Drawings and Photographs. Nicosia: Government Printing Offce. Kitchener, H. 1881. Nicosia at the End of the Ottoman Period. Published in The Walled City of Nicosia: Typology Study, Demi, Danillo, 1997. Nicosia: The United Nations Development Program. Land Registration and Survey Department, Cyprus. 1946. Nicosia and Environs Second Edition. Survey of Palestine. Land Registration and Survey Department, Cyprus. 1956. Nicosia Within the Walls. D. Survey, War Offce and Air Ministry. Nicosia East Fourth Edition–1964. 1:8000. D. Survey, War Offce and Air Ministry. Nicosia and Environs Second Edition. 1956. D. Survey, War Offce and Air Ministry. Nicosia Master Plan. 2004. Nicosia Master Plan 1979–2003 Landmark Achievements. Patrick, Richard. 1976. Turkish Cypriot Enclaves, 1970. Published in Patrick, Richard A. 1976. ed. James H. Bater and Richard Preston, Department of Geography, University of Waterloo. Index

A Anatolian, 174 Abandoned, 4, 49, 51, 61, 66, 86, 87, Andreas Huyssen, 44, 176 79, 173, 185, 200, 246 Andrew Boroweic, 124 Absence, 4, 15, 19, 34, 48, 58, 65–69, Anthony Smith, 57, 179 72, 73, 138–140, 144, 162, 165, Arabacılar Street, 95 166, 174, 190, 210, 241, 249, Arab Ahmet, 86 258, 280, 295, 296, 325 Arab-Israeli War, 58 Abuses of memory, 142, 162 Arasta Street, 25, 95, 103, 109, 155 Acting out, 142 Archbishop Makarios, 119 Active evil / Malevolent evil, 242, 294 Architectural design, 176, 223, 271, Active Museum, 49, 140 282 Activist, 210, 250, 252, 257, 263, Architectural theory, 269, 278, 280 322, 325 Archive, 13, 16, 27, 33, 35, 36, 48, Affordances, 270, 287. See also James 51–54, 56, 57, 70, 97, 98, 121, Gibson 139, 140, 201, 239, 251, 257, African American, 214, 241, 246, 291 281, 287, 296 Agence Ter Landscape Architects, 288 Armenian, 16, 89, 92, 95, 102, 109, Alberto Perez-Gomez, 271 131, 152, 225, 233, 326, 327 Albert Speer, 65 Ars oblivionalis, 165, 166 Alessandro Portelli, 152 Art of memory, 12, 61, 192, 194, 196 Alva Noe, 275 Association for Historical Dialogue Ambient array, 273, 286. See also optic and Research (AHDR), 224, 250, array 251, 254, 255, 258 Amy Mills, 154 Auditory system, 278 Analyst, 142 Auxiliary Police Force, 112

Aya Sofya Mosque, 103, 114. See also Büyük Han, 105 Selimye Mosque

C B Café, 4, 46, 61, 86, 95, 96, 101–103, Banal nationalism, 62, 63, 192. See 105, 107, 118, 150, 183, also Michael Billig 185–188, 191, 192, 199, 251, Bandabulya, 96, 98, 148, 157, 158, 253, 254 189, 201. See also Pantapolio Çağlayan, 25, 120 Basic orienting system, 275 Canada, 244 Bastion, 175 Cape Town, South Africa, 226 Bazaar, 96, 101, 104, 125, 189 Casey, Edward, 12, 37, 38, 163, 164, Beirut, 102, 176, 249, 250, 255 167, 190, 202, 204, 298 Beit Beirut Museum and Cultural Cease-fre line (CFL), 90, 107, 130 Center, 249, 250 Certeau, Michel de, 38, 53, 54, 72, Berlin, 13, 34, 45, 46, 49, 65, 70, 74, 167 176, 181, 192, 220, 222, 243, Chalmers and Clark, 39, 268, 290 283 Checkpoint, 60, 190, 203, 253 Berlin History Workshop, 49, 140 China, 60 Blind feld, 219–221, 223, 272, 295 Christo and Jeanne-Claude, 285. See Blockade, 122, 124, 127 also The Gates Bodily affect, 283 Chrysaliniotissa, 86 Body memory, 36, 93, 190, 191, 273, City walls, 3, 4, 8, 19, 58, 84, 89, 289 178, 179, 181, 184, 194 Border, 8, 24, 48, 84, 86, 97, 107, Civil War, 213, 244, 249, 255 114, 125–128, 146, 147, 185, Coexistence, 6, 15, 79, 84, 94, 106, 186, 189–192, 251–253 107, 109, 127, 149, 151, 152, Bosnia, 37, 57, 58, 238 162, 163, 174 Brigadier Michael Harbottle, 120 Cognition, 26, 37, 259, 267–272, British, 84, 95, 106, 107, 109, 112– 280, 281, 285, 295 115, 119, 120, 131, 169, 282 Cognitive science, 267, 274, 275, 282 British Major-General Peter Young, Collective memory, 7, 10, 12, 33, 57, 120 69, 108, 141, 142, 144, 147, Bruno Latour, 210 154, 156, 161, 180, 211, 256, Buffer Zone, 3, 5, 6, 8, 15–17, 19, 280 20, 24, 27, 29, 34, 70, 83–85, Colombia, 243, 283 88–93, 107, 108, 120, 127, Colonial Government, 112, 113, 148 130, 137, 138, 140, 144, 151, Colonization, 22, 197 155, 158, 165, 174, 182, 186, Commemoration, 4, 11, 13, 27, 189–192, 200, 201, 224, 226, 31–33, 48, 68, 162, 167, 183, 236, 238, 250–253, 296 209, 211, 214, 217, 220, 244, Buffer Zone Survey, 92. See also 245, 272, 292, 295 Nicosia Master Plan Index 333

Commercial, 4, 6, 15–18, 20, 22, 35, Czernowitz, 50, 71, 73 84, 86, 89, 92, 94, 96, 100, 101, 104, 108–111, 113, 115–119, 124, 126–128, 149, 155, 157, D 162, 181, 185, 200, 223–225 Denkmal, 68, 74 Commercial catalogues, 15, 16, 28, 92 Den Xehno, 78, 147 Commercial institutions, 109 Destruction, 46, 48, 60, 72, 114, 138, Communist, 48 139, 176, 199, 212, 239, 250 Community, 5, 7, 12, 13, 23, 31, 33, Dewey, John, 221, 282 37, 57, 60, 69, 78, 99–101, 110– Diplomatic negotiations, 78, 118 112, 115, 117, 120, 125, 128, Disappointment, 198 142, 150, 166, 180, 202, 210, Dissonance, 35, 138, 145, 148–152, 212, 217, 221, 222, 228, 239, 163, 166 244, 246–248, 252, 254–258, Distance, 13, 32, 44, 49, 51, 65, 66, 267, 283 104, 123, 159, 165, 183, 194, Community organizing, 23, 210, 246 218, 240, 244 Confrontation, 25, 125, 154, 266, District Six Museum, 226, 228, 288 278, 294 Divergence, 35, 79, 137–139, 145, Connerton, Paul, 37, 194, 196 222 Constitution, 118, 119, 132, 220 Document, 3, 6, 15, 30, 31, 35, 36, Cooperation, 28, 89, 109, 126, 128, 51–54, 56, 73, 80, 92, 93, 112, 142, 219, 224, 226, 251, 252, 130, 131, 139, 144, 148, 163, 254 223–225, 227, 228, 232, 246, Cordon sanitaire, 127, 149 279, 287 Corner, James, 130, 232, 234, 260 Donald, James, 177, 183, 201, 204 Cultivated memory, 34, 48, 51, 55 Doss, Erica, 39, 213, 214, 217, 259, Cultural heritage, 7, 12, 22, 33, 37, 260, 261, 285, 287, 297, 298 181, 212, 221, 240, 248, 254, Drawing, 22, 30, 36, 119, 130, 148, 255, 258, 266, 267, 271, 281 167, 214, 218, 223–225, 235, Curriculum, 254, 255 243, 272, 284, 286, 294 Customers, 102, 103, 109, 116, 126, 150, 155 The Cyprus General Directory, 92 E Cyprus Independence, 114 East German (GDR), 45, 46, 71 Cyprus Industrial, Commercial, and Economic blockade, 120 Professinal Guide, 15, 92 Economic crisis (Cyprus 2012), 185 Cyprus is Turkish Party, 112 Economic relations, 20 Cyprus Mail, 16, 92, 109 Education, 48, 74, 118, 143, 202, Cyprus Problem, 90, 180 214, 247, 255, 272, 278 Cyprus Turkish National Union Party, Eikon, 11, 61 112 El-Ad, 59, 212 334 Index

Embargo, 122, 123 F Embodied cognition, 37, 270 Façade, 46, 91, 182, 197, 200, 253 Emotion, 59, 89, 196, 209, 216, Facilitator, 222, 246 269, 270, 272, 274, 275, 278, Fazıl Küçük, 119 280–282, 285, 287–289, 294 Fieldwork, 5, 25, 29, 34, 35, 154 Empathic response/Empathic engage- Flag, 62, 63, 242 ment, 270, 273, 281–285, 288 Flexible, 7, 31, 32, 36, 69, 70, 94, Empathy, 269, 281, 284, 285 210, 245, 280, 293 Enclaves, 78, 79, 94, 119, 120, Flight 93 Memorial, 216 122–126, 132, 133, 137, 157, Forester, John, 222 166, 180, 189 Freud, 11, 35, 141, 142, 162, 167 Encrypted/crypt, 33, 161, 162, 166, Frontier, 84, 124–127 271, 275 Enosis, 111, 112, 131, 133 EOKA, 78, 111–113, 115, 117, 118, G 122, 149 The Gates, 285, 286. See also Christo Ermou Street, 20, 84, 89, 91, 96, and Jean Claude 101, 104, 108, 109, 112, 113, Gestapo Terrain, 49, 140, 142. See also 115, 117, 120, 125, 128, 145, Topography of Terror 148, 155, 156, 164, 187, 189, Gibson, James, 269, 272–274, 286, 201, 237 287, 297, 298 Ethnography, 54 Goldsmith’s Street, 94, 95, 99, 125, Ethnonational, 14, 44, 72, 179 126 European Union (EU), 91, 224 Green Line, 65, 90, 120, 121, Everyday life, 6–9, 15, 17, 20, 23, 34, 125–127, 130, 148 35, 53, 57, 70, 84, 99, 116, 122, Gyanendra, Pandey, 158 124, 126, 129, 138, 139, 141, 143, 147, 148, 165, 176, 190, 201, 216, 224, 239 H Evkaf, 109, 115, 131 Halbwachs, Maurice, 10, 11, 12, 108, Exclusion, 54, 100, 101, 107, 129, 211 139, 143, 166, 179 Han, 20, 59, 106, 107, 114, 118, Exhibition, 30, 31, 36, 220, 223–228, 125, 128, 148, 224, 237, 306 235, 237–243, 248, 251, 257, Haptic system, 276, 278, 289 282, 283 Harbottle, Brigadier Michael, 80, 120, Extended cognition, 26, 259, 285 125, 127 Extended mind, 37, 265, 268–270, Havel, Vaclav, 48 275, 279, 280 Hep aynı [just the same], 157, 159 External structures, 268, 270, 280, Heritage, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15, 23, 29, 281 31–33, 36, 37, 48, 55, 69, Index 335

72, 130, 144, 167, 181, 202, Imagined cities, 138, 160, 165 204, 209–213, 218, 220–223, Implementation, 31, 32, 34, 37, 202, 227, 228, 234, 240, 244–250, 272 254–256, 258, 259, 266, 267, Importers, 91, 109, 110, 115, 116, 271, 275, 280, 281, 283, 285, 118, 131, 155 286, 292, 293, 296 Indexing, 287 Herzfeld, Michael, 54 Indian Memorial, 31, 217 Hirsch, Marianne, 49, 50, 67 Indian Residential School System Historian, 52–54, 80, 247, 271, 284 (IRS), 244, 245, 257, 258 History book, 143, 156 Indigenous, 244, 245 Hobsbawm, Eric, 196, 221 Integration, 107, 109, 221 Hoheisel, Horst, 68 Intercommunal violence, 8, 78, 79, Holocaust, 66, 244, 266, 281, 283 115, 120 Home for Cooperation, 224, 226, Intergenerational memory, 34, 47, 67 251, 252, 254 Iphestos Street, 95 Huyssen, Andreas, 44, 74, 176, 183, Islamic Movement, 212. See also 201 Jerusalem Hybrid, 37, 210, 211, 218, 228, 259, Israel, 37, 57, 58, 72, 213, 235 267, 268, 279, 293, 295 Israel/ Palestine, 37, 58, 67, 212, 222, 240 Italo Calvino, 43 I Izmir, 152, 153 Ideal cities, 84, 179, 183 Identity, 4, 14, 51, 67, 154, 156, 166, 168, 192, 221, 222, 227 J Image, 6–8, 11–14, 26, 27, 33, Jasmine Revolution, 180, 197 34, 36, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, Jeremy, Till, 222, 271, 289 58, 60–65, 71, 73, 86, 89, 90, Jerusalem, 34, 55, 56, 58, 59, 72, 92, 94, 108, 125, 129, 138, 212, 222 143, 148, 161, 162, 164, 165, Jews, 50, 55, 110, 243 168, 174–178, 180–183, 188, Johnson, Mark, 268, 283 191–194, 197–202, 209, 210, 223, 225, 226, 242, 259, 272, 283, 284, 294–296 K Image of the city, 5, 9, 24, 34, 60, 61, Kanlı Noel [Bloody Christmas], 119 65, 70, 129, 166, 167, 175, 184, Karatani, Kojin, 223, 293 188, 197, 201 King David, 58 Imagination, 8, 11, 13, 43, 44, 46, Komando Unit, 113 57, 59, 68, 145, 147, 156, 165, Kyrenia Street, 118 173–177, 181, 192, 197, 201, Kyrenia (town), 147, 306 253, 269, 295 336 Index

L 123, 125–129, 138, 143–145, Lakoff, George, 268, 283, 284 148, 151, 153, 156, 159, 162, Latour, Bruno, 210, 259 163, 174, 188, 191, 200, 224, Leatherbarrow, David, 288, 290, 293 226, 295 Ledra Palace Hotel, 253 Maronite, 27, 99, 101, 110, 133 Ledra Street, 4, 10, 86, 95, 112, 113, Mason-Dixon Line, 117 116, 181, 189, 305 Material, 5–7, 12, 15, 20, 24, 25, 36, Lefebvre, Henri, 103, 105, 219, 220, 44, 55, 59, 83, 93, 104, 105, 221 108, 128, 140, 177, 184, 189, Lefkoşa, 77, 78, 115, 117, 120, 198, 201, 210, 212, 267–269, 123–125, 133, 157, 166, 174, 285, 292, 295, 296 178, 180, 189, 190, 198 Memoire, 5, 9, 13, 23, 24, 35, 143, Lefkosia, 77, 147, 168, 174, 178, 144, 156, 283, 295 189, 193, 306 Memoire involuntaire [involuntary Lhasa, Tibet, 34, 59, 60, 222 memory], 156, 283 Lieux de memoire, 4–5, 8, 13, 38, 158, Memory and history, 7, 13, 36, 46, 210, 211, 259, 272, 295 142, 155, 210, 221, 255, 259, Linguistics, 267 270 Lin, Maya, 217, 218 Memory and image, 7, 61 Literary depictions, 175 Memory palaces, 12, 32, 268 Locomotion, 273 Merchants, 16, 90, 95, 100, 101, 105, Logo, 36, 86, 147, 178, 183, 184, 109, 110, 112, 115–118, 126, 192, 193, 197, 200, 201, 203 155, 158 Loizos, Peter, 108 Merleau-Ponty, 66, 159, 268, 269 Lokmacı, 95 Meshing, 287, 288 Low-income housing, 86, 186 Mexico, 290 Middle ground/Middle space, 13, 27, 37, 167, 202, 223, 269, 280, 296 M Migrant, 86, 107, 188, 192, 199, 200 Mahalle, 99, 105, 150 Milieux de memoire, 13, 211 Mallgrave, Harry, 280, 282 Military, 3, 19, 20, 52, 60, 78, 84, Makarios, Archbishop, 78, 119, 303, 107, 115, 119, 122, 130, 132, 305 133, 184, 192, 194, 197, 213, Makarios Avenue, 183, 185, 188 220, 250 Mapping, 5–7, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, Millet, 99 32, 33, 35, 83, 92, 93, 102, 143, Mills, Amy, 154 175, 210, 224, 226, 232–234, Ministry of Labour, 126 239, 240, 257 Mnemohistory, 23 Marketplace, 6, 15, 17, 20, 23, 24, Modes of engagement, 5, 32, 34, 36, 27, 28, 30, 35, 36, 84, 89, 91, 202, 209, 210, 218, 221, 257– 93–95, 99–101, 103, 106, 108– 259, 266, 267, 275, 286, 293 113, 115, 117, 118, 120, 122, Morrison, Toni, 13, 50, 267, 297 Index 337

Mostar, 238, 239, 258 Normal zamanlar [Normal times], Movement, 17, 24, 36, 47, 49, 155, 156, 157, 160, 162, 164, 52, 53, 108, 112, 114, 116, 166, 179 117, 122–124, 127, 128, 131, Nostalgia, 8, 13, 32, 46, 179, 180, 139, 149, 158, 168, 179–181, 183, 256 190–192, 194, 199, 210, 217, Nostalgic utopia, 149, 177, 180, 182, 218, 236, 243, 246, 270, 273, 192 274, 278, 282, 283, 285, 286, 288, 289 Municipal services, 123 O Mythologies, 14, 26, 34, 47, 57–61, Oakland Cemetery, 290, 291 65, 174 Offcial historical narratives, 7, 8, 14, 48, 57, 77, 128, 138, 142, 147, 164 N Ömerye, 101, 105, 113, 117, 130, Nakba, 67, 168 148 Narrative, 6–9, 14, 16, 24, 25, 45, 49, Oradour-sur-Glane, 72, 292 54, 55, 58, 101, 102, 143, 144, Oral history, 5, 23, 276 149, 152–154, 157–159, 161, Origin, 33, 50, 57, 67, 112, 158, 159, 164, 175, 179, 180, 189, 193, 161, 162, 166, 168, 169, 232, 213, 214, 225, 255, 257, 270, 271 283, 286 Orlie, Melissa, 294, 295 National memory, 23, 47, 55, 143, Ottoman, 55, 77, 84, 99, 106, 109, 144, 147, 148, 161, 162, 196, 110, 168, 177, 178, 239, 254, 222, 256 306 National Park Service (NPS), 213, 214 Native American, 31 Negotiations, 78, 114, 118, 129, 152 P Neuroscience, 32, 267, 269, 275 Pacha, 102, 117, 124, 150 Newspaper advertisements, 15, 20, 92 Palast der Republik, 45, 46, 53 New York City, 285 Palestine, 37, 72, 212, 239, 240 Neyzi, Leyla, 152 Palestinian, 39, 55, 58, 59, 67, 72, Nicosia Master Plan (NMP), 86, 91, 168, 212, 213, 222, 231, 239 129, 130, 181–183, 188, 193, Pallassma, Juhani, 272 200, 203 Palmanova, 179 Nietzsche, 11, 38, 141 Pamuk, Orhan, 13, 89, 175 9/11, 214–217, 286 Pantapolio, 98, 305. See also Noe, Alva, 275 Bandabulya Non-visual, 272, 274, 275 Papadakis, Yiannis, 37, 79, 203 Nora, Pierre, 7, 10, 183 Paris, 51, 71 338 Index

Partition of India/Pakistan, 158 Q Pathemic form, 284 Quota, 152 Pathological memory, 142 Perception, 26, 61, 62, 112, 211, 235, 237, 243, 269, 270, 272, 273, R 275, 279, 282, 286, 287, 289, Ramallah 293 West Bank, 239 Perez-Gomez, Alberto, 271, 274 Rapprochement, 78, 180 Perspectival vision, 269, 273 Recollection, 11, 12, 24, 49, 56, 61, Place-based methodology, 22 65, 69, 138, 142, 143, 147, 148, Plaque, 244, 245, 249 155, 156, 161, 163, 165, 183 Platanos, 93, 96, 97, 108, 201 Redevelopment, 46, 60, 176, 222, Platoon, 164 228, 249, 250 Playground, 142, 199 Refugees, 8, 14, 67, 78, 84, 107, 108, Portelli, Alessandro, 152 115, 117, 122, 125, 132, 133, Postmemory, 49, 50, 57 137, 203 Potala Palace, 60, 222 Register of engagement, 281 Practice, 5, 10, 12, 14, 15, 27, 31–37, Reinforcement, 281 48, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58, 69, 98, Remembering and forgetting, 7, 11, 100, 103, 105, 116, 117, 118, 80, 85, 212 122, 124, 128, 139, 142, 144, Renaissance, 84 161, 162, 165, 167, 176, 183, Renan, Ernst, 23, 38, 196 194, 196, 200, 202, 209, 210, Renovation, 250 211, 217, 219, 220, 226, 232, Rental agreements, 109, 110, 132, 234, 238–240, 243, 247, 248, 151, 152 249, 256–259, 266, 267, 270, Repetition, 45, 142, 143, 162, 295 271–275, 278, 281, 293 Representations, 6–8, 14, 15, 27, 35, Praxis, 5, 6, 8, 14, 27, 34–36, 57, 92, 36, 38, 45, 47, 138, 165, 173, 105, 128, 129, 138, 154, 161, 174, 176, 196, 199, 255, 270, 165, 173, 175, 177, 184, 191, 273, 275 193, 201, 219, 251 Republic of Cyprus (ROC), 77, 78, Preservation, 11, 176, 212, 247 91, 97, 98, 112, 121, 126, 132, Primary metaphor, 284 133, 200, 306 Projection, 175, 183, 197 Reserve of forgetting, 5, 25, 27, Project Row Houses (PRH), 246–249, 35–37, 137–140, 142–144, 150, 255, 257, 258, 261 155, 156, 162, 164, 167, 199, Property registers, 15, 20, 92, 225 201, 202, 211, 224, 287, 295, Prop Master, 240–243 296 Proust, 12, 23, 35, 38, 143, 283 Resilience, 94, 127 Psychoanalysis, 11, 161, 167, 169, 196 Index 339

Resistance, 66, 78, 112, 122, 124, Smith, Anthony, 57, 179 142, 180, 212, 214, 258, 261, Smith, Laurajane, 222, 281, 283 272, 284, 290, 293, 307 Smoothness, 286, 288 Restaurant, 4, 25, 46, 86, 101– 103, Social memory, 10–12, 80 106, 107, 117, 118, 150, 153, Soldier, 20, 31, 55, 56, 103, 107, 114, 159, 164, 185, 187, 193, 200 115, 120, 125, 148, 189, 213, Rethemnos, 54 242, 243 Ricouer, Paul, 35, 270 Solidere, 249, 250 River, 3, 89, 94, 105, 129 Somatic, 176, 188 Riwaq, 239, 240, 257 South Africa, 37, 226, 257 Robinson, Sarah, 269, 272 Sovereignty, 8 Rome, 64, 65 Speer, Albert, 65 Roughness, 276, 278, 286, 288, 289 Stability, 44, 69, 71 Rowlands, Mark, 39, 268, 297 Stadtschloss, 45, 46, 47, 55, 70, 222 Sturken, Marita, 164, 197, 217 Symbol, 8, 19, 35, 36, 48, 51, 59, S 60, 61, 63, 64, 69, 86, 89, 93, Sampson, Nicos, 78, 304, 307 127, 174, 177, 178, 180, 182, Sarayönü Square, 100 191–193, 197, 198, 245, 276, Screen memory, 196, 197 287, 295 Segregated, 83, 94, 99, 101, 105, 150, 213 Selimiye, 114, 121 T Sense-making, 222, 275 Tahtakale, 105, 114, 130, 132 Sense memory, 283 Taksim, 78, 114, 307 Sensorimotor system, 270, 272, 275, Tasting/smelling system, 277, 278 282, 284 Tavern, 101, 102, 105, 150, 153 Shame, 198, 213 Tel Aviv, 222, 231 Shell, 182, 194, 210, 275, 276, 279, Terdiman, Richard, 196, 211 292 Terni, 156–158 Shopkeepers, 6, 15–17, 20, 21, 23–25, Territory, 4, 14, 48, 63–65, 120, 192, 27–30, 34–36, 92–95, 99, 102, 201, 222 103, 105, 107–109, 111, 112, Testimony, 10, 36, 52, 53, 70, 101, 114–116, 118, 122–126, 128, 139, 140, 153, 158, 164, 281 130, 137, 138, 143, 144, 146, Third Reich, 65 148–150, 152, 153, 155, 159, Times of Cyprus, 80, 132 161, 162, 164, 169, 179, 182, Topography, 24, 49, 51, 54, 66, 89, 187, 201, 223–225, 237, 296 93, 110, 112, 115, 220, 279 Simmel, Georg, 104, 111 Topography of Terror, 49, 51, 66, 220 Sir Hugh Foot, 114, 301 Trade unions, 109, 112 Slavery/Enslaved, 50, 213, 214, 241, Transformation, 8, 35, 52, 54, 55, 59, 242, 267 65, 92, 138, 154, 159, 161, 163, 340 Index

165, 166, 175, 185, 199, 238, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 217, 218 243, 248, 255, 266, 294, 295 Vietnam War, 164, 165, 217, 288 Trauma, 34, 67, 153, 214, 256, 266, Visitors, 17, 30, 53, 106, 223, 280, 281, 285, 286, 288 225, 227, 235, 240, 242, 244, Truth, 13, 32, 36, 54, 150, 163, 257, 270, 275, 279, 281, 283, 286, 281, 294 288–290, 292, 294 Turkish Cypriot Fighters, 107 Visual methodologies, 23, 239 Turkish migrants, 187 Visual system, 272, 277, 278 Turkish Republic of North Cyprus (TRNC), 61, 77, 78, 80, 157, 158, 198, 222, 251, 306 W Turkish Resistance Organization Walker, Kara, 278, 279 (TMT), 78, 112, 115–117, 122, War, 14, 45–47, 49, 58, 78, 103, 137, 123, 132, 149 152, 164, 165, 213, 216, 218, Türk’ten Türk’e Kampanyası [From 221, 242, 244, 249, 250, 255, Turks to Turks Campaign], 115 288, 290, 292 Washington DC, 244, 288 Western Wall Plaza, 55, 56 U Witness, 15, 24, 50, 74, 89, 91, 115, Uludağ, Sevgül, 116, 120, 132, 133 126, 139, 151, 152, 154, 166, Unassimilated, 270, 274, 280, 281, 189, 197, 246, 253, 275, 278, 290 281, 290, 291 UNESCO, 212, 213 World Heritage, 220, 258 United Nation Peacekeeping Force in World Trade Center Memorial, 216 Cyprus (UNFICYP), 80, 81, 120, Writing, 7, 10, 13, 29, 53, 71, 101, 125, 127, 130, 132, 307 127, 158, 175, 191, 225, 278, UN Peacekeepers, 253 290 Unwritten testimonies, 36, 45, 51–53, 55, 70, 139, 140 Urban imaginary, 44, 167, 174, 176, Y 177, 188, 196–198 Yates, Francis, 12, 61 Urban mythologies, 34, 48, 57 Younger generation, 6, 24, 36, 48, 49, 51, 79, 174, 182, 239 Young, James, 209, 217, 258 V Vendor, 27, 92, 97–100, 102, 105, 117, 144, 224 Z Venetians, 77, 84, 89 Zumthor, Peter, 220, 274, 282, 289, Venetian Walls, 6, 84, 85, 174, 178 290 Victoria Road, 100, 102