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Of Nicosia: 1943–1960

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Of Nicosia: 1943–1960 APPENDIX 1: TIMELINE OF SELECTED EVENts AFFECTING THE COMMERCIAL LIFE OF NICOSIA: 1943–1960 1943 Separate Turkish labor unions are organized, but remain unpopular. 1945 The Cyprus Turkish National Union Party (Kıbrıs Milli Birlik Partisi) is established. 1955 This party is renamed as the Cyprus is Turkish Party (Kıbrıs Türktür Partisi). 1955–1958 EOKA begins violent action directed at the British. 1958 A separate Turkish Chamber of Commerce is established. Membership in separate Turkish labor unions grows by more than 400%. Turkish residents leave the Ömerye neighborhood. May The Turkish community in Nicosia issues resolutions demanding separate municipalities. June Turkish Auxiliary Police Force member killed in an EOKA attack in Nicosia. 7 June Turkish press offce in Nicosia is burned down, sparking off riots in Nicosia. 7 June Olympiakos Football Club on Ermou Street is burned down. July Numerous bombing of factories and places of business near Ermou Street including The Çiraklı factory and Irfan Hussein’s retail store. 1 July Pantopolio/Bandabulya–the main Municipal Market on Ermou and Goldsmiths’ Streets—reopens as an exclusively Turkish market after three weeks of closure. 3 July Sir Hugh Foot, the British Governor in Cyprus, sends a report to London regarding the creation of de facto separate municipalities in Nicosia. 1960 The constitution of the new Republic of Cyprus formalizes and institu- tionalizes the creation of two separate municipalities in Nicosia. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 301 A. Bakshi, Topographies of Memories, Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Confict, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-63462-3 APPENDIX 2: TIMELINE OF SELECTED EVENts FROM 1963–1974 1963 30 Nov. Archbishop Makarios proposes amendments to the constitution. In response Turkish-Cypriots withdraw from the government. 21–30 Dec. Intercommunal violence in Nicosia, during which seventy-nine people were killed, known as Kanli Noel or Bloody Christmas. 23 Dec. Telephone lines to the north of Nicosia are cut, and Greek-Cypriots institute road blocks in Nicosia threatening to overrun the Turkish- Cypriot quarters. They are prevented by the threat of Turkish military intervention. 25 Dec. Archbishop Makarios accepts a ceasefre. 28 Dec. At a meeting at the British High Commissioner’s residence in Nicosia the Green Line is drawn by British Major-General Peter Young. Also present at the meeting and in agreement with the location of the line were Glafkos Klerides, Rauf Denktaş, the Ambassadors of Greece and Turkey, and the British High Commissioner Sir Arthur Clark. 30 Dec. British troops begin to patrol the Green Line. 1964 March UNFICYP is established. Former Vice-President of the ROC, Fazıl Küçük, becomes the head of the new General Committee for the Turkish-Cypriot Administration based in Lefkoşa. November The Greek-Cypriot administration eases restrictions on movement from the Turkish-Cypriot enclaves. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 303 A. Bakshi, Topographies of Memories, Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Confict, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-63462-3 304 APPENDIX 2: TIMELINE OF SELECTED EVENTS FROM 1963–1974 1967 21 April Military coup in Greece leads to diplomatic isolation and a loss of interna- tional support for Enosis. Sept. 1967 Greek-Turkish diplomatic talks regarding the Cyprus problem begin in earnest. 1968 March The Greek-Cypriot imposed blockade on the enclaves ends. 1974 15 July The Cypriot National Guard and EOKA-B Coup, backed by the military junta in Greece, overthrows Archbishop Makarios and installs Nicos Sampson as the ruler in Cyprus. 20 July Turkish forces land on Cyprus, marking the beginning of what is known either as the “Turkish Invasion,” or the “Happy Peace Operation.” GLOssaRY A note on the Turkish characters appearing in this text: The Turkish alphabet is a Latin alphabet, with some letters unique to the language. Ş, is pronounced as “sh”; Ç, is pronounced as “ch”; Ğ lengthens the pre- ceding vowel; Ö is pronounced similarly to the ö in German, like the ur in fur; ı (without the dot) has a sound similar to the ir in shirt; and Ü is pronounced similarly to the ü in German, like the ü in über. AKEL The Communist Party in Cyprus (ROC). Arasta Street A commercial street in Lefkoşa, just north of the Ledra Street checkpoint. Archbishop Makarios The political fgurehead of EOKA and the legally elected President of the ROC, ousted by the 1974 coup. Bandabulya The Turkish-Cypriot pronunciation of the Greek word Pantapolio, referring to Nicosia’s main municipal market. Buffer Zone Patrolled by the United Nations, the Buffer Zone divides the Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot areas of Cyprus. Enosis Political Union with Greece. EOKA The National Organization of Cypriot Fighters. A Greek Cypriot anti-colonial movement seeking to oust the British © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 305 A. Bakshi, Topographies of Memories, Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Confict, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-63462-3 306 Glossary Colonial Government and achieve Enosis, or union with Greece. EOKA-B A paramilitary organization formed in 1971 by General George Grivas, the leader of the original EOKA move- ment. It continued to pursue Enosis even after the founding of the ROC. Ermou Street A major east-west street in Nicosia’s walled city and a former center of trade and commerce. In English the street is called Hermes, and in Turkish it is spelled Ermu. Evkaf A formerly Ottoman institution that administers foundation resources, including properties, for the public beneft. Fazıl Küçük A Turkish-Cypriot political leader, Dr. Küçük was appointed the frst Vice- President of the Republic of Cyprus and later became the head of the General Committee for the Turkish-Cypriot administration based in Lefkoşa. Han A type of commercial building intro- duced to the region by the Ottomans, the hans also contained residential facilities. Kyrenia A town located 25 km from Nicosia, along the north coast of the TRNC. Ledra Palace Crossing This crossing point just outside of the city walls was opened in 2003. Ledra Street Today the main north-south commer- cial street within the walls in Lefkosia. Ledra Street/Lokmacı Crossing This crossing point inside of the walled city opened in 2008. Lefkosia The Greek name for Nicosia. Lefkoşa The Turkish name for Nicosia. Mehmet Ali Talat Former President of the TRNC (2005–2010) from the Republican Turkish Party (CTP). Glossary 307 Nicos Sampson A member of EOKA and EOKA-B, he was appointed President of the ROC following the 1974 coup, holding that position for only eight days. NMP Nicosia Master Plan, a bicommunal planning initiative established in 1981. Pantopolio The Greek word, meaning place for buying everything, for the main municipal market. PEO The Pan Cypriot Labour Federation. Rauf Denktaş The former President of the TRNC (1983–2005). Denktaş helped to found the TMT in 1957, then becoming President of the Turkish Communal Chamber in the ROC in 1960. He was elected President of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus in 1976, and then declared north Cyprus to be an independent sovereign state in 1983. ROC The Republic of Cyprus (controlled by Greek Cypriots). Taksım The Turkish word for partition, refer- ring to the Turkish-Cypriot movement for partition of the island. TMT The Turkish Resistance Organization,Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı, was created in 1957 in oppo- sition to EOKA, and began to pursue taksım. TRNC The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (unrecognized except by Turkey). UNDP The United Nations Development Program. UNFICYP The United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus. UNOPS The United Nations Offce for Project Services. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cyprus Related Sources Ahmet Çıraklı Şekerleme Fabrikasina Bomba Atıldı. 1958. Halkın Sesi, 11 July, p. 3. Ali Riza Ailesinin Ömeryede bulunan Evinin yakılması teşebbüsü üzerine Vali’ye çekilne Telegraf. 1958. Halkın Sesi, 3. 8 July. Attalides, Michael. 1977. The Turkish Cypriots: Their Relations to the Greek Cypriots in Perspective. In Cyprus Reviewed: The Result of a Seminar on the Cyprus Problem held in June 3–6 1976 by the Jus Cypri Association and the Coordinating Committee of Scientifc and Cultural Organisations, ed. Michael Attalides. Nicosia: Jus Cypri Association. Attalides, Michael. 1981. Social Change and Urbanization in Cyprus: A Study of Nicosia. Nicosia: Social Research Center. Bağışkan, Tuncer. 2009. Ottoman, Islamic, and Islamised Monuments in Cyprus. Nicosia: Cyprus Turkish Education Foundation. Bakshi, Anita. 2011. Memory and Place in Divided Nicosia. Spectrum Journal of Global Studies 3 (4): 27–40. Bakshi, Anita. 2012. The Legacy of Ottoman Building in Nicosia: Hans as Spaces of Coexistence in Pre-confict Cyprus. International Journal of Islamic Architecture 1 (1): 109–130. Bakshi, Anita. 2012. A Shell of Memory: The Cyprus Confict and Nicosia’s Walled City. Memory Studies 5 (4): 477–494. Baybars, Taner. 1970. Plucked in a Far-Off Land: Images in Self-Biography. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 309 A. Bakshi, Topographies of Memories, Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Confict, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-63462-3 310 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bolukbasi, Suha. 1988. The Superpowers and the Third World: Turkish-American Relations and Cyprus. New York: White Burkett Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia. Bombadan Yaralanan Türk. 1958. Halkın Sesi, 12 July, p. 2. Borowiec, Andrew. 2000. Cyprus A Troubled Island. Westport: Praeger Publishers. Bryant, Rebecca. 2004. Imagining the Modern: The Cultures of Nationalism in Cyprus. London and New york: I.B. Tauris. Bryant, Rebecca. 2010. The Past in Pieces: Belonging in the New Cyprus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Bryant, Rebecca and Hatay, Mete. 2008a. The Jasmine Scent of Nicosia: Of Returns, Revolutions, and the Longing for Forbidden Pasts. Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 26(2), pp.
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