DOCSLIB.ORG

'Stuck in the Middle'

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
'Stuck in the Middle' University of Amsterdam Supervisor: Jana Krause MSc Conflict Resolution and Governance Spring Semester 2017 'Stuck in the middle' A case study of the participation of inter-communal women's groups in the Cyprus peace process Victoria Lecomte 11173173 Word count: 22,978 1 University of Amsterdam Supervisor: Jana Krause MSc Conflict Resolution and Governance Spring Semester 2017 2 University of Amsterdam Supervisor: Jana Krause MSc Conflict Resolution and Governance Spring Semester 2017 Table of contents 1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 7 2 Theoretical framework....................................................................................... 9 2.1 Background to the theoretical framework......................................................9 2.1.1 Liberal Peacebuilding..............................................................................9 2.1.2 Peacebuilding from below.....................................................................11 2.2 'Local ownership' in peace negotiations.......................................................12 2.2.1 The inclusion of civil society in peace negotiations ............................12 2.2.2 The inclusion of women in peace negotiations.....................................14 2.3 Theoretical Principles...................................................................................17 2.3.1 'Decoupling'...........................................................................................17 2.3.2 Who is 'the local'? Who's ownership?................................................... 18 2.4 The 'Third Space' of Cyprus' peace formation ............................................19 2.4.1 Cyprus' peace formation .......................................................................19 2.4.2 The 'Third Space of Conflict resolution' in Cyprus ..............................22 3 Research design ................................................................................................ 24 3.1 Case study design.........................................................................................24 3.2 Operationalization........................................................................................ 25 3.3 Research methods.........................................................................................26 3.4 Research location and population................................................................ 27 3.5 Ethical concerns........................................................................................... 28 3.6 Methodological limitations.......................................................................... 29 4 The Cyprus peace process................................................................................ 30 4.1 The Cyprus conflict......................................................................................30 4.2 The hegemonic national discourses..............................................................31 4.3 The peace negotiations................................................................................. 34 5 Women's groups in the peace process..............................................................37 5.1 Women's groups in focus in this study......................................................... 37 5.1.1 Hands Across the Divide (HAD)...........................................................37 5.1.2 The Gender Advisory Team (GAT).......................................................39 5.1.3 The Technical Committee on Gender Equality (TCGE).......................40 3 University of Amsterdam Supervisor: Jana Krause MSc Conflict Resolution and Governance Spring Semester 2017 5.2 Priorities for a “gender-just” Cyprus............................................................42 5.3 Tensions between women's groups and the TCGE......................................45 5.3.1 Non-transparency of the TCGE.............................................................45 5.3.2 The TCGE: A broken link between the women's groups and the leaders ........................................................................................................................47 6 Reaching Track-I ..............................................................................................50 6.1 International support for women's groups to reach Track-I.........................50 6.2 The TCGE: 'Ticking boxes'.......................................................................... 53 6.3 The leaders' reaction to gender issues ......................................................... 58 7 Reaching the grassroots....................................................................................61 7.1 The 'Usual Suspects'.....................................................................................61 7.2 Explaining the 'Usual Suspects' phenomenon..............................................63 7.2.1 Structural obstacles............................................................................... 63 7.2.2 Political obstacles .................................................................................66 7.2.3 Socio-psychological factors.................................................................. 68 7.3 The importance of reaching the population..................................................70 8 Conclusions........................................................................................................ 75 9 References.......................................................................................................... 78 10 Appendix.......................................................................................................... 83 4 University of Amsterdam Supervisor: Jana Krause MSc Conflict Resolution and Governance Spring Semester 2017 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Assistant Professor Jana Krause from Amsterdam University’s Political Science department, for guiding me through this research process and for having aroused my curiosity on the case of Cyprus. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their encouragement and good insights throughout the research and writing process of this thesis. I would like to thank my dear Arnaud in particular, for supporting me, always. Last but not least, I want to thank from the bottom of my heart all my respondents for their time, kindness, generosity and welcoming. This thesis would not have been possible to write without their precious help. I would like to thank my friend Evren Inancoglu in particular for his kindness and for having showed me around his beautiful country. 5 University of Amsterdam Supervisor: Jana Krause MSc Conflict Resolution and Governance Spring Semester 2017 Map (Ker-Lindsay 2011) List of abbreviations CSO Civil Society Organization GAT Gender Advisory Team H4C Home For Cooperation HAD Hands Across the Divide RoC Republic of Cyprus SASG Special Adviser of the Secretary-General TCGE Technical Committee on Gender Equality TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus 6 University of Amsterdam Supervisor: Jana Krause MSc Conflict Resolution and Governance Spring Semester 2017 1 Introduction In Cyprus, for over fifty years, in spite of great international attention, the peace negotiations have failed. Despite the United Nations' assistance to the ongoing round of peace negotiations that started in 2008, the peace talks remain elite-led and men-dominated. Indeed, women's participation in peace negotiations have been highlighted as a key priority for the United Nations with the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security in 2000. Furthermore, feminist researchers have highlighted the effect the inclusion of women in peace negotiations on the stability and length of peace. However, although being supported by international peacebuilders driven by international norms and standards on the participation of civil society and women in formal and informal peace processes, the participation of women in decision- making positions remain low. The island of Cyprus is home to two main communities, the Greek Cypriots and the Turkish Cypriots, physically divided by a UN buffer zone established in 1964 which impedes their interactions. Although Cypriots are allowed to cross the buffer zone from one side to the other since the opening of the first checkpoint in 2003 in Nicosia, the level of interaction between the two communities is low. Indeed, on both sides of the island, nationalism is strongly taught in history books and is reinforced by religious leaders and military services, mandatory in the South as is the North, which fuel ethno-nationalist discourses. However, in the 1990s, a feminist inter-communal movement emerged and stressed the need for having an inclusive peace process and for implementing the gender perspective in the negotiations, relying on the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000). Hands Across the Divide (HAD), created in 2001 and the Gender Advisory Team (GAT) created in 2009 are the major inter- communal women's groups aiming at a solution for the Cyprus conflict. They are supported by the United Nations Good Offices in Cyprus, who assist the peace negotiations. In spite of this international attention driven by the international 7 University of Amsterdam Supervisor: Jana Krause MSc Conflict Resolution and Governance Spring Semester 2017 norms and standards regarding
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Armenian Cathedral of Sourp Asdvadzadzin (Theotokos) in Strovolos, Nicosia
    THE ARMENIAN CATHEDRAL OF SOURP ASDVADZADZIN (THEOTOKOS) IN STROVOLOS, NICOSIA research-text: Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra The Armenian cathedral of Sourp Asdvadzadzin (Theotokos) in Strovolos, Nicosia, next to Nareg School, the Prelature and the Armenian Genocide monument, is the centre of Armenian-Cypriot religious and community life, a meeting place of local and foreign Armenians, even Armenians and non-Armenians. It is a powerful symbol of this community and it serves as a living reminder of its mediaeval predecessor in walled Nicosia. Following the 1963-1964 intercommunal troubles, Armenian-Cypriots of Nicosia lost not only their homes and businesses, but also their church, Prelature, school and clubs. Thanks to Archbishop Makarios III, the small Ayios Dhometios chapel was used for the community’s religious needs as of early 1964; for large Liturgies, the nearby church of Saint George (1964-1969) or the Anglican cathedral of Saint Paul (1969-1981) or Nareg’s auditorium (1972-1981) were used. In the mean time, the community was trying to get back on its feet and eventually managed to build a new school, church, Prelature and Genocide monument. The issue of the school building was settled relatively quickly: the land was given to the community in trust by the government in 1966 thanks to the efforts of Representative Berge Tilbian, while the actual building was erected on Cyclops street between 1971- 1972, thanks to the efforts of Representative Dr. Antranik L. Ashdjian and funding from the Ministry of Education. However, the issue of the church was a different matter: between 1973-1974, the government had proposed various hali lands (government- owned uncultivated lands), abundant in the Acropolis area, but the Ethnarchy and particularly der Vazken Sandrouni felt the need to have the church next to the school.
    [Show full text]
  • The Internalisation of Border Conflicts, Strategic Action and The
    University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap This paper is made available online in accordance with publisher policies. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item and our policy information available from the repository home page for further information. To see the final version of this paper please visit the publisher’s website. Access to the published version may require a subscription. Author(s): George Christou Article Title: The European Union, borders and conflict transformation: The Case of Cyprus Year of publication: 2010 Link to published version: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/0010836709347213 Publisher statement: None The European Union, Borders and Conflict Transformation: The Case of Cyprus Abstract Much of the existing literature on the European Union (EU), conflict transformation and border dynamics, has been premised on the assumption that the nature of the border determines EU intervention and the consequences that flow from this in terms of EU impact. This article aims to transcend this literature through assessing how domestic interpretations influence EU border transformation in conflict situations, taking Cyprus as a case study. Moreover, its objective is to fuse the literature on EU bordering impact and perceptions of the EU’s normative projection in conflict resolution. Pursuing this line of enquiry is an attempt to depart from the notion of borders being constructed solely by unidirectional EU logics of engagement or bordering practices to a conceptualisation of the border as co-constituted space, where the interpretations of the EU’s normative projections by conflict parties, and the strategies that they pursue, can determine the relative openness of the EU border.
    [Show full text]
  • Greeting Speech for Book Presentation
    GREETING SPEECH FOR BOOK PRESENTATION Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra [email protected] Գերաշնորհ Սրբազան Հայր, Արժանապատիւ Քահանայ Հայրեր, Honourable Mayor, Honourable Armenian Representative in the House, former Assistant Secretary-General of the UN, chairmen and representatives of the Diocesan and Administrative Councils of the Prelature, chairman and members of the School Committee, Headmistress of Նարեկ Armenian Schools, chairman and members of the management committee of the Գալայճեան Foundation, representatives of Armenian parties and organisations, former Nareg Headmaster, distinguished guests, սիրելի բարեկամներ/dear friends, It is with great pleasure that I am tonight amongst you, and I am especially honoured by your presence here, once again proof to me of your factual love and your genuine interest for my work, and the importance you place on the History of this important community, whose roots are lost in the passing of the centuries. Contrary to most communities of the Armenian Diaspora, the past of the Armenian- Cypriot community has depth in time. This amazing past was my initial impetus to study the Armenian-Cypriot community, as part of my co-operation with “Politis” newspaper, for the preparation of a CHRONICLE, at around the same period I was preparing corresponding tributes for the Maronite and the Latin community. Although there are indications that the history of the Armenian-Cypriot community may go back to the time of Տիգրան Մեծ (1st century B.C.) or even the 5th century B.C., it is certain that it starts on the year 578 A.D. Since then, and for at least 14 centuries, this community is constantly changing form and character, yet remaining an inextricable part of the mosaic called the Cypriote civilisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Refugees and Citizens: the Armenians of Cyprus
    Refugees and Citizens: The Armenians of Cyprus SUSAN PATTIE Abstract This article explores themes raised by Peter Loizos in his work with refugees post-1974 in Cyprus. Using examples from the experiences of Cypriot Armenians over the twentieth century, comparisons and connections are made with these themes, particularly regarding the reconstruction of narratives of meaning and belonging following disruption. Armenians have dwelt at length on the defining transformation of the 1915 Genocide but many other kinds of disruptive changes preceded and followed this most radical one, continuing into the present. Physical and economic instability of host countries, including Cyprus, has precipitated continued displacement and migration for many Armenians. This continually creates a kind of demotic cosmopolitanism that is an openness to the world based upon a diasporic people’s juggling of identities, seeking a rootedness in a particular place alongside connections across time and space. Keywords: displacement, memory, identity, homeland, demotic cosmopolitanism, refugees, citizens, Cyprus, Armenians Peter Loizos devoted much of his academic career to an engaged consideration of the plight of refugees, in Cyprus and around the world. To Loizos, a refugee was much more than the sum of his or her troubles and his work reveals the complexity of life after the trauma of displacement as well as the many ways in which individuals absorb and transform the difficulties and opportunities faced. Through heart-rending experiences, a person not only survives but rebuilds and reconnects in varied ways. Narratives of memory and identity inform the present, particularly in disruptive contexts of forced migration, of exiles and refugees. These narratives are themselves multi-layered and often ambiguous, nesting within each other and allowing for varied interpretations on individual and collective levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 4 June 2007
    United Nations S/2007/328 Security Council Distr.: General 4 June 2007 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Cyprus I. Introduction 1. The present report on the United Nations operation in Cyprus covers developments from 25 November 2006 to 25 May 2007, and brings up to date the record of activities carried out by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) pursuant to Security Council resolution 186 (1964) and subsequent Council resolutions, the most recent being resolution 1728 (2006). 2. As at 30 April 2007, the strength of the military component stood at 856 all ranks and the strength of the police component stood at 64 (see annex). II. Mission of good offices and other developments 3. On 15 December, the Security Council adopted resolution 1728 (2006), by which, inter alia, it expressed full support for the process agreed upon by the Greek Cypriot leader, Tassos Papadopoulos, and the Turkish Cypriot leader, Mehmet Ali Talat, on 8 July 2006, and encouraged active participation in bicommunal discussions as described in the letter dated 15 November 2006 from the then Under-Secretary-General Ibrahim Gambari, to which both leaders had responded positively, under the auspices of my Special Representative. The Security Council called for the early completion of the preparatory phase so that a fully fledged good offices process might resume as soon as possible. At the same time, the Council regretted the continued lack of trust between the parties, which had prevented the implementation of the 8 July agreement. 4. Over the past six months, my Special Representative has continued efforts aimed at facilitating the implementation of the 8 July agreement (see S/2006/572) through intensive discussions with the two leaders and their representatives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cyprus Peace Process Since March 2008: Short History, State of the Art and What Is Next in Store
    Istituto Affari Internazionali IAI WORKING PAPERS 11 | 01 – January 2011 The Cyprus Peace Process Since March 2008: Short History, State of the Art and What is Next in Store Luigi Napolitano Abstract The ongoing peace process in Cyprus, started in March 2008, is still work in progress, which has not yet reached the point of no return. All negotiating matters have been explored, classified and discussed. Some of them have been negotiated in depth and a few agreements have even been reached. But most of the knots to reach a comprehensive settlement are yet to be untied. A solution to governance matters is in sight, whereas a compromise on the all important question of property is still elusive. The UNSG Ban Ki-moon will meet the leaders of the two Cypriot communities in Geneva on January 26th to take stock of the outstanding problems and of the leaders' plans to solve them. In reconstructing and analysing the main developments, this article strives to keep equal distance from the contending sides. Keywords : Cyprus / Peace process / Turkish Cypriots / Greek Cypriots / Inter-communal negotiations / UN Secretary General (UNSG) © 2011 IAI ISBN 978-88-98042-00-5 IAI Working Papers 1101 The Cyprus Peace Process Since March 2008 The Cyprus Peace Process Since March 2008: Short History, State of the Art and What is Next in Store by Luigi Napolitano ∗ Introduction Turkey’s EU accession negotiations and the bi-communal talks for the resolution of the Cyprus problem are intertwined to the extent that the solution of the latter is viewed as a necessary, albeit insufficient, condition for the former to come to fruition.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Football Teams and Chetinkaya (1902-1955)
    1 The first Turkish Cypriot football clubs, intercommnal football matches, multi- ethnic football teams and Chetinkaya (1902-1955) Ahmet Djavit An Summary This paper gives us information about the formation of the first football teams in Cyprus in 1902. As the game became popular, we observe that there were frequent intercommunal matches and multicommunal football teams were built up within these friendly relations. The first Turkish Cypriot Football Club was formed in 1907. In 1930 the Nicosia Turkish Sports Club was founded by the well-to-do members of the community and was among the eight clubs forming the Cyprus Football Federation (KOP) in 1934. The Chetinkaya Turkish Guilds Sports Hearth was established in 1943 and in 1949 it amalgamated with the Nicosia Turkish Sports Club. This new “Chetinkaya Turkish Sports Union” won the Cypriot League Championship in 1950 and it was the cup winner in 1951 and 1952. Some successful Turkish Cypriot and Armenian Cypriot footballers also played in the Cypriot National Football Team. Unfortunately this cooperation ended in 1955 when Chetinkaya was excluded from KOP. Football has become the most popular sport on our island, introduced by the British. Local football clubs began to develop in the mid-twenties, although a few schools, notably the English School, had been playing football for many years. The English School started football in 1902. After the American Academy was founded in 1908 in Larnaca, the pupils of this school also started to play football. But for years, important matches could not be refereed by a Cypriot; an English referee was called in.
    [Show full text]
  • Surveillance by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
    Intelligence and National Security, 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2013.834216 ARTICLE Electronic Eyes on the Green Line: Surveillance by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus A. WALTER DORN* ABSTRACT The 1974 Cypriot War divided the island of Cyprus into two parts with a narrow demilitarized zone (DMZ) between the opposing Greek Cypriot and Turkish forces. The volatility and violence in this zone, called the ‘Green Line’, necessitated a constant UN peacekeeping presence that was achieved mainly with manned observation posts (OPs). About 150 of these posts were established by 1975 to maintain stability and prevent flare-ups, including any lethal exchanges between the two sides. By the early 1990s, many of the countries contributing peacekeepers to the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) had become tired of the stalemate and the lack of progress in negotiations (peacemaking), so they withdrew their troops from the force. This necessitated a reduction in the number of constantly manned OPs from 51 in 1992 to 21 in mid-1993. Further downsizing of UNFICYP by the UN Security Council in 2004 gave rise to a new approach to monitor the DMZ and produce actionable intelligence. Cameras were installed in hot-spots in the Nicosia DMZ and more responsive patrols were introduced as part of the new ‘concentration with mobility’ concept. This was the first time a UN peace operation used unattended cameras to monitor a demilitarized zone. This article examines the UN’s difficulties and successes using the remote cameras, especially during important incidents. Other technologies that aided UNFICYP are also reviewed for lessons that might assist an under-equipped United Nations in its watchkeeping function.
    [Show full text]
  • International Law and Cyprus Problem 65
    Mira Lulić, Davor Muhvić (Croatia): INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CYPRUS PROBLEM 65 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CYPRUS PROBLEM Mira Lulić, LL.M., Ph.D. Assistant Professor Josip Juraj Strosmayer University of Osijek Faculty of Law in Osijek Croatia E-mail: [email protected] Davor Muhvić, LL.B. Research Assistant Josip Juraj Strosmayer University of Osijek Faculty of Law in Osijek Croatia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Th e question of a partitioned Cyprus after World War II has become an especially sensitive and complex question of the modern international community. Th e paper analyses the history of Cyprus, starting from the time the Republic of Cyprus attained independence, the covering the Turkish invasion of the island and the declaration of independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) to the present day. It gives an overview of relevant United Nations resolutions with special reference to United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). Th e whole problem of the Republic of Cyprus and the self-proclaimed and by International Law not recognised Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and illegal occupation that lasts for more than three decades is analysed from the aspect of International Law. Some of the most important plans regarding a solution to the Cyprus problem are also presented and their advantages and shortcomings are commented. Keywords: Cyprus, International Law, intervention, human rights, United Nations, independence, secession I. Introduction Due to its specifi c geographic position, Cyprus has always been interesting to various conquerors throughout its history. Th e Ottoman Empire conquered the island in 1571 and kept it as late as the year 1878 when, fearing the expansion of Russia after the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), the Turks ceded the 66 Contemporary Legal and Economic Issues II administration of Cyprus to the British.
    [Show full text]
  • Namedarticleinterventions.Pdf
    Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Kemal, Bahriye (2018) Writing Gifted Baby Cyprus: Anticolonial Ethnic Motherland Nationalist Literatures. Interventions, 19 (8). pp. 1088-1111. ISSN 1369-801X. DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2017.1421028 Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/74001/ Document Version Author's Accepted Manuscript Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html Writing Gifted Baby Cyprus: Ethnic Motherland Nationalist Literatures Bahriye Kemal This article assigns the literary as the preferred means to write Cyprus because it exposes the power of place and space in postcolonial partitioned cases; it exposes that spatial production determines the formation and agency of identity in Cyprus, which serves to sharpen and to blur the dominant binary legacy of historical-political deadlock discourse, so to generate conflict and solidarity between the deeply divided people in postcolonial partitioned Cyprus.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Protes Selides
    THE ‘OTHER’ CYPRIOTS AND THEIR CYPRUS QUESTIONS Emel Akçali Abstract The island of Cyprus has a multicultural population. Today, besides its native Greek, Turkish, Armenian, Maronite, Latin Cypriot and Gypsy population, it is also the home of Anatolians, who have gradually settled on the island from Turkey since 1974; Pontians who came from Georgia via Greece together with various other immigrants since the 1990s; the Jews; and the British. Despite this diversity, a solution to the Cyprus problem is still under the monopoly of Greek- and Turkish- Cypriot aspirations, with a resolution oriented between either a bi-zonal/bi- communal federation or a liberal democratic unitary state. This paper presents the so far little pronounced ‘Other Cypriots’: the Armenians, the Maronites, the Latins, the Gypsies as well as the newcomers, the Turkish settlers, the Pontians, the immigrants, and their socio-economic and political problems. In so doing, it aims to draw attention to the necessity of multicultural politics in today’s governing policies, and in future settlement efforts of the Cyprus conflict. Keywords: Cyprus Question, Cypriot Maronites, Cypriot Armenians, Cypriot Latins, Pontians, Turkish settlers, the British, the Cypriot Jews, the Cypriot Gypsies A Note on Terminology The northern part of the island will be referred to as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), acknowledging the fact that the TRNC is not recognised by the international community except by Turkey. Homogeneity has never been a reality for any polity (Soysal, 1994, p. 189). The national model still serves as a link to the past in order to justify the present and to reinforce national identity and state sovereignty (Kastoryano, 2002, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Cyprus in the Context of Regional Security Cyprus 2017
    Federal Cyprus in the Context of Regional Security Emine Eminel Sülün and Zenonas Tziarras Edited by Ahmet Sözen and Jared L. Ordway June 2017 Abstract The present paper seeks to examine the security aspect of a post-settlement Federal Cyprus. Among other things, the paper assesses the current external security environment of Cyprus in order to identify and prioritize certain security challenges, and analyses four security areas that may pose threats or challenges to the external relations or domestic stability of post-settlement Cyprus. It is argued that a secure and politically stable Federal Cyprus will first and foremost need a reliable political system with functioning decision-making mechanisms in order to pursue a coherent and effective foreign and security policy without crisis-producing deadlocks; the very political system will be its best “guarantor”. Lastly, targeted actions, a number of which are proposed, should be undertaken as soon as possible for the development of a federal security culture – i.e. convergence of communal interests and preferences – which will allow for joint strategic formulation and the development of a common sense of direction in the various policy areas of the federal state. Contents 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3 2 Conceptual Framework: National Security, Interests and Foreign Policy .............................................. 4 3 The External Security Context ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]