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HOLARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA Editor: Andrei Sourakov Assoc HOLARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA Editor: Andrei Sourakov Assoc. Editor: Thomas C. Emmel ASSOCIATION FOR TROPICAL VOLUME 12 NUMBER 1-2 August 2008 LEPIDOPTERA Founded 1989 ADVISORY COUNCIL LARVAL HOSTPLANTS James K. Adams (USA) Martin Krüger (South Africa) Andrés O. Angulo (Chile) Tosio Kumata (Japan) OF BUTTERFLIES IN NEVADA Yutaka Arita (Japan) Jean-Francois Landry (Canada) George T. Austin (USA) Torben B. Larsen (England) Jorge Llorente B. (Mexico) Vitor O. Becker, Planaltina, Brazil by Zsolt Bálint (Hungary) Martin Lödl (Austria) Henry S. Barlow (Malaysia) Wolfram Mey (Germany) George T. Austin Dubi Benyamini (Israel) Kauri Mikkola (Finland) Ronald Boender (USA) Scott E. Miller (USA) and Keith S. Brown Jr. (Brazil) Joël Minet (France) José A. Clavijo A. (Venezuela) Eugene G. Munroe (Canada) Patrick J. Leary Charles V. Covell Jr. (USA) K.-T. Park (South Korea) U. Dall’Asta (Belgium) Rod E. Parrott (Canada) Philip J. DeVries (USA) Amnuay Pinratana (Thailand) Julian P. Donahue (USA) Rimantas Puplesis (Lithuania) CONTENTS Eric Garraway (Jamaica) Jozef Razowski (Poland) Dale H. Habeck (USA) M. Alma Solis (USA) INTRODUCTION 1 NYMPHALIDAE 95 Christoph Häuser (Germany) Dieter Stüning (Germany) METHODS 1 Libytheinae 95 Lowell N. Harris (USA) Gerhard Tarmann (Austria) Toshiya Hirowatari (Japan) Paul Thiaucourt (France) LARVAL HOSTPLANTS 2 Heliconiinae 96 Hiroshi Inoue (Japan) Jürgen H. R. Thiele (Germany) HESPERIIDAE 2 Nymphalinae 99 Daniel H. Janzen (USA) Antonio Vives M. (Spain) Kurt Johnson (USA) Hsiau-Yue Wang (Taiwan) Eudaminae 2 Limenitidinae 119 Roger L. Kitching (Australia) Per O. Wickman (Sweden) Pyrginae 2 George O. Krizek (USA) Allen M. Young (USA) Apaturinae 124 Hesperiinae 8 Satyrinae 124 PAPILIONIDAE 14 OFFICERS Danainae 126 President: Ulf Eitschberger, Germany Parnassiinae 14 DISCUSSION 127 Vice-President: Thomas C. Emmel, USA Secretary/Treasurer: Peter Eliazar, USA Papilioninae 14 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 128 PIERIDAE 22 LITERATURE CITED 128 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Pierinae 22 INDEX TO PLANTS 133 Manuel A. Balcázar L., Colima, Mexico Coliadinae 34 PLATES 135 Donald R. Davis, Washington, DC, USA Boyce A. Drummond, III, Florissant, CO, USA LYCAENIDAE 39 Ulf Eitschberger, Marktleuthen, Germany Lycaeninae 39 Peter J. Eliazar, Gainesville, FL, USA Thomas C. Emmel, Gainesville, FL, USA Theclinae 42 John B. Heppner, Gainesville, FL, USA Gerardo Lamas, Lima, Peru Polyommatinae 58 Olaf H. H. Mielke, Curitiba, Brazil RIODINIDAE 91 Jon D. Turner, Ardmore, TN, USA (Executive Director) The Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Inc. is a non profit organization for the support of research on the biology, systematics, and conservation of tropical and subtropical Lepidoptera of the world. Funding for the Association helps to support research projects, field studies, and publications on tropical and subtropical Lepi- doptera. The Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, as organized in 1989 in Florida, is a tax exempt corporation under Section 501(c)3 of the IRS Code and is a publicly supported organization as defined in Sections 170(b)(1)(vi) and 509(a). Contributions are tax deductible. HOLARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA (ISSN 1070-4140) is published occasionally by the Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Inc. Membership is $80 per year ($110 per year outside the USA) (includes newsletter and all journals). Membership is open to all persons interested in Lepidoptera. Membership applications, dues, and other business should be sent to Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, P. O. Box 141210, Gainesville, FL 32614-1210, USA. Send Manuscripts to: Dr. Andrei Sourakov, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera & Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 [email protected] and/or [email protected], fax: 352-392-0479, phone: 352-273-2013. © 2008 Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Inc. Home Page: http://www.troplep.org 01 August 2008 Figure 1. Map of Nevada showing counties and some additional localities. AUSTIN & LEARY: Hostplants of Nevada Butterflies HO LARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA, 12(1-2), 2008 1 LARVAL HOSTPLANTS OF BUTTERFLIES IN NEVADA George T. Austin¹ and Patrick J. Leary² ¹McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, P.O. Box 112710, Gainesville, Florida 32611 ²Department of Biology, Clark County Community College, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030 ABSTRACT. Larval hostplants of 169 species of butterflies (89% of the resident fauna) and many additional subspecies are reported for the state of Nevada. These encompass more than 3800 individual records including nearly 400 species of plants in 33 families. Although these are largely of plant taxa recorded elsewhere, more than 300 (40% of butterfly/plant combinations) are newly reported at the species-level taxonomy of both plant and butterfly, including 39 new generic records and seven new familial records for the butterfly in question. A large proportion of the newly reported associations are due to this investigation being conducted in a region with virtually no previous information. Nevada, with its southern third largely within the Mojave Desert oviposition on a plant is not unequivocal evidence of feeding or and northern two-thirds imbedded within the Great Basin, is a larval survival (e.g., Kitching and Zalucki 1983). A number of region of low precipitation and large daily and seasonal ranges of species oviposit haphazardly or on objects in the vicinity of larval temperature (Grayson 1993). Its topography is characterized by hostplants (e.g., Wiklund 1984; Scott 1986b, 1992, 2006a) and broad valleys dissected by relatively narrow mountain ranges with apparent mistakes are known (e.g., Straatman 1962, Sevastopulo north-south orientations and often exceeding elevations of 3000m 1964, Dethier 1970, Chew 1977a, Berenbaum 1981, Feeny et al. (Plate 1A,C,G). Lower elevations are dominated by communities 1983, Larsson and Elkbom 1995). of xeric shrubs (Plate 1E,F, 2A,B). Slopes of mountain ranges Each subfamily of butterfly is briefly introduced to summarize are often covered by low stature woodland of piñon and juniper its larval hostplants as known in Nevada. The records of larval (Plate 1B, 2C), while higher elevations are often forested (Plate hostplants include the taxon of butterfly and plant, location, date, 2D). Riparian habitats exist in the immediate vicinity of montane type of record, and documentation (literature citation, deposition streams and near rivers, seeps, and marshes in the lowlands (Plate of voucher specimen, collector/observer; e.g., Shields et al. 1969). 1D,H, 2E,F,G,H). Biologically, Nevada is relatively poorly known, Some records are combined if the recorded details were the same. but an understanding of its fauna of butterflies has increased Plants are listed under each taxon of butterfly in alphabetical order dramatically since the 1960s (e.g., Emmel 1998). by family, genus, and species. Locations are alphabetical by One or more larval hostplants are known for nearly all species of county (see Fig. 1) and chronological (by year, month, and day) North American butterflies (e.g., Scott 1986a), yet regional usage, within each county. Plants indicated with an “i” are not native species-level breadth, and preferences are poorly known, especially to Nevada; these largely represent introductions from Eurasia. in the intermountain region of the western United States. A notable Athough a comprehensive literature review was not undertaken, exception is the southern Rocky Mountains (Scott 1986b, 1992, numerous associations apparently represent a record of a new 2006a). The first report of a larval hostplant unequivocally within species of plant for the species of butterfly. These, marked with an Nevada was that of “wild cherry” for Pterourus multicaudatus asterisk, were not recorded by Scott (1986a 1986b, 1992, 2006a) by Henry Edwards (1873), but subsequent records had been and a number of other authors (Emmel and Emmel 1974a; Shapiro very sparse. During studies of butterflies in that state from 1961 1974; Shields 1977; Shapiro et al. 1979; Austin and Austin 1980; through 2003 (but especially from 1977 onward), notes were made Shapiro et al. 1981; Ballmer and Pratt 1988; Bailowitz and Brock on the use by and association of butterflies with plants. These 1991; Lynch and Martin 1993; Scott 1994, 1998a, 2006b; Tyler observations and records from the literature are here combined as et al. 1994; Giuliani and Shields 1995, 1997; Davenport 1998, a summary of the known hostplants of those insects in Nevada. 2004; Emmel 1998; Pratt and Emmel 1998a, 1998b; Boyd et al. 1999; Nelson and Anderson 1999; Guppy and Shepard 2001; Pyle 2002; Robinson et al. 2002; Brock and Kaufman 2003; Graves METHODS and Shapiro 2003; Hammond and McCorkle 2003; Warren 2005; Scott et al. 2006). A double asterisk after the name of a plant Records for larval hostplants used by butterflies in Nevada signifies the use of an apparently new genus and one after the name were largely gathered opportunistically by the senior author of the family is a family of plant heretofore not reported for the while conducting other investigations. Certain species, however, species of butterfly. No attempt was made to delimit new varietal were often targeted in instances when likely larval hostplants or subspecific records of plants or new records for infraspecific could be determined with little effort. Associations by adults taxa in butterflies. are indicative, but not definitive proof, that a particular plant is Abbreviations for institutions and people
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