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'A Half-Century of Canadian Life and Print, 1751-1800'

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'A Half-Century of Canadian Life and Print, 1751-1800' 'A Half-Century of Canadian Life and Print, 1751-1800' M~arie Tremnaine THE BEGINNINGS OF PRINTING IN EASTERN CANADA TOOK PLACE THROUGH a half-century rarely eqlualled in the history of the world, and unmatched in the history of Canada, for its seqluence of far-reaching events. It began and ended with a major war between two world powers, both of them parent countries to Canada. It saw the rise of an international revolutionary move- ment in which Canada was deeply involved ideologically and geographi- cally. Two of the four basic documents of the Canadian constitution were written in this period. From the eastern seaboard to the Great Laktes, settle- ment, government agencies, social institutions, economic development and the union of two national cultures began. How, or how far, the bibliographer muses, are these events shown in the output of the printing press of that half-century.l At mid-eighteenth century, the part of the continental North America now Canada had well rooted but sparse French settlement up the St. Lawrence valley, in Nova Scotia on the Bay of Fundy, on Ile St. Jean (now Prince Edward Island) and on Ile Royale (Cape Breton) with its fort at Louis- bourg. Sixty-odd thousand people, mainly farmers, lived there. Nova Scotia, nominally British since 17I3, had a little capital at Annapolis; also a few English settlers and seasonal fishermen, mainly New Englanders, around the coast. Indians still lived or roved in small bands back of the settlements in Nova Scotia and Quebec, Micmacs in the east, Abnaktis south of the St. Lawrence, and Montagnais north. In 1749, extensive settlement and fortification of H-alifax were begun by the British government, with new colonists from Britain and (mainly German) from the continent, and with seasoned colonials from New England. The latter continued to move northeast, in some cases temporarily, as trade and new land invited, till the 'A~Half-Century of Canadian Life and Print, 175 I-1800' was first printed in Essays Honoring Lawrence C. Wroth (Portland, Maine: 195 I), pp- 37I-390 and is reprinted here as it appeared in that publication with the ktind permission of Mr. Francis S. Goff, Jr. 4I Tremaine: 'A Half-Century of Canadian Life and Print, 17 5 I- 1800' American Revolution. Then the movement began to include also settlers from the middle colonies. This traffic (by no means one way) is a strong fac- tor in the early development of Canadian printing, and in the survival of imprmnts. In August or September of 175I, Bartholomew Green, Jr., one of a print- ing family whose members through successive generations operated presses in many of the American colonies, brought his printing-office from Boston to Halifax, thus establishing the first press in Canada. Whether he produced anything before he died that fall, we do not ktnow. One of his former partners in Boston, John Bushell, arrived in January, 17 52, and car- ried on the business. The surviving issues from Bushell's press are significant of life in the booming pioneer-garrison town. The Halifax Gazette appeared on March 23, 1752, the first Canadian newspaper, and throughout the year he printed blankts for government and trade, laws and proclamations of British and provincial origin, the text of an arrangement between the English governor at Halifax and the French governor at Quebec for a mutual exchange of each other's deserters.2 In 1753 appeared orders for organizing militia and a treaty made with the Micmacs. No Halifax printing at this time records the renewal of fighting between English and French on the western frontier, nor the menace of Louisbourg, Halifax's raison d'être, nor the anomaly of old French settlers occupying the best lands in the pro- vince, nor even the dispossession and deportation of these Acadians in 1755. But a seqluel of their expulsion is clearly recorded by a broadside issued in 175 6, setting a price on Indians, who were harassing the newer English settlers. Two years later, after the reduction of Louisbourg, Gover- nor Lawrence published a proclamation in Halifax and Boston, advertising the Acadians' lands open for settlement by New Englanders, and in 1759 issued a further proclamation to relieve prospective settlers of paying fees and of claims against their title. In these years, as in each succeeding time of war or threat of war, appeared the government's embargo on export of food, the militia call-up and training manual. This husbanding of resources in crisis by a young colony never self-sufficient, appears again and again in eighteenth-century printing, first in Nova Scotia, later also in Quebec, New Brunswick, and Island of St. John. And along with the embargo on food supplies in the larger centers later, went the law against black markteteers. These earliest laws in Nova Scotia were issued from Governor in Coun- cil; the Assembly, the third element in the constitution, had not been esta- blished. The 'liqluidation' of the French Catholic population in 1755 removed what the English considered an obvious impediment, and the increasing number of migrants from the older colonies supplied increasing pressure for the election of a representative Assembly. A manifestation of 42 Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada xxxi I this pressure was published by Bushell in I757 (and, incidentally, the only extant copy survives in the files of the Colonial Office in London, whence that pressure could be effectively transmitted). The following year, the first elective legislative body in Canada was convened. In 1759, its sessions laws began publication, and in the same, or the next year, its Journal. In 1759, too, another historic event took place, one of even greater significance to Nova Scotia, whose celebration of it in print, if any, does not survive, namely the capture of Quebec, and the passing of French Canada to British control. The British occupation of Quebec had as sequel, not the influx of land-seekting English colonials as in Nova Scotia, but the arrival of merchants seekting new business in a long-settled colony of some 62,ooo people, in which trade had not been particularly developed by the French regime. One such business, thus started in Quebec, was that of Brown & Gil- more, young printers from William Dunlap's shop in Philadelphia.3 They began work in I764, at a time when the military government of the early occupation was being succeeded by civil government, not with a constitu- tion likte that of the older English colonies in America, but an administra- tion by governor and council. Some of Brown & Gilmore's earliest publica- tions helped erect the new administration's legal framework, on which the day-to-day affairs of the community were based. By ordinance, courts of jus- tice were set up and court decisions from the military r6gime confirmed; currency values were established, and fees set for official services; 'due pubs- lication' of laws was ordained 'by publick Reading ... after Notice by Beat of Drum and publishing the same in the Quebec-Gazette'; local government was organized in the main settlements. Each such ordinance Brown & Gil- more printed for the governor as a broadside or 'double broadside' with English and French text side by side. The local governments of Quebec and Montreal, thus established under justices of the peace, appeared freqluently in print henceforth. They admin- istered law and order at the average citizen's level. They regulated cartage and ferry rates, liqluor licenses, the sale of firewood, the price and weight of bread, the straying of goats in the streets, the playing of ninepins or skittles, the unloading and carrying of gunpowder, etc. Brown & Gilmore duly printed their regulations. The justices of the peace served also as judges in petty criminal and (for a time) civil suits. The first sizeable pamphlet, printed by Brown & Gilmore,4 records English merchants' arguments before the Quebec justices' first quarter sessions in October, 1764, arguments against Frenchmen serving on juries, and complaints against the military. The controversies and tensions of the little society, the numerous French, well rooted in the country and their own ways, and a few hundred English newcomers divided among 43 Tremaine: 'A Half-Century of Canadian Life and Print, 17 5 I -1800' themselves in violent cliqlues, are only partially revealed, only suggested in fact, in the printers' occasional record of denunciatory tracts and a few sur- viving copies of litigious pamphlets. They suggest not only the confusions in the courts where English and French laws and customs were unktnown and irritating to French and English respectively, but also the wider confu- sions and irritations attendant upon two peoples, each with its strong tradi- tions, religion, language and way of life, living and doing business in the same small community. Brown & Gilmore issued the first number of the Q2uebec Gazette, June 21, 1764, and it became the medium of legal publication except during the suspension of the paper, November, 1765-May, 1766, when its cost became prohibitive with the Stamp tax. As most of the content of the four-page paper, particularly official matter, appeared in French and English, its scope was not extensive. The preponderance of government work in their general printing as well as in the Gazette, no doubt restrained Brown & Gilmore's reaction as journalists and businessmen to the Stamp tax. For, unlikte their brother printers in the more southerly colonies, they published little pro- test and printed no comment of their own till the 'Resurrection' number of their newspaper after the act's repeal. That there was, however, local objec- tion and disregard of use of 'the Grievous stamp' throughout the province is confirmed by the government's publication in March, 1766, of the text of the act in French translation.
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