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Surveying Instruments and Technology

Leonid Nadolinets, Eugene Levin, Daulet Akhmedov

Theodolites

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315153346-3 Leonid Nadolinets, Eugene Levin, Daulet Akhmedov Published online on: 12 Jun 2017

How to cite :- Leonid Nadolinets, Eugene Levin, Daulet Akhmedov. 12 Jun 2017, Theodolites from: Surveying Instruments and Technology CRC Press Accessed on: 28 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315153346-3

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 A theodolite is a surveying instrument used for precise angular measurement in both both in measurement for angular used precise instrument is asurveying A theodolite FIGURE 3.1FIGURE Heron’s 3.1). (Figure is invention merit instrument of goniometrical auniversal building. in were angles measured only horizontal and were angles measured, cal astronomy, In building. astronomy verti and in mainly instruments goniometrical Heron’s to Prior odolite prototype. invention, ancient scientists primitive applied We consider Heron can of Alexandria’s (first dioptra century 3.1 industry. engineering the in surveying, and route surveying, construction for used surveying, land commonly are planes. Theodolites vertical and horizontal

3 HISTORICAL PROTOTYPES THEODOLITES MODERN OF

Heron’s dioptra. Theodolites bc ) as the modern the modern the ) as 43 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 ocular along the optical axis of the telescope. The term “theodolite” was introduced was introduced “theodolite” term telescope. of the The axis optical along the ocular remove to need telescope focusing. could only provide the meant the external That level, Kepler forpass atubular the orientation, aKepler time, and telescope. that In oppositefrom sides of amountain! of out dug water they joining supply up that tunnels people could carry methods 44 FIGURE 3.2 FIGURE the between placed was for usually and orientation instrument important waspass an level tubular Kepler Aprecise on the feature. was placed com telescope. often The main was the screws tribrach atthe or four lifting of three Presence was minimized. circles’ of the Therefore, influence opposite eccentricity microscopes. diametrically twoof the means by circles (limbs). was fulfilled metallic Measuring had theodolite 3.2. what the point Figure we At looked in that like see instrument the century teenth 1725 in atelescope,odolite with made by Sisson. Jonathan By end nine of the the the the next of the step angles.fitting The significant was horizontal measured that century, instrument but it an to only referred fourteenth Digges the in by Leonard Ho Ho Ve Microscop He also worked out methods for practical use of the instrument. Applying those worked instrument. of use He for also the out methods practical Over time goniometrical instruments eventually became equipped with acom with equipped eventually became instruments goniometrical Over time rizon r rizon tical tangentscre tal clampscre Fo tal tangentscre cusing knob e ofver Ey Compa

epie T ubular le Theodolite with metallic circles (limbs). circles metallic with Theodolite ce tical circle w ss w w vel Ve r tical circle Surveying Instruments and Technology and Instruments Surveying Microscop Ve Le r tical clampscre veling scre Ho e ofhorizontalcircle Objective rizo nt al circle ws w - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 in their theodolites. Nevertheless, metallic limbs were still applied in theodolites theodolites in applied were still limbs Nevertheless, theodolites. metallic their in using limbs glass started manufacturers instrument 1920s, surveying the leading In 3.2 theodolites. elementary modern focusing which and may Fastening present in screws be were separated, standards. FIGURE 3.3 FIGURE have developing stopped manufacturers instrument 3.3. surveying Figure in Current is shown theodolite optical up-to-date 1990s. the out An in were carried theodolites last improvements ones. focusing The and of optical of screws, separate the instead fastening have most theodolites advanced The coaxial ment theodolites. of optical last improve was compensator the mechanical and optical circle an with vertical the level tubular Replacement was at plummet added. separate of optical lar. the an Also, was set next telescope ocu its one, the ocular to and common were the with replaced microscopes demountable. separate it The and became moved standard onto the compass was level The compass, atubular of the standards. was set the up between Instead focusing telescope appeared. internal an with of theodolite type another ance, appear theodolites limb-style glass the with 1960s. time the same About the until Theodolites Plummet fo Microscop Plummet reticlefo

Reticle fo OPTICAL THEODOLITEOPTICAL Tu bular (plate)le cusing knob e fo

cusing knob cusing knob Optical theodolite. Optical Tr ibrach cusing knob ve

l Rear sight Ho Te Fo Ve Ho lescop ot (l rt rizon ical tangentscre Ve rizon ev rt tal tangen e fo eling) scre ical clampknob tal cusing knob clamp t scre ws knob w 45 w - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 FET 500 ADA TDJ6E TDJ2E TD-1E 46 of this type are called laser theodolites. laser called are type of this pointer. alaser with Those equipped compensator. are Some theodolites electronic include usually amonoaxial theodolites Five-second electronic plummet. accuracy nation Some compensators. of even them a laser have and compensator a dual-axis 2 from of models ranges many released accuracy The standard. right module atthe a battery display digital console Now The lack controlto keys with is of need. there appeared. due disappeared microscope measuring The unchanged. remained systems mainly 3.4). (Figure models optical with much common has in theodolite electronic An them. produce Nowadays, manufacturers theodolites. electronic called instrument surveying are Such theodolite. theodolites the in technique processing image limb coded the possible it become has progressed, fulfill to has technology microprocessor and As electronic appeared. theodolites on limbs coded first the Thus, constraints. acters’ much image more easily, various with deal to people had time but atthat char technologiesis of no the doubt limb today would out that the allow reading help the wereThere with black of encoded white and values limbs stripes. on the was technology 1970s poorly recognition the developed, In character ters. so the and the lab intowent in automatic coun processed was film the out. Then reading the moment at of parts limb photos fieldthe in of istration conditions taking by able reg for were automate data to automatic Some made registration. attempts avail hardly and tiring ergonomic, values out and remained the light, but reading development reliable, of their compact, became peak At the theodolites optical 3.3 (Table licenses available, under mainly 3.1). However, releasing theodolites. them optical and make still some manufactures Model Theodolites Optical Up-to-Date 3.1 TABLE POF-X15 The telescope, tribrach, optical plummet, focusing and fastening screws, focusing axes fastening plummet, and and optical telescope, tribrach, The

LCRNC THEODOLITE ELECTRONIC ″ to 20 to Accuracy Measure Measure Angle Angle 30 15 ( ″ 6 2 1 ″ . Two-second have incli theodolites monoaxial electronic accuracy ) Magnification (n 20 28 30 30 30 × ) Setting Accuracy/ Operating Range Compensator Compensator ( — — 1.0/ 0.3/ 0.3/ n ″ / ± ± ± n Surveying Instruments and Technology and Instruments Surveying 2 2 2 ′ ) ( Accuracy n Tubular ″ Level /2 30 30 30 20 20

mm) Focusing Minimal Minimal Range Range 1.2 2 2 2 2 (m) Manufacturer Geo-Fennel ADA Boif Boif Boif Instruments - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 the tubular level. tubular the 180° check to adjustment instrument of the of foot means screw 3.the we Then turn bubble the center by again and axis its vertical around at90° instrument the we turn foot level screws Next 2. 1and bubble tubular ofset the center the the turning into foot screw foot we 1 with connecting screw Then 2. level line the to tubular parallel 3.6). place level the and (Figure indicator tubular Next an as instrument the we rotate using a and foot of the out screws tribrach by means on the the is carried ment. This of ameasure plumb must the set position into be beginning axis atthe vertical The 3.4.1.1 telescope of objective center the the reticle’s the with connects that line crosshairs. is the axis collimation The limbs. called often circles are circle. These measuring cal verti is provided the with axis rotation horizontal circle. The measuring horizontal is provided the with axis rotation vertical The axis. telescope rotation is the axis horizontal The axis. rotation instrument is the axis vertical The axis. collimation the and axes rotation horizontal 3.5). and consists ofscheme vertical (Figure This kinematical have and theodolites identical geometric electronic an and Optical 3.4.1 requirements. certain to tion according configura basic is of aselected principle operation axial every theodolite main The 3.4 3.4 FIGURE Theodolites

BASIC OPERATION PRINCIPLE OFATHEODOLITE

B Theodolite VerticalTheodolite Axis a sic

Electronic theodolite. Electronic A Ke xes yboa Displa

of rd

y

a

T heo d o l ite Handle Sw Storage itch on/off ba tter y 47 - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 48 FIGURE 3.6 FIGURE position. bubble atany instrument center the the adjusting is in until and checking at180°. instrument adjustment. the the by We rotating repeat not, repeat to If need adjusting of screw. the means the bubble center the We the that is in sure be to need of leveling by means center the the screw 3. by halfway Now other the we correct 3.5 FIGURE If the bubble on the tubular level bubble the tubular If on the moves center, the set it from back halfway to 1 Ho

Z Ze enith angl rizon Ve Tubular level adjusting.

Basic of atheodolite. axes

ro r Ve

tical circle po r tal angle dire tical sition

e ction of of ction

Z collimation collimation

Horizon enith

tal di tal

po axis

re sition ction of of ction A

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co llimation llimation

2 axis Collimation Surveying Instruments and Technology and Instruments Surveying w ax is

3 Ho Ho rizon rizon Ve rt ical tal axis tal ci ax rcle is

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 Theodolites instrument is new there is usually little worry about this, even about this, low-precision with worry little is is new usually there the instrument angles. horizontal and of vertical readings for inclination correct cal for instrument’s compensators the verti dual-axial have and theodolites monoaxial 20 to 10 from theodolite’s accuracy axis allows vertical the precision. establish us to This level tubular divisionThe scale 20 from ranges valueat the inclination. axis horizontal the one is called vertical the to nonperpendicularity axis horizontal The axis. rotation instrument the as to is referred axis vertical The axis. telescope rotation the called vertical. the to perpendicular be must axis horizontal The 3.4.1.2 workshop. aspecialized in problem pair is resolved axial by out the changing instability. The axis vertical bubble the with indicates deviation, attended this also and of case visible coincide. the target In noncoincidencethe at any change of direction, reticle of the and line horizontal the that we sure should make direction rotation the Before contrariwise. changing and one to direction several times instrument the rotate circle clamping screw and level.tion using horizontal atubular we the Then, unfasten 10 of about atadistance target clear avery to theodolite our we should direct malfunction this level verify adjustment. to order In tubular during reactions inadequate usually sign first problemof a The balls. is by bearing dents made the some gaps or internal may develop axis tight vertical odolites. the However, repair ashock or unskilled after should tighten the fastening screws. fastening should the tighten is slightly removed axis adjusting we atheight. After horizontal The pin. the around flangeangle ata slight bearing the we rotate adjusting can screws any direction in plugs screws. rubber these We reach to the open ened. and remove to need battery the havethat tips. Before conical are adjusting,screws slightly flange the loos fastening twoof screws the means Adjustmentby is fulfilled instruments. Pentax and Precision, through in 3.10.Figures 3.8 are bush fixations lated of aregu types used commonly bush epoxy with set the glue. and any access Three out rule usage, others while theodolite the provide option of the during regulation Some theodolite. of manufacturers the standard right is the circle. Usuallytical this ver is without the that standard adjusting the bush in is The placed inclination. axis can beminimizedbycarryingoutmeasurementattwo circular positions(Figure3.7). where

m. Beforehand, we should set the instrument very carefully to the vertical posi vertical the to carefully very Beforehand,m. we instrument should set the Inclination of the horizontal axis axis horizontal of the Inclination stable. the highly When remain to axis for vertical the requirement important It is an The first type of fastening is the handiest. It is applied in Nikon, It is handiest. applied the is Trimble, of Spectra type fastening first The slightly be removed can the regulate to axis bushes of horizontal ofOne the the The horizontalaxisinclinationsinfluenceuponangle measurement values The regulating screws may also be covered with rubber plugs. While rotating the the screws covered plugs. rotating be may regulating also rubber with The While ″ . This is enough for low-precision. This high-precision and Moderate- theodolites. β

is the angle of telescope inclination (the vertical circle reading out). of angle (the telescope circle is inclination the reading vertical Theodolite Horizontal Axis Theodolite υ : ι distorts the horizontal circle reading out results circle reading horizontal the distorts υι =⋅ tg β ,

″ to 60 to ″ per 2 per The horizontal axis is axis horizontal The

mm depending on the on the depending mm (3.1) 49 ″ ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 50 FIGURE 3.9FIGURE 3.8 FIGURE 3.7 FIGURE Ve r tical circlelef Bearing f

Ho A Units for Topcon theodolite horizontal axis inclination adjustment. inclination axis forUnits Topcon horizontal theodolite Theodolite positions. Theodolite Units for Nikon theodolite horizontal axis inclination adjustment. inclination axis horizontal forUnits theodolite Nikon sc djusting rizon re t ws lange Po tal sition I(F ax es ace I) Adjusting screws Surveying Instruments and Technology and Instruments Surveying Po

sition II(F Horizontal Non- Pin ace II) Be unfasten aring axes Ve fl rt ange ical circleright screw Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 Theodolites FIGURE 3.11FIGURE 3.11).(Figure We side, do it one screws of can only required by the atthe tightening screws a cover plugs. fastening of orlateral rubber by means Adjusting is fulfilled flange. axis screwsslight vertical fastening adjustments on the the via screws. ing the flangeadjust of means by bearing eccentric the rotating by removal is fulfilled adjusting screws The have tips. direction. same spherical the in rotated adjusting screws the is not before loosened is are that adjusting. difference Another It pin. screws the as fastening is used lack lateral of of is the One the apin. type this 3.10FIGURE These screws are placed between the theodolite standards and protected with with protected and standards theodolite the between placed screws are These we make then can adjusting unit, inclination axis no horizontal has atheodolite If axis low-precision in applied is often horizontal type The theodolites. third The of difference main Topcon in applied The is often type second instruments. The

Ho The alternative method for elimination of theodolite horizontal axis inclination. axis horizontal of theodolite for elimination method alternative The Units for Geo-Fennel theodolite horizontal axis inclination adjustment. inclination axis horizontal theodolite forUnits Geo-Fennel rizon tal ax es

Ad Fa justing scre stening scre ws ws ofverticalaxis Eccentric fl ange be arin

g 51 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 precision theodolites adjustment.precision theodolites of 3 distance same division of size 1mm atthe angular clear-cut must The and have lines. ruler thin The bottom. atthe horizontally is placed ruler The wall. top of the atthe is placed the lower target at both positions of the theodolite should not be more than 10 lowerthe should positions more than not be atboth theodolite of the target deviation from direction it lower the to vertical we The Again direct target. target. upper the to it again position direct and another to theodolite the weing. Then turn read we we If applycircle ruler should theodolite. method, of second do the the the reticle wethe deviationthe the horizontal of outThen find or the means bisector by may occur. axis vertical of some the inclination because is natural This wire. of the (or reticle of the may line ruler). coincide center slightly the to vertical the with The lower telescope the to the wire of ending the direct clamp and vertical the unfasten (or wire of mark) ending the atone circle upper of positions. the to the to Then 52 on the theodolites precision and can be equal to 20 to equal be can precision and theodolites on the depends size reticle angles. The angular bisector small reticlethe measure to bisector of 3 weight the oil. with wire, tions of is put the acan into remove to order aweight with In wall. top of the the wire oscilla from is suspended of 2.6 distance 3.12. atthe tripod on the theodolite Set up the two ways. in pendicularity. We this first way The is examine shownin Figure can adjusting we shouldafter adjust compensator. the never oppositeand screw. the loosening is not efficient very method because This 3.12FIGURE We test the horizontal axis inclination in the following the in inclination way. axis We telescope the horizontal the test Direct mark The millimeters. in aruler, graduated and amark uses method second The The wire thickness should about 0.1 be thickness wire The per axes equipment assessment theodolite of the Next afundamental we make

m from the theodolite objective. circle or theodolite theodolite the m from We horizontal the use can

3.0 m

Theodolite horizontal axis inclination checking. inclination axis horizontal Theodolite 1.5 m

m is about 50

60° ″ . This is sufficient enough . This for low-and moderate-

mm. Its angular size is 5 size Its angular mm. Surveying Instruments and Technology and Instruments Surveying

2.6 m ″ , 30 , ″ , 40

″, m from the wall. A thin Athin wall. the m from or 60 or in wire Plumb Can withoi ″ ″ . at the distance distance atthe l ″ for for - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 Theodolites modation described earlier or the vertical axis flange fastening screws. flange fastening axis vertical or the earlier described modation of aid accom the with inclination axis horizontal the weexceeded, should correct should not exceed 0.2 way, second the we case out try In precision difference read rulers’ theodolites. the 30 The high-precision theodolites. and moderate- FIGURE 3.13FIGURE angle outread value the horizontal influences theodolite. the of axis horizontal the to perpendicular be should telescope the of axis collimation The 3.4.1.3 the target. Then we lower Then remove the to image target. the target the edge reticle of the by means with reticle line reticle adjustment. the vertical inclination by We superposing start for suggested method we screws. is angle. another the Then tighten There required flange’sshould slightly the ocular the loosenflange at the turn screws and fastening reticle, of the line we vertical not does coincide the with image wire the case tion. In posi vertical the into theodolite of the we axis shouldFirst, properly vertical set the It (see is convenient 3.12). wire Figure vertical not asuspended use to occurred. has adjusting screws reticle on the (seement horizontal of with the 3.13). Figure low-precision it values case exceeds we these In should theodolites. adjust instru the 20 less be to than It need should not exceed error 10 collimation The theodolite. for positions both 180° of from direction the out same difference read atthe angular the is double error The collimation two direction. between positions same difference atthe result is averaged. the then 180° and Surely the account theodolite we into should take following way.two angle’s at positions the horizontal of fulfilled The are measurements where Before collimation error corrections, we should be sure that reticle we that inclination should sure be corrections, Before error collimation be could angleexcludedreadings error’s the collimation The on horizontal influence β

is the angle of angle telescope is inclination. the Fa Theodolite CollimationTheodolite Axis the stening scre

oc Reticle adjusting screws. ular Nonperpendicularity of these axes is called collimation error error collimation is called axes of these Nonperpendicularity fl ange ws of

mm (0.6mm ″ for moderate-precision theodolites and not exceed and 60 for theodolites moderate-precision

mm for low-precisionmm are theodolites). limits the If ε Ve = r tical adjustingscre co C of thereticl s β ε

like this: like ″ difference is allowable difference for low- e ″ for high-precision theodolites. ws Ho sc re rizo ws oft nt al adjustin he reticl C ″ (3.2) and and e g for for 53 - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 circle. Some low-precision have of scale theodolites inclination an (from scale 360°) to 0° vertical of full the ordinary an has theodolite the if 360° be must readings of sum these attwo angle total positions The vertical theodolite. of the we the should measure requirement, this meet to order zero. to In out is equal read adjusting is needed. thickness, line removes size image screw. tangent the the vertical that of case more than the the In 54 shown in Figure 3.14. The outside light illuminates the vertical limb through the the 3.14.shown through Figure in limb vertical the outside The light illuminates index micrometer. or scale an with furnished device is amicroscope reading theodolite 10 from graduating scales have limbs circular transparent glass theodolites Optical units. plus reading limbs, glass vertical and system consists of horizontal measuring theodolite optical An 3.5.1.1 3.5.1 3.5 level optical we ausual it test leveling like the with rods. (or 90° to out circle equal read 0°). vertical position the by Then setting horizontal index position vertical we the should verify to telescope order the put into the In shock. the after due shift compensator to occurs This adjustments may incorrect. be acompensator. with for adjustmentmore theodolites complicated electronic is needed such adjusted in away without are acompensator theodolites without any troubles. A automatically. Electronic is fulfilled correction index error vertical input the second the sighting each we positions. key. Enter should theodolite the press After different After from twice target we menu. atthe point Then usually aspecial manuals) or entering their in keypress combination (whichanddescribed is specific for manufacturer every by asimultaneous initiated adjusting screws is usually reticle. of the program The of vertical using the instead program correcting the use to advised error. Users are have index adjustments.usually compensator via vertical options the for regulating reticlethe adjusting only screws. fulfilled be can precision theodolites index adjustment vertical of The low- value must corrected. be that error collimation removal reticle of the changes horizontal the removal The could appear. or inclination index reticle’s value the vertical screws. is severalof the these minutes, If horizontal (see 3.13). Figure help the with We index only errors slight vertical suggest correcting adjusting help screws the with vertical of reticle of the target the the to line horizontal screw. tangent vertical out of circle by the read the we means vertical Then superpose it the we should circle correct to order index correct error. In vertical the two is called scale) inclination the with in divided (0° 360° from for sum ofence instruments the the but have must equal and be positions oppositeboth theodolites of differ signs. the The should have target sightings case, same of at of the angles this inclination scale. In full The measuring system of an elementary contemporary optical theodolite is theodolite optical contemporary system elementary of an measuring The index vertical software-based impact, an experiences theodolite electronic an If index vertical the calculate to have programs theodolites electronic special All axis vertical of compensator the inclination an with equipped theodolites Optical horizontal be should telescope the of axis collimation The

m MAIN PARTS OFATHEODOLITE

Measuring System Theodolite of Optical an Measuring e a suring ′ to 1°. to The optical figures. Arabic with added divisions are Degree

S ystem

of

a

T heo d o l Surveying Instruments and Technology and Instruments Surveying ite when the vertical circle circle vertical when the ± 90° instead of the of the instead 90° - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 tion. The CCD (charge-coupled CCD solution.tion. The device) barcode in areader as is applied line solu solution).incremental in (barcode reader as a is used Afive-photodiodematrix ones solution)gaps (incremental on it. may They have intervals irregular and regular code has that coating covered anontransparent are with limbs theodolites Electronic 3.5.1.2 microscope’s the then and pentaprism ocular. have precision of theodolites windows. moderate scaled microscopes havedows. microscopes index-marked Elementary windows (see 3.15). Figure The have of Various channels. microscopes win different types horizontal and vertical windows for telescope reticle. the the transparent is It like twomask has separate microscope The mask. the to images which the sends right-angled prism, enter the circles’ the consecutive. images microscope, is called the Having gonekind through scheme this The image.optical of channel the adjustment vertical we must confirm image channel horizontal the is why after This channels. horizontal and vertical both of fact, it for amatter is common As microscope. horizontal enter the images the Then adjustment if is correct. do not images overlap parallel scale are and other each vertical and horizontal The limb. horizontal transparent comes the to and channel vertical of right-angled the prism window. the matte light goes through the Then 3.14FIGURE Theodolites The vertical and horizontal circles’ images superposed with the mask enter the enter the mask the with circles’ superposed images horizontal and vertical The lenses ofver lenses ofhorizonta Zo Zo om andfo

om andfo channel Measuring System Theodolite of Electronic an Measuring Ma

Wi tical channe Optical theodolite measuring system. measuring theodolite Optical sk cusing ndow cusin Prism wi Prism th l g scale l Prism Ve rt ical circle Pe nt ap rism Microsco

Ve Ho Ho rt rizo ical channel rizo pe nt nt

al channel ey al circle epie ce

55 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 56 stripes. The angular interval between them is from 1 is from them between interval angular The stripes. transparent and dark of sequence equal is aregular scale limb incremental The limb. the around spacing grid the as step same atthe distributed slits are mask outputs. The photodiodes atthe signals increase to of several mask slits tenths on the are circle. the There slit around mask the by passed distance the as is identified angle is set circle-wise,slit the grid and opposite. is sequence signals moves the reverse grid the the in direction photodiode. When other of the output atthe signal output the advances atone photodiodes sinusoidal of signal the moves a grid the one to direction When two photodetectors. also are step. There grid of phase the period one relative ataone-fourth other two the to has slits shifted reversible sensor The only adual-channel tice distance. system measure to is used prac in reversibility. decrease, or, is able contrary on increase the to Since distance 3.16 of Figure provide to part bottom which two is necessary channels, are there irreversible input. Monochannel photodetector solutionsthe seldom the In are used. tector. moves, moment Atslit the grid the at sinusoidal modulation of light occurs photode of front the is set aslit. in has Aslit grid that amask condenser lens and 3.16. of Figure top part the is in measuring for distance versible irreversible system incremental A photoelectronic time. system measure to irre quantity clock incremental is an is aclock.example ordinary units of An these quantity. measured of Aclassic the parts small system accumulates incremental the measuring While forcedly zeroed. system. are they Beforemeasuring measuring 3.15FIGURE short impulse. The other four stencils consist of sequences of transparent stripes with with stripes four consist stencils other of of sequences The transparent impulse. short a generates photodiode zero the and complete occurs, superposition once their limb the we rotate When has. limb the identical that to strip abarcode of has One them but stencils. it five has transparent nontransparent, is made mask one. The another 105 to (from distance immovable for is small an atavery strip zeroing. mask There barcode An incremental measuring system of an electronic theodolite is in Figure 3.17. Figure is in system theodolite electronic of an measuring incremental An principle. The same upon the based systems are incremental measuring Angular a with diode) beam of anarrow into light (light-emitting source is formed The system of accumulative is asort measuring incremental theodolite electronic An There is a light source at one side of the limb and a five-photodiode matrix at afive-photodiode and atonematrix side is alight source limb of the There Microscop

mkm) from the scales (Figure 3.18). (Figure scales the from mkm) (DMS)

e withinde Reading eyepieces fieldsview. of Reading x Microscop (Grad) e withinde Surveying Instruments and Technology and Instruments Surveying x ′ to 2 to ′ . The limb also has a short ashort has also limb . The Microsco (DMS pe withscal ) e - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 FIGURE 3.17FIGURE 3.16 FIGURE Theodolites Photo dio de matr Photo Photo Mov

Photo Incremental measuring system. measuring Incremental Incremental measuring principle. measuring Incremental ix ing dio

dio dio gr de 1 de 2 de id 90° Irre Re Ligh versible incrementalsensor versible incrementalsensor t source(LED)

D Ma sk

Ma

sk LED Ma Incremental scale Ze Mov wi ro th sk LED ing pos ga wi D p th gr ition barc id D ga ps od e scale 57 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 limbs in angular measuring surveying instruments. Because of CCD line technology technology of Because line CCD instruments. surveying measuring angular in limbs absolute have 3.19). theodolites systems. (Figure absolute Electronic limbs code to similar systems are measuring theodolite value. Optical angular appointed an to sensors. tal incremen absolute use made Today methods. of theodolites electronic only aquarter principle. Nowadays, on this lites is slowly principle this excluded by more advanced theodo electronic except created Leica, manufacturers, leading ago. all time At that 58 sor. Using the data the microprocessor calculates the angular value to within 1 value within to angular the calculates sor. microprocessor the Using data the microproces theodolite converter enter the analog-to-digital reverse the and counter the both from Data pairs. in processed is why are signals 180°This shift phase drift. signal constant the minimize to is necessary processing analog-digital nary converter. prelimi analog-to-digital The enter they an then and sinusoidal signals of processing the analog out preliminary interpolator. of It the carries means the 1 is from value discreteness The value. angular current the to by reverse the is equal counter accumulated data The input. counter one of the enters from four sequence channels counter. impulse The controls areverse trigger impulse The direction. rotation every change limb of the is changesto signals’ switched of over trigger these atits sequences inputs. The at trigger, enter whichthe is sensitive impulses istoo. changed sequence These impulse the rotation, limb of the we direction change When of the impulses. pair second the advances impulses of pair first the atone direction, limb the rotating While lyzed. ana are signals shift phase of 90° pairs the ones. Further, impulse into transformed interpolator. reverse Before the an counter, are and sinusoidal signals entering the of two units: areverse by means the processed counter 90°. are signals these Further, is signals of these photodiodes’ shift phase outputs. The corresponding atthe erated gen four are limb, sinusoidal signals the rotating other. each from While period the of However, limb. onat one-fourth the as periods same shifted the are stencils these 3.18FIGURE 3/2 0 There are several types of limb coding. In the past there were code multitrack there past the In coding. of limb several types are There any position fact corresponds that on absolute the of is based The alimb method system was most 10–20 years widespread measuring angular incremental The π π

Mask and incremental scale. incremental and Mask Incremental patterns Ze ro ′ po to 2 to 1/2 π sition pattern π

′ . More exact angular value can be attained by attained be value can . More exact angular Surveying Instruments and Technology and Instruments Surveying Incremental scale Ma sk Ze ro pos ition scal ″ . e ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 axis of rotation. Usually the superposition accuracy is from 1 to 12 to is from accuracy superposition of Usually rotation. the axis eccentricity. of component ponent of eccentricity, where Theodolites formula: eccentricity the usanalyze Let corrected. be hardly itand can tilting. limb and eccentricity limb called are 3.20). (Figure axis Such errors this to is inclined plane limb the if also of and rotation axis is not scale on the limb of center the the if occur errors or sensors. The limbs the of positions wrong because may for system occur either errors measuring Theodolite 3.5.1.3 levels. and theodolites digital in groundwork both technical their use manufacturers leading Other limbs. theodolites leveling code to their method and rods measuring by manufacturer. For every unified example, are phase- the same appliesTopcon level. several adigital Usually systems in coding. they are offractions limb There their and is howmillimeters we This find grid. support barcode of the shift phase the to according value angular waythe same of is the wethe outues. find This part exact val angular in is coded limb values, a barcode whereas linear in is coded rod digital levels. a 2about digital is Chapter that in only difference itas The was described way same the is processed signal CCD The projected. are images stripe barcode the where line CCD the and diode sensor consists of a light-emitting absolute angular An spaced. circumferentially stripe barcode infinite an odolites. has Such alimb development, nowadays absolute solutions in the used electronic only barcode are 3.19FIGURE We take a typical limb of an 80 of an limb We atypical take Limb eccentricity Limb β

is the eccentricity influence on the angular read out, read angular the on influence eccentricity is the Measuring SystemMeasuring Accuracy Influence of Angular on Wrong Limb Position

LED Barcode measuring system. measuring Barcode Lineal CC is one of the main reasons for theodolites measurement errors, errors, formeasurement reasons theodolites is one main of the r is the limb radius, radius, limb is the Pi xe D ls ofCC βρ = D line

mm diameter and then superpose it with the it the with superpose then and diameter mm    r l    ′′ ρ″ Ba si equals 206265 equals n rc α od

e scale ″ , and , and l is the linear com linear is the

mkm. According According mkm. α is the angular angular is the (3.3) 59 - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 60 angle of about 100°. Then we outline the tribrach position on the tripod base with a with ofangle base about 100°. position tripod on the tribrach the we Then outline evenly the distributed within marks we line, may place onlyzontal four or three precision. theodolites of a rating definite for error should collimating not acceptable amplitude exceed an diagram The cant. 3.21). position limb (Figure horizontal of dependence the error collimation illustrating we Then adiagram draw of every direction. errors collimating calculate positions Now at both theodolite. of the we marks these to pointing measurements out angular we Then carry theodolite. the from distance same atthe be they that it and is advisable line horizontal same must set up atthe be marks The room. the of walls on the interval tricity, we angular twelve to six put same from atthe marks eccen circle the horizontal test to In order stabletheodolite. floor tested setwe up our center the with a room the of a lab.In in influence eccentricity limb test to is advised It theodolite. the rotating edges while mask about the shifting images limb could see out. reading every into angular them inserts and data correction tricity eccen storage which microprocessor, of calculates the permanent the into written are they Then determined. are error components of this linear and angular testing, to According stand. angle-measuring on an is tested assemblage, instrument the After theodolites. electronic in methods correction apply mathematical manufacturers moderate- (seetheodolite 3.7). Figure and high- set in Two are sensors opposed diametrically attwo angle positions the of the by measuring methodically minimized could be influence eccentricity The systems bearings. and of axial quality highest the also adjustment, of but theodolite accuracy we not only high Now that need we realize 5 from as error value angular formula we evaluate maximal this to the 3.20 FIGURE An Normal tocircleflatness If we do not have the opportunity to distribute the marks evenly hori marks along the the distribute to weIf do not have opportunity the are signifi whenerrors especially asinusoidal configuration, has diagram The mayvisible. be eccentricities limb significant values of theodolites optical In We gu lar

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ction precision electronic theodolites to minimize this error. Some of this leading minimize to theodolites ­precision electronic onent ofe

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- - - - ! Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 malfunction because of the signal changing level. The limb inclination is especially level. is especially changing signal of inclination the because limb The malfunction may have sensor’s change of the distance in this resulted theodolite, electronic an In defocusing image sections. for limb reason atvarious may the the be limb the and microscope the between distance the modification of theodolite, optical an sons. In following of the because minute rea one value angular inclination must less be than result. the limb Nevertheless, notthe of does influence severalinclination minutes of accuracy. type of this theodolites position for zero exists, the should not utmost exceed limits the eccentricity exist. If not does eccentricity same, the positions zero the are If directions. vertical three positions zero we (vertical the Then calculate indexes) marks. these to pointing for out attwo positions theodolite of the carried are measurements angular vertical The line. below angle same horizontal at the the other the and line above horizontal the of angle 30° atthe is placed marks of edges. range One the operating on the placed are two others and line horizontal the to do. of is set near One them will marks tricity influence only during the operating range of the vertical circle rangethe of vertical the operating only during influence tricity circle eccentricity. horizontal the test to we manner, have twelve to this nine In from directions marks. the to ments pointing measure the same fulfill at120° and instrument the we Again rearrange theodolite. two at positions the marks the of to pointing by again the measurements Now fulfill we theodolite, should not power test. incremental the electronic an iting off during screw. fastening test we tripod If the are secure and base tripod on the contour the of angle 120°. with atan theodolite tribrach the the we Then superpose turn and base screw tripod of fastening the the unfasten positions. carefully theodolite Then attwo marks the to pointing angles next the The it step pencil. so measure pointed 3.21 FIGURE Theodolites –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 10 Limb inclination The vertical circle eccentricity test is less difficult. is less test difficult. circle eccentricity eccen We testshouldthe vertical out The 2 4 6 8 ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ C 30°

Limb eccentricity diagram. 60° has very little geometrical influence on angular reads. reads. Evenan angular on influence geometrical little very has 90° 120° 150° 180 °2 10 °2 40 °2 70 °3 00 °3 ± 30 30°. Three °3 60° 61 - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 circles are properly protected and have strong axes. Meanwhile, the vertical limb have limb and properly vertical strong axes. Meanwhile, protected the circles are horizontal for Collisions theodolites, their using seldom limbs. the while setup occur maythey destroyed. be case other. each this with contact In in coming limb may have the and mask the to led of 10 distance set up atthe ally is usu sensor mask incremental The theodolites. electronic forunsafe incremental 62 FIGURE 3.22 FIGURE level the precision theodolite amoderate In is always position. atransversal set in closely to it watch is level. necessary bubbletheodolites the tubular position the in versal direction trans the inclination, compensation value. axis moment At vertical the of theodolite required atthe scale mask about the is shifted image limb vertical the rotation, this During state. its keeping previous its balanced axis around plate rotates glass parallel direction longitudinal along the is inclined axis vertical theodolite the When pendulum. compensator of the by adjusting part weights upper anced atthe located alevel to pension scheme areverse is with similar compensator It pendulum. is bal sus The amask. and circle microscope vertical the is set between on elastic strips 3.22). (Figure of existence compensator’s of because the channel vertical the circle index vertical have theodolites precision scheme of optical Moderate optical amore complicated 3.5.2.1 3.5.2 eccentricities. we limbs should the test is dropped sensitive atheodolite time Any impacts. to may have its changed position of case physical in telescope is especially shock. The Compensation is carried out the following out the way.Compensation is carried plate glass suspended Aparallel have properly manufacturers by leading produced theodolites It that is known v

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x the the - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 Theodolites lite compensator changes the beam’s changes compensator the beam’slite The unit. readout optical the motion in theodo optical An counterparts. optical their in than solved manner different in is theodolite results. electronic Nevertheless, problem measurement an the in this inclination upon axis the influence of vertical is, minimize they that theodolites, cal theyin opti that do function the same fulfill theodolites electronic in Compensators 3.5.2.2 Tubular levels whose 20 sensitivities vials with from are requirements. must higher meet theodolite electronic an in compensator the out that capacitor levelingsuch atubular We 2. was Chapter cell mentioned in should point capacitor of variable plates. as used Operation are They contacts. some metallic has 3.23). (Figure theodolites tronic accuracy theodolites. 9 into compensators even For up instance, dual-axial sets Leica manufacturers. ing 5 into sators 5 seldom and station atheodolite. in atotal in applied usually are compensators That is results.why the measurement dual-axial on influence an along the inclination axis 2.1 vertical Equation the from that surement result. The the to inclination axis vertical of telescope. plane of rotation the the The to is parallel direction ment results. The level. direction along the circular inclination The out the with is carried setting preliminary theodolite plumb The the into line. axis not level have level. electronic we an case, use atubular can vertical this set to the In do that theodolites electronic are There inclination. instruments the for estimating display results. We the into switch data or put compensator measuring the can off the of account angular into data the take to microprocessor the to giveto instructions We It able theodolite. data. is of up uswhat to the the do to with are microprocessor the enters compensator the from Data axis. vertical of the inclinations slight angular inclination. axis vertical motion on the depends should slightly loosen the fastening screws into these holes. Through gentleshould holes. screws slightly tapping fastening these into loosen the Through adjust we to compensator, If need the we standard. side theodolite of the internal screen. electrostatic ametallic with is protected is why vial compensator the microprocessor. theodolite the into directly sensor enters the from Data sensor is set next vial. the to temperature electronic an is why That correction. temperature account into may achieved be only by taking levels whole of range the precision in operating kind is about several This seconds. provided compensator of such with Precision the tubular theodolites. in used are ″ and aboveand (Table 3.2). Unfortunately, do not set up compen some manufacturers We know that the length of the bubble in a tubular levelWe bubble of length the atubular the in on know temperature. that depends compensator’s levelThe fluidal component is atubular side whose main external most is set up in elec that compensator Now monoaxial look we atatypical will is where accuracy theodolites electronic in is applied compensator A monoaxial measures device independent that is an compensator the theodolites, electronic In On the bottom of the compensator bracket there are two holes are fasten to bracket it compensator of there the the to bottom the On system capacitorAny measurement sensitive is very induction. That electrical to

Vertical Index Compensator of an Electronic Theodolite Vertical of Electronic an Index Compensator ″ accuracy theodolites. This seems to show to lead it seems not that does concern This theodolites. accuracy y direction is perpendicular to the the to is perpendicular direction x direction directly influences the vertical angle mea the vertical influences directly direction x mostly influences the measure mostly influences ″ per 2 per x direction. So we can see So we see can direction. y

direction has less has of direction mm to 30 to mm ″ per 2 per

mm mm 63 ″ ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 DT202 64 DT402 Model No Compensator)Compensators (or Monoaxial with Provided Theodolites Electronic Up-to-Date 3.2 TABLE FIGURE 3.23 FIGURE a NE101 DJD2-E DT207 ETH-302 DT209 DET-2 NE100 ET-02 DJD10-E NE103 ETH310 DT205 ETH320 DT405 DJD20-E ETH-305 ET-05 DJD5-E

— nocompensator. T ubular capacitorle Ele ctr Accuracy Measure Angle onic plate

10 10 10 20 20 ( 2 2 7 2 7 2 9 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 ″ ) Monoaxial electronic compensator arrangement. compensator electronic Monoaxial veling cell Magnification ( n 30 30 30 30 30 30 26 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 × ) Prot Te ec mp Compensator tion metallicca Range ( Working erature sensor 3 3 — 3 — 3 — 3 — 3 — 3 — 3 — 3 3 3 — a Surveying Instruments and Technology and Instruments Surveying ± n ′ ) pe

Accuracy ( Tubular

n Level ″ /2 30 30 30 40 30 40 30 60 30 60 30 30 30 40 40 40 30 30 30 30

m) T Metallic cowers ubular capacitorle Focusing Minimal Range 0.9 1.3 1 0.7 1.3 0.9 1.35 0.9 1.35 0.7 1.4 1.3 0.7 1.35 0.9 1.35 1 1.3 1.35 1.4 (m) Vi al Manufacturer veling cell Topcon BOIF FOIF Nikon BOIF Topcon Pentax Topcon Spectra Nikon South BOIF Nikon Pentax Topcon Pentax FOIF BOIF Pentax South Bubble Precision Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 compensator bracket, we try to get the readout close readout get to 00 the bracket, wecompensator 90° to try tical circle readout will now be different than 90° 00 90° now than different circle will readout be tical ver reticle The middle. the the with ruler. Next superpose telescope and the we rotate operation. ceases compensator at whichpoint the opposite the mark and foot opposite next the screw direction the to the step, we turn stops readout angle position changing. We For wall. vertical on the this the mark foot the screw until turn Now wall. on the index carefully line horizontal the to point position and screws. we horizontal fastening telescope the Then the put into from the plumb the position. into we slightly compensator Then axis loosen the vertical set the by compensator adjust yourself. amonoaxial we We First, stand. would same the use workshop. should completed positioncompensator be ataspecialized correction conclusionat the of anonrelevant factor. scale at opposite we arrive inclinations, same can the aforementioned values still but are lower foot the the screw.with by means deviations the index line the exceed the If reticle the we point superpose At this opposite it way direction. the in same inclining itodolites and is ± Theodolites Ideally it must be equal to 3 to itIdeally must equal be 3 at the axis vertical theodolite the way This we wall. on the incline index reticle of upper line the the with line zontal hori the superpose and foot the screw tribrach of the Now wall. the turn we will on index line is now stand ready. horizontal The the to we theodolite Then the point anglereadout. the helpwith the of vertical is fulfilled ingly. lines of these Marking 3 two are other and is horizontal, is 3 Ittheodolite. usually the of specifications we look compensator’s up the technical the in range operating or 90°. 0° to out is equal reading angle Then vertical the it until horizontally, rotating level. plumb the position into tubular using we axis the telescope cal Then set the Now wall. the to we one foot of verti so the that screwsset the wall isthe directed of its work. atseveral from by meters We theodolite placing the linearity and start range operating compensator the we test the should determine adjustment. During out program compensator. carries We correctly even theodolite must do the this if availableare for users. have compensators solution. programs of such these aprogram dual-axial All often, menu. More level-adjusting theodolite electronic the in point is a detached program level-adjusting electronic an with the combined Sometimes is usually ware program. position. circle zero soft vertical The the for software detecting special has lite life. service the sufficient be adjustmentduring will manufacturer the then is not disturbed, theodolite the if and by manufacturer, the of set adjustment kind is initially this screws usual As should tightened. tening be fas- the Afterward, of instrument. of rotation the axis vertical the to perpendicular level is tubular the axis until xdirection along compensator the the we incline can Now we find the middle between these two points with a graduated millimeter millimeter graduated twowith a these Nowpoints betweenmiddle the we find to you could try you well adjusting instruments, surveying in If experienced are The shifted. compensator the means that asymmetrical deviations are these If In case a theodolite has gone through a strong impact it astrong impact is suggested the test to gone has through atheodolite case In suffice.theodo adjustments electronic will Every electronic periodic arule, As 5 for moderate-precision theodolites. We″ for theodolites. moderate-precision the compensator the test ′ . Then we mark three index lines on the wall. One of One them wall. on the index lines three we. Then mark ′ . The allowable. The is ± difference - correspond ′ above line below and horizontal the ′ level. value. angle down vertical the write Then ′ 00 ″ . With light tapping on the on the . With light tapping 3 ″ for high-precision the ′ 00 ″ . Twenty-second 65 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 Model Compensators Dual-Axes with Provided Theodolites 3.3 TABLE 66 FIGURE 3.24 FIGURE watch bubble’s the movement photodiodes’ photodiodes the signals. These analyzing el’s we can screen, of the we instead If set up inclination. afour-photodiode matrix lev circular shadow the above moving level, during the annular the see we then can center.the deflectionto If setwe screen up a minimal with freely go vial up the past the bubble have that through passed beams Those dispersed. and reflected edges are bubble the reach level. that bubble the circular of beams center the through The of light is set up source below. glass. The of optical smooth made go freely Beams level. circular is is aprecise compensator Its component bottom of this main The theodolites. electronic Sokkia the set up in is also and manufacturers leading from stations total in 3.24. is used shown compensators Figure been in It often has axial Table in listed are 3.3. type dual- known best examples of theodolites One the of this again. tests out the must carry complete and adjustment help the the software with compensator of the we screws. fastening compensator Now Afterward, the tighten crack. let uscarefully do. We will accuracy level should of heavily, not the tap vial fragile might the as Builder T109 Builder T106 2T5E DT510 DT210 TM6100A Electronic theodolites with dual-axial compensators are seldom Some are used. compensators dual-axial with theodolites Electronic LED Photo Accuracy

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- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 Theodolites turn the compensator case around its axis relative to the fastening bracket. Once the relative the bracket. Once its fastening axis the to around case compensator the turn compensator. adjust to order along compensator the monoaxial In the screws. two fastening the via It is adjusted along the bubble form. is available or position digital either agraphic information in bubble the calculate to position. signals applies these sor. The microprocessor The sen temperature and a together amplifiers with board electronic set up on the are FIGURE 3.25 FIGURE again. tests out the carry and adjustment help the software with compensator of the way the we direction along did the along angle the inclination 180°. theodolite the turn and mode Now we value measuring angle the note of the value along of the inclination angular the switch display and level the at90° electronic into theodolite the mode. We see can we Then reticle turn index the lines. the to foot target the screwtion and by rotating along the theodolite we the incline First, manner. adifferent set in are angles testing. The compensator axial out. The is carried directions of both testing screws. stopper of the adjustment along the A dual-axial compensator solution compensator 3.25. is Leica shown from Figure in A dual-axial testing. Separate monoaxial to similar is very testing compensator Dual-axial unit, location atamonoaxial same the is set up compensator in A dual-axial

Ho Mirro Tr Dual-axes electronic compensator arrangement applied by Leica. applied arrangement compensator electronic Dual-axes rizon ansparent Ve r r tal circle tical y direction is complete, the compensator is fixed with the help is complete,with is fixed compensator the direction Leakpr ax bo is ttom y

direction. Then we correct the compensator along the along compensator the the we Then correct direction. o of cover y direction testing is also related, but the inclination inclination but the related, is also testing direction x direction. Of course, afterward we must finalize we must finalize afterward course, Of direction.

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 image of stripes goes through the sensitive element and returns to the half of the of the half sensitive the to the goes through element ofimage returns stripes and objective. of the half the Then goes through and mirror the with is turned image The stripes. inclined and of image orthogonal the 3.26) forms that (Figure mask cal opti an to emission angle. acute is LED directed atan surface on the light falling for rays the of amirror has oil of the surface upper The bottom. atransparent has subside oscillations vessel it. quickly because in compensator. The is used oil The 68 FIGURE 3.27 FIGURE 3.26 FIGURE solutionThe brought by forward Trimble 3.27. is shown Figure in beam Anarrow of the incline about the provides information the lines inclined about the information of group exposed pixels pixel provides central zero the to the from distance The CCD. linear objective the to image the sends that Ve A leak proof vessel filled with silicone oil is used as a sensitiveas a proof vessel is used with oil A leak silicone filled the elementin Other developers also use a vessel filled with silicone oil in their compensators. compensators. developerstheir Other in avessel use with oil also silicone filled output CCD (the atthe signal electronic lower 3.26). of is an Figure There part ssel

O

ut CC Dual-axes electronic compensator arrangement applied by Trimble. applied arrangement compensator electronic Dual-axes Readout principle of the compensator shown in Figure 3.25. Figure shown in compensator of the principle Readout Lens D x direction’s two of between groups interval The incline. Prism x Ma y sk

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- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 Theodolites nification is necessary because the naked eye has angular resolution angular eyeaboutof the naked 30 has because is necessary nification mag kind of This used. are telescopes magnification times 40 to 20 theodolites, aboutciples. its development story The In 2. Chapter scheme its is in optical and on Kepler based often telescope prin telescopes are instrument surveying Modern 3.5.3 pixels. zero their of reassigning purpose the with is necessary pensators adjustment com of adjusting. a program the Periodically mechanical do not require is why usually they This linearity. have they better Also and range awide operating (or atubular with level. fluidal those circular) CCD) more stable than are linear the processing. image for applied Typical barcode are axis. programs movement image calculates microprocessor the image along both change. incline The aresult surface oil of as the sensitive matrix image of the area moves image mask the The around consists of barcodes. two crossing orthogonal that mask using consists a square 3.28). in difference (Figure pensator main Their light spot energeticthe center. the calculates that microprocessor image output the to matrix the comes from signal Avideo sensitivelight spot matrix. on the image of the area is a There camcorders. in is used type Asimilar matrix. image the to hits beam the the oil’sfrom is reflected Then vessel light beam window the The in bottom. surface. is alens it vessel the to There rotates bottom. that prism the to LED an comes from 3.28 FIGURE Compensators that have a vessel filled with silicone oil and an image matrix have(ormatrix image an that Compensators and a vessel with oil silicone filled for com adual-axes structure newest same applies the the In designs Sokkia Image matr t heo

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 the required telescope magnification, frontwe telescopemust magnification, objective apply focal a shorter required the this kind are applied in surveying levels. surveying in applied only have are Theodolites kind dual-component this by telescope length arough factor the of allow shorten 2. usto ances objective front on the depends lens’s objective Dual-component appli distance. focal negative the Thus, lens for is applied telescope of length the focusing. total The anegative add then lens distance and is set atthe lens that where as Kepler described is telescope magnification is 2 surveying in sighting accuracy required meanwhile 70 FIGURE 3.29 FIGURE where than the focal distance for objective front the distance focal lens the than objective focusing the lens lens. and lens is negative sign “ minus the objective afocusing and lens (see 3.29). Figure telescopes long. were and quite large to 300 equal is its length magnification scope tele at30 3.4 times value Equation that in see we this will wetelescopes. If insert 10is why of less focus than oculars That distortions. acceptable a with short-focus geometrical make to ocular difficult Modern telescope objectivesModern components. may Telescopes consist of three of When we analyze the formula we see that the equivalent focal distance equivalent the distance focal formula we that the we see analyze When Dual-lens optical systems optical haveDual-lens equivalent distance: focal Nowadays objectives is afront There consist instrument surveying of two parts. It is choice distance. focal the of in ocular some limits technological are There f f o o is front objective is front distance, focal is the objective focal distance and and objective is the distance focal

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mm are seldom applied in surveying instrument seldom instrument surveying are in applied mm = M lens f o ff oF = f +− F ff F oF is the focusing lens focal distance (if the (if the focusing is the lens distance focal f Surveying Instruments and Technology and Instruments Surveying f f e o e is the ocular focal distance. focal ocular is the

mm. Previous surveying instrument Previous instrument surveying mm. l

l f is the distance between the front front the between distance is the o . That means that in order to get to order in that means . That Focusing ″ and above. and We know that l following lens. front the negative lens F is longer (3.5) (3.4) - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 Theodolites top of it. As mentioned earlier, besides the Abbe prism, an inverting Porro prism may prism Porro inverting top of an it. mentioned As Abbe earlier, prism, besides the adjusting of screws. the tightening destroyed reticles be excessive with can type pushing the now in because popular telescope’stion of the to movement is perpendicular axis. optical movewhich can of by four adjusting means along screws. two direc directions The solution reticle reticle dust. the The is from put aframe, protect to is into applied is 4 2to whose thickness lines, some plates crossed of has these of several lenses stuck pairs. together in movement consists for focusing. reticle individual the image ocular The is necessary Its thread. along telescope’s along the the frame limeters the by rotating axis optical moved several be which mil can within aframe, into is placed ocular The prism. lensing move. to focus causing the focusing cogged the ledge knob, the thread, slidesrotate along the side focusing of the knob. we As internal atthe threading with ledge connected a cogged has also iting frame telescope. ofmove to the The axis optical along the slides allow focusing of bearing the precise lens has frame knob.ing Acylindrical together. joined of are lensesconsist that of pairs lenses. Somethem twoThe of three objective has or figure. usually theodolites of the not present in which are journals, axle has telescope of also body the main The objective the with element. body lens, front afocusing ocular main system, the and 3.30). (Figure applied telescopes are type prisms). Abbe-Koefin or Porro-Abbe are names (their goal for full used this are prisms Abbe or Porro 2. Chapter in described are levels.surveying ones schemes for Optical converting reversed direct into images the waysame with as is fulfilled theodolites in image direct objectives. the Getting 3.30 FIGURE Objective The inverting prism is associated with the ocular part in that it set on that is usually in part ocular the with is associated prism inverting The is more type pulling The type. or pulling pushing ofReticle the are adjusting units side of one internal reticle plates. glass round The The consists of two adhered A theodolite’s element inverting ocular areticle, consists ocular, of an an and focusing afocusA theodolite system and consists focusing of the a frame lens in telescope’s the are These parts. main of category telescope consists of three This AbbeNowadays, prism- haveimaging, that of majority theodolites direct the in

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- - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 72 FIGURE 3.32 FIGURE switchedremovable on. isfilter completeset. the The theodolite in available spectral is the momentthe laser at ocular the filter onto spectral aprotective red gest setting effect, we sug this eliminate to order aureole. In a red with target the illuminates and prism the the splitting objectivefrom through light reflected laser lenses goes of Unfortunately, the by focused spot. laser the part the it is illuminated target, the objectivethe reticle. the as to moment Therefore, telescope is pointed atthe the (or Abbe) is spot why focusing simultaneously. laser That and occur image prism. focusing the Porro between visiblelens is located and the prism in splitting range. The beams for optical transparent it is otherwise beams, ing. It spectrum only reflects laser cover mirror amonochromatic side has of fractions one of these internal cube. The of aglass fractions one-half consists of prism two attached This by prism. asplitting 3.32). (Figure separated theodolite laser-type are sighting channels and Laser porary component of acontem primary telescope abuilt-in with image module is the laser relative objectivesolution axis removal the to about the ocular axis. of brings the prism Porro The Abbe prisms. with equipped those than abit shorter are prism Porro however stations, total Telescopes only Nikon it uses theodolites. in outwith a fitted 3.31). (Figure theodolites in used be also in applied is quite often prism Porro The 3.31 FIGURE Splitting prism The most well-known laser theodolites are listed in Table in listed most well-knownare The 3.4. theodolites laser from distance same atthe module is placed laser of the light from source The the layout. direct A fulfilling while visualization allow target theodolites Laser

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 FIGURE 3.37 FIGURE following the is assessed wayaxis, (see 3.38). Figure the with We tripod place the four with adjusting screws. axis vertical theodolite the with superposed system’stelescopeoptical The reticle times. is three about is usually magnification down. bush theodolite’s of The the vertical is hollow. axis vertical plummet The axis optical plummet the directs achieved also that by right-angled roof prism the is focusing 3.37). image lens (Figure direct internal telescope provided The an with Kepler is the plummet we optical apply The plummets. laser built-in and optical exactly theodolite over set to order the of times point In reference, the modern in 3.5.5 3.36 FIGURE Theodolites The superposed accuracy of the theodolite’s of plummet the accuracy the with axis, superposed vertical The t heo

d Theodolite optical plummet. optical Theodolite Reasons for horizontal angle errors. angle for horizontal Reasons o l Plummet ite

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Plummet obj Ro of prism leg ec and tive s and tip

leg 75 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 76 FIGURE 3.39 FIGURE odolite 180° to point mark and we do the nottime position pay the the to attention bubbles. of the we Then turn point mark and on surface aplane theodolite FIGURE 3.38 point point is found theodolite’s reticle on the wethe with Then should superpose axis. vertical C by 180° to reticle adjusting the screws. we instrument Again, now the rotate

Theodolite laser plummet. laser Theodolite Checking up the theodolite plummet. theodolite up the Checking AA

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by means of the plummet. At this At this plummet. of by the means La ser beam AB C

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xi B s C , which which , - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 Theodolites and the laser beam are guaranteed by manufacturer. the guaranteed are beam laser the and adjustment. theodolite’s not does demand Coincidence the between and axis vertical 3.40). (Figure accurate it Here we and well that is very see most protected current screws. adjusting thetriangle’s wethe reticlethe find with it fine-tuning and by superpose center Afterward, point. third get to the We procedure same paperboard. on this use the point second the mark and theodolite of the aspect we horizontal Again, set the base. tripod its with on the contour tribrach the we superpose Then accurately 120°. to tribrach the Now wetripod. turn screw slightly and fastening loosen the the which under is placed reticle plummet paperboard, the on to the according base. Now apoint tripod we on the mark tribrach of contour the the we outline Then aspect. properly horizontal then set the and tripod on the theodolite put the mark. angle reflector holder measuring an aprism as or such accessories some use to It other would better be instrument. the dropping risk ment it forto as table.edge isfasten difficult atheodolite, properlythe it the at of We set up at1.5 on apaperboard marked itself 180°.to tribrach sideways the are points onto turning The a table then edge, and adjust to by theodolite plummet It advised placing is the often the tribrach. the into for low built been adjusthas to Itthat precision is difficult theodolites. a plummet more typical are tribrachs into built are that plummets Optical tribrach. on the are reticle. adjusting screws the case, remove not the this and module case laser In the tested. is plummet optical the that manner same the out in carried adjustmentand are ocular. Checking reticle of the the and module instead alaser install Manufacturers adjusting once steps more. reticle check the whether is removedand point from 3.40 FIGURE Laser plummets built into a theodolite’s vertical axis are considered to be the the atheodolite’s into considered be built to plummets are Laser axis vertical removal of at120°. tribrach We by means plummet adjust the also this can We seldom and theodolites the into built mainly are days, plummets These optical 3.39). easily converted for be (Figure use laser can kind of this plummets Optical Comp

Laser theodolite plummet applied by Leica. applied plummet theodolite Laser Ve La ensator r ser beam tical ax is

m distance. We of adjust sort m distance. do not this advise La ser module Ve rt bush C ical . If so, we. If should complete the ax is Ho rizo nt al circle 77 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:10 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781498762397, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315153346-3 Gohdo, E., T. E., Gohdo, US M. Saito. 5,905,592 Patent 1999. Maezawa, and filed theodolite. Laser US 2006/0170908 A1 Patent apparatus. and method detection Inclination 2006. A. Glimm, issued and 26, 2962, July filed US 3,244,895 Patent J. encoders. Anderegg, S. 1966. Shaft BIBLIOGRAPHY 78 Wingate, S. A. Photoelectric shaft angle encoder. US 3,187,187 angle Patent shaft S. Photoelectric A. Wingate, 24, 1962, January filed US 2,221,317 Patent 26, and instrument. 1938, January filed Angle-measuring H. Wild, US 5,101,570 detector. Patent angle 1992. Inclination K. Shimura, July filed 14, 1989,and device. US 2003/0177652 Patent centering 22, Laser S.Sawaguchi, 2003. A1January filed system. US 4,202,110 screw Patent tangent Peter, Kooi. J. 1980. E. May and Theodolite filed US angle. or Patent length for measuring 1984. Apparatus Ohtomo, F. Kimura. K. and 28, and B1 device. US 6,248,989 1998, Patent M. 2001. April Tilt filed detecting Ohishi, incremental and T. 1996. absolute pattern having Matsumoto, Ohno. K. Absolute encoder and issued and A12005, July filed 12, Tilt sensor. US 2006/0005407 Patent 2006. H. Lippuner, Ley, 1915. H. C. US 1,145,075 Patent for Adjustingdevice theodolite. March 16, filed 1915, 1902. Transit. A. US 715,823 Patent Leitz, May filed 21, 1901,December 16, issued and 1902. 11, US 2,363,877February Patent filed 1943, 1944. R. H. issued and Theodolite. Larsen, Absoluteissued and encoder. US 6,677,863 Patent 2004. K. 2002, 3, Kumagai, April B2 filed US 4,445,777 Y. Patent system of 1984. atheodolite. Ishikawa, M. Tanaka. Optical and filed US 5,301,434 Patent apparatus. Y.December filed 1994. measuring angle Rotation Imaizumi, T. N. and Hori, Yokoura. device. US 1986. 4,628,612 Patent detection Tilt angle October filed and issued June 1, June issued 1965.and Novemberissued 12, 1940. 7, April issued 1992. 25, 2003. September issued and 2003, 18, 1979, May 13, issued and 1980. 4,484,816 20, July filed 1983,Novemberissued and 27, 1984. 19, June issued 2001. 1996. 8, October issued 27,October US 5,563,408 Patent control. filed and phase with 1994, graduations pattern 12, 2006. January July 1915. 6, issued and 1944. 28, November 13, 2004. January 17,January 1983, May 1, issued and 1984. 17, 12, 1994. April issued 1992, and 1, 16, 1985, 1986. December issued and 1997, 28, August May 18, issued and 1999. 2006. August 3, issued and 2005, 10, January filed 5, 1966. April Surveying Instruments and Technology and Instruments Surveying