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Master Thesis Work 2010 Agricultural Science and Resource Management in the Tropics and Subtropics (ARTS) Department of Phytopathology & Nematology in Soil Ecosystems (INRES) Occurrence, incidence and grower perception of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense in banana intercropped with coffee and trees in Costa Rica and Nicaragua smallholders. Thesis In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the academic degree of Master of Science of the Faculty of Agriculture Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Submitted on 20 th May 2010 by Paulo dos Santos Faria Lichtemberg Brazil Department of Phytopathology & Nematology in Soil Ecosystems (INRES) Occurrence, incidence and grower perception of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense in banana intercropped with coffee and trees in Costa Rica and Nicaragua smallholders. Thesis In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the academic degree of Master of Science of the Faculty of Agriculture Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Submitted on 20 th May 2010 by Paulo dos Santos Faria Lichtemberg Brazil Main supervisor Prof. Dr. Richard Sikora Co-supervisor Dr. Alexander Schouten Chair person Prof. Dr. Holger Hindorf Acknowledgments Dr. Professor Richard A Sikora and Dr. Luis E. Pocasangre, For the opportunity and trust. Dr. Charles Staver, Dr. Oscar Bustamante, For the intense work. Cindy Castillo, Ligia Quezada, David Brown, Juan Ortiz, Manrique González and Nancy Chaves, For the friendship and field work support. M.Sc. Christian Dold, For the patience friendship and the experience we share during our field arbeit. Dr. Alfonso J. Cabrera and Dr. Roy Menjivar, For your intense friendship and advices. M.Sc. Professor Wilber Salazar, David Concepción and M.Sc. Juan Castillón, For the assistance in Nicaragua. The farmers, For the interest and receptivity. Profes. Richard M. Miller, Jucinei J. Comin, Antonio Uberti and Moisés Soto Ballestero, For the guidance at the beginning of my academic career. Rafael Schadeck, Rodrigo Morigutti, Andres Mendonça, Patricia Barroso, Priscila Brandão, Maria Arias, Dominika Schneider and Pangestuti Astri, There is no life without friends. Dedication Vera and João, Luiz and Beatriz; Vó Elia and Vó Lindaura; Juliana, Fábio and Helmut; Baco and Jonas. I love you all so much. Paulo dos Santos Faria Lichtemberg M.S.c. Thesis Table of Contents Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... i List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... vi Summary ............................................................................................................................................. viii 1. General Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Bananas ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Fusarium Wilt ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1. The Pathogen ................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2. Physiologic Races and Vegetative Compatibility Groups .................................................... 4 1.2.3. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Biology ...................................................................... 5 1.2.4. Infection and Dissemination ............................................................................................. 6 1.2.5. Fusarium Wilt Symptoms .................................................................................................. 6 1.2.6. Fusarium Wilt Occurrence in Central America ................................................................... 8 1.2.7. Control Methods ............................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 10 2. Fusarium Wilt Incidence and Severity ............................................................................................ 11 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Experimental Site ................................................................................................................... 11 2.3. Material and Methods............................................................................................................ 12 2.3.1. Farm Selection ................................................................................................................ 12 2.3.2. Plot Setting ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.3. Base Line Study ............................................................................................................... 13 2.3.4. Detailed Study ................................................................................................................ 13 i Paulo dos Santos Faria Lichtemberg M.S.c. Thesis 2.4. Statistics ................................................................................................................................ 15 2.5. Results ................................................................................................................................... 15 2.5.1. Farms Profile .................................................................................................................. 15 2.5.2. Costa Rica ....................................................................................................................... 19 2.5.3. Nicaragua ....................................................................................................................... 22 2.6. Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 25 2.7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 28 2.8. Recommendation ................................................................................................................... 28 3. The Fusarium Wilt Traditional Knowledge. ..................................................................................... 29 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 29 3.2. Experimental Site ................................................................................................................... 30 3.3. Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................... 30 3.4. Statistics ................................................................................................................................ 30 3.5. Results ................................................................................................................................... 31 3.5.1. Banana Importance ........................................................................................................ 31 3.5.2. Banana Management ..................................................................................................... 32 3.5.3. Fusarium Wilt (Foc) Traditional Knowledge ..................................................................... 33 3.5.4. Seed Management ......................................................................................................... 37 3.6. Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 38 3.7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 40 3.8. Recommendation ................................................................................................................... 41 4. Investigation on the Pathogenicity of CR Isolates of Foc . ................................................................ 42 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 42 4.2. Experimental Site ................................................................................................................... 42 4.3. Material and Methods............................................................................................................ 43 ii Paulo dos Santos Faria Lichtemberg M.S.c. Thesis 4.3.1. Plant Material ................................................................................................................ 43 4.3.2. Isolate Preparation ......................................................................................................... 43 4.3.3. Plant Inoculation
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