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Étude Du Complexe Hypothalamo-Hypophysaire

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Étude Du Complexe Hypothalamo-Hypophysaire ÉTUDE DU COMPLEXE HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSAIRE CHEZ NOTOTHENIA CYANOBRANCHA RICHARDSON NOTOTHENIIDAE ET HARPAGIFER BISPINNIS SCHNEIDER (HARPA GIFER1DAE) (PISCES, PERCIFORMES, TRA CHINOIDEI) Vu Tân-Tuê To cite this version: Vu Tân-Tuê. ÉTUDE DU COMPLEXE HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSAIRE CHEZ NOTOTHE- NIA CYANOBRANCHA RICHARDSON NOTOTHENIIDAE ET HARPAGIFER BISPINNIS SCHNEIDER (HARPA GIFER1DAE) (PISCES, PERCIFORMES, TRA CHINOIDEI). Vie et Milieu , Observatoire Océanologique - Laboratoire Arago, 1968, pp.457-496. hal-02952788 HAL Id: hal-02952788 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-02952788 Submitted on 29 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ÉTUDE DU COMPLEXE HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSAIRE CHEZ NOTOTHENIA CYANOBRANCHA RICHARDSON NOTOTHENIIDAE ET HARPAGIFER BISPINNIS SCHNEIDER (HARPA GIFER1DAE) (PISCES, PERCIFORMES, TRA CHINOIDEI) par Vu-Tân-Tuê Laboratoire Arago, 66 - Banyuls-sur-Mer et Institut océanographique, 195, rue Saint-Jacques, Paris SOMMAIRE Cette étude contribue à la connaissance de la morphologie générale du complexe hypothalamo-hypophysaire chez les Téléostéens. Ce com- plexe n'a jamais été décrit chez les poissons des familles Nototheniidae et Harpagiferidae cantonnées dans les mers antarctiques envisagés ici. L'absence du canal hypophysobuccal, la position et l'orientation de l'hypophyse montrent que chez ces poissons l'hypophyse appartient à un type évolué de structure. Les principaux noyaux hypothalamiques ayant un rôle neurosécrétoire ont été identifiés avec certitude : noyau préoptique, pars parvocellularis et pars magnocellularis, noyau paraven- triculaire, noyau ventral du tuber, noyau latéral du tuber et noyau ven- triculaire. Chez Harpagifer, le produit de sécrétion est abondant, et se présente sous forme de gouttes plus ou moins grosses. Il est plus rare chez Notothenia, et est constitué de fines granulations. Cette pauvreté pourrait être due au cycle de sécrétion. Le sac vasculaire est bien développé chez les deux espèces. Il est situé en arrière de l'hypophyse et n'a pas de contact avec celle-ci. — 458 — L'hypophyse et les noyaux hypothalamiques des Téléostéens ont été l'objet de nombreuses recherches. OLIVEREAU (1954), dans son travail « Hypophyse et Glande thyroïde chez les Poissons », tout en étudiant particulièrement Salmo salar L., a discuté de l'anatomie et l'histophysiologie de ces organes chez quelques autres poissons. PICKFORD et ATZ (1957) nous ont fourni une revue de la physiologie de la glande pituitaire chez les poissons. SCHARRER et SCHARRER (1954), STAHL (1956), ARVY, FONTAINE et GARE (1959), nous ont apporté de précieuses données sur la morphologie et l'his- tophysiologie de la voie neurosécrétrice chez les Téléostéens. Au colloque international du Centre National de la Recherche Scien- tifique sur la Cytologie de l'Adénohypophyse (Paris, 1963), DA LAGE a fait le recensement de tous les travaux concernant l'histologie et la cytologie de l'adénohypophyse de 1940 à 1963. WINGSTRAND (1966), HOAR (1966), MATTY (1966), GABE (1967) ont fait le point sur tous les résultats obtenus jusqu'à nos jours, et plus récemment encore, KAWAMOTO (1967) a donné une revue d'ensemble de l'hypo- physe chez les Téléostéens. Le complexe hypothalamo-hypophysaire des Téléostéens, comme le montre la revue bibliographique, a été étudié par les auteurs à divers points de vue. La morphologie et l'anatomie de l'hypophyse sont assez bien connues à l'heure actuelle à travers les recherches de KERR (1942), HONMA (1957, 1958) et KAWAMOTO (1967). Mais les noyaux hypothalamiques n'ont donné lieu qu'à un petit nombre de travaux; à part les mémoires sur Parchitectonie de BERGQUIST (1932) et sur la morphologie de CHARLTON (1932), il n'existe pas encore d'étude histologique générale relative à ces noyaux. DODD et KERR (1963) ont même pu écrire : " However, it is important to note that although fish have received more attention than any other vertebrate group, in the more récent work as well as earlier, probably fewer than thirty species of the 23 000 believed to exist have been studied, using the spécial techniques for demonstrating neurosecretory substances. " La description des deux espèces que nous donnons ici a pour but de contribuer à la connaissance de la morphologie du complexe hypothalamo-hypophysaire chez les Téléostéens. Les deux espèces étudiées sont des représentants des familles Nototheniidae et Harpagiferidne, Notothenia cyanobrancha Richard- son et Harpngifer bispinnis (Schneider) des mers antarctiques. Ces poissons nous ont été rapportés lors d'une campagne d'été aux Iles Kerguélen par Michel RANNOU que nous remercions vivement ici. Pour la biologie de ces poissons, nous nous référons au travail de HUREAU (1966); nous le remercions en outre d'avoir eu l'amabi- lité de nous confier les cerveaux des poissons qui lui étaient destinés. — 459 — Nous nous sentons très obligé envers les Docteurs GABE et MAR- TOJA qui nous ont prodigué de précieux conseils et critiques dans l'élaboration de ce travail. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES La fixation de l'hypophyse des poissons sous des conditions clima- tiques très rigoureuses pose un problème difficile. Si quelques crânes ont pu être disséqués avant d'être immergés dans le liquide fixateur, les autres ont été fixés en entier, en particulier ceux des Harpagifer dont la taille est relativement petite. Les pièces ont été fixées dans le liquide de Halmi pendant 24 heures environ. Après un long lavage à l'alcool 95°, elles ont été déshydratées et conservées dans l'alcool butylique. Elles ont été décalcifiées ensuite dans une solution aqueuse à 5 % d'acide trichloracétique. Après inclusion mixte à la celloïdine faible-paraffine, elles ont été coupées à 4 ou 6 n d'épaisseur suivant les cas. Les techniques de colorations suivantes ont été employées : Azan de Heidenhain, Fuchsine-paraldéhyde de Gomori d'après le mode de pré- paration de Gabe, Gallocyanine-éosine, Hématoxyline chromique-phloxine de Gomori, Hotchkiss-MacManus (Acide periodique-Schiff), Tétrachrome de Herlant, Trichrome en un temps de Gabe et Martoja. COMPLEXE HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSAIRE CHEZ NOTOTHENIA CYANOBRANCHA RICHARDSON (NOTOTHENIIDAE) A. HYPOPHYSE L'hypophyse de Notothenia cyanobrancha est située sous la face ventrale de l'encéphale, entre les verticales qui passent par le chiasma optique et la sortie des racines des nerfs optiques. Reliée au plancher du diencéphale par une tige courte, assez épaisse (fig. 1), elle est séparée du dernier par un tissu conjonctif très richement vascularisé. Ce type d'attache est dit leptobasique. Vers le bas, l'hypophyse est séparée de l'os par deux paires de muscles disposées longitudinalement. Les deux os symétriques (prootiques) forment à cet endroit un V. Le fond de ce V, constitué par une crête du parasphénoïde, est légèrement concave, mais ne présente pas une véritable fossette où se loge l'hypophyse. Toute cette région est très bien irriguée. 18 — 460 — L'hypophyse a la forme d'une pomme (fig. 1) : sa section trans- versale est presque ronde et sa section longitudinale légèrement ovale, ou vice-versa suivant les cas. Au milieu de la face supé- rieure se creuse une dépression tournée un peu en oblique vers l'arrière. C'est au centre de cette dépression que passe la tige pitui- taire. Sur les coupes, elle donne à l'hypophyse une forme en haricot. Les dimensions approximatives de quelques hypophyses : Longueur totale du poisson 215 mm 200 mm Diamètre longitudinal de l'hypophyse 1 mm 0,9 mm Diamètre transversal de l'hypophyse 1 mm 1,1 mm Diamètre vertical de l'hypophyse 0,8 mm 1,1 mm L'hypophyse de Notothenia cyanobrancha présente les divisions classiques comme chez la plupart des autres Téléostéens : Neurohypophyse / Pars distalis, zone rostrale Adénohypophyse (1) 5 Pars distalis, zone proximale ( Pars intermedia. Les différentes parties de l'adénohypophyse sont disposées sui- vant l'ordre rostro-caudal, en présentant une symétrie sommaire suivant le plan sagittal. Mais par suite de la position inclinée en arrière de l'hypophyse, dans l'espace, la zone rostrale de la pars distalis se situe antéro-dorsalement par rapport à la zone proxi- male (fig. 1). 1. Neurohypophyse La neurohypophyse est formée par l'accumulation des fibres nerveuses provenant des noyaux thalamiques (fig. 3). Les fibres faisant partie des deux tractus préoptico-hypophysaire et tubéro- hypophysaire viennent de deux directions différentes, l'une de la partie antérieure du diencéphale et l'autre de la partie postérieure. Avant de pénétrer dans l'adénohypophyse, les fibres destinées à former la neurohypophyse présentent une portion libre qui constitue une tige pituitaire courte et trapue. Cette tige est formée de paquets de fibres nerveuses, de fines traînées de tissu conjonctif et, noyées dans la masse, de cellules névrogliques. Celles-ci sont allongées et suivent la direction des fibres. Elles ont chacune un petit noyau souvent ovale sur coupes, un cytoplasme très réduit et très peu colorable. Elles sont généralement massées à l'entrée de l'adénohy- (1) Nous employons ici la terminologie proposée par GORBMAN et BERN (1962)
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