Gentoo Penguins As Sentinels of Climate Change at the Sub-Antarctic Prince T Edward Archipelago, Southern Ocean ⁎ T
Ecological Indicators 101 (2019) 163–172 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecological Indicators journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolind Gentoo penguins as sentinels of climate change at the sub-Antarctic Prince T Edward Archipelago, Southern Ocean ⁎ T. Carpenter-Klinga,b, , J.M. Handleya, M. Connana,b, R.J.M. Crawfordc,d, A.B. Makhadoc, B.M. Dyerc, W Fronemanf, T. Lamontc,g, A.C. Wolfaardtd, M. Landmane, M. Sigqalaa,b, P.A. Pistoriusa,b a Marine Apex Predator Research Unit (MAPRU), Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa b DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute for African Ornithology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa c Oceans and Coasts Research, Department of Environmental Affairs, Cape Town, South Africa d Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa e Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa f Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa g Marine Research Institute & Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Some upper trophic level predators, such as marine mammals, seabirds and large predatory fish have been Pygoscelis papua shown to be useful sentinels for marine ecosystems. Through their demography, diet and foraging behaviour, Long term diet ecosystem changes associated with climate change can be monitored. The local marine ecosystem at the Prince Stomach content analysis Edward Archipelago in the Southern Indian Ocean is heavily influenced by the position of the dynamic sub- Western Indian ocean Antarctic front (SAF) that varies inter-annually in terms of its influence on the local environment.
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