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Radicalization Among Young Muslims in Aarhus Radicalization among Young Muslims in Aarhus The Denmark School Radicalization among Young Muslims in Aarhus Lene Kühle, Associate Professor Section for the Study of Religion, Aarhus University & Lasse Lindekilde, Assistant Professor Department of Political Science, Aarhus University Research report prepared for the Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation (CIR) Department of Political Science Aarhus University, Denmark January 2010 Islamism and Radicalisation – the Denmark School The ambition of the Denmark School is to remedy the fragmentation between different fields of re- search in Islamism. The Denmark School wants to explore the phenomena of ‘Islamism’ in its different manifestations and to highlight the mechanisms of radicalisation processes among Muslim youth in Europe. One of the innovative approaches is the linkage between ‘soft security’ and ‘hard security’. While other projects mainly focus on terrorism, this project first of all focuses on Islamism. The identi- fication of Islamism requires a distinction between three possible phases: 1) ideology, 2) movements and 3) political regimes. The study of Islamism in international relations is usually limited to treating only one aspect of Islam- ism as a transnational actor, namely terrorism and the corresponding anti-terror measures. But Islamist ambitions and strategies are expressed through a number of other means, such as foreign policy, boycotts, crises, strategic alliances and perhaps even the acquisition of WMD. These must be mapped in order to provide an empirical basis for studying contemporary Islamist world views and conceptions of international relations. Mehdi Mozaffari Head of the Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation (CIR) www.cir.au.dk © CIR and the authors Published January 2010 Printed at the Department of Political Science Aarhus University Cover by Vester Kopi ISBN: 978-87-92540-07-2 Published by: The Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation c/o Department of Political Science Bartholins Allé 7, building 1332 8000 Aarhus C Denmark The Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation (CIR) is pleased to present the first research report on radicalisation among young Muslims in Aarhus, Denmark. The project has been conducted by Lene Kühle, associate professor at the Section for the Study of Re- ligion and Lasse Lindekilde, assistant professor at the Department of Political Science, both of Aarhus University. This project is part of a more comprehensive study with the same overall theme in several middle-size European cities: Lille (France), Leicester (UK), Parma and Verona (Italy) and Aarhus (Denmark). The other projects will be published as they are completed. It is important to stress the independent character of these investigations. The projects have been carried out in accordance with the current standards for good research practice, and the Centre has in no way interfered in the research process. For the sake of harmoni- sation, CIR organized meetings between the researchers to discuss and prepare the prac- tical questions related to the process of investigation. At these meetings, the participating researchers coordinated their research and elaborated a common interview guide. In this delicate and highly sensitive field of research, carrying out interviews is a difficult task and the researchers have faced various obstacles during the process. The completion of the investigations has taken many months. The interviews have mainly involved three different groups: Young Muslims, religious leaders and social workers who work with activities and issues in relation to Muslims and immigrants on a daily basis. The reports were finished during the autumn of 2009 and were submitted to an interna- tional evaluation committee for evaluation. Based on the comments of this committee, the researchers revised the original versions if necessary. The reports exclusively reflect the findings by the researchers. They do not necessarily express the attitude or views of CIR. Comments from the readers to individual or collec- tive reports are welcome. Happy reading! Mehdi Mozaffari Head of CIR Reports from CIR: Radicalization among Young Muslims in Aarhus Lene Kühle and Lasse Lindekilde January 2010 Acknowledgments A number of people have helped us in the research upon which this report is based. First of all, we are indebted to all our interviewees, who accepted to meet with us and take time out to answer our many questions; often more than once. We thank you all for your open- mindedness, kindness, and for sharing your views and opinions, also on quite personal matters. This goes without saying also for the many people, who welcomed us in their private homes for interviews, informal discussions and teaching sessions. We could not have completed this research and report without the willingness of so many to meet with us. We would like to direct a special thank you to Pernille Ammitzbøll, who kindly shared her large network of contacts in Aarhus, and who helped direct our attention and research in its initial stage. Pernille has on several occasions facilitated meetings and interviews. While writing the actual report we have had good help from insightful and constructive comments and criticism from Associate Professor Mark Sedgwick, Section for the Study of Religion, Aarhus University, and PhD Karen-Lise Johansen Karman, Danish Ministry of Integration. Thank you both for taking time to comment on our work in progress. The readability of the report has been secured by secretary Annette B. Andersen, Depart- ment of Political Science, Aarhus University, and secretary Ida Warburg at the Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation. Your help with language corrections and the set- up of the report is immensely appreciated! Finally, we would like to thank Professor Mehdi Mozaffari, head of the Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation, for providing us with the opportunity to engage in this piece of research, and for bringing us in contact with the skilled research teams carrying out similar research in Italy, Britain and France. We would like to emphasize that the persons named above are not responsible for the content of this report. This responsibility lies completely in the hands of the undersigned. Aarhus, September 18, 2009 Lene Kühle Lasse Lindekilde Table of Contents Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... vii Part I. Radicalization among Young Muslims in Aarhus ..................................................... 11 1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 11 Case, methodology and data ................................................................................................ 15 Responsive sociology and the study of marginalized groups ......................................... 18 The structure of the report .................................................................................................... 21 1.2. Definitions of Radicalization and Corresponding Theories ......................................... 22 1.3. Mapping Muslims in Aarhus ............................................................................................ 27 Gellerup/Toveshøj – life in the ghetto ................................................................................. 31 Religious practices: Mosques, teaching and religious authorities .................................. 32 Muslim organizations ........................................................................................................ 33 Mosques ............................................................................................................................... 33 Imams and religious authorities ....................................................................................... 34 Other Muslim institutions: the Muslim free schools ..................................................... 35 Religious revival in the Muslim community: the ASC milieu ......................................... 36 Islamic revival in Denmark ............................................................................................... 37 Islamic activism .................................................................................................................. 40 Why a revival? .................................................................................................................... 42 Summarizing .......................................................................................................................... 46 1.4. Applying official definitions and corresponding theories of radicalization on the ASC milieu ...................................................................................................................... 47 ‘Terrorism’ as jihad? .............................................................................................................. 47 Support for Hamas ............................................................................................................. 47 Taliban .................................................................................................................................. 48 Al-Shabaab .......................................................................................................................... 50 Iraq .......................................................................................................................................
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