!Viva Mexico! Celebrate Hispanic Heritage with storytelling, art, and history

Includes a story of Benito Juarez and Cinco de Mayo

Exciting student activities inside!

This program is generously sponsored by Chevron. TABLE OF CONTENTS

History of Cinco de Mayo ...... 3 Aztec Treasures ...... 5 Age of Exploration ...... 7 Fighting for Independence ...... 9 Famous Hispanics ...... 11 Customs and Celebrations ...... 13 Fiesta Food ...... 14 Popular Hispanic Games ...... 15 Popocatepetl and Ixtaccihuatl ...... 16 Art and Literature ...... 17 Los Váqueros ...... 18 Houston's Hispanic Settlers ...... 19

Credits Pamela Stone Ciaccio Writer Sara Padua Abogada Editor Summer Amin Designer CincoHistory ofde Mayo In 1862, in the town of Puebla, a battle took place between the French and the Mexicans. Cinco de Mayo celebrates the Mexicans' victory in this battle! Viva Mexico! Cinco de Mayo also celebrates the courage of the Mexicans who believed, “If you don’t give up, you can win — even if the odds are against you!” The Mexicans won. Viva Mexico! Now they knew they were strong. Who is Benito Juarez? But the war Benito Juarez was born in a small village called San Pablo Guelatao, Benito was not over. Oaxaca on March 21, 1806. His parents died when he was three Juarez becomes The French Emperor was angry at the news of “Cinco years old, so Benito and his older de Mayo.” He sent 30,000 more soldiers to Mexico. Soon, siblings lived with their grandpar- president of Mexico: they took over Mexico City. ents. After their grandparents died, President Juarez had to flee the city. Benito lived with his Uncle Bernardo, who taught Benito In 1858, Benito Juarez became president of Mexico. to speak and read Spanish. (Benito had spoken a This was a dangerous time in Mexico. Far away, in France, dialect called Zapotec). the French Emperor decided he would try to take over Free again! Later, Benito went to the city of Oaxaca for Mexico. In 1862, he sent soldiers across the sea to fight three weeks, where he lived with Mr. Antonio Maza and the Mexican people. For four years, the French ruled Mexico (May 17, 1863 helped with domestic chores. Mr. Maza sent Benito to June 19, 1867). But, Benito Juarez and other Mexican lead- to live with a priest named Antonio de Salanueva, who ers kept fighting. At last, in 1867, they won. The French left. sponsored his studies at the seminary for several years. What happened Mexico was free again. From that time on, no other country After that, Benito left the seminary and studied law at on Cinco de Mayo? has ruled Mexico. Oaxaca State University. President Juarez rode back into Mexico City. He raised Two years later, Benito moved to Oaxaca City, When the Mexicans learned the French army was the Mexican flag over the city. “Viva Mexico!” he cried. “Viva the capital of the state of Oaxaca, where he continued advancing, they hid in the hills and waited for them. On Mexico!” shouted the people. learning. Here, he worked as a bookbinder in exchange Cinco de Mayo (May 5, 1862), thousands of French sol- for the cost of his schooling. At the age of 28, Benito diers marched on foot. Thousands more rode on horseback. became a lawyer and defended the poor. The soldiers’ pointed rifles looked like a forest of prickly But he wanted to do more. Benito entered poli- spikes. Horses pulled heavy cannons over the bumpy tics and became his state’s governor. Benito wanted to How is Cinco de Mayo ground. bring peace again to Mexico, protect every citizen and The land was covered with weapons and soldiers! At celebrated today? make sure everyone had equal rights. Benito Juarez noon, the battle began. The French thought the battle inspired a very famous proverb: “Entre los individos would be over quickly. But, to their surprise, the Today, Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in both Mexican como en las naciones, el respeto al derecho ajeno es la Mexicans fought hard. and American cities. People young and old paz.” (Between individuals, as well as among nations, the By late afternoon, the French were parade in the streets — danc- respect of others’ rights means peace.) running out of bullets and cannon balls. ing, singing and making Many soldiers were dead or wounded. merry remembering the Finally, the French rode away. “Battle of Puebla.”

­­­­­3 Student Activities Holiday fun... How many holidays, past or present, can you find listed in the Houston Chronicle? Divide into three teams and circle the holidays. Read the Dining Guide and Flavor sections, as well as the ads. (Hint: Mother’s Day, Father’s Day, Cinco de Mayo, Earth Day, and more.)

Pick-a-celebrity... BENITO JUAREZ Divide into three teams. Read the Houston Chronicle, especially the ✥ How old was Benito Juarez when Star section. Find stories or pictures of Hispanic celebrities. The he learned to read? team that clips the most can lead the next activity. ✥ Who taught him? ✥ In what city did he attend school? ✥ How did he pay for his schooling? ✥ How old was he when he became a lawyer? ✥ When did he become President of Mexico? -a-pa ✥ What did Benito Juarez do when Stage rade... he declared Mexico free? The winning team selects a celebrity or group of celebrities to lead a parade. Then, the class can create the parade, including the holiday theme, parade route, celebrity lead- ✥✥✥✥✥✥✥✥✥✥✥ er, costumes, floats, etc. Get permission to stage your own parade outside in front of the school! If you can’t find all these items, pantomime the parade. Have fun! CINCO DE MAYO

✥ What caused the battle of Cinco de Mayo? ✥ What does Cinco de Mayo mean? ✥ Describe the Battle of Puebla. hron.com act s... ✥ What time did the battle begin? C ivitie ✥ Where was the location of the ✥ Go to chron.com. In Sports or Entertainment, find a picture of a Hispanic person battle? in the news. Write a summary of that news story. ✥ Which side was defeated on Cinco ✥ Go to chron.com. Search Jobs for employment positions available for people who de Mayo? speak both English and Spanish. List at least five of those jobs. ✥ After the battle on Cinco de Mayo, what did the French Emperor do? ✥ Go to chron.com. From Travel, find a place in Mexico that you would like to visit. Write about something you would like to do there to help you learn about the history ✥ When did Mexico win its freedom forever? or culture of that place.

­­­­­4 Warfare

The Aztec warriors left their homes and joined the army at the sound of the war drums. The warriors wore stiff cotton suits and carried wooden shields into battle. They fought with bows and arrows, spears, and wooden clubs. These fierce clubs were edged with sharp chips of volcanic rock called obsidian. The Aztecs did not kill their enemies. They took them alive to pay tribute to the Aztecs and used them as slaves. To the Aztecs, tribute was like a tax. It was paid with food, treasures and slaves to provide for the Aztec people and A ztec give riches to the nobles (ruling class). TREASURES Animal helmets Almost 700 years ago, Native American people called Aztecs lived in the country we now call Mexico. Aztec knights wore jaguar skins and feathered helmets in battle. They believed these helmets gave them the Land of Home & families strength of wild animals. the legends Aztec parents, grandparents and children often lived together in one house. When a baby was born, a spe- An ancient legend describes how the Aztecs wan- cial ceremony was held. For a boy, the family crafted a tiny dered for many years without a home. bow and arrow. For a girl, clothes and a spinning wheel were According to the legend, one day, their god, to m made. How ake Huitzilopochtli, told the Aztecs to build a city where they a war helmet... saw an eagle on a cactus. Commoners’ On an island in Lake Texcoco, they spotted their Materials: Tagboard, hole puncher, stapler, eagle, so they built the great city of Tenochtitlan. For 200 families yarn, scissors, markers, glue, “beautiful years, the Aztecs were rich and powerful. trash” like feathers, fabric scraps, Children worked hard. Their cotton balls, stars, etc. parents were strict. Girls helped in For a more organic look, you can How Aztecs ruled the home. Boys fished or worked collect dried leaves, nuts or ber- in the fields. Boys and girls went ries, or fur-like materials. to separate schools, where ✥ An Aztec ruler was called the Tlatoani. they learned weaving, feather Procedure: Cut strip of tagboard to fit ✥ The people were divided into classes. work, pottery and other crafts. Boys trained as around head as helmet. Then, decorate ✥ The noble class worked in the government. warriors. helmet with objects. Use glue to fasten ✥ Common people were craftsmen, fishermen objects onto helmet. You may draw symbols and farmers. of the gods or goddesses with markers. ✥ Rich people owned slaves. Gods & goddesses You can use more than one strip of tag- Aztecs believed that gods controlled their lives and board to add to helmets’ height. You may Moctezuma everything that happened in their world. The Aztecs made use stapler to staple tiny objects or paper Moctezuma was a rich and powerful Aztec sacrifices to: objects onto helmet. You can also punch ruler. He was carried around on a portable ✥ Tlaloc, the god of rain holes in helmet and attach ribbon, yarn or throne. When his followers saw him in a ✥ Huitzilopochtli, god of sun string for decoration. parade, they cheered and threw ✥ Coatlicue, fierce goddess of earth flowers at his feet. Some waved ✥ Xipe Totec, god of plants banners. Some presented him ✥ Tepeyolatl, the god of fire with rare jewels or other riches. ✥ Quetzalcoatl, the god of the wind

­­­­­5 Student Activities Aztec feast... Aztec Divide into groups of four. Read the Flavor section of the Art Activity Houston Chronicle. Select foods “fit for a king” and make a Can you draw & decorate a banner of Montezuma to list of foods you might serve Montezuma at an Aztec feast. carry in a parade?

BANNERS

Materials: Construction paper in shape of ban- .. ner or streamers; glue and glitter; tray (could Weather watch. use half of egg carton) ; balloon sticks; tape to The Aztecs named their gods and goddesses from their environment. Divide into groups attach banners or streamers to sticks; curling of four. Select weather-related stories from the Houston Chronicle and create god-like ribbon. Colored markers. names to describe them, like Helda, the goddess of Hurricanes, etc. The team with the Procedure: You may use markers to decorate most names wins! banner with symbols representing the gods. Squeeze lines of glue on banner. Pour glitter on banner. Shake off extra glitter into tray. Attach Tall tales... banner and curling ribbon to stick. The Aztecs loved to tell tall tales about heroes or “sheroes.” PARADE Read the Houston Chronicle or scan its comics, and select Class can go outside and parade around a hero or “shero.” Then, draw a picture of a heroic school building waving banners in praise of Sun figure taken from the Houston Chronicle. God. Act out giving gifts to Aztec gods or goddesses. Use rhythm instruments, chanting or dancing. A sk-a-hero... ✥✥✥✥✥✥✥✥ Divide into groups of four. Two people select their favorite hero or “shero.” Remaining AZTEC QUIZ group members act as reporters and interview the characters. Before the interview, make a list of questions like: What two people were the greatest influence in your 1. Who lived under one roof in an Aztec family? life? What famous deed are you known for? Can you describe how you felt when you 2. Many Aztec ______trained as warriors. did that deed? What did you gain from this experience? 3. ______rode around on a portable throne. 4. About ______years ago, Native American people called ______lived in a country known as Mexico. t or y w r . .. 5. For ______years, the Aztecs were rich S iting and powerful. From the research gained from interviews, each group writes a story about the hero or “shero.” You can refer back to your original news article or the comics for added details, like physical appearance, friends, relatives, residence, job, super powers or other facts.

­­­­­6 Spain’s great explorers of the late 1400s and the 1500s were like team players in a serious game. The Spanish, Portuguese, French and English were all racing to discover and claim the most land. Some explorers used whatever means necessary to make their country the most powerful on earth.

the New World. They were on get-rich-quick missions, Mississippi, the party stopped. De Soto, who was ill, sud- The Conquistadors searching for gold and jewels. They came in a burst of denly died. glory and blood, and were gone. Four months later, the party returned to Spain. After Christopher Columbus arrived in North America, They did not return with jewels and precious metals. the conquistadors followed. Hernando De Soto Starving and in poor health, the party returned in rags.

Hernan Cortes As the conquistadors poured into America in the defeats Moctezuma years following Columbus’ voyages, the successes and failures of a few became well-known. One of these was Moctezuma II (1480? to 1520), the great-great grandson Hernando De Soto. of Moctezuma I, was the emperor of Mexico when the De Soto had accompanied explorer Francisco Spaniards came. He ruled from 1502 to 1520. He and his Pizarro into Peru in the 1530s, and he returned to Spain people believed that the conquistador Hernan Cortes, the as a wealthy man. leader of the Spaniards, was Quetzalcoatl, the White God On the De Soto expedition, he arrived just north of the Aztecs, who had sailed away many years before but of Fort Myers, Florida, on May 25, 1539. Entering Indian promised to return. At first, Moctezuma welcomed the villages, he often took hostages including the chief. Then, Spaniards with gifts of golden ornaments. Later, he tried he demanded food and lodging for his men. to keep them from entering Tenochtitlan, but it was too When he was ready to move on, he took along the late. Cortes captured the city and the emperor. hostages, freeing them only when the next Indian village agreed to his demands. In this way, the Spaniards moved north from Augusta, Georgia, to below Memphis, Tennessee, at the Bold adventurers Chickasaw Bluffs. The Spaniards found Like Cortes, the conquistadors were after one thing supplies of maize and beans — gold. These bold adventurers did not want to “settle” but no gold. Near Natchez,

­­­­7 Student Activities Ads for conquistadors... Bring the Real Estate section from the Houston Chronicle to class or go to chron.com/realestate. Read aloud a few advertisements for lavish houses or estate properties. Discuss how ad writers make copy appeal- ing. Point out how ad writers use copy points, headlines, body copy, slogans, humor, or figures of speech to catch the readers’ attention.

✥ Why did the Europeans call the \ native people in Mexico and Peru De Soto seeks “Indians?” ✥ How did the Spanish soldiers advent rs... overrun the natives? ure ✥ How did the natives fare in North Pretend you are Hernando De Soto seeking adventur- America? ers to search for gold and glory in the Americas. Divide ✥✥✥✥✥✥✥✥✥✥✥ into four groups. Each group finds interesting ads from the newspaper, then writes their own ads for Hernando De Soto. DRAMA Write a play about the influence of Hernan Cortes in the settling of New Spain. Don’t forget to answer these questions: Race relations... ✥ How did Hernan Cortes befriend The conquistadors did not treat the Aztecs fairly. They tricked Moctezuma into believ- Moctezuma? ing they were friendly, then they stole his gold and treasures. After defeating Moctezuma, ✥ Why did Moctezuma think Hernan they enslaved his people. Find race-related stories in the Houston Chronicle and explain Cortes was a god? how some people, because of race or class, are still treated unfairly. ✥ How did Moctezuma show his appreciation to Cortes? ✥ What happened when Cortes dis- covered the riches of Moctezuma? ✥ How did the Spanish trick the Native Americans? NOTE: Begin with a storyline, divide Big business... it into scenes, assign players, act out play. Be sure it has a begin- Luring people to the Americas was big business. Who ning, middle and end. benefited from the Spanish discovering gold? Study the Business pages of the Houston Chronicle. List three businesses that, for profit, try to motivate customers to buy or build a product.

­­­­­8 Did you know that Texas once belonged to Mexico? Yes, it was a Mexican territory.

However, by the 1830s, nearly 35,000 immi- Fighting grants were lured to Texas by the promise of land. for Anglo-American settlers outnumbered Mexicans. Independence

rebels at the Alamo, Santa Anna ordered the execution of a weaker nation. 340 Texas prisoners in nearby Goliad. To this day, Texans remember this bloody incident. The cries, “Remember the Texans in Mexico Alamo!” and “Remember Goliad!” bring forth passionate Background of the war memories to Texans. Texans felt they had little loyalty to Mexico’s constitution and laws which required Texans to become 2. BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO - April 1836 In 1844, James Polk was elected as president of Mexican citizens or Catholic before they could acquire Santa Anna’s troops pursued what the United States. He was in favor of annex- land. was left of the Texas rebels — including ing Texas, which was controlled by Mexico. frightened colonists — across eastern The Mexican government warned that, Texans wanted slavery Texas. But the rebel Texans soon assem- if Texas was admitted to the Union, a war bled at the San Jacinto River, a mile from would occur. Santa Anna’s army camp. In addition, there was a movement Texans also objected to Mexico’s anti-slavery laws, On April 21, 1836, during a siesta, by the United States to expand west- because many immigrants who colonized Texas brought the Texas rebels attacked the Mexican ward into new lands. This was called slaves with them to work the farmlands. encampment. “A three-hour massacre followed, making “Manifest Destiny.” Many Texans opposed a centralized government San Jacinto a war atrocity in its own right,” says historian in Mexico. They wanted to rule themselves. They rebelled Sam W. Haynes. “The Texans killed 630 Mexicans, wounded After failed attempts to make concessions with Mexico, on against Mexico, seeking to set up an independent 200, and captured 730 more.” May 13, 1846, Major General Zachary Taylor led a battle republic. against Mexican soldiers near the Rio Grande. After news 3. MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR - 1846 to 1848 of this battle, Congress declared war on Mexico, saying, Sam Houston This war was fought between the United States “American blood was shed on Mexican soil.” and Mexico over disagreements that had accumulated for Sam Houston was appointed Commander-in- two decades. In the course of the war, U.S. forces invaded Chief of the newly formed Texas army, and he led a Mexico and occupied the capital, Mexico City. More bloody battles revolt against Mexico. David Crockett was one of the At the war’s end, the United States took control U.S. volunteers for the Texas army. of Mexico City, insisting that the Mexicans agree to turn Cerro Gordo - A key victory for the Americans during over land from the Rio Grande region of the northern ter- the march from Veracruz to Mexico City. The battle, fought ritory, including California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts from April 17 - 18, 1847, cleared the way to Mexico City. Bloody battles of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming. With the signing of the Treaty of Hidalgo and the gain of $15 million, Chapultepec - A group of young Mexican military 1. THE ALAMO - February 1836 Mexico agreed to these demands. cadets were the dying heroes in this battle, which took In February 1836, Santa Anna’s army of 1,800 In spite of this treaty, many historians regard the place at the Castle of Chapultepec, at the top of a rocky soldiers attacked the Texas rebels at the Alamo, an aban- Mexican-American War as unnecessary and an attack on hill, towering 200 feet, inside the gates of Mexico City. doned mission in San Antonio. After defeating the Texas

Continued on page 10 ­­­­9 Continued from page 9

Montes de Oca, Vicente Suarez, Francisco Marquez, and At sunrise on September 12, 1848, U.S. artillery Brave soldiers Juan de la Barrera. Juan Escutia is said to have wrapped began blasting at Chapultepec’s walls and rooftops. The himself in the flag of Mexico before leaping to his death from The fight for Chapultepec ended in bloody, hand-to- shelling lasted 14 hours, but the Mexican troops held firm. the castle wall. Known as the Niños Heroes (boy heroes), they hand combat, with U.S. troops scaling the walls of the castle Inside the castle of Chapultepec, the bombardment are remembered every year in a national patriotic ceremony. with ladders. Some of the bravest Mexican soldiers were stu- had taken its toll. The dead and wounded lay along the cor- This was the last battle of the Mexican-American dent cadets, most were teenagers, the youngest thirteen. ridors. Without medicine or supplies, their fellow soldiers could War. The next day, Mexico surrendered the capital of Mexico According to legend, six cadets chose to die rather do nothing for them. City to the United States. than surrender: Agustin Melgar, Juan Escutia, Fernando Student Activities Politics... Study the Editorial pages of the Houston Chronicle for political and editorial opinions. Clip the editorials and cartoons which portray Republican or Democratic viewpoints.

✥ The Mexican-American War was a train- ing ground for leading American and can Confederate officers who later fought in Democrat v. Republi the Civil War. They were: Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, Robert E. Lee and Study your clips and decide whether or not you support the Democrats’ or Republicans’ Jefferson Davis. point of view. Then, write a paragraph expressing your view. Remember, an editorial allows you to express yourself freely! ✥ Ulysses S. Grant said this about the Mexican-American War: In his memoirs, he recalled this war with shame, describing it as “the most unjust war ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation.” Other Activities... READ and DISCUSS

The Mexican-American War was more than ✥ Scan the Houston Chronicle for articles about wars. Discuss these wars. a skirmish between the United States and ✥ Divide into teams of five. Refer to the articles you’ve circled. Compare the modern-day Mexico. It was also a battle to retain the right wars to the Civil War or the Mexican-American War. Consider — who is fighting whom? to own slaves. In fact, many historians think Why are they fighting? Are they fighting to defend their own country or someone else’s? that the war fueled the flames of the oncom- How long have they been fighting this particular war? ing Civil War. Can you explain why?

✥ Read the Main News section of the Houston Chronicle. Can you find a reference to the term “ethnic war?” What does that term mean? Refer to the war articles you’ve recently pulled.

­­­­10 Famous Hispanic People

Mama Ninfa, restauranteur

Rita Moreno, actress Ninfa Laurenzo is known to Houstonians as “Mama Ninfa.” She is more than a successful restauranteur. She is a survivor. This is her story. In 1969, Mama Ninfa’s husband died suddenly and she was faced Did you know that Rita Moreno with supporting her family. was the first Hispanic actress to win the After praying, she mortgaged her house and opened Oscar? She is listed in the Guinness Book of a little taqueria. The next morning, she called a contractor Records as the only person ever to win about remodeling, and in 1973, Ninfa’s on Navigation became a the four major prizes in show business: the Oscar, reality. the Grammy, the Tony and the Emmy. She has But troubles continued for the Ninfa family. The next week, a fire three Emmy awards, in fact. destroyed the upstairs of the restaurant. Ninfa gathered her family around Moreno won her Academy Award as best her, saying, “We’re going to grit our teeth and fix it up.” supporting actress in 1962 for West Side Story. Within weeks, the restaurant reopened. In 1972, she won her Grammy for her recording of Soon, the lines began forming. People from all over Houston, including The Electric Company Album, which included her singing for a River Oaks, came to Ninfa’s for tacos al carbon, enchiladas, tacos, and more children’s educational TV series. In 1975, she received a Tony for .. all like Ninfa’s mother used to make. her performance in The Ritz. In 1978, she received Emmy awards for In less than 10 years, Ninfa’s grew into a multi-million dollar busi- appearances in The Muppet Show, The Rockford Files, and most recently, ness with restaurants in Oz on cable TV. Houston and Dallas. Born in Humaco, Puerto Rico, as Rosa Dolores Alverio, she came George Bush is a to New York City when she was four years old. Rosa grew up speaking frequent visitor, as was English without an accent. She also began dancing lessons when she John Travolta, when he was six. By thirteen, she appeared on Broadway for the first time. was filming the movie At the age of fourteen, she went to Hollywood. And in 1956, she was Urban Cowboy. cast in her breakthrough role as Tuptim in The King and I. In 1961, she Today, Ninfa's was cast in West Side Story, where she received her Oscar. Restaurants employ up Ms. Moreno has also worked within the entertainment industry to to 1,000 people, serving secure more jobs for Hispanics. In 1988, she was given a New York more than 2 million Image Award for lifetime achievement from the Hispanic Academy of people a year; that’s Media Arts and Sciences. about 40,000 a week. That’s a lot of tacos!

11 Famous Hispanic People Ellen Ochoa, astronaut

With everything appearing lost, Mr. In 1990, Dr. Ellen Ochoa was selected Benavidez saved the day by repositioning troops, directing to be an astronaut in NASA’s Space Shuttle helicopters and calling air strikes, and administering first aid to the Program. Her message to other Hispanic wounded — all while enduring dozens of injuries to himself, caused by students regarding her success is, “If you gunshot wounds, grenade explosions and hand-to-hand fighting. stay in school, you have the potential to Though praised for his brave actions, Mr. Benavidez responds achieve what you want in the future.” Her by saying he was only doing his “duty.” example reinforces those words.

A native of San Diego, she gradu- ated from San Diego State before receiving Selena, superstar her master’s and doctoral degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University. Selena Quintanilla-Perez was born in Lake Jackson, Texas, to a musi- Before her astronaut training, she was the chief of the Intelligent cal family. By the age of six, Selena was already singing like a pro at her Systems Technology Branch at the NASA/Ames Research Center at Moffet father Abraham’s restaurant. Field Naval Air Station in Mountain View, California. She is the first Hispanic After the restaurant failed in the 1980s, Selena’s family moved to female ever to become an astronaut. Corpus Christi, where they boarded a rambling bus and toured South Texas, singing at weddings and on the streets. In 1986, Selena’s career began to take off. By February 1995, Roy Benavidez, Vietnam hero Selena sold out the Houston Astrodome with her last concert for the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. At this time, trouble began. Selena began to suspect that her Roy Benavidez, a Vietnam veteran and Medal of Honor recipient, fan club director, Yolanda Saldivar, was embezzling money. In March, lived most of his life in El Campo, Texas. He earned the admiration and Selena confronted Yolanda. The two women argued, and Yolanda pulled respect of millions of Americans before his recent death at the age of 63, out a gun and shot Selena in the chest. An ambulance rushed to the following a long illness. scene, but Selena was pronounced dead at 1:09 p.m. The son of Texas sharecroppers, Benavidez grew up knowing the As news of her death spread all over the world, fans mourned pain of prejudice and poverty. His parents died when he was young, and he the queen of Tejano music. The Friday she died will always be known was raised by his uncle. Under the circumstances, Mr. Benavidez felt his as Black Friday. only way out was the army. However, in July of 1995, Selena accomplished her greatest The young soldier was right. As a Green Beret, Mr. Benavidez gained musical goal — her dream of crossing over into the pop market. a sense of pride and an opportunity for adventure. During a secret mission Her first single, I Could Fall in Love, released posthumously, became inside Cambodia, for instance, he proved his worth. When his Green Beret unit an instant #1 hit. Selena lives on in the hearts of millions of her was attacked by North Vietnamese, he saved the lives of eight men who were fans! surrounded by enemy fire.

12 Las Posadas Day of In most Spanish speaking countries in the Americas, the Dead “Las Posadas” are celebrated Through the years, this celebration has become on December 16. This event a “blended tradition” accepted by both the Spanish and brings to life how Joseph and native groups. Student Mary searched for a place Native groups, for example, had customs which for Christ to be born. The showed respect for the dead. The Day of The Dead is one of word “Posada” means “inn” or these events. To them, The Day of the Dead is not weird or Activities “place of lodging.” scary. The Taino Indians of Cuba, for instance, believed that To celebrate this holiday, people go from house to at night their dead family members came back to their ativ house knocking on the doors of friends and neighbors for nine huts looking for food. During the Day of the Dead festivities, Rel e power... days. They pretend to be searching for the inn where Jesus the Indians set out favorite food dishes for their relatives Find a person in the news that reminds you of was to be born. They carry lanterns and small figures of Mary each night. a favorite (or, not-so-favorite) relative. Then, and Joseph while singing carols or exclaiming, “Feliz Navidad,” The Spanish explorers had a similar tradition, though. write down three of this person’s qualities, which means “Merry Christmas.” On November 1, they have a day set aside to pray for people good or bad. For each quality, write a sentence When they reach the house where the nativity scene who died. This day is called All Saints Day. And it also shows telling how you found out the person has this is kept, they have a big celebration, where they eat tamales respect for the dead. The day after is called All Soul’s Day — quality. and break a pinata. when people pray for souls of the dead. With time, these ideas p . of paying respect to the dead came to be called the Day of Grou s galore.. the Dead. With your class, look through the Houston The Day of Chronicle and find stories or photos about the Three Kings three different family groups. Then discuss what common interest or experience is holding each group together. The Day of the Three Kings is celebrated on January 6. This holiday comes twelve days after Christmas. On the night Quinceañeras h re of January 5, children leave their shoes or an empty shoe box Ric latives On a Hispanic girl’s fifteenth stuffed with straw outside their houses for the camels of birthday, this day commemorates Sometimes we are very concerned with the the Three Kings. In the morning, the straw is gone, but in its her entry into adulthood. The money our relatives make. Look through dif- place, are candy, fruit and toys. This tradition reminds the young girl dresses up in party ferent sections of the Houston Chronicle and children of the Three Kings’ journey to find the clothes and dances the night find one story from each section that deals Christ Child. away with friends and family, with money in some way. Print the stories or as they feast on scrumptious foods!15 headlines and combine them with your own artwork to make a poster showing how money affects our lives, especially the lives of our loved ones.

­­­­­13 Did you know Hispanic cooking is the product of two worlds? Livestock, cheeses, orchard fruits, and wheat were brought to the New World by the Spanish, as well as their special way of cooking. In addition, the Spanish forced the Maya of Mexico to become servants and to prepare Spanish foods and spices. After a while, the two cultures blend- r Hispani ists fou c recip ed together — resulting in a new ion l es. sect way of cooking. is Th Chocolate Caliente Mexicano Chorizo con Huevos

Mexican Hot Chocolate. When it’s cold outside and you Sausage with Eggs. Egg-zactly the way to start the day! need something warm to drink, why don’t you try this? Ingredients: Ingredients: 8 eggs Student 6 ounces of plain, sweetened 3 - 4 links chorizo sausage chocolate or Mexican chocolate Garlic powder

6 cups milk (preferably whole milk) Activities First peel off the skin of the chorizo. Take a frying pan 1 1/2 teaspoons cinnamon (unless you and mash the chorizo in the pan with a big spoon. Cook the are using Mexican chocolate) chorizo with a little bit of oil. When done, drain the chorizo . 2 teaspoons of sugar (if you want) Bulletin board.. grease. Next put the eggs in the pan. Scramble the eggs. Mix Combine all the ingredients in a saucepan and cook over Look for Hispanic recipes or restaurant news the eggs, chorizo and garlic powder to taste. Serve with a low heat. Stir constantly until the chocolate has melted and or ads in the Houston Chronicle. Also check flour tortilla. out chron.com for recipes plus restaurants the mixture is blended. that serve Hispanic food. Create a classroom Just before serving, use an egg beater and beat until smooth. bulletin board that highlights your favorite Serves four. Hispanic dishes Buñuelos Sweet Mexican dessert elight... Mexican Pizza snacks. When frying tortillas Spanish d for Mexican Pizza, you can also Divide into groups. From the Houston A familiar dish with a Spanish zing! make Buñuelos (ben-whe-lohs). Chronicle Flavor section, select a recipe or In a large skillet, add peanut oil to one-fourth inch depth. Cut the tortilla into pieces, fry ingredient that may fit into a Latino dish. Heat oil to 375 degrees. Fry eight flour tortillas, one at a time, For what celebration or occasion is this until crisp, and then shake them dish created? Who prepares it? How in hot oil until lightly browned and blistered (about 10 seconds in a plastic bag containing cinnamon and sugar. is it prepared? Describe the texture, per side). Drain on paper towels. Then, prepare ground beef aroma, color and flavor — yum! Draw and taco seasoning according to seasoning envelope a picture of this dish. directions. Spread 2 tablespoons each of beef ART ACTIVITY and salsa. Sprinkle one-half cup cheese ¡Celeb and garnish with black olives and You Will Need: Glue, paper plates, markers, packing raci n! materials (styrofoam, straw, etc.), yarn, string, o green onions. Broil pizza eight inches ribbon or material scraps. Divide class into groups of five. from heat for about two minutes until the Create a celebration including food, cheese is melted. Makes eight pizzas. To Do: Recreate collage of one of the Mexican games, costumes and decorations. dishes listed. Make it look appetizing. Remember Select which culture or custom you’d like color presentation! After you create your “dish,” to celebrate and sketch out your ideas. you may serve your classmates. Present ideas to the rest of your class.

14 Popular Hispanic Games

Cascarones Piñatas At a Cinco de Mayo party, children delight in crowning the Piñatas originated in Italy during the European Renaissance. adults with “cascarones” (kahs-kah-ro-nas). They are They were shaped like a clay ice cream cone with three points. colorful confetti-filled eggs which crack open to shower Mexico first used the piñatas to celebrate the Day of the unsuspecting victims. Three Kings. Children were told that the Kings put candy and toys in the piñatas.

HOW TO MAKE CASCARONES HOW TO PLAY

✥ Punch open a dime-sized hole in one end and a smaller Break a piñata in a large, open space outdoors or in a gymna- hole (the size of pencil lead) in the other end of each sium. Suspend the piñata from a rope over the branch of a tree, raw egg. Blow through the smaller hole to remove the a building beam or a hook. The player is blindfolded and spun insides of the egg. Wash the eggshell. around three times by others. A stick or broom handle is placed in the player’s hand. The children shout, “Dale! Dale!" (dah-lay) ✥ Color the hollow egg shells with dye, magic markers or which means “Hit it! Hit it!,” and the player tries to whack the acrylic paint. piñata. ✥ After filling the shells with confetti, the ends can be *Note: For safety, all observers should move away from reach of player with stick, sealed with tissue moistened with glue. Let them dry so he/she will not be able to accidentally hit anyone. and your cascarones are ready for a fiesta.

Mexican Student Activities storytelling sea there a story behind this individual’s success? Do you Story rch... know how he or she became famous? Write a short Mexican stories (cuentos) are Look in the Houston Chronicle and find stories story about this person. important to the Hispanic tradition. about people who are struggling to keep something that belongs to them. They may be trying to keep Before there was a written language, their jobs, their homes or their businesses. What are Sports star... there was storytelling. Although they doing to solve their problems? Write a paragraph Look in the Sports section of the Houston Hispanic stories are entertaining, describing what they are doing. Chronicle. Locate stories about famous Hispanic they also teach lessons and explain sports stars. Who are they? Why are they famous? Which teams do they appear on? Who is your favorite? the meanings of things. Stories reveal Star searc ... Write a “Star Report” about your findings and present the morals, values and tradition of Look in the Houston Chronicleh and find a story it to the class. each culture. about a Hispanic entertainer, musician or actor. Is

­­­15 opocat Pand epetl Ixtaccihuatl A POPULAR HISPANIC TALE Here’s a popular Mexican tale which takes place near two of Mexico’s two volcanoes near Mexico City. Popocatepetl, or Popo, are called “smoking mountains” in Aztec.

In this story, lovely Princess Ixtaccihuatl falls in love Princesss tells him she is promised to a brave warrior. and her cries are heard no more. with Popocatepetl. Popo is a soldier who wants to marry When asked, Ixtaccihuatl tells the soldier the Much later, Popo comes looking for his betrothed. her. Ixtaccihuatl’s father insists any suitor who wants to name of her betrothed. The soldier tells the Princess that Neighbors tell him that his lovely maiden died on the moun- marry his daughter must first fight invaders in a foreign Popocatepetl died in battle and asks for her hand in mar- tain mourning her true love. land. While Popo is away at war, the Princess turns away riage. She refuses the proposal and runs away. When Popo hears the tragic news, he climbs a tall many interested suitors. Ixtaccihuatl climbs a mountain near her garden. mountain overshadowing the smaller Ixtaccihuatl. Then, he Days pass, and the Princess sadly waits for her When she reaches the top of the mountain, she falls to the lights a candle and watches over his true love. Soon, snow Popo. One day a soldier passes by and sees Ixtaccihuatl ground and weeps. Snow begins to fall, but still she weeps begins to fall and it covers him. The lovers are still buried in working in her garden. He asks her to be his wife, but the on the ground. Snow covers the maiden for many nights these mountains today.

Activity Student Activities Select a favorite story and act it out with a team of players. Be sure to select costumes and props (hats, scarves, aprons, sword, spoon, pots, pans, etc.) You may use large pieces of material to represent a Playful animal puns... swamp or river. Follow these guidelines: Go through the Houston Chronicle and list puns, idioms or slang using animal names like 1. Make sure there are enough players. If there are not, some people can be part of the environ- “dog days,” “donkey breath,” “sweathogs,” “a lion’s share,” “lion-hearted” and more. ment...like a gurgling brook, a swishing tree limb, a creaking door, swamp filled with frogs, and ry more. The persons that play these parts can Sto play... make the noises and movements. Using the information from the Houston Chronicle, make up a story about imaginary or 2. The play must have a beginning, middle and end. real animal characters. Use the animal names from your list in your story. Let the story show 3. Keep the action moving — you can change the plot conflict. Does a problem occur? Then, resolve the conflict. Each story must have a beginning, line if necessary to fit your needs. middle and end. 4. Speak loudly. And don’t EVER turn your back to your audience! 5. As an option, one person can narrate the story and Newscast... the others act it out if you’d like. Collect “characters” from the story you created from the information in the Houston Chronicle. Next, put leading characters in a TV newsroom. Assign characters, reporters, pro- duction crew, teleprompter, producer, director, make-up, prop person and anchor persons. Create a fast-breaking news story. Put on a fast-paced newscast using all the necessary participants.

16 and

Album” by Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler. “Being an only daughter in a family of six sons forced me by cir- Diego Rivera, artist cumstance to spend a lot of time by myself, because In the 1920s, Mexican art, as in mural painting, my brothers felt it beneath them to play with a girl in became the rage. Its popularity spread throughout public. But that aloneness, that loneliness, was good the world. Like the great paintings from the Italian for a would-be writer — it allowed me time to think Renaissance period, the Mexican murals sprang from and think, to imagine, to read and prepare myself.” the passionate convictions of the artists. One of After graduating from college, Ms. Cisneros these artists was Diego Rivera. attended the Iowa Writer’s Workshop. Here, she In 1923, Diego, 37, painted for the Mexican Sandra Cisneros, writer decided to write about her own people. “I knew I was a Ministry of Education. This mammoth project became Mexican woman, but I didn’t think it had anything to world-known because it captured the panoramic view Sandra Cisneros is one of today’s best-known do with why I felt so much imbalance in my life, where- of civilization on a wall. Mexican-American authors. Her most famous book is, as it had everything to do with it! My race, my gender, Diego’s murals touched a human chord, because “House on Mango Street.” my class! That’s when I decided I would write about they encouraged people to “read” Diego’s walls with- She says her family experience shapes her something my classmates couldn’t write about.” books. “I was/am the only daughter,” says Ms. out being literate. When people saw Diego’s work, they Cisneros in the book “The Mexican American Family immediately responded.

MURAL ART ACTIVITY 1. Get a large piece of butcher paper. Cover long table or walls. Student Activities 2. Divide up into groups of three or four. Decide on theme for group mural, i.e., politics, environment, social issues, etc. Art-search... 3. Group also plans scene and characters in mural. Read the Houston Chronicle and www.chron.com. Divide into groups and list stories about fine artists — 4. Select colors and supplies, like tempera paint, painters, sculptors or artisans who work in bookbinding, ceramics or jewelry. How many of these artists Cray-Pas® (wet crayons), paint brushes, are of Mexican-American heritage? Does their work reflect a Hispanic heritage or lifestyle? Write a para- sponges, spatula or cooking utensils. graph describing what you find. 5. Execute: Draw horizontal line across paper. Separate sky from earth. Students chose which area they prefer to paint. Actor-search... 6. After painting is complete, students can add Read the Houston Chronicle and chron.com. Divide into groups and list stories, with their page numers, color, lines and texture with sponges or cook- about actors who work in the theater, movies or television. How many are Hispanic actors? What are ing utensils dipped in paint and “splashed” or their most famous roles? The group that finds the most artists wins. Write a paragraph telling why it is printed on mural. important for Hispanics to appear as entertainment artists. *Tip: Group may sketch mural on small piece of paper before beginning on large mural. ake-a-pos MakeM a poster display of pictures or tarticleser .about.. famous Hispanic artists you find in the Houston Chronicle and on chron.com.

­­­­17 oman R ce y he of o T the Cowb

horsesLong-horned were Iberian brought cattle to and this Andalusian continent horses by TheThe ValiantValiant Vaqueros Vaqueros were broughtSpanish to thissettlers. continent As a by result, Spanish many settlers colo. As- a result, nistsmany coloniststurned toturned cattle to ranching,cattle ranching, because because Though Mexico’s peasantry, the vaqueros Mexico's cowboys, called vaqueros (comes from of ofthe the great great demand for for hides, hides, horns, horn, meat meatand tallow and. (From the Spanish vaca for cow), thought they Spanish vaca for cow), thought they were superior tallow. By 1848, when Mexico lost much territory to the were superior to farmers. They were proud of to farmers. They were proud of their work, which they U.S., Byranching 1848, hadwhen spread Mexico to Texas lost andmuch California territory. Rich, their work, which they believed demanded believed demanded courage and physical endurance. They to ranch-owningthe U.S., ranching charros liked had to spread display to their Texas wealth and with courage and physical endurance. They scorned scorned firearms for settling disputes. California.personal ornaments Rich, ranch-owning of silver, much ofcharros it from liked the greatto firearms for settling disputes. Other nations recognized the bravery of the vaque- displaymines oftheir Zacatecas wealth in northwith central personal Mexico ornaments. Other nations recognized the bravery of the ros. In 1823, Hawaii’s King Kamehameha III sent for vaque- of silver, much of it from the great mines of vaqueros. In 1823, Hawaii’s King Kamehameha RANCH RIOT ros to train his paniola (cowboys). In California, New Mexico Zacatecas in north central Mexico. RANCHDid you know RIOT that a good part of Texas, III sent for vaqueros to train his paniola (cow- and Texas, Mexican-American vaqueros worked as ranch NewDid you Mexico know that and a good California part of Texas,was onceNew Mexico part and boys). In California, New Mexico and Texas, How about those hands in the late 1800s. ofCalifornia Mexico? was Afteronce part the of U.S-Mexican Mexico? After theWar, U.S-Mexican Mexican-American vaqueros worked as ranch How about horses? MexicoWar, Mexico lost lost much much of itsits northernnorthern territory territory to the hands in the late 1800s. those horses? toUnited the StatesUnited. Many States. Mexican Many ranchers Mexican were ranchforced off- Charros & Vaqueros RanchingRanching techniques spread spread from from Mexico Mexico through - erstheir were land. forcedLook in the off Houston their land. Chronicle Look for ina story the or Houstonpicture of anChronicle individual whofor isa beingstory forced or picture to move of from an Charros & Vaqueros outthroughout the Americas .the And Americas. the horses Andthat escapedthe horses in the individualhis original home who. How is beingdoes that forced person to feel move when from he is DidDid you you know know that that there there were were no cattle no cattle or horses or in thatwild escaped from these in ranchesthe wild became from the these mustangs ranches of the hisforced original to flee the home. country? How Are does some that people person being forcedfeel horsesMexico in prior Mexico to the prior early 1500s?to the early 1500s? becameU.S., the the pasos mustangs of Peru, and of thethe criolles U.S., ofthe Argentina pasos .of whento do this he today? is forced to flee the country? Are Long-horned Iberian cattle and Andalusian Peru, and the criolles of Argentina. some people being forced to do this today? ther activ Student Activities Other activities Student Activities ✥ Look through the Houston Chronicle ✥ Look through the Houston and find a story about people trying Chronicle and find a story where With a red pencil, circle words to protect their land. Once you find rd searc people are trying to protect their W or d s ea rch ... which come from our Southwestern this story, add on to it. Create a good heritage. Check all sections of the newspaper, including the Food section land. Once you find this story, From the Houston Chronicle, make a list of words which come from our Southwestern heritage. ending with lots of details. or the Sports section. Some of these are: pioneer, frontier, boots, bridle, add on to it. Create a good Check all sections, including Star, Flavor and Sports. Some of these are: pioneer, frontier, boots, ✥ Find a Houston Chronicle story about saddle, chili, pepper, cinch, pony, mustang, cowboy, cowgirl, bull, rodeo, ending with lots of details. bridle, saddle, chili, pepper, cinch, pony, mustang, cowboy, cowgirl, bull, rodeo, sombrero, chaps, a person who loves animals and the sombrero, chaps, stirrups, etc. The person who finds the most words ✥ Find a story in the newspaper stirrups, etc. The person who finds the most words wins! outdoors. Turn it into a Mexican story wins! about a person who loves written for children. animals and the outdoors. tory pl ✥ TurnWhat traditions it into a and Mexican celebrations story do S a y... From this list of words, make up a story wewritten share with for our children. neighbors in Mexico? From this rlisty of words, make up a story about a modern-day cowboy or cowgirl. Where does this S to pla . about a modern-day cowboy or cowgirl. Look in the Houston Chronicle and on person live? Does this persony .ranch,. play polo, rodeo, or enjoy taking mountain trail rides? Does ✥ What traditions and celebra- Where does this person live? Does this person ranch, play polo, rodeo, or chron.com for stories, traditions, fes- this person live on a dude ranch or working ranch in West Texas? Describe the person’s daily life. tions do we share with our enjoy taking mountain trail rides? Does this person live on a dude ranch tivals or foods that we share. How does this person survive? What type of horse does this person ride? What type of saddle neighbors in Mexico? Look or working ranch in West Texas? Describe the person’s daily life. How does this person use? What type of day-to-day problems does this person face? How is the cow- in the Houston Chronicle for does this person survive? What type of horse does this person ride? What boy/cowgirl’s future affected by our increasing population and industrialization of our country? stories, traditions, festivals or type of saddle does this person use? What type of day-to-day problems foods that we share. does this person face? How is the cowboy/cowgirl’s future affected by our increasing population and industrialization of our country? 18 1 uston’s Ho ispanic H ers ettl S The early settlers of the Hispanic community in Houston were Hispanics, The early settlers of the Hispanic community in Houston were Hispanics, Mexicans,Mexicans, Cubans andand Spaniards.Spaniards. They They came came from from Spain, Spain, Cuba, Cuba, Mexico, Mexico, and and Central and South America. Central and South America. During the 1920s, Mexican natives and Mexican-American migrants becameDuring prominent the 1920s, in Houston. Mexican They streamednatives and into Mexican-American the Houston oil city —migrants many becameforeseeing prominent a temporary in Houston. stay. They streamed into the Houston oil city — many foreseeing a temporary stay. Magnolia park Magnolia park builds business Barrio schools During the early 1920s the greatest growth By the late 1920s, Magnolia Park developed Every barrio had a local “Mexican school,” Magnoliaof Hispanic population Park took place in Magnolia itsMagnolia own business district. Park “Its ‘Avenida builds Madero’ for elementary-agedEl Segundo Barrio, children. where makeshift In Houston, homes unwrit were erected- along Park. By the time the Magnolia suburb was incor- is Navigation Boulevard,” noted the Houston ten rulesthe banks discouraged of Buffalo promotion Bayou. into the junior ame .. porated in Houston on October 8, 1926, Magnolia Chronicle, including restaurants, private offices, high schools. N search. wasDuring well the on its early way 1920s to containing the greatest “the growthlargest of barberbusiness shops, furniture stores and a Spanish talkie Hispanicthe population local Mexican took place settlements,” in Magnolia asPark quoted. By the bytime a theater “all named in Spanish and conducted by BarrioBarrio churchesschools the Magnolialocal newspaper. suburb was incorporated in Houston on October Mexicans,” By the the latepaper 1920s, observed. Magnolia Park developed its own business district. “Its ‘Avenida Madero’ is Navigation In the Second Ward, Our Lady of Gualdalupe 8, 1926, Magnolia was well on its way to containing “the larg- Every barrio had a local “Mexican school,” for elemen- Boulevard,” noted the Houston Chronicle, including restauCatholic- Church expanded its\ services to assist the est of Downtownthe local Mexican settlements,” as quoted by a local Social conditions tary-aged children. In Houston, unwritten rules discouraged rants, private offices, barber shops, furniture stores and agrowing Mexican-American community. By 1929, newspaperdistrict. promotion into the junior high schools. .. In spite of the increase in Mexican- American more than 400 children were taught by the Sister . Spanish talkie theater “all named in Spanish and conducted er er a The barrios in Houston had one thing in jobs, racial prejudice was prevalent in Houston Benita order of nuns. Create-a-newspap th cti by Mexicans,” the paper observed. O vities common — the downtown business district. This during the 1920s to 1930s. Jim Crow codes applica- On November 8, 1926, in Magnolia Park, Downtownbusiness section was withindistrict walking distance to the ble to African-Americans extended to Mexicans. ImmaculateBarrio Heart ofchurches Mary Catholic Church barrios. Its anchor points were the 1700 and 2100 Mexican-Americans were denied access to opened at 700 75th Street. Two years later, a paro- blocksThe barrios of Congress in Houston Avenue, had one where thing Mexican in common busi —- nearly all public and private establishments, from chial school was added. Social conditions In the Second Ward, Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic the downtownnesses catered business to districtthe residents. This business of “Little section Mexico,” was restrooms to ballrooms. Church expanded its services to assist the growing Mexican- within notedwalking the distance Houston to theChronicle barrios. inIts 1930. anchor points were In spite of the increase in Mexican-American jobs,p rotestant American community. By 1929, more than 400 children were the 1700 and These 2100 blocksbusinesses of Congress consisted Avenue, of wheredrug Mexican stores, racial prejudice was prevalent in Houston during the 1920schurches hotels, cafes, dental and doctors’ offices, dry goods Real estate taught by the Sister Benita order of nuns. businesses catered to the residents of “Little Mexico,” noted to 1930s. Jim Crow codes applicable to African-Americans stores, jewelry shops, filling stations, grocery Local real estate developers would not sell Several ProtestantOn November churches 8, 1926, were in Magnolia added inPark, Immaculate the Houston Chronicle in 1930. extended to Mexicans. stores, bakery shops, and other small shops. or rent to Mexicans, encouraging segregation of the barrios.Heart ofThey Mary were: Catholic Church opened at 700 75th Street. ployme These businesses consisted of drug stores, hotels, Mexican-Americans were denied access to nearly m n neighborhoods. ✥ Mexican Baptist Church - 2505 Canal Street t Two years later, a parochial school was added. E ad... cafes, dental and doctors’ offices, dry goods stores, jewelry all public Mexicans and private lived establishments, in distressing conditionsfrom restrooms in to✥ Mexican Presbyterian Church - 7535 Ave. L. shops, filling stations, grocery stores, bakery shops, and other Houston’sballrooms. El Segundo Barrio, where makeshift ✥ Mexican Methodist Episcopal Church - small shops. homes were erected along the banks of Buffalo 1110 McKee Street Bayou. Protestant churches Continued on page 19 1 Real estate Several Protestant churches were added in the barrios. They were: ✥ Local real estate developers would not sell or rent to Mexican Baptist Church - 2505 Canal Street ✥ Mexicans, encouraging segregation of neighborhoods. Mexican Presbyterian Church - 7535 Ave. L. ✥ Mexicans lived in distressing conditions in Houston’s Mexican Methodist Episcopal Church - 1110 McKee Street Continued on page 20 ­­­­­19 Continued from page 19

of local government, and to induce the Latin people of Social contributions Political contributions Houston to understand the government, to partake of voting privileges, and thus to become better citizens. During the 1920s to 1930s, the Houston In 1934, in an attempt to improve economic It is a civil organization composed of native born or Hispanic community increased its involvement in the conditions for Mexican-Americans, the Council naturalized poll-tax paying citizens of Latin extraction.” Americanization of Mexicans. These efforts were achieved #60 of the League of United Latin American Citizens Some of the early council members were blue col- by the Rusk Settlement Association, which sponsored (LULAC) was formed during the Depression decade. lar workers, including longshoremen, who belonged to the The Settlement Home, located next to the Rusk School. Founded in 1929, LULAC sought to: union, as well as businessmen, merchants, restaurant ✥ The Settlement Home offered cooking classes for Eliminate racial prejudice owners, doctors, lawyers and educators. ✥ Mexican-American women. And for all, lessons in English Provide legal equality They were: writing were offered. ✥ Better educational facilities ✥ John H. Duhig, attorney For mothers, practical things were offered, like ✥ Gain a voice in local, state and ✥ John J. Herrera, attorney learning the names of foods, clothing, furniture, or how to national politics. ✥ Angel Gonzalez, M.D., doctor ✥ ask for prices. Girl Scout and Boy Scout troops were also LULAC desired to make Mexicans active citizens. Felix Morales, businessman, owner, Morales Funeral Home organized for the young. Membership was restricted to Mexican-Americans, native ✥ Manuel Crespo, mortician born or naturalized. ✥ Felix Tijerana, restaurateur In 1934, in response to the founding of the ✥ Juvencio Rodriguez, grocery store worker Magnolia Park LULAC Council # 60, the Houston Chronicle ✥ Isidro Garcia, tailor stated, “The object of the club is to study the laws Student Activities

ame .. HISPANIC MEDIA N search. Observe the classified and consumer Look through the Houston Chronicle and chron.com. List Spanish names of neighborhoods, ads in the Houston Chronicle. Are any churches, schools or hospitals. How many can you find? What about your street name? If you geared to reach the Hispanic market? could rename your street or school or church with a Spanish name, what would it be? Why? Or why not? Check the Business pages. Are there any articles written about Hispanic ... companies or Hispanic products? What Create-a-newspaper are they? Also check the music, art and Study the Houston Chronicle. Next, create a newspaper for Spanish-speaking people in your entertainment sections of the Houston school's neighborhood. What will the name be? Which sections will be the same as the Houston Chronicle and www.chron.com to see if Chronicle? Which sections will be different? What will the purpose of the newspaper be? To enter- there are any articles written about tain? To educate? To provide business leads? You may work on this as a class project. Hispanic efforts in these areas. After making a list addressing these questions, write an article ployme about “Hispanic Influence on Today’s Em nt ad... Advertising Scene.” Study the ads in the Houston Chronicle. Remember, the early Hispanic settlers of Houston were given jobs in the oil fields near Houston. Write an employment advertisment for oil field workers. Make it read like a 1920s ad. You may also include an illustration with the ad.

20 Through generous sponsorship of the ¡Viva Mexico! program, Chevron is helping thousands of students learn aboutThrCincoough gdeenerMaousyosponsor, Aztecshiphistorof ythe, Sp¡Vanishiva Meexplorxico! ers andprogHispram,anicChevrceonleisbrheities,lpingplusthousandsthe holidaof studenys, foodts learandn aboutgCincoamesdethaMat makyo, Aztece up historHispyanic, Spanishculturexplore . ers and Hispanic celebrities, plus the holidays, food and games that make up Hispanic culture .

BIBLIOGRAPHY and REFERENCES:

1 “The Aztecs” by Sally Hewitt, Children's Press, New York, N Y 6 “Viva Mexico! Story of Benito Juarez and Cinco de Mayo” by Argentina 2 “Cowboy” by David Murdoch, Alfred A Knopf, New York, N Y Palacios, Raintree Steck-Vaughn Company, Austin, Texas 3 “Extraordinary Hispanic Americans” by Susan Sinnott, Childrens Press, 7 Enciclopedia de Mexico Impresora Y Editoria de Mexico, S A de C V Chicago, Illinois Mexico, Mexico April 1976 4 “The Mexican American Family Album” by Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler, 8 “Distrito Federal.” Monografia Estatal Litografia Senefelder Editorial/SEP Oxford University Press, Inc , New York, N Y Mexico, D F 1996 5 “The U.S. - Mexican War” by Carol and Thomas Christensen, Published to 9 “Historia” Sexto Grado Litografia Senefelder Editorial/SEP Mexico, D F Accompany the PBS series “The U S - MexicanWar 1846 - 1848, KERA- 1995 TV, Dallas/Fort Worth/Denton, Texas