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Kesultanan Ternate Dan Tidore

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Kesultanan Ternate Dan Tidore KESULTANAN TERNATE DAN TIDORE Rusdiyanto Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Manado, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract. The history of Islam in Maluku including the history of the entry and development of Islam among various other countries up to now is still very interesting to be studied, given the history or history agreed by researchers and observers of Islamic history. This paper describes Islam in Maluku in the framework of two major sultanates of its time namely the Sultanate of Ternate and Tidore Sultanate. Based on the search on the limited this paper shows: First, the Sultanate of Ternate and Tidore is a great Islamic kesulturasi in Maluku which intersect with a major sultanate in the archipelago that has a major role in the process of Islamization in Maluku. Second, the success of Islamization in Maluku mostly uses the term through Islamization culture in Java. Third, the Islamization Process begun from the elite accounts of the kingdom/sultanate, followed by the people. Keywords: Maluku, the Sultanate of Ternate, Tidore, dan Islamization Abstrak. Sejarah Islam di Maluku sebagaimana sejarah masuk dan berkembangnya Islam di belahan wilayah Nusantara lain hingga kini masih menarik untuk diteliti, mengingat belum adanya titik terang atau rumusan sejarah yang disepakati oleh peneliti dan pemerhati sejarah Islam. Paper ini memaparkan tentang Islam di Maluku dalam bingkai dua kesultanan besar pada masanya yaitu Kesultanan Ternate dan Kesultanan Tidore. Berdasarkan penelusuran pada sumber yang terbatas tulisan ini menunjukkan bhwa: Pertama, Kesultanan Ternate dan Tedore merupakan kesultan besar Islam di Maluku yang setara dengan kesultanan besar lain di Nusantara yang memiliki peran besar dalam proses islamisasi di Maluku. Kedua, Keberhasilan Islamisasi di Maluku banyak dipengaruhi karena ditempuh melalui pendekatan budaya sebagaimana Islamisasi di Jawa. Ketiga, Proses Islamisasi itu dimulai dari kalangan elit kerajaan/kesultanan yang selanjutnya diikuti oleh rakyat. Kata Kunci: Maluku, Kesultanan Ternate, Tidore, dan Islamisasi 1 JURNAL AQLAM -- Journal of Islam and Plurality -- Volume 3, Nomor 1, Juni 2018 Pendahuluan wilayah di Nusantara juga masih Para sejarawan hingga kini masih diperdebatkan, khususnya sejak kapan belum menemukan kata sepakat tentang dan siapa yang membawanya. Salah 1 kapan sebenarnya Islam masuk ke satunya adalah Islam di Maluku. wilayah Nusantara. Jika dihitung sejak Sebagian menyebutkan masuk dan datangnya orang beragama Islam, berkembang sejak abad ke-9 M dibawa misalnya orang Arab maka Islam telah oleh orang-orang Timur Tengah, masuk ke Nusantara sejak abad ke-7 M, sebagian lagi mengatakan bahwa orang tetapi jika dihitung sejak Islam dianut Melayu dan Jawa pada abad ke-13 M.2 oleh warga asli Nusantara sebagai Terlepas dari perdebatan itu, agama mayoritas maka hal itu terjadi terdapat sebuah keserupaan terntang pasca abad ke-10 M. proses perkembangan Islam di berbagai Selain perdebatan tentang masuk wilayah Nusantara, sehingga diterima dan berkembangnya Islam ke wilayah oleh mayoritas masyarakat. Keserupaan Nusantara yang begitu luas, masuk dan itu ialah: penganut Islam pertama selalu berkembangnya Islam ke wilayah- dimulai oleh kalangan elit atau kerajaan, 1 Nama Malu menurut Pigeaud telah 1859-1864 menuturkan riwayat kelahiran raja- tercatat dalam Nagarakertagama (1365) sebagai raja Maluku mirip dengan legenda di Jawa. "Maloko". diduga bahwa penuls Sepenggal dari yang ditulis Naidah sebagaimana Nagarakartagama telah mengadopsi nama itu dikutip oleh M. Adnan Amal dalam bukunya dari pedagang Arab yang melakukan kegiatan Kepulauan Rempah-Rempah Perjalanan Sejarah perniagaan di Nusantara. Menurut pendapat Maluku Utara 1250-1950 adalah sebagai berikut: yang populer asal-usul kata "Maluku" berasal dari kata Arab "Malik" yang berarti "raja". Arab bernama Jafar Sadek (Terkadang disebut Saudagara Arab menamakan pulua-pulau di Jafar“Syahdan, Noh). mendaratlah Dian naik kedi atasTernate sebuah Seoarang bukit bagian Maluku dengan sebutan Jazirah al- bernama Jore-Jore dan membangun rumahnya di Mamluk" yang berarti kepulauan raja-raja" yang sana. di kaki bukit itu terdapat sebuah danau mana halitu menunjuk pada empat kerajaan di kecil bernama Ake Santosa. Suatu Petang, ketika Maluku zaman dulu yang memiliki pengaruh di hendak mandi, Jafar Sadek tujuh bidadari sedang Maluku yaitu Jailoo, Ternate, Tidore dan Bacan. mandi di danau itu. Jafar Sadek Selain pendapat ini, terdapat beberapa asumsi menyembunyikan salah satu sayap ketujuh lain yang menjelaskan tentang kata Maluku. bidadari itu. setelah puas manadi, ketujuh selengkapnya bisa baca M. Adnan Amal, bidadari bersiap-siap pulang, tetapi salah Kepualauan Rempah-Rempah Perjalanan Sejarah seoarang di antaranya, bernama Nur Sifa, tidak Maluku Utara 1250-1950, (Jakarta: KPG, 2010). dapat terbang pulang karena sayapnya hilang. 2 Perdebatan dikalangan sejarawan Nur Sifa adalah puteri bungsu di antara ketujuh terkait masuknya Islam di Maluku bukan saja bersaudara itu. karena landasan teoritis, proposisi, dan asumsi- Karena tidak punya sayap, Nur Sifa terpaksa asumsi yang berbeda, melainkan juga karena tinggal di bumi dan kawin dengan Jafar Sadek. tidak adanya sumber tertulis yang memaparkan Dari perkawinan ini lahirlah tiga orang anak laki- tentang hal itu secara jelas. Selain itu, asumsi laki, dan masing-masing diberi nama: yang para sejarawan tentang masuknya Islam di tertua Buka, yang kedua Darajat dan yang ketiga Nusantara secara umum, dan di Maluku secara khusus juga berbeda-beda. Ada yang menjadikan Kepualauan Rempah-Rempah Perjalanan Sejarah keberadaan orang asing yang beragama Islam, MalukuSahajat...” Utara Selengkapnya 1250-1950, baca:(Jakarta: M. KPG,Adnan 2010). Amal, ada juga yang mendasarkan pada adanya warga lokal yang memeluk Islam. Perbedaan ini Dalam hikayat itu disebutkan bahwa berdampak pada kesimpulan yang berbeda anak-anak dari perkawinan Jafar Sadek dan Nur dalam menentukan periodesasi masuk dan Sifa itulah yang mula-mula menjadi raja-raja di berkembangnya Islam di Nusantara, termasuk Maluku. juga di Maluku. Naidah, penulis Sejarah Ternate dan pernah menjabat sebagai Hukum Soasio dari 45 KESULTANAN TERNATE DAN TIDORE - - Rusdiyanto selanjutnya, para pendakwah Islam di merujuk pada sumber yang tidak Nusantara selalu menggunakan primer, berupa buku-buku terkait, paper pendekatan budaya dalam syiar Islam, ini berusahan menyuguhkannya dalam sehingga Islam mudah diterima. paparan historis kronologis tentang kedua kesultanan Islam di Maluku, Pernyataan John Crawfort seorang dengan menyisipikan pendekatan orientalis berikut ini menjadi sebuah antropologis. argumen menarik untuk menjelaskan mengapa Islam dapat diterima secara Pendekatan itu, sekalipun tidak mayoritas oleh masyarakat Nusantara: disebut secara eksplisit tentang teori budaya apa yang digunakan, namun adalah tidak sulit untuk dalam tiap paparan kronologisnya menentukan sebab yang menampilkan pendekatan itu, terutama sebenarnya,“ kenapa kaum dai dalam pembahasan tentang bagaiamana muslimin berhasil dalam para Sultan-Sultan di Maluku hubungannya, dan kaum misionaris menyisipkan pengaruh Islam secara Kristen gagal. Para dai dari Arab perlahan, tetapi tidak serta merta dan para dai muslimin lainnya menghapus semua budaya lokal. menyelaraskan diri dengan rakyat pribumi, belajar bahasanya, Keterbatasan sumber yang penulis mengikuti adat-istiadatnya, kawin dapatkan, menjadikan paper ini dengan mereka, dan menyatukan memiliki banyak kekurangan yang diri dengan rakyat banyak, tanpa memungkinkan dikoreksi oleh siapapun meningkatkan dirinya sebagai yang ingin mendalami tentang Islam di golongan yang berstatus istimewa. Maluku. Kelebihan mereka dalam intelek dan peradaban hanya digunakan untuk mendidik dan mengarahkan alam Kesultanan Islam di Maluku pikiran keagamaan rakyat pribumi Islam masuk ke daerah Maluku ke dalam saluran-saluran yang secara resmi pada abad IX, pada waktu memang diingini, dengan cara yang itu dibawa oleh orang-orang Arab, sangat pandai sekali. Mereka adalah Persia dan juga Melayu yang pedagang seperti orang-orang berdatangan sejak antara abad V XI M.4 Eropa itu, namun mereka tidak Maluku terkenal dengan semerbak pernah berpikiran untuk merampok – rakyat pribumi dari hasil tanah dan bunga cengkehnya, banyak orang asing hasil kerajinannya dengan cara- tertarik datang ke sana untuk cara yang kasar dan kejam. 3 berdagang. Bahkan orang-orang Eropa berdatangan ingin menguasai wilayah Paper ini, membahas tentang Islam ..” tersebut. Selain itu, Maluku juga dikenal di Maluku. Pembahasan terkait hal ini dengan julukan Negeri Seribu Pulau dan dibingkai dalam narasi sejarah dua Jazirah al-Mulk (wilayah raja-raja).5 kesualtan Islam di wilayah itu, yaitu kesultanan Ternate dan Tedore. Dengan 3 A. Hasyimi, Sejarah Masuk dan 5 Darmawijaya, Kesultanan Islam Berkembangnya Islam di Indonesia, (Bandung: Nusantara, (Jakarta: Pustaka al-Kautsar, 2010), ), h. 118 h. 115. 4 Alma’arif, 1993M. Yahya Harun, Kerajaan Islam Nusantara Abad XVI dan XVII, (Yogyakarta: Kurnia Kalam Sejatera, 1995), h. 53. 46 JURNAL AQLAM -- Journal of Islam and Plurality -- Volume 3, Nomor 1, Juni 2018 Akses ke Maluku sangat mudah Jailolo. Keempat raja itu merupakan dijangkau, karena Maluku merupakan salah satu pusat lalu lintas pelayaran putra Ali Zainal Abidin bin Husain bin Ali Internasional di Nusantara, selain binputra Abi dari Thalib. Ja’far8 HalShadiq, inilah yang yang ditengarai menjadi Malaka dan Jawa. awal sejarah kesultanan Islam di Pada awalnya yang disebut dengan Maluku. Maluku meliputi Ternate, Tidore,
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