The Life and Death of Smallpox Ian and Jenifer Glynn Frontmatter More Information
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History and Epidemiology of Global Smallpox Eradication Smallpox
History and Epidemiology of Global Smallpox Eradication Smallpox Three Egyptian Mummies 1570-1085 BC Ramses the Vth Died 1157 BC Early Written Description of Smallpox India 400 AD “Severe pain is felt in the large and small joints, with cough, shaking, listlessness and langour; the palate, lips, and tongue are dry with thirst and no appetite. The pustules are red, yellow, and white and they are accompanied by burning pain. The form soon ripens …the body has a blue color and seems studded with rice. The pustules become black and flat, are depressed in the centre, with much pain.” Smallpox and History • In the Elephant war in Mecca 568 AD, smallpox decimated the Ethiopian soldiers • Introduction of smallpox into the new world (Carribean 1507, Mexico 1520, Peru 1524, and Brazil 1555 ) facilitated Spanish conquest • Smallpox destroys Hottentots (1713) • In 1738, smallpox killed half the Cherokee Indian population • Smallpox disrupted colonial army in 1776 Smallpox Control Strategies • Smallpox hospitals (Japan 982 AD). • Variolation 10th Century. • Quarantine 1650s. • Home isolation of smallpox in Virginia 1667. • Inoculation and isolation (Haygarth 1793). • Jenner and widespread practice of vaccination throughout Europe and rest of the world. • Mass vaccination. • Surveillance containment. Variolation Inoculation with Smallpox Pus • Observations: – Pocked marked persons never affected with smallpox – Persons inoculated with smallpox pustular fluid or dried scabs usually had milder disease • Not ideal control strategy – Case fatality rate still 2% – Can transmit disease to others during illness The 1st Smallpox Vaccination Jenner 1796 Cowpox lesions on the hand of Sarah Nelmes (case XVI in Jenner’s Inquiry), from which material was taken for the vaccination of James Phipps below in 1796 History of Smallpox Vaccination 1805 Growth of virus on the flank of a calf in Italy. -
Global Effort Pays Off.. Smallpox at Target "Zero"
DXIEIJMECIX: CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30333 VOLUME 11, NO. 10 Zero Smallpox Issue This issue of DATELINE: CDC is devoted to the story of the eradi cation of smallpox and CDC's in volvement. Inside stories include: • Historical vignettes • Pictures of field work • The last case of U.S. smallpox • An early campaign to eliminate the disease • Technology of eradication • Future of the smallpox virus • Chronology of smallpox, and others ft#***#*####*#****#*#*********** Throughout this issue are scattered stories o f "unsung heroes" from many nations who worked with CDC staff in V A R IO LA MAJOR'S last case Rahima Banu, AFTER RECOVERY, Ali Maow Maalin, the fight against smallpox. We have a little girl in Bangladesh who survived. will have chance for normal life. asked the staffers who worked with them to write about them, and all Global Effort Pays Off.. represent true stories o f the eradica tion battle. Smallpox at Target "Zero" -ft****************************** The last documented, naturally occurring case of smallpox was diagnosed in Physicians Challenged Merka, Somalia, in 1977. On October 26, 1979, the world celebrated its second anniversary free from smallpox transmission. Smallpox in 1844 A li Maow Maalin, then 23, was a of confidence among a trained army of The WHO campaign against small cook in Somalia when he came down smallpox fighters from most of the pox wasn't the first time war had been with smallpox. When he recovered, nations of the world — confidence that declared on the disease. he became the last recorded case of they could be successful in combat In 1844 the progress of a vaccina variola minor, a less severe form of with an old enemy. -
ROTA NEWS July 25 Th , 2013
ROTA NEWS July 25 th , 2013 Rotary Club of Barbados, Barbados Chartered March 07, 1962 District 7030 Club Officers President Ronald Davis President Elect Ron Davis Vice President Elvin Sealy Secretary Paul Ashby Treasurer Brian Cole Club Service Director R.I Theme 2013-2014 H. Waldo Clarke Vocational Service Director Officers District Officers Jedder Robinson District Governor President Community Service Director Herve Honoré Shawn Franklin Ron Burton District Governor Elect International Service Director President Elect Elwin Atmodimedjo Lisa Cummins Gary C.K. Huang Youth Service Director District Governor Nominee Warren Mottley Milton Inniss Immediate Past President Assistant Governor (Barbados) Anthony Williams Katrina Sam-Prescod Sergeant-At-Arms Alexander McDonald District Grants PDG David Edwards, Chair District Disaster Relief PDG Tony Watkins, Chair The Four Way Test Weekly meetings on Thursdays at Hilton Barbados Of the things we think, say or do Needham’s Point, Aquatic Gap, 1. Is it the TRUTH? St. Michael at 12 noon 2. Is it FAIR to all concerned? 3. Will it build GOODWILL and BETTER P.O. Box 148B, Brittons Hill, FRIENDSHIPS ? St. Michael, Barbados 4. Will it be BENEFICIAL to all concerned? www.clubrunner.ca/barbados Biography Burton has received the RI Service Above Self Award and the Foundation’s Citation for Meritorious Ron D. Burton Service, Distinguished Service Award, and International Service Award for a Polio-Free World. Rotary Club of Norman, Oklahoma, USA, He and his wife, Jetta, are Paul Harris Fellows, President, Rotary International, 2013-14 Benefactors, Major Donors, and members of the Paul Harris, Bequest, and Arch C. Klumph Societies. -
The Peace Corps' Contributions to the Global Smallpox Eradication Program
The Peace Corps’ Contributions to the Global Smallpox Eradication Program About the Office of Strategic Information, Research, and Planning (OSIRP) It is the mission of OSIRP to advance evidence-based management at the Peace Corps by guiding agency strategic planning; monitoring and evaluating agency-level performance and programs; conducting research to generate new insights in the fields of international development, cultural exchange, and Volunteer service; enhancing the stewardship and governance of agency data; and helping to shape agency engagement on high-level, governmentwide initiatives. Front Cover: Peace Corps Volunteers Robert Steinglass and Doug Arbuckle administering the smallpox vaccine in Mille, Ethiopia, in 1974. Photo: Steinglass, personal collection. ii Dedication This report is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Donald Ainslie “D. A.” Henderson (September 7, 1928—August 19, 2016), a seminal figure in the field of smallpox eradication. The Peace Corps is deeply appreciative of having had the opportunity to correspond with Dr. Henderson about the contributions of Peace Corps Volunteers and returned Volunteers within the context of the global eradication program. His charismatic leadership, tireless energy, and unflagging devotion to this program inspired countless public health workers around the world, including many of the returned Peace Corps Volunteers interviewed for this report. iii Acknowledgments In 1806, approximately 10 years after Dr. Edward Jenner conducted the first documented experiment with smallpox vaccination, laying the foundations of modern medicine, President Thomas Jefferson wrote to the English physician and scientist. Jefferson acknowledged the importance of this discovery, extending “a portion of the tribute of gratitude due to you from the whole human family. -
Citizen Medicine Hewish (A
COMMENT BOOKS & ARTS and the lab’s Radio Astronomy Group, MEDICAL RESEARCH led by Martin Ryle, had a series of suc- cesses, most famously the discovery of pulsars by Jocelyn Bell Burnell in 1967, working with her supervisor Antony Citizen medicine Hewish (A. Hewish et al. Nature 217, 709–713; 1968). By this time, the Sally Frampton and Sally Shuttleworth explore a show Cavendish was so large that its director on public involvement in the evolution of vaccination. was not so much a powerful commander- in-chief as chair of a company, as Longair aptly describes it. he introduction of vaccination in Vaccination: centuries, pamphlets The lab’s research had outgrown its the late eighteenth century is often Medicine and the from Britain’s National space: the number working there had viewed as a defining moment, when Masses Anti-Vaccination risen from around a dozen in the 1870s Tmodern medicine began to stem the ravages Hunterian Museum, League and others London. to some 40 times that number. In 1973, of disease. But it has not just been down to Until 17 September played on fears that the the next director, Brian Pippard, moved pioneering doctors: members of the public 2016. procedure poisoned the Cavendish to much larger premises in have been significant in shaping the devel- children’s blood and West Cambridge, the workplace of about opment of vaccination, both as practitioners laid them open to a host of diseases. Resist- 1,000 people. Longair chronicles this move and as critics. Vaccination: Medicine and the ance grew to the British government’s com- and presents the achievements of Pippard Masses, an exhibition at the Royal College of pulsory smallpox-vaccination programme, and his successors as Cavendish Profes- Surgeons’ Hunterian Museum in London, established in 1853. -
Modeling Potential Responses to Smallpox As a Bioterrorist Weapon
Research Modeling Potential Responses to Smallpox as a Bioterrorist Weapon Martin I. Meltzer,* Inger Damon,* James W. LeDuc,* and J. Donald Millar† *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and †Don Millar & Associates, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA We constructed a mathematical model to describe the spread of smallpox after a deliberate release of the virus. Assuming 100 persons initially infected and 3 persons infected per infectious person, quarantine alone could stop disease transmission but would require a minimum daily removal rate of 50% of those with overt symptoms. Vaccination would stop the out- break within 365 days after release only if disease transmission were reduced to >0.85 persons infected per infectious person. A combined vacci- nation and quarantine campaign could stop an outbreak if a daily quarantine rate of 25% were achieved and vaccination reduced smallpox transmission by >33%. In such a scenario, approximately 4,200 cases would occur and 365 days would be needed to stop the outbreak. Historical data indicate that a median of 2,155 smallpox vaccine doses per case were given to stop out- breaks, implying that a stockpile of 40 million doses should be adequate. Recent papers have speculated about the use of small- vaccination, alone and in combination, on the spread of pox as a biological weapon (1-5). If we assume such a risk, smallpox; and 4) estimate the number of doses of smallpox there is concern about the need for preparations to limit and vaccine that should be stockpiled as part of readiness plans. prevent the spread of smallpox after a deliberate release of Despite numerous reports of mathematical models of the virus. -
Worldwide Smallpox Eradication, 1957–67
Med. Hist. (2020), vol. 64(1), pp. 71–93. c The Authors 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press 2019 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/mdh.2019.77 Re-assessing the Foundations: Worldwide Smallpox Eradication, 1957–67 SANJOY BHATTACHARYA 1* and CARLOS EDUARDO D’AVILA PEREIRA CAMPANI 2 1Centre for Global Health Histories, Department of History, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK 2Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK Abstract: An expansive, worldwide smallpox eradication programme (SEP) was announced by the World Health Assembly in 1958, leading this decision-making body to instruct the World Health Organization Headquarters in Geneva to work with WHO regional offices to engage and draw in national governments to ensure success. Tabled by the Soviet Union’s representative and passed by a majority vote by member states, the announcement was subject to intense diplomatic negotiations. This led to the formation, expansion and reshaping of an ambitious and complex campaign that cut across continents and countries. This article examines these inter-twining international, regional and national processes, and challenges long-standing historiographical assumptions about the fight against smallpox only gathering strength from the mid-1960s onwards, after the start of a US-supported programme in western Africa. The evidence presented here suggests a far more complex picture. It shows that although the SEP’s structures grew slowly between 1958 and 1967, a worldwide eradication programme resulted from international negotiations made possible through gains during this period. -
The Smallpox Threat: a Time to Reconsider Global Policy
Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science Volume 12, Number 3, 2014 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2014.1509.comm Commentary The Smallpox Threat: A Time to Reconsider Global Policy D. A. Henderson and Isao Arita n May of this year, the 67th World Health Assembly more than 8 to 10 countries have sufficient vaccine to Iwill again debate the question of when the remaining cope with an outbreak. A WHO global emergency reserve, specimens of smallpox virus should be destroyed. Over the recommended 10 years ago, is steadily shrinking. Strategic past 18 years, this has been on the agenda of 5 previous plans for outbreak containment have been little discussed. Assemblies, the last being in 2011. At that time, the dele- At the same time, 2 initiatives have received special at- gates ‘‘affirmed strongly the decisions of previous Health tention and resources: one to develop a vaccine that would Assemblies that the remaining stocks of variola virus should protect without adverse reactions, and one to perfect an- be destroyed.’’1 They asked that the date be decided by the tiviral drugs to treat cases should they occur. Both have 2014 Assembly. failed to meet expectations. Inordinate amounts of time, effort, and resources have In writing this commentary, we have jointly drawn on been spent in endeavoring to reach consensus on this one our own half-century of experience with smallpox to offer a component of a smallpox threat strategy: whether to de- brief historic context for a better comprehension of current stroy or not destroy smallpox virus strains now being efforts and to critique the contemporary status of pre- retained in the 2 World Health Organization (WHO) paredness and response in coping with the unlikely return Collaborating Laboratories (in the United States and of smallpox, which has played such a dominant role Russia). -
WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research
WHO/HSE/GAR/BDP/2009.3 WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research Report of the Eleventh Meeting Geneva, Switzerland 4–5 November 2009 GLOBAL ALERT AND RESPONSE © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distin- guished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall theWorld Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. This publication contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the policies of the World Health Organization. Printed by the WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research Report of the Eleventh Meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, 4–5 November 2009 Executive summary The major accomplishments in the WHO variola virus programme were as follows: WHO smallpox vaccine e mergency stockpile of 32.6 m illion doses was established, well in excess of the original target of five million. -
Seventh Meeting of the WHO/SEAR EPI Technical Consultative Group on Polio Eradication and Vaccine- Preventable Diseases
SEA-Polio-22 Distribution: General Seventh Meeting of the WHO/SEAR EPI Technical Consultative Group on Polio Eradication and Vaccine- Preventable Diseases Conclusions and Recommendations Calcutta, India, 24 - 26 August 2000 WHO Project: ICP VAB 200 World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia New Delhi November 2000 © Word Health Organization (2000) This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may, however, by freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced or translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................1 2. GENERAL SUMMARY.....................................................................................1 3. POLIOMYELITIS ERADICATION .....................................................................2 3.1 Surveillance for Detection of Wild Polioviruses........................................5 3.2 Supplementary Immunization.................................................................7 4. ENSURING VACCINE SUPPLY AND QUALITY ..............................................11 5. ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION .........................................................................12 6. WILD POLIOVIRUS LABORATORY CONTAINMENT.....................................13 7. -
Smallpox by FELICIA M
ddiseasesanddisorders sSmallpox BY FELICIA M. WILLIS There has not been a naturally occurring case of smallpox since the 1970s, and in 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated entirely through vaccina- tions. But smallpox has come into the forefront of news headlines because of its potential to be used as an agent in biological war- fare. With its extremely high fatality rate, small- pox represents a serious danger to the civilian population. Feared as one of the most devastating of all the infectious dis- eases, smallpox—also called variola— Micrograph of the smallpox virus, poxvirus variola. is caused by the poxvirus variola and is highly contagious, disfiguring, and it has a stockpile of 15.4 million doses of vaccine. Also, often lethal. antiviral drugs that have been developed since smallpox There are three forms of variola— was eradicated, such as hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofivir major, minor, and varioloid. Variola (HDP-CDV), are now being tested to see whether they are major (classic smallpox) is the most effective against the smallpox virus. These drugs carry molec- severe form of the disease and kills 30% ular disguises that allow them to be absorbed in the intestine Ali Maow Maalin, a Somal- of people who are unvaccinated, become ian, had the last known so that they can be given orally. A team at the U.S. Army infected, and do not receive treatment; case of endemic smallpox Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases conducted stud- 3% of those who are vaccinated die. in 1977. ies with HDP-CDV and found that just five oral doses given to Variola minor is considered a milder cowpox-virus-infected mice prevented their death, while form of the disease and kills 1–2% of people who are unvaccinated untreated mice died in nine days. -
Reflections, Frank Fenner
327 Chapter 18. Reflections, Frank Fenner In this final chapter, I want to reflect on two matters, one that spanned my working life, namely special friendships, and the other an analysis of the relative importance of nature, nurture and chance, as they affected my father and myself. Special Friends Friendships are an important element in everyone©s life. Lifelong friendship with one©s wife is the most important and one that I enjoyed in full measure, but I have had many other friends. Here I want to acknowledge the debt I owe to several special friends who have been important to me at various periods of my life, many of who still are. I mention a number of them at some length in the ©boxes© in earlier chapters; those who were close personal friends were Ted Ford, Cecil Hackett, Francis Ratcliffe, Ian Marshall, Gwen Woodroofe, D. A. Henderson and Isao Arita. Two of my mentors, Macfarlane Burnet and René Dubos, were also close friends. Here I will list some other friends chronologically and alphabetically and provide a few comments on each of them. School Days The one person who I remember as a special friend from primary school days is John Dowie, a noted sculptor and painter who still lives in the same house as he did in the 1920s. I greatly enjoyed visiting him in his house and studio, with my sister Winn and my brother Bill, as recently as April 2005. The one person I remember from Thebarton Technical High School is Alf Chittoch, who I met again when I visited Tennant Creek in 1968, where he has lived since the war and risen from being a `battler' in the mines to Mayor.