STUDIES ON THE UPPER GONDWANA OF CUTCH­ 1. MIO- AND MACROSPORES*

H. P. SINGH, S. K. SRIVASTAVA & S. K. ROY Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow

ABSTRACT flora of Cutch, have shown that the age of Umia-plant-beds (Bhuj Series) extends up The present paper describes mio- and macrospores obtained from the Umia-beds (Uppermost Gondwana to Post-Aptian or Middle Cretaceous. Sahni horizon) in Cutch (W. India). They are referred (1932, p. 322) has reported the occurrence to 48 genera and 82 species, of which four genera viz. of Palmoxylon mathuri in the Umia-beds Baculareticulosporis, Crassimonoletes, Umiaspora, and has supported the same view. Rajnath Auriculozonospora, and 40 species are new. The spore-flora is rich' in pteridophytic spores and (1952) believes that the Bhuj Series has coniferous pollen grains. It has been compared got at least three horizons, viz., Zamia-beds with the other known assemblages from com­ at the bottom, Ptilophyllum-beds in the parable strata. Finally a discussion on the probable middle and Palmoxylon-beds at the top. age of Umia-beds, based on the study of Sporae dispersae, has been given indicating that these beds The present study on the dispersed spores closely correspond to the \Vealden (Lower Cre­ in the Umia-beds has been carried out taceous) age. with a view to throw light on the geo­ logical age of these beds. INTRODUCTION Spores from the other Upper Mesozoic formations in India have been described by HE stratigraphical position and the Vishnu-Mittre (1954). Sah (1955). Rama­ age of Umia-beds, in Cutch (West nujam (1959), and Dev (1961). Balme T India). considered as the Upper­ (1957) and Cookson & Dettmann (1957, most limit of the Gondwana formations, 1958 & 1959) have given an elaborate has been studied by earlier workers with account of dispersed spores and pollen the help of animal and plant fossils. Im­ grains from the Upper Mesozoic deposits portant workers in this field have been of Australia. Some of the notable contri­ Blanford (1867), Wynne (1869, 1872). Grant butions dealing with the dispersed spores (1840) and Feistmantel (1876). Among in the Mesozoic strata, from the northern these, the work of Feistmantel (loc. c£t.) hemisphere, have been made by Bolcho­ on the Oolitic flora of Cutch is very compre­ vitina (1956), Radforth and Rouse (1954), hensive. The other works relating to the Couper (1958), Delcourt & Sprumont (1955), palaeontological and geological aspects of Lantz (1959), Rouse (1957) and Pocock Umia-beds and other related formations (1962). have been chiefly done by Oldham (1869), The available literature on the fossil Blanford (1869). Waagen (1873-76). Kitchin megaspores of the Mesozoic strata, as com­ (1900, '1903), Spath (1924) and Rajnath pared to the Palaeozoic age, is much p,oorer. (1942, 1952). Out of these, the work of However, workers like Harris (1926, 1945, Rajnath (loc. cit.) on the geology of Cutch 1946). Miner (1932, 1935), Murray (1939), is quite significant. Feistmantel (1876), Dijkstra (1949,1951), Hughes (1955), Miidler on the records of the plant megafossils, (1954), Cookson & Dettmann (1958), lung has concluded that the age of Umia-beds is (1958) and others have reported the occur­ Lower Oolitic (Bathonian) Later on, Spath rence of fossil megaspores in the Mesozoic (1924) and Rajnath (1952), on the basis sediments. They have vividly described of compa,rative study of the fauna and the morphographical details of these mega-

·PREFATORY NOTE - In the present paper, the isolation of miospores and their taxonomic study from the coal samples has been done by me. The shale samples have been investigated by one of us (RoY) for their miospore content and morphographic study. The other co-author (SRIVASTAVA) has studied the megaspores out of the shale samples. For the purpose of publicationwe (SINGH, SRIVASTAVA & Roy) have compiled the data together, as it is presented here. The finalization of this work has been done by me.- H. P. SINGH.

282 SINGH et al. - UPPER GONDWANA OF CUTCH: 1 MIO- AND MACROSPORES 283 spores and have also laid stress upon their DESCRIPTION OF stratigraphical significance. SPORAE DISPERSAE Anteturma Sporites H. Pot. 1893 MATERIAL AND METHODS Turma Triletes (Reinsch) Pot. & Kr. 1954 Coal and carbonaceous shale samples, Subturma Azonotriletes Luber 1935 Infraturma Laevigati (B. & K.) rot. 1956 for the present sporological study, were collected by Dr. U. Prakash and one of uS Genus Deltoidospora (Miner) Pot. 1956 (Srivastava) of the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow in 1958 from two Deltoidospora pseudoretl;wlata sp. nov. localities namely Trambau and Ghuneri which lie in the Umia-beds of Cutch in PI. 1, Fig. 1 India. The Trambau coal seam is exposed along Holotype - PI. 1, Fig. '1; Sl. No. 1626. the right bank of the rocky river-cutting Diagnosis - Trilete miospore, size 110­ at a distance of about three furlongs, south­ 120 fL' triangular contour, with ± rounded west of Trambau village. It lies above angles, sides ± straight; Y-mark extending the blue clay with carbonaceous markings up to the equator; exine thin, ± smooth, and is overlain by a layer of carbonaceous irregularly folded, appearing structured. shale. The samples out of this coal seam Comparison - The spore specimen de­ as well as the overlying carbonaceous shale scribed and figured here shows a close were taken for sporological investigation. resemblance with D. hallii Miner (1935, The second coal seam is located, lying PL. 24, FIG. 7) but the latter is much smaller exposed at a depth of 15' from the ground in size and lacks ornamented exine of the level, along a dried stream cutting at a spore and hence is not comparable. distance of about 400 yards, south-west of Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. Ghuneri village. The coal samples as well as the carbonaceous shale samples out of Genus Cyathld/tes Coup. 1953 the under- and overlying layers of this seam were taken for study. Cyathidites australis Coup. 1953 The necessary precautions to avoid contamination were taken and the samples PI. 1, Figs. 2, 3 were packed in brown paper bags and sepa­ rately stored in card-board boxes. Diagnosis - See Couper 1953. Coal and shale samples were treated with Description of our specimens - Triangular nitric acid for 3-7 days. the oxidized miospore, size 50-80 fL, sides ± straight; material was washed acid-free and further Y-mark reaching i of the radius, open; treated with 5 per cent solution of KGB. angles rounded; exine laevigate to faintly The resulting dark brown liquid was washed infragranulose, ± 1·5 fL thick. and the macerate sieved. Megaspores were Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. picked from the macerate, while in wet condition, under the low power binocular Cyathidites minor Coup. 1953 microscope and mounted as such in the glycerine jelly medium. Slides for mio­ PI. 1, Figs. 4, 5 spores were separately made in the gly­ cerine jelly medium. . Diagnosl;s 0- Description - See Couper The coal samples from both Trambau and 1953, p. 28. Ghuneri localities failed to yield any intact Remarks - Miospores referable to C. minor megaspore types, but the carbonaceous Coup., are found quite abundantly in shales of these localities yielded well pre­ the present assemblage. Morphographically serv:ed megaspores. Miospores were abun­ these spores are comparable to the spores of dantly found in all the coal samples as Coniopteris hymenophylloides figured by well as carbonaceous shales. Hamshaw-Thomas (1911, PL. 3, FIG. 6) and The taxonomic arrangement of the mio­ Couper (1958, PL. 20, FIG. 5). and macrospores in this work has been done Occurrence - Trambau coal, carbona­ according to the classification suggested ceous shale, Ghuneri coal and underlying by Potonie (1956, 1958 and 1960). carbonaceous shale. 284 THE PALAEOBOTANIST

Cyathidites pseudopunctatus sp. nov. Cyathidites ghuneriensis sp. nov. PI. 1, Figs. 6, 7 PI. 1, Figs. 12, 13

Holotype-PI. I, Fig. 6; 51. No. 1780. Holotype - PI. 1, Fig. 12; 51. No. 1787. Diagnosis - Miospores 62-96 p. in size, Diagnosis - Miospores 80-110 fl. in size, holotype 80 fl., triangular with concave holotype 94 fl., triangular with concave sides and broadly rounded angles; Y-rays sides, apices usually round sometimes longish­ ! of the radius, labra thin, ray-ends rarely round. Y-mark distinct, i radius long, bifurcating, proximal as well as distal thin, usually open, ray-ends sometimes exine densely intrapunctate, more dense at bifurcating; proximal as well as distal exine intragranulose, about 1 fJ. thick; the periphery, exine ± 1 fl. thick; proximal and distal faces convex. extrema lineamenta slightly rough. Compar·ison - Tohe exine in C. australis Comparison - The specimens of C. ghune­ Coup., differs from C. pseudopunctatus by riensis differ from rest of the species in having not being densely intrapunctate, while C. concave sides and intragranulose orna­ minor Coup., is much smaller in size. mentation of the exine. Some specimens Occurrence ~ Ghuneri coal. described as Cyathidites sp. by Dev (1959) from the Jabalpur Series of India agree Cyathidites cutchensis sp. nov. very much to the diagnosis of C. ghuneriensis, excepting that they are much smaller in size. PI. 1, Figs. 8-9 Remarks - The spore type described by Sah (1953, PL. 1, FIG. 6) under Leiotriletes Holotype - PI. 1, Fig. 8; 51. No. 1784. is comparable with C. ghuneriensis in having Diagnosis - Miospores 80-90 fl. in size, intragranulose exine and deeply concave holotype 80 fl., triangular, dark brown, sides sides; and can probably be included here. concave, corners round; Y-mark ! of the Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale radius, ± undulating, apex low; exine dark and Ghuneri coal. brown, ± thick, proximally and distally intrapunctate; proximal surface concave Genus Alsophilidites (Cooks.) Pot. 1956 and distal surface convex. Comparison - The specimens of C. cut­ Alsophilidites densus sp. nov. chensis differ from C. australis in possessing PI. 2, Figs. 14. 15 a thicker exine. C. pseudopunctatus has got thinner exine which is densely intra­ Holotype-Pl. 2, Fig. 15; SI. No. 1790. punctate. C. cutchensis is much bigger in Diagnosis - Miospores 60-80 fl., holotype size as compared to the spores of C. minor 80 fl., subtriangular, with ± straight sides, Coup. broadly rounded angles; Y-mark distinct, Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. trilete rays extending up to the equator, apex high; ray-vertex gradually lowering towards the equator, ray-ends sometimes Cyathidites grandis sp. nov. bifurcating; exine thick, dark brown, intra­ PI. 1, Figs. 10, 11 punctate; extre1'l1.alineamenta rough. Comparison - A. kerguelensis Cooks., is Holotype - PI. 1, Fig. 10; SI. No. 1785. reported from the Tertiary of Kerguelen Diagnosis - Miospore 90-102 fl. in size, Archipelago and possesses thinner and laevi­ holotype 96 fl., triangular, yellowish brown, gate exine and hence it is not comparable with straight to concave sides and rounded with A. densus. angles; Y-rays ! of the radius, labra thin; Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. exine proximally ± laevigate, punctate along the Y-mark area, puncta small, Genus Gleicheniidites (Ross) Delc. & Sprum. sparsely arranged in two or three rows, 1955 distally laevigate; extrema lineamenta entire. Compa1'ison - The specimens referred to Gleicheniidites indicus sp. nov. C. grandis differ from all the other known Pl. 2, Figs. 16-18 species of Cyathidites by the presence of puncta along the Y-mark area which are Holotype - PI. 2, Fig. 16; 51. No. 1792. arranged in one or two rows. Diagnosis - Miospores 28-48 fl. in size, tri­ Occu1'1'ence- Ghuneri coal. angular, sides ± concave to slightly convex, SINGH et al. - UPPER GONDWANA OF CUTCH: 1 ;VIlO· AND MACROSPORES 285 angles sharp; Y-rays reaching up to the Concavisporites d. punctatus Delc. & eq uator, ray-vertex sligh t]y raised; exine Sprum. 1955 laevigate, prominently thickened in be­ PI. 2, Fig. 20a tween the apices. Compa1'1:son - The spore specimens de­ Description - Miospore ± 70 fL, triangular scribed here are very much comparable to with rounded angles and concave sides; Gleicheniidites senonicus Ross which is, Y-rays extending i of the radius, surrounded however, geographically and stratigraphi­ by a kyrtome, broader near the poles and cally widely separated and belongs to nor­ narrower near the ends; exine appearing thern hemisphere formations (DELCOURT & infragranulose to infrapunctate. SPRUMONT, 1955, PL. I, FIG. 5). Organiza­ Remarks - The specimen referred here tionally, Gleichenia concavisporites Rouse as C. d. punctatus shows close resemblance and G. circinidites Cooks are also comparable with the specimens of C. punctatus figured to our specimens but both these forms are by Delcourt & Sprumont (1955, PL. 1, different from G. indicus in one or more FIG. 8; PL. 2, FIG. 2). As this species is characters. reported from the 'vVealden of Belgium so Occurrence - Trambau coal and cCl"rbona­ we defer to include our specimen in one ceous shale. and the same species. The spores of C. cf. punctatus occur very scantily in this assem­ blage and, therefore, their taxonomic treat­ Genus Concavisporites Pflug ment, at present, is provisional. Delcourt, Pettmann and Hughes (1963) have reassi­ Concavisporites cutchensis sp. nov. gned C. punctatus to the genus Cyathidites. Occurrence- Trambau carbonaceous shale PI. 2, Fig. 19

Holotype - PI. 2, Fig. 19; SI. No. 1791. Genus Maton/spor/tes Coup. 1958 Diagnos1's - Size 50-62 [J., holotype 50 fL, triangular miospore with straight to M atonisporites sp. slightly concave sides rounded corners; and PI. 2, Fig. 20b Y-rays almost extending up to the equator; ray-vertex elevated bound by conspicuously Description - Triangular miospores, 30­ thick interradial bands, curving over the 44 fLin size, sides ± straight, angles narrow; ray-ends; exine laevigate. Y-mark distinct, approaching the equator, Comparison - Concavisporites junensis flanked by a distinct margo, raised; exine Balme is different by having arcuate thicken­ ± smooth, more thickened in between the ings looping over the distal side; while apices than at the apices. C. infirmus Balme shows a finely rugose or Remarks - The specimens figured here incipiently microreticulate exine. does not compare much with the spore species Remarks - Organizationally comparable of M. equiexinus Coup. and M. phlebopteroi­ spores are figured under Phlebopteris exor­ des Coup. as the exine in the former case is natus Bolcho. by Bolchovitina (1956, PL. 1, thinner in comparison to both the latter FIGS. 9a & b). Reissinger (1950, PL. 12, mentioned species. The spore specimen FIG. 4) has illustrated comparable forms described as d. Leiotriletes by Sah (1955, from the Liassic of Europe. Sporonites Type 2, PL. 1, FIG. 3) is closely compar­ neddeni R. Pot., has been recorded by able. Rogalska (1954, PL. I, FIG. 11) from the Occurrence- Trambau carbonaceous shale. Liassic coals of Poland which compares well with C. cutchensis. Sal1l1i & Sitholev (1945) have described in situ spores O'f Genus Triteites (Erdtm.) Pot. 1956 Phlebopteris hi1'5uta Sal1l1i & Sitho]ey, which are comparable to the spores of C. Trile1:tes sp. A cutcltensis, but they are different in having PI. 2. Fig. 21 thicker exine particularly at the corners, and a ' margo' like feature flanking the Description - Size ± 281 fL, trilete mega­ Y-rays, spore, ± globose; trilete lamellae distinct, Occu1'1'ence - Trambau coal. 8-11 fL high and 6 fL broad; Y-rays extending 286 THE PALAEOBOTANIST

almost up to the equator, ray-ends connected in size and has got ± triangular shape by slightly convex arcuate ridges, 5-6 fL with ± straight sides. . broad and 5-6 fl' high; spore wall single Occurrence- Trambau carbonaceous shale. layered, 1·5 fl. thick, translucent, finely granulose; contact facets not depressed. Genus Verrutriletes (Van der Hammen) Retnarks - Most of the species of the Pot. 1956 genus Trileites. dispersed both in the Mesozoic and Palaeozoic strata, have larger Verrutriletes sp. A size as compared to the present specimen. PI. 2, Fig. 25 This specimen is the only record in this assem blage. . Description - Size ± 470 fL in diameter, Occurrence- Trambau carbonaceous shale. megaspore ± circular; spore wall 15-18 fL thick; Y -mark faintly discernible; exine surface covered with thick. solid, dense Trileites1 sp. B and ± triangular to roundly conical protu­ PI. 2, Fig. 22 berances all over, tubers 31-45 fl. broad at the base and 15-24 11. high, at places with Description - Size ± 845 fl. in diameter, confluent bases; arcuate folds and contact trilete megaspore, ± rounded in shape; facets not presen t. spore wall 30-34 fl. thick, consisting of finely Comparison - In Triletes pemphigus granular substance; proximal face mal'ked Harris, similar type of protuberances are with radially arranged and irregularly undu­ recorded as is the case in Verrutr-iletes sp. A. lating ridges or thickenings, 20-28 fl. broad; They are, however, hollow and rounded. Y -rays sutures thin, lying among the Verrutriletes dubius (Dijkstra) Pot., has thickenings. mammaliform and hemispherical papillae Remarks - The ridges or thickenings on which are separately placed. V. hopem:ensis the proximal face of the exine do not appear (Selling) Pot., on the other hand shows to compare with the "neck" or gula of thicker and obtuse warts. the Lagenicula-type of megaspores. Tril­ Occurrence- Trambau carbonaceous shale. e·ites subdeltoides (Dijkstra) Pot., has got similar type of folds and plications On the Genus Lophotriletes (Naum.) Pot. & Kr. 1954 proximal side but along with a neck-like apical structure. Lophotrt:letes sp. Occurrence - Underlying Ghuneri carbo­ PI. 2, Fig. 26 naceous shale. Desc1'iption - ± Triangular miospore, Infraturma Apiculati (B. & K.) Pot. 1956 size ± 65 fl.. angles broadly rounded and ± convex sides; Y-mark apparent, ! of the Genus Lycopodiacidites (Coup.) Pot. 1956 radius long; exine covered with numerous Lycopodiacidites minor sp. nov. closely placed coni or conical warts which are slightly confluent at the base. PI. 2, Figs. 23-24 Occurrence - Tram bau carbonaceous shale.

Holotype - PI. 2, Figs. 23, 24; Sl. No. Genus Osmundacidites Coup. 1953 1613. Diagnosis - Miospore 28 fl. in size, ± tri- Osmundacidites d. wellamanii Coup. 1953 angular in equatorial outline, sides ± straight; Y-mark approaching the PI. 2, Fig. 27 equator; proximal face smooth; distal face Description - Circular miospore in out­ beset with verrucae. verrucae 2-4 fl. in ± line; Y distinct, Y-rays ±'~of size, aboll t 2 fl. high, along the equator. -mark the Compart:son - As compared to other spe­ radius long; exine surface covered with cies of Lycopodiacidites. L. minor is smaller granulo-papillate ornamentation, 0'5-2 (1. broad, 2-4 fl. high, along the equator. Remarks - In ornamentation pattern the 1. Trileites sp. b is reassigned to Hughesisporites Pot. It compares well with H. variabilis Dettmann present specimen closely agrees with the under the Turma Barbates Mlidler. genotype of Osmundacidites but differs from SINGH et al. - UPPER GONDWANA OF CUTCH: 1 MIO- AND MACROSPORES 287

it in having more promin ent papillate pro­ long and 6-13 fl broad at the base) having cesses. rounded tops; arcuate ridges and contact Occurrence- Trambau carbonaceous shale. facets not clear. Comparison - B. cutchensis is abundantly Osmundacidites indicus sp. nov. represented in this assemblage. B. tylotus (Harris) Pot., is smaller in size anq possesses PI. 2, Figs. 28-29 bacula with transversely truncated ends. Holotype - PI. 2, Fig. 28; 51. No. 1793. In B. arnoldii (Miner) Pot., the bacula have Diagnosis - Miospores 30-38 fl in size, rounded apices, and also the size is smaller. B. greenlandicus (Miner) Pot., differs from holotype 34 fl, ± subcircular to circular, Y-mark perceptible, Y-rays thin and faint, B. cutch.ens1:s in having sm all er size and finger-like appendages which are slightly about 14 [.I- long, equal, appearing bright in the top focus, exine thin, often folded, longer than broad. granulose; grana longish, closely disposed, Occurrence-Ghuneri underlying carbona­ projecting as high as 1·5 fl along the equa­ ceous shale. tor. Comparison - O. wellmanii is bigger in Bacutriletes dijkstrae sp. nov. size and has more prominent granulo­ PI. 3, Figs. 34-35 papillose ornamentation as compared to O. indicus. O. coma~(,mensis(Cooks.) Balme Holotype - PI. 3, Fig. 34; 51. No. 1722. has also got more prominent excrescences Diagnosis - Trilete megaspores; size 720­ than in O. indicus. 760 fl; ± circular in shape; spore wall 12·5­ Remarks - Morphographically, spores re­ 20 fl thick; Y-mark conspicuous, Y-rays ferred to O. wellmanii by Couper (loc. cit.) ± Q of the radius long, labra 9-13 fl broad; and from this assemblage are comparable proximal exine covered with finger-like with the in situ spores of Osmundopsis bacula forming a broad expanse, bacula plectophora Harris and Todites hartzi Harris. closely placed, 30-60 fl long and 10-12 fl Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. broad with rounded ends; distal exine ± smooth; arcuate ridges not observed. Genus Baculatisporites Thoms. & Pflug 1953 Comparison - The shape of bacula in B. dijkstrae is more finger-like to vermiform Baculatisporites comaumensis (Cooks.) than in B. cutchensis. The absence of Pot. 1956 bacula on the distal side of B. dijkstrae PI. 2, Fig. 30 distinguishes it from the other species viz., B. arnoldii, B. tylotus and B. greenlandicus. Description - Miospores 30-50 fl in dia­ Remarks - The specimens of B. dijkstrae, meter, ± circular; Y-mark thin, Y-rays if overmacerated, tend to lose their original extending almost up to the equator; exine ornamentation. thin, ornamented with closely placed small Occurrence - Ghuneri underlying carbona­ bacula, up to 1·5 [.I- long and 1 I.Lbroad, ceous shale. usually projecting beyond the extrema linea­ menta. Infraturma Murornati Pot. & Kr. 1954 Occurrence-Trambau carbonaceous shale. Genus Baculareticulosporis gen. noy. Genus Bacutriletes (Van der Hammen) Pot. 1956 Genotype - B. cutchensis gen. et sp. nov. Generic Diagnosis - ± Circular miospores in equatorial outline; Y-mark not discernible; Bacutriletes cutchensis sp. nov. exine reticulate, meshes bearing unequal, PI. 2, Figs. 31-33 prominent bacula at the intersections of the muri. Holotype - PI. 2, Fig. 31; 51. No. 1717. Generic Comparison -A clearly reticulate Diagnosis - Trilete megaspore, size 600­ ornamentation of the exine along with 1,025 [.1-, ot,ltline rounded; spore wall 14-27 [.I­ baculate projections at the intersections of thick; Y-mark thick, trilete rays extending the muri in Baculareticulosporis are the up to ± ¥ of the radius, exine closely placed characters which are not shared by any of with vermiform bacula or papilla (30-60 fl the other known genera. Baculatisporites 288 THE PALAEOBOTANIST

Thoms. & Pflug shows a clearly defined Genus Horstisporites Pot. 1956 Y-mark, and the exine lacks the type of ornamentation as it is in Baculareticulo­ Horstisporites d. reticuliferu.s (Dijk.) sporis. Cyclobacul1:sporites Bhard., differs Pot. 1956 from Bacularet1:culosporis by the presence of so closely set bacula that the intervening PI. 3, Fig. 37 spaces simulate negative reticulum. In the Description - Size range 560-940 fL, mega­ case of Baculareticulosporis, such a feature is spores ± spherical in shape; spore wall not evident and hence it is proposed as a 13-22 fL thick, ornamentation marked by new genus. irregularly thick anastomosing ridges, or raised ledges all over, 16-22 fL broad, Baculareticulosporis cutchensis gen. et lumina 30-42 fL in diameter, irregular or sp. nov. polygonal in shape; Y -mark ± 2{3 of the radius length, 20-35 fL broad, labra thick. PI. 3, Fig. 36; PI. 10. Fig. 126;'Text-fig. 1 thicker at the apex and narrower at the ends; contact facets and arcuate folds not Holotype - PI. 3, Fig. 36; SI. No. 1594. seen. Diagnosis - Miospores 110-115 fL in size, Remarks - This species i.e. H. d. reti­ ± circular in equatorial outline; Y -mark culifents is represented by many broken not observed; exine reticulate; muri 1-2 fL fragments and fewer intact specimens in broad, lumina 3-6 fL wide in diameter; the carbonaceous shale samples of Trambau. bacula 1-2·5 fL long, 0'5-1 fL broad, present These megaspores probably appear to be at the intersections of the muri, usually very fragile and sensitive to the maceration projecting beyond the extrema lineamenta techniques employed, thus crumbling into which is rough. small fragments. The ornamentation in Remarks - In Baculat1:sporites sehorensis all these broken fragments and also in the Dev (1961. PL. 2, FIGS. 11, 12) the presence complete specimens is almost similar to of bacula on the intersections of the muri that of H. reticuliferus, a 'Wealden species is reported. In view of this, it can be of the Bore Coals of Netherland. transferred to the gen us BaculareticulosfJoris Occurrence- Trambau carbonaceous shale. under a new combination as B. sehorensis (DEV) comb. nov. Horstisporites sp. A Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. PI. 3. Fig. 38

Descript1'on - Size 564 fL. ± spherical megaspore; Y-mark faint and imperfectly discernible; arcuate ridges and contact facets not apparent; exine surface orna­ mented with rounded to irregularly poly­ gonal cavities, separated by ± irregularly anastomosing muri or ridges (8-13 iJ. broad); spore wall single layered, 24-26 fL thick at the ridges and 13-16 fL thick at the cavi­ ties. Remarks - The present megaspore speci­ men is the only one obtained. Its orna­ mentation is closely similar to T riletes cyttaria Kendall. In the opinion of one of us (SRIVASTAVA)the organization and the ornamentation of T. cyttaria type of mega­ spores is indistinguishable from that of Horstisporites Pot., and thus T. cyttaria type of megaspores can be included safely within the diagnosis of the genus Horsti· TEXT-FIG 1 - Organization of Baculareticulos­ poris cutchensis gen. et sp. nov., in polar view; sporites. Text-fig 1, 51. No. 1954. Occurrence- Trambau carbonaceous shale. SINGH el (~l.- UPPER GONDWANA OF CUTCH: 1 MIO- AND MACROSPORES 289

Genus Lycopodiumsporites Thlerg. 1938 mented with thick ridges simulating nega­ tive reticulum; meshes 10-16 IJ. broad. Lycopodiumsporites trambauensis sp. nov. Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. PI. 3, Figs. 39. 40 Genus Contignisporites Dettm. 1963 Holotype - PI. 3, Fig. 40; SI. No. 1645. Diagnosis - Known size range 104-120 !J., roundly triangular miospores; Y-mark faint­ Contignisporites fornicatus Dettm. 1963 ly discernible, Y-rays extending ± up to PI. 4. Fig. 4] the eq uator; exine reticulate, meshes dist­ ally 12-20 !J. broad, usually polygonal or Description - See Dettmann 1963. irregular in shape, muri thick, raised, 2-4 IJ. Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. high; projecting beyond the extrema linea­ menta. Comparison - Miospores of L. trambauen­ Contignisporites cooksonii (Balme) sis differ from L. austroclavatt'dites Cooks. Dettm. 1963 (1953, PL. 2, FIG. 35) and L. austroclavati­ dites tenuis Balme (1957, PL. 1, FIGS. 9-11) PI. 4, Figs. 44-45 in having faintly discernible Y-mark, bigger and broader meshes, and larger size. Rest Description - See Dettmann 1963 of the species viz., L. cerniidites (Ross) Remarks - In the Trambau shale samples, Delc. & Sprum., L. el011gatus Delc. & spore specimens of C. cooksonii occur Sprum., L. poton'iei (Thoms. & Pflug) Pot., quite abundantly. Balme (I957) opines and L. triarcuatus Delc. & Sprum., are that this species is very richly distributed known from the northern hemisphere, and in the Cretaceous deposits of eastern besides that they also differ in having other Australia. Dettmann (1963) has reported morphographical characters as compared that the occurrence of C. cooksoni1: in the to the spores of L. trambauensis. Mesozoic strata of Australia is also fairly good. Petrified spores, appearing similar Oce~tr1'ence- Trambau coal and car­ bonaceous shale. to our specimens, are reported by Vishnu­ Mittre (1954, PL. 1, FIGS. 10, 14-16) from the Nipania cherts in Rajmahal Series. Genus Erlansonisporites Pot. 1956 Bihar, India. Occurrence - Tram bau carbonaceous shale. Erlans011isporites d. erlansonii (Miner) Pot. 1956 Turma Zonales (B. & K.) Pot. 1956 PI. 4, Fig. 41 Subturma Auritotriletes Pot. & Kr. 1954 Infraturma Auriculati (Schopf) Pot. & Description - Size 448-608 IJ., ± spherical Kr. 1954 megaspore in shape; spore wall 14-20 IJ. thick; V-mark distinct, ± t radius long, Genus Trilobosporites (Pant) Pot. 1956 16· 5-24 IJ. broad; exine reticulate with irregular, diaphanous appendages on the Trilobosporites tr1:oreticulosus Cooks. & muri, raised, 24-58 IJ. high; contact facets Dettm. 1958 and arcuate ridges not found. Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. PI. 4, Fig. 46

Genus lschyosporites Balme 1957 Descript·ion of our specimens - Size 88­ 90 !J., triangular miospore in equatorial I schyospon:tes crateris Balme 1957 contour, sides markedly concave with PI. 4, Fig. 42 rounded angles; Y-mark distinct, Y-rays reaching t of the radius; exine coarsely Description of Mlr specimens - Size 50­ granulose, simulating strongly negative reti­ 76 p., subtriangular miospore, sides ± con­ culate ornamentation at the angles. vex with rounded angles; Y-rays clear, Remarks - The specimens of T. trioreti­ almost reaching the equator; exine ± 5 IJ. C11losusrecovered by us are larger in size as thick, proximally smooth, distally orna- compared to the size of the spores of the 290 THE' PALAEOBOTANIST same species described by Cookson and India. According to the generic diagnosis, Dettmann (loc. cit.). as given by him, it is stated that the spore Occurrence-Tram bau carbonaceous shale. exine is sculptured but in the description of the geno-holotype i.e. B. praeclarus it is Trilobosporites apiverrucatus Coup. 1958 mentioned that the spore exine is laevigate, infragranulate. Evidently, this is a contra­ PI. 4, Figs. 47-48 dictorv statement. The examination of a Description of our specimens - Size 100­ very closely resembling specimen and de­ 110 fl, triangular miospores in equatorial scribed under the same species from the contour, sides slightly to deeply concave present assemblage shows that the exine having rounded angles; Y-mark distinct, of the central body is thin and intra­ open, Y -rays thin, extending ± t or more punctate. Unfortunately, the type specimen of the radius; exine verrucose, verrucae big, of B. praeclarus was not traceable for projecting beyond the spore margin. examination, however, the fact remains that Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. Boseisporites includes only those forms which are sculptureless but structured (intra­ Genus Valvisis'porites (Ibr.) Pot. & Kr. 1954 punctate). Accordingly, we have emended the diagnosis of Boseisporites. Valvisisporites minor sp. nov. Diagnosis (emend.) - Triangular mio­ spores with straight to concave sides and PI. 4, Figs. 49-50 ± rounded apices. Y-rays almost reaching Holotype - PI. 4, Fig. 49; SI. No. 1692. the corners, faint to prominent. Equatorial Diagnosis - Trilete megaspore, known size cingulum smooth, broader at the angles than at the sides. Exine of the central range 220-265 fJ., (incl. cingulum) ± sub­ triangular in equatorial outline, spherical body intrapunctate. when laterally compressed. Cingulum weak­ ly developed or very much reduced around Boseisporites praeclarus (Dev) emend. the equator, usually distinct at the ray­ P. 4, Fig. 51 ends as an auriculate expansion of the exine, auriculae 28-33 fl X 43-57 fl in size. Diagnosis (emend.) - The same as generic Y -mark distinct, with thin lamellae, 19-28 fl diagnosis. high; ray-ends extending up to the margin Description of our specimens - Triangular of auriculae. Exine 5-8'5 fJ. thick; arcuate miospore in equatorial view, size 71-87 fl, ridges inconspicuous. Inner body visible sides straight or slightly concave with in one of the well preserved specimens. broadly rounded angles; Y-rays indistinct Comparison - All the species, so far, to fairly marked; cingulum unequal, broader described under the megaspore form-genus at the angles (6-8 fl) and narrower at the Valv'is'isporites belong to the Palaeozoic sides; exine thin, intrapunctate. age. They are characterized by possessing Occurrence- Trambau carbonaceous shale. an auriculate cingulum. Similar type of character is noticed in our specimens of Genus Cyat heacidites (Cooks.) Pot. 1956 V. minor. This new species as compared to the other species of the genus Valvisisporites ? Cyatheacidites verrucosus sp. nov. is comparatively smaller in size and has PI. 4, Figs. 52-53 smaller auriculae. Besides these morpho­ graphical differences, stratigraphical dis­ Holotype-PI. 4, Fig. 53; SI. No. 1621. parity in age is also great and for these Diagnosis - Size ± 110 fl, triangular mio­ reasons V. minor is separated from the spores in equatorial outline, sides ± straight, other Palaeozoic forms. angles broadly rounded; Y-mark prominent, Occurrence - Tram bau carbonaceous shale. Y-rays long, just approaching the corners; cingulum thick, solid and smooth; proximal Subturma Zonotriletes Waltz 1935 exine verrucose, verrucae closely spaced, Infraturma Cingulati Pot. & Kl. 1954 measuring about 6-7 fl. in size along the Genus Boseisporites (Dev) emend. equator, simulating negatively reticulate ornamentation; distally intrapunctate. Remarks - Dev (1959) has' described Comparison - The spores of C. verrucosus Boseisporites from the ]abalpur Series of differ from C. annulata (Cooks.) Pot. in SINGH et al. - UPPER GONDWANA OF CUTCH: 1 MIO- AND MACROSPORES 291 having triangular shape, densely verrucose cingulum, labra thick, wide and folded; ornamentation of the exine on the whole of central body ± circular, ± 64 in diameter, proximal face. exine finely infragranulose. Cingulum 16~32fL Occurrence-Trambau carbonaceous shale. wide, wider at the angles. Comparison - D. sp. resembles the spores ? Cyatheacidites g1'anulosus sp. nov. of D. triradiata Dele. & Sprul11' (1955, PI. 4, Fig. 54 FrG. 11) superficially. Unlike D. triradiata, D. sp., has sharply triangular form with Holotype - PI. 4, Fig. 54; SI. No. 1621. acutely pointed angles and a prominent Diagnosis - Size ± 114 fl, roundly tri­ trilete apparatus. angular miospores in equatorial outline, Occurrence- Trambau carbonaceous shale. sides ± slightly convex, angles broadly rounded; Y -mark distinct, Y -rays extending Megaspore sp. A almost up to the angles; cingulum ± smooth, PI. 5, Fig. 59a-b usually broader near the angles than at the sides; proximal exine granulose, distally Description- Trilete megaspore, size 322 fL indeterminably structured. in diameter, showing a ± roundly tri­ CompaY1;son _. C. granulosus differs from angular equatorial outline of the spore C. annulata in having granulose ornamen­ body, dorsiventrally flattened. Cingulum (?) tation of the exine and bigger size. C. appears as an equatorial extension (outer verrtt"cosus has verrucose ornamentation of layer) of the exine, uniformly wide (40­ the exine and hence is not comparable. 42 fL) and appearing like a saccus. Y-mark Occurrence- Trambau carbonaceous shale. distinct, thin streaks straight, slightly ele­ vated at the apex, and Y -rays reaching as Genus Staplinisporites Pocock 1962 far as the base of the cingulum. Exine of the spore body thick (10-16 fL), two layered, Staplinisporites catminus (Balme) Pocock 1962 inner layer thick with granulose exine, PI. 4, Figs. 55-56 having small grana; outer layer covering the inner layer of the spore body both Description - See Pocock 1962. proximally and distally, extending to form a Occurrence-Tram bau carbonaceous shale. cingulum-like extension at the equator of the spore body, the latter thus showing a Genus Densoisporites (Wey. & Krieg.) marginally thickened rim. The outer layer Dettm. 1963 is smooth and is proximally thinner tharl on the distal side but appears to be infra­ Densoispor1'tes mesozoicus sp. nov. granulose. PI. 4, Fig. 57 Comparison and Remarks - Organization­ ally, the specimen figured here does not Holotype - PI. 4, Fig. 57; SI. No. 1618. correspond with any of the megaspore Diagnosis - Size 70-82 !J., miospore sub­ genera so far known and, at present, its triangular in equatorial outline; Y -mark systematic status is not clear as this is distinct, Y -rays nearly reaching the equator the only specimen recovered from the of the spore body; cingulum ± 10 !J. wide; Ghuneri carbonaceous shale. However, the infragranulose, uniformly wide, exine infra­ presence of a cingulum-like feature, charac­ granulose, two-layered. teristic of this megaspore, suggests that it Comparison - D. velatus Weyl. & Krieg., can safely be included under the infraturma differs from D. mesozoicus by being smaller Cingulati Pot. & KI. in size (25-35 !J.) and in having granulose Sitholey (1943) has described some silici­ ornamen ta tion of the exine. fied casts of megaspore specimens from Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. the Triassic of Salt Range in \V. Punjab (Pakistan) as Tr·detes sahnii in which Densoisporites sp. the spore body, in many cases, possesses PI. 5, Fig. 58 a distally inverted conspicuous envelope, leaving a wide proximal opening through Description - Size ± 116 !J., triangular which the triradiate mark emerges. Trt'letes miospore in equatorial outline; V-mark dis­ annulus Dijk. reported from the Lower tinct, Y-rays reaching the periphery of the Carboniferous of Moscow Basin, perhaps 292 THE PALAEOBOTANIST shows similar organization as it is found in of the exine. Rest of the species do not our specimen. compare. Octurrence - Ghuneri carbonaceous shale. Occurrence - Ghuneri coal.

Infraturma Zonati Pot. & Kr. 1954 Aequitriradites Jusus sp. nov. Genus Aequitriradites (Delc. & Sprum.) Cooks. PI. 7, Figs. 87, 88 & Dettm. 1961 Holotype - PI. 7, Fig. 87; Sl. No. 1818. Remarks - A. triangularis sp. nov., A. in­ D'iagnosis - Miospores 100-120 fL' roundly dicus sp. nov., and A. Jusus sp. nov., have triangular. Central body ± circular, ± 80 fJ. been referred to the genus A equitriradites in diameter, concavo-convex, without a from this assemblage. The exine on the tetrad mark, flanked by a subequatorially central body of each of these species show attached 14 fL broad flange. Exine thin on considerableornamentational variation, being one side (? proximal) often ruptured and granulose to foveolate and often appearing forming an irregular area and usually thicker ruptured on one side of the central body on the other side, coarsely granulo-foveolate, (presumably proximal). Tetrad mark, in forming negative reticulum. Body outline most of the specimens, has not been ob­ diffused. Flange finely granulose; grana served though faint Y -ray-like marks are small, closely placed, appearing matt. Ex­ noticed only on the poles of very few speci­ tl'ema lineamenta rough. mens. Organizationally A equitrirad,£tes verru­ Comparison - A. triangulatus is different cosus (Cooks. & Dettm.) Coocks. & Dettm., by having thinner body exine, thicker body and A. tilchaensis (Cooks. & Dettm.) Cooks. outline of the central body and in having & Dettm., appear quite comparable to the only granulose ornamentation of the body spores of A. triangularis and A. fusus but exine. both of them differ from the latter t""o Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. species by having faint to prominent tetrad mark and coarser ornamentation. Strik­ A equitriradites indicus sp. nov. ingly enough, the tearing of the exine in PI. 5, Fig. 60 A. verrucosus and A. tilchaensis is a feature very much comparable to the species des­ Holotype - PI. 5, Fig. 60; Sl. No. 1621. cribed by us from the present assemblage. Diagnosis - Size ± 148 fL, roundly tri­ angular miospore in equatorial outline; zona A equitriradites triangulatus sp. nov. leathery, ± 14 fJ. wide, finely granulose and translucent; Y -mark distinct, Y -rays PI. 7, Figs. 85, 86 slightly raised, reaching up to the marg­ in of the zona. Central body roundly Holotype-Pl. 7, Fig. 86; Sl. No. 1799. angular, ± 126 fJ. in diameter; exine Diagnosis - Miospores 96-130 fL, sub­ minutely foveolate, forming low meshes. triangular. Y -mark not visible. Central Comparison - The specimens of A. indicus body roundly triangular, 52-82 fL in diameter, resem ble the spores of A. dubius Delc. & about 4 fL thick, dark brown, dense, outline Sprum., in having similar shaj::e but differ of the central body thick, delimiting the in possessing a bigger size, more thickened union of the flange. Exine 2· 5-3'5 fL thick, and less wide zona, and foveolate exir.e. coarsely granulose, simulating negative reti­ Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. culum. One side of the exine thin (proxi­ mal ?), often ruptured and forming an ir­ Genus Enzonalasporites Lesch. 1955 regular torn area ('fovea'). Flange thin, 8-15 fL wide, densely granulose, appearing Enzonalasporites sp. matt. Extrema lineamenta appearing ser­ PI. 7, Fig. 89 rate, rough. Comparison - Zonalasporites ulughbeki is Descriptl:on - Size ± 62 fL, circular mIO­ different by being smaller in size. The spore, central body also roundish. Exine body exine in Z. acusus Balme bears 2-3 fL of the central body thin and irregularly long spines or bacula and hence is not rugulose or having irregularly scattered comparable. A equitriradites verrucosus is grana. Flange ± 8 fJ. broad, ornamenta­ different by having verrucose ornamentation tion radially disposed. SINGH et al. -UPPER GONDWANA OF CUTCH: 1 MIO- AND MACROSPORES 293

Remarks - The specimen described here undulating, 22-36 fL in height; Y ~rays is the only record from this assemblage. extending up to the margin of the zona. It resembles the figure of E. vigens Lesch., Exine 4,5-7 fL thick, having a net-work of in general shape, but differs from it in having anastomosing ridges (muri 2-6 fL high) both bigger size and coarser ornamentation of on the proximal and distal faces, enclosing the exine. ± polygonal or isodiametric lumina, 8-15 fL Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. in size. 'Innerbody' faintly visible in some of the specimens. Genus Um/aspora gen. nov. Comparison - These megaspores are quite abundant in the Trambau samples and. ap­ Genotype - Umiaspora bosei gen. et sp. pear to be quite characteristic of these shales. nov. M. cutchensis differs from M. mirabilis (Miner) Generic Diagnosis - Trilete megaspore, Pot., in having less high Y -mark wings, spore body ± triangular in equatorial out­ and smaller size. M. boreahs (Miner) Pot., line, ± dorsiventrally flattened, equatorial has a very broad and well-developed equa­ zona smooth, ± i of the body size; V-mark torial flange; while M. mal'ginatus (Dijkstra) straight; ray-ends reaching up to the margin Pot., shows smaller reticulations and less of the zona, tecta slightly elevated and broad equatorial zona at the ray-ends. mediumly thick; exine ± smooth. M. ales (Harris) Pot. and M. richardsoni Comparison -- The closely comparable (Murray) Pot. , do not compare. genera are viz., Minerisporites Pot., Trt"­ Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. angulatisporites Pot. & Kr. and Henrisporites Pot., but they all differ from Umiaspora in Minerisporites auriculatus sp. nov. having different type of ornamentation, Y -mark apparatus and the zona. PI. 5, Fig. 65

Umiaspora bosei sp. nov. Holotype - PI. 5, Fig. 65; 51. No. 1753. Diagnosis - Trilete megaspore, size 248­ PI. 5, Figs. 61-62 316 fL, equatorial outline ± rounded, distal side hemispherical. Equatorial zona mem­ Holotype - PI. 5, Fig. 61; 51. No. 1750. branous, 44-53 fL broad at the ray-ends, Diagnosis - Trilete megaspore, size range 20-40 fLbroad elsewhere, " auriculae" smooth 215-255 fL, ± triangular in equatorial out­ and ± semicircular in outline. Y -mark line; sp'ore body dorsiventrally pressed, winged; wings thin, membranous, often polar breadth ± half of the equatorial undulating, smooth and 20-43 fL high; ray­ breadth; zona membranous, thin, uniformly ends ..extending up to the margin of the broad (28-30 fL) around the spore body, auriculae. Exine surface ornamented with margin smooth; Y-mark distinct, Y-rays anastomosing ridges (simulating negatively straight, extending up to the margin of the reticulate pattern) 1-3 fL broad; lumina zona, tecta slightly elevated and 2-5 fl. thick; 4-7 fL in size, ± isodiametric; m uri or ridges exine of the spore body ± 2·5 fL thick and often continuing into the equatorial flange. ± smooth. Inner body inconspicuous. Occurrence- Trambau carbonaceous shale. Comparison - The present species clearly distinguishes itself from the rest of the Genus M/ner/spor/tes Pot. 1956 species of Minerisporites as it possesses a conspicuously developed auriculate equa­ lVIinerisporites cutche1lS1:s sp. nov. torial zona opposite the Y-ray ends and rounded shape of the spore body. M. PI. 5, Figs. 63-64 cuchensis has got bigger reticulations and the equatorial zona opposite the Y-ray Holotype-P1. 5, Fig. 63; 51. No. 1744. ends is not auriculate. Diagnosis - Trilete megaspore, size 295­ Occurrence-Trambau carbonaceous shale. 402 l.t, ± roundly triangular in equatorial outline, laterally ± globose in shape. Minerisporites mesosporeoides sp. nov. Eq uatorial zona or flange 25-44 fL broad, widest opposite the ray-ends, slightly PI. 5, Figs. 66-68 triangular in shape, membranous; Y­ mark (laminated) membranous, thin, often Holotype- PI:' 5, Fig. 66; 51. No. 1668. • 294 THE PALAEOBOTANIST

Diagnosis - Trilete megaspores, size 195­ Comparison - Among the closely com­ 297 fl, equatorial outline subtriangular; parable megaspore genera, i11inerispol'ites ± globose in lateral view. Equatorial zonll, Pot., Triangulatisporites Pot. & Kr. and thin, membranous, with often faint radial H enrisporiteE Pot., stand nearest to A uri­ ridges, 7-30 fl. wide (in a single spore ± uni­ culozonospora. However, the latter differs formly broad). Y-mark winged; wings thin, from M.incrisporites by having conspicuous membranous, smooth, often undulating, ribs in the Y -mark wing, a narrower zona 15-38 fl high; Y-rays extending as far as the and conspicuous row of meshes in the inter­ margin of the zona. Exine 2·5-3'5 fl thick, ray area adjoining the Y-mark. In Tri­ showing minute reticulations (lumina 4-7 fl in anf!.ulatisiJori/,es the tp.c18. of Y-mark is raised size) all over the distal and proximal side. vertically ± like a ridge. H enrisporites has A conspicuous inner body (= mesosporium, got coni as well as spines on the spore as in Duosporites H0EG, BOSE & MANUM surface instead of reticulations as is the 1955) present in most of the specimens. case in Auriculozonospora. I nnerbody - (FIG. 67) ± subtriangularin shape, smooth and ± transparent, 176-250 fl A uriculozonospora reticulaia sp. nov. in size. Triradiate, ray-lines thin extending PI. 5, Figs. 69-71 up to the margin, conspicuous. Knobs or nipple-like protuberances 3-5 in number Holotype - PI. 5, Fig. 70; SI. No. 1705 present on the "attachment area ", each Diagnosis - Trilete megaspores, small, being 5-9 fl high. 176-225 fl in size, spore body ± circular in Comparison - The presence of 'inner equatorial outline, appearing globose late­ body' in this spore species differentiates it rally. Equatorial zona membranous, from the rest of the species of Minerisporites. narrow, finely granulose, 30-38 fl wide, broa­ Remarks - Some specimens of the present der at the ray-ends, (elsewhere 14-30 fl wide) species (PL. 5, FIG. 68) are quite opaque auriculate and radially thickened with low in which the 'inner body , is not visible. ridges.' Y-rays winged, wings thin and· Such spores closely resemble M. marginatus membranous, 28-38 fl high, each having 5-6 (Dijk.) Pot., in ornamentation, though ribs; wings reaching as far as the margin of they are comparatively smaller in size and the auriculate zona. Exine reticulate, show a less broad equatorial zona. marked with low anastomosing ridges (1-1·5 , Innerbodies ' of M. mesosporoides possess fl high); lumina ± polygonal, varying 8-15 fl knob or nipple-like structures, which are in size. Meshes in a single row 5-6 in num­ comparable to those found in the specimens ber, ± rectangular in shape (17-20 fl of Duosporites congoensis H0eg, Bose & X 30-39 [.L) on each side of the Y-mark Manum 1955. At present, it is difficult to (= contact area). comment on the probable relationship of Ral'tm'/ls - The megaspores are very small these structures between D. congoensis and and seem to be representing a border case j1;J. mesosporoides. If these megaspores are between miospore and megaspore, genera on overmacerated, the' innerbody' comes out the basis of size difference. of them, and can be picked out from the Occurrence - Tram bau carbonaceous shale. macerate. . Occurrence - Tram bau carbonaceous shale. Turma Barbates Miidler 1954 Genus Thomsonia Miidler 1954 Genus Auriculozonospora gen. nov. Genotype - A. reticulata gen. et sp. nov. Thomsonia d. reiiculata JVladler 1954 Generic Diagnosis - Trilete lllegaspores, PI. 5, Fig. 72 spore body ± rounded in equatorial out­ line, laterally globose. Equatorial zona Description of our specimens - Size 352­ narrow, membranous, radially thickened 415 fl, trilete megaspores, roundly triangular with thin ridges, broader at the ray-ends in equatorial outline, spherical laterally. and auriculate in shape; Y-rays winged, Equatorial zona ± uniformly broad (20­ wings membranous, smooth and showing 40 fl) excepting opposite the ray-ends ribs; ray-ends extending up to the margin in the form of a broader expansion of the zona. Exine ornamentation marked­ looking like auriculae, (50-100 fl broad), ly reticulate, conspicuous near the vicinity membranous and finely granulose. Y-mark of Y-mark area. lamellate, frilled or fluted; lamellae 70-100 fl SI~GH et al. - UPPER GOND\NANA OF CUTC.H: 1 ;,IIO- AND MACROSPORES 295 high, extending up to the margin of equa­ T. phyllicus (Murray) Pot., shows trilete torial zona. Exine distally as well as lamellae as plates, one on each side of the proximaUy marked with reticulations formed Y-mark, and here the ridges or peaks are by anastomosing ridges (4-7 fl. high) enclosing longer and higher. In comparison to this, ± polygonal lumina (size 8-15 fL). Spines T. cutchensis is bigger in size, possessing un branched, 50-85 fl. long and 8-15 (1. broad shorter spines and higher Y-marl<, having with tapering ends occurring on the area lamellae especially at the apex. The near the Y-mark. Spore wall 8-12 {J. th icle remaining species of Thomsonia do not Remarks - These specimens found out of show any definite reticulation and hence the Trambau shale samples compare more are not comparable. closely to those of Thomsonia reticulata in Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. ornamentation and in general organization than any other species. T. reticulata is re­ Genus Dijkstraisporites Pot. 1956 ported from the Wealden formations of Hann­ over, Germany (rvlii.DLER, 1954). Though our Dijkstraisporites filiformis sp. nov. specimens closely compare with T. reticulata PI. 6, Figs. 75, 76 they are described here as T. d. reticulata Holotype - PI. 6, Fig. 76; SI. No. 1747l. because of the geographical separation bet­ Diagnosis - Kno\vn size range 1,086 to ween the Umia-beds of Cutch and \Vealden 1,344 fL, trilete megaspores, spore body formations in Hannover. roundly triangular in equatorial outline. Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. ± Eq uatorial zona very broad, 288-384 fL, cOl1'sisting of branched and ramifying radial Thomsom:a cutchensis sp. nov. rays (or ridges). and fusing into a PI. 5. Figs. 73-74 single leathery, ± translucent, finely granu­ lose zona. Triradiate mark having 10-25 fl Holotype-PI. 5, Fig. 73; SI. No.. 1683. broad and 8-12 fLhigh tecta, extending up to Diagnosis - Trilete megaspores, known the margin of the zona. Spore wall 18-28 fJ. size 450-460 fl. (incl. the zona) eq uatorial thick, exine of the spore body faintly reti­ outline rounded and spherical in lateral ± culate, consisting of irregular polygonal view. Equatorial zona membranous, 70-110 ± shaped lumina (17-28 fJ. in size); muri faint fL broad, auriculate at the ray-ends and and low. Hairs or capilli filiform unbranch­ 30-60 fJ. in between, radially ridged, ridges ed forked. with tapering ends and very low but weU marked. Y-marks lamellate" rarely (175-240 fL long and 8-16 fL broad at very much frilled or fluted; lamellae 148­ the base) occurring on the intersection of 162 {J. high, more prominent at the apex, muri, all over the surface of spore body, at extending up to the margin of auriculate the equator, and especially along the tecta zona. Spore exine reticulate proximally as of the Y-mark. well as distally, ridges anastomosing (8-15 fL Comparison - The present species i.e. high) enclosing ± irregularly polygonal D. fil1jormis differs from the hitherto de­ lumina, 10-18 fl in size; the intersecting scribed species of Dijkstraisporites, viz., point of ridges show spine like processes or D. helios (Dijk.) Pot., and D. deconfs peaks (in most cases broken perhaps due to (Dijk.) Pot., by the presence of a broader abrasion) 15-28 {J. high. Capilli or spines equatorial zona and longer filiform capilli more prominent in the apical region than on the spore body exine. In D. helios near the Y -mark, 45-90 fL long and 8-10 fl there are no tapering capilli, the exine is broad. Spore wall 12-15 fJ. thick. " ochre", and the size of spores is smaller. Comparison - The ornamentation and D. decorus also lacks filiform appendages. organization of T. ctftchensis compare closely Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. with the other species described under Thomsonia. T. cutchensis differs from T. Turma Monoletes Ibr. 1933 reticulata in having higher, lamellate Y­ Subturma Azonomol1oletes Luber 1935 mark and wart-like processes at the inter­ Infraturma Laevigatomonoleti Dyb. & section of anastomosing ridges of the reti­ Jach. 1957 Genus Crassimonoletes gen. nov. culum. T. tho1'enensis Madler differs from T. cutchensis in having more irregular reticu­ Genotype - C. surangei gen. et sp. nov. lations and ovule like warts or l:tlbercles Gener1'c Diagnosis - Miospores bilateral, on the exine rather than spines or capilli. oval. Monolete mark prominen t, labra 296 THE PALAEOBOTANIST thick, raised, crumpled and undulating. slit straight, ± 60 fL long. Exine thin, Exine infragranulose. Distal surface deeply laevigate, finely intragranulose on both the arched in lateral view, straight to slightly faces; perispore thin, transparent and often arched proximally. wrinkled in surface view. Comparison - The miospore genera viz., Comparison - The specimens figured Laevigatospor1'tes Ibr., Latosporites Pot., & under M. grandis by Dev (1961, PL. 3, Kr. and Monolites (Erdtm.) Pot. differ from FIGS. 17, 18) differ by being bigger in size. Crassimonoletes by having thinner exine Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. and a simple monolete mark. Leschikisporis (Pot.) Bharad. and Singh is smaller in Infraturma Sculptatomonoleti Dyb. & Jach. size and has got granulose exine. Poly­ 1957 podiisporites Pot., Polypodiidites Ross and Genus Leschikisporis (Pot.) Bharad. & Singh Verrucatosporites (Pflug) Pot., do not agree 1964 in exine ornamentation and hence are not comparable. Chasmatosporites Nilsson is Leschikisporis indicus sp. nov. closely comparable with Crassimonoletes but differs from the latter by having a simple PI. 6, Fig. 83 monolete mark and intrareticulate exine. Holotype-Pl. 6, Fig. 83; S1. No. 1797. Crassimonoletes surangei sp. nov. Diagnos1:s- Miospores 20-25 fL, holotype PI. 6, Figs. 77-78 25 (1., bilateral, oval. Monolete mark straight. Exine finely granulose, grana Holotype-PI. 6, Fig. 78; SI. No. 17~5.closely spaced on both the faces. h, lateral Diagnosis - Miospores 100-130 fL X 72­ view, distal face appears to be more arched 82 iJ. in size, bilatera,l, oval. Monolete slit than the proximal face. ± 70 fL long; labra thick and crumpled, Comparison - Spores of LeschikisP01'is, raised, open, suture straight. Exine on the scabratus (= Marattisporites sca,?ratus Coup.) proximal face thinner as compared to the are closely comparable with the spores of distal face, densely in tragranulose all over. L. indicus but they differ in having coarser Distal face of the spore deeply arched,' grana and also are known from the nor-' proximally straight to slightly bulging. them hemisphere. L. aduncus (Lesch.) Extrema lineamenta thick. Bharad. & Singh differs by the presence of a Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. • monolete slit having a median bend in the middle. Crassimonoletes l1u:nor sp. nov. Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. PI. 6, Figs. 79, 80 Turma Cystites Pot. & Kr. 1954 Holotype - Pl. 6, Fig. 79; Sl. No. 1780. Diagnosis - Miospore 80 X 70 fL, bi­ Genus Saccarisporites Dev 1961 lateral, oval. Monolete mark ± 48 fL long and ± 18 fL broad, biconvex when open; Saccarispo?'ites lurzeri Dev 1961 labra thick, raised, appearing denser. Exine thick on the proximal as well as on the PI. 6, Fig. 84 distal face; densely intragranulose all over. Comparison - The spores of C. surangei Description of OU?'spec·imens - Spore body differ from C. minor by being bigger in ± 328-678 fL, circular in outline, the exine size. being copiously folded. Y -mark or arcuate Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. ridges not distinguishable. Spore wall thin, ornamentation granulose to infragranu­ Genus Monolites (Erdtm.) Pot. 1956 lose. Remarks - Some resemblance in the gene­ 1'Wonolites int1'agranulosus sp. nov. ral shape and the texture of the spore )vall PI. 6, Figs. 81. 82 of the specimens of S. lurzen' recorded here may be noted with Sporites plicatus (SCHOPF Holotype - PI. 6, Fig. 81; SI. No. 1780. 1938, pp. 51-52). Diagnosis - Miospores 90-120 fL, bilateral, Occur..ence - Ghuneri underlying carbona­ concavo-convex in lateral view. Monolete ceous shale. SINGH el al. - UPPER GOND\VANA OF CUTCH: 1 ~no-AND MACROSPORES 297

Anteturma Pollenites R. Pot. 1931 Callialasporites Turma Saccites Erdtm. 1947 segmentatus (Balme) Sriv. 1963 Subturma Monosaccires (Chitaley 1951) Pot. & Kr. 1954 PI. 7. Fig. 92 Genus Callialasporites Dev 1961 Diagnosis - See Balme 1957, p. 33. Description of our specimens - Miospores Syn. Pfiugipollenites Pocock 1962 80-120 fl. ± circular, central body ::f circular; Callialasporites trilobatu.s (Balme) equatorial bladder very much dissected or Dev 1961 segmented. Exine of the central body PI. 7, Figs. 90. 93 granulose, sometimes appearing warty or rugulose. Y-mark absen t. Diagnosis - See Balme 1957, p. 33; and Dev 1961. pp. 48, 49. Callialasporites rimalis sp. nov. Description of 01~rspecimens - Miospores PI. 7. Fig. 94 80-105 fl., roundly triangular, central body 7, Fig. 94; SI. No. 1788. subtriangular, possessing three equatori­ Holotype-PI. ± Diagnos1's - Circular to subcircular mio­ ally attached bladders, joined narrowly at the angles giving a three lobed appear­ spores, 80-90 fl., central body ± circular, demarcated by a thick, about 4 iJ.broad rim, ance. Y-mark usually absent, apparent in peripheral folds many. Exine of the central few specimens. Exine of the central body body coarsely granulose, simulating a nega­ finely granulose to rugulose, rugulae dissolv­ tive reticulum in deep focus. No Y-mark ing into finer grana. Exine of the bladder seen. Bladder equatorial, finely granulose, infra-extragranulose, sometimes showing grana conspicuous. Extrema l1'neamenta radial folds. indented. Occurrence - Ghuneri coal and Trambau shale. C01'nparison - C. dampieri, C. trilobatus and C. segmentatus do not possess a thick rim and peripheral folds on the central Callialasporites dampieri (Balme) body and hence are different. Hughes & Dev 1961 Couper (1958) have figured Zonalapollenites PI. 7, Fig. 91 sp. d. trilobatus (loc. cit. FIG. 1) from the Mesozoic rocks of Britian, and these com­ Diagnosis - See Balme 1957, p. 32; and pare with the spores of C. rimalis. Dev 1961, p. 48. OcC1trrence - Ghuneri coal. Descriphon of our spec1'mens - Miospores 60-100 1.1., ± circular, central body ± sub­ Callialaspon:tes triletus sp. no\'. circular, 60-70 fl. in diameter, surrounded PI. 7, Figs. 95. 96 by an equatorially attached bladder, 8-20 fl. wide. Y-mark absent. Exine of the Holotype - PI. 7, Fig. 96; SI. No. 1803. central body .± 1'5 1.1. thick, finely granu­ Diagnos1's - lVIiospores 72-100 fl., ± cir­ lose on both the faces, sometimes appearing cular; central body ± roundly triangular. rugulose. Bladder finely infragranulose, Exine of the central body ± 2· 5 fl. thick, radial folds often giving a frilled appearance brownish in colour, granulose. Y-mark con­ to it. spicuous; Y-rays extending up to the equator Remarks - The pollen grains of C. dam­ of the central body having a thick undulat­ p1'eri are quite common in the Umia-bed ing labra, appearing crumpled. Equatorial samples. Sah (1953, PL. 1, FIG. 14). has bladder ± 12 fl. wide, often dissected and figured a spore under Eurozonotriletes from with radial folds; exine finely granulose. the Jurassic shales of Ceylon, which is Comparison - C. triletus d iffers from the comparable to the forms of C. damp1·eri. other known species of Callialasporites by Lantz (1959) has recorded this species from the presence of a prominent and thick the Upper Mesozoic of France. Hughes & undulating Y-mark. Couper (1958) have also reported the presence Remarks - Dev (1961, PL. 4, FIG. 30) has of pollen grains comparable to C. dampieri described a single specimen of Calliala­ from the Brora coals of Middle jurassic in sporites sp. from the jabalpur Series of Scotland. India, which closely resembles the specimens Occurrence - In all the samples. of C. triletus in possessing a distinct Y-mark. 298 THE PALAEOBOTANIST

Occ'urrence - Trambau coal and carbona­ Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. ceous shale. Podocarpidites rantS sp. nov. Subturma Disaccites Cooks. 1947 PI. 8, Figs. 102·104 Infraturma Disacciatrileti Lesch. 1955 Genus Pityosporites (Sew.) Manum 1960 Holotype-Pl. 8, Fig. 103; Sl. No. 1805. Diagnosis - Pollen grains bilateral, 82­ Pityosporites Sp. 98 [1., bisaccate. Central body subcircular PI. 8, Fig. 97 to broadly oval, ± 66 i.L in diameter, exine finely granulose, proximally as well as Description - Pollen grains bisaccate, bi­ distally, proximal cap slightly thicker, no lateral. Bladders symmetrically disposed striations. Bladders distally separated by on either side of the central body, distally ± 18 i.L wide bladder-free channel, laterally inclined, bladder length slightly lesser than approaching closely. Bladders large having the height of central body. Central body sma]) meshes. ± vertically-roundish to oval, exine ± 1·5 i.L Comparison - The central body in the thick, finely granulose, no striations. pollen grains of P. ellipticus is smaller. Bladder exine finely intrareticulate. P. microreticuloidatus Cooks., is different Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. by having characteristic microreticulations in the bladders. Bladders in P. morwickii Infraturma Podocarpoiditi Pot., Thoms. Coup. do not approach laterally. P. major & Thlerg. 1950 Coup., is different by having microver­ Genus Platysaccus (Naum.) Pot. & Kl. 1954 rucose exine of the central body. P. otagoensis Coup., and P. ohikaensis Coup., Platysacc~tssp. do not compare. PI. 8, Fig. 98 Occurrence - Tram bau carbonaceous shale and Ghuneri coal. . Description - Pollen grains bilateral, 146 X 100 i.L, bisaccate. Central body ± elon­ gated-oval, 36 X 42 i.L in size, exine finely Podocarpidites maJ'or Couper 1953 granulose. Bladders symmetrically dis­ PI. 8, Figs. 105, 106 posed, very much bigger than the central body, more than hemispherical, distally Lectogenotype ~ Couper 1953, PI. 4, Fig. 10. inclined, laterally close, bladder meshes Description - See Couper 1953. finely-coarsely intrareticulate. Distal sulcus Occurrence - Trambau and Ghuneri coals. long, narrow, nearly extending up to the whole length of the central body, sometimes Podocarpidites sp. faintly visible. PI. 8, Fig. 99 Remarks - The pollen grain described here is comparable to the specimen figured Description - Pollen grains bisaccate, 38­ by Potonie (1958, PL. 8, FIG. 84). The 70 i.L in size, bilateral. Bladders symmetri­ central body, however, in our specimen, is cally disposed, ± as high as the height of more oval and is comparatively smaller and central body. Central body ± roundish the bladders possess slightly coarser meshes. oval, mediumly dense, finely granulose. Platysaccus sp., also shows some apparent Bladder exine finely intrareticulate, late­ resemblance to the forms of Podocarpus rally separated and distally inclined. horrida described by Bolkhovitina (1958, Remarks - The pollen grains of P. sp. PL. 22, FIG. 226); and Podocarpus tricocca are quite common in the shale samples. Bolkhovitina (1958, PL. 23, FIG. 232). They are comparable with the pollen grains Occurrence - Ghuneri shale overlying the of Disaccites (= Podocarpidites) elliptica coal seam. Cookson (1947, p. 131, PL. 13, FIGS. 5-7). Genus Podocarpidites (Cooks.) Pot. 1958 The size range, granulose ornamentation of the proximal cap and the marginal crest Podocarpidites ellipticus (Cooks.) Pot. 1958 of the central body in the specimens re­ PI. 8, Figs. 100-101 covered from Cutch, is closely comparable with the above mentioned specimens figured Description - See Cookson 1947. by Cookson. SINGH et at. - UPPER GOND\I',TANA OF CUTCH: 1 1'110- AND MACROSPORES 299

Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. Torma Aletes Ibr. 1933 Subturma AzonoaleteJ (Luber) Pot. & Kr. 1954 Subturma Polysaccltes Cooks. 1947 Infraturma Ps/lonap/t/ Erdtm. 1947 Genus Mlcrocachryd/tes (Cooks.) Coup. 1953 Genus Lar/co/d/tes Pot., Thoms. & Thleqt. 1950

Microcachrydites antarcticus Cooks. 1947 Laricoidites indicus sp. no·v. PI. 8, Fig. 107 PI. 8, Figs. 111, 112

Description - Pollen grains bisaccate to Holotype - PI. 8, Fig. 112; SI. No. 1808. trisaccate, 58-60 (-L. Central body ± circular, Diagnosis - Pollen grains circular in an with proximal cap having finely granulose to equatorial view, 90-120 (-L yellowish brown infragranulose exine, distal exine ± smooth. in colour. No germinal mark present. Bladders more than hemispherical, very Exine mediumly thick, intrapunctate; puncta much smaller than the size of central body, broad and closely spaced; secondary folds attached clearly on the distal side below copious, more at the periphery than at the the equator; bladder exine finely intrareti­ centre. Extrema lineamenta thick and culate. smooth. Occurrence - Trambau carbonaceous shale. Comparison - L. indicus differs from the other known species of Laricoidites by hav­ ing exine, exhibiting broader Genus Podospor/tes Rao 1943 intrapunctate puncta which are very closely spaced. Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. Podosporites micropteris (Cooks. & Pike) Balme 1957 Infraturma Granulonap/t/ Cooks. 1947 PI. 8, Fig. 108 Genus Araucar/acltes Cooks. 1947

Syn. - Trisaccites micropteris Cookson & A raucariacites australis Cooks· 1947 Pike (1954, PL. 2, FIGS. 21-29). PI. 8, Fig. 113 Diagnosis & Description - See Cookson & Pike 1954, p. 64, and Balme 1957, p. 34. Diagnosis - See Cookson 1947, p. 130. Occurrence -Ghuneri coal. Description of our specimens - Known size range 86-94 (-L, pollen grains ± circular Podosporites raoi sp. nov. in outline, alete, generally having secondary folds. Exine less than 1 (-Lthick, subgranu­ PI. 8, Figs. 109, 110 lose, grana closely placed. Rema1-ks - The pollen grains of A . australis Holotype-Pl. 8, Fig. ItO; Sl. No. 1797. are of frequent occurrence in both the shale Diagnosis - Pollen grains trisaccate, and coal samples from Trambau and Ghuneri. 30-35 (-L, circular to subtriangular. Central These are slightly bigger in size than those body circular to subtriangular in equa­ described by Cookson (1947). They also torial view, ± 30 (-Lin diameter in holotype; agree and compare well with the specimens proximal exine thick, thinner distally, intra­ figured by Balme (1957, PL. 7, FIGS. 81-82), reticulate, central body projecting out like both in size and structure. Morphographi­ a hemisphere. Bladders infolded distally, cally as well as organizationally pollen covering a wide area of the central body. grains referable to A. australis are compar­ Bladders finely intrareticulate; meshes small, able with the pollen grains of some living sometimes partially confluent. species of Araucariaceae (COOKSONloco cit.). Comparison - Pollen grains of P. micro­ A. australis also frequently occurrs in the pteris Cooks. & Pike, differ from P. raoi Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks of Australia by being bigger in size. The central body as reported by Cookson (loc. cit.) and Balme in P. tripakshi Rao has granulose orna­ (1957). Recently Couper (1958) has also mentation as compared to the intrareti­ found similar type of pollen grains from culate structure found in the case of the Mesozoic rocks of Great Britain. P. raoi. Occurrence - Ghuneri coal, Trambau and Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. Ghuneri carbonaceous shales. 300 THE PALAEOBOTANIST

A raucariacites ghuneriensis sp. nov. our opinion, it is worthwhile to suggest that PI. 9, Figs. 114-116 S. spr-iggi and S. pravus may preferably be referred either to Taxodiaceaepollenites or Holotype - PI. 9, Fig. 115; SI. No. 1800. near it, and Schizosporis should be restricted Diagnosis - Known size 100-120 fl, pollen to only those spores which truely conform grains originally spherical, assuming various to its genotype in ornamentation. shapes due to folding of the exine. Alete. Exine ± 1·5 fl thick in optical section, Schizosporis reticulatus Cooks. & Dettm. densely and coarsely granulose, grana 1959 usually bigger at the periphery. Extrema lineamenta ± rough. PI. 9, Figs. 119-121; PI. 10, Fig. 122 Comparison - A. ghuneriensis differs from A. australis in having a thicker exine, Diagnosis and Description - See Cookson coarser grana and bigger size. A. indicus & Dettmann 1959, .p. 213. Dev (1961) has got very small grana on the exine and hence is not comparable. Schizosporis rugulatus Cooks. & Dettm. Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. 1959 PI. 10, Figs. 123-126 Araucaricites cooksonii sp. nov. PI. 9, Figs. 117, 118 Diagnosis and Description - See Cookson & Dettmann 1959, p. 216. Holotype - PI. 9, Fig. 117; SI. No. 1812. Remarks - Cookson & Dettmann (loc. Diagnosis - Known size range 100-120 fl, cit.) have stated that the spores of S. regu­ pollen grains spherical, exine frequently fold­ latus are rarely represented in the Creta­ ed. Alete. Exine 1-1'5 fl thick in optical ceous deposits of Albian and? Cenomanian section, finely granulose; peripheral grana age. But in the present assemblage the gradually merging with the central ones, representation of S. rugulatus is quite central exine prominently thinner and tend­ frequent. Some specimens of S. rugulatus, ing to shrivel. Extrema lineamenta dented. from this assemblage are enveloped in a Comparison - These pollen grains agree layer of perisporium, and this feature has with the forms of A. ghuneriensis in the size not been reported in the specimens of the. range but differ from it in having differenti­ same species studied by Cookson & Dett­ ally thickened exine, thinner at the central mann (loc. cit.) from Australia. region and thicker at the periphery. In Occurrence - Ghuneri coal. A. australis the exine is uniformly thin allover and the size of pollen grains is smaller. A. cooksonii slightly resembles Schizosporis vermiculatus sp. nov. Inaperturopollenites turbatus Balme, but the PI. 10. Figs. 127-129 latter possesses thicker and darker exine in the central region than at the peripheral Holotype - PI. 10, Fig. 128; regIOn. Diagnosis - Miospores laterally biconvex Occurrence - Trambau coal. (flattened along the poles), 148-196 fl., ± circular in polar view (often assuming Infraturma Reticulonapiti (Erdtm.) Vimal1952 different shapes on flattening), usually divid­ Genus Schizosporis Cooks. & Dettm. 1959 ing equatorially in to two approximately equal, saucer-shaped sections. Exine 6-8 fl Remarks - Cookson & Dettmann (1959) thick, two-layered, in tectate; sexine orna­ have referred four species -to Schizosporis, mented with sinuous or ± irregular ridges namely S. reticulatus, S. rugulatus, S. spriggi (low muri) forming fine - irregularly vermi­ and S. parvus from the Cretaceous deposits of culate patterns (worm-like tracts), which Australia. The latter two species, as com­ mayor may not unite to form a meshed pared to i'ts genotype, are different by not and shallOW reticulum; lumina broad in having reticulate exine. The study of the between the muri. photographs of these species show perfectly Comparison - S. rugulatus differs from laevigate exine. Organizationally these two S. vermiculatus by being smaller in size and species approach nearness to the specimens also the latter possesses broader lumina or of Taxodiaceaepollenites Kremp (1949). In the meshes in between the muri, looking SINGH et al. - UPPER GONDWANA OF CUTCH: 1 :MIO- AND MACROSPORES 301 more like vermiculate-pattern than rugu­ spores, and coniferous pollen grains. The late. important pteridophytic trilete genera pre­ Occurrence - Tram:tJau carbonaceous shale. sent in this assemblage are as follows: Cyathidites, Gleicheniidites, OS'l1l4mdacidites, Turma Monocolpates Iverson & Lycopodiumsporites, Baculatisporites, C01'1­ Troels-Smith 1950 tignisporites, Trilobosporites, and Concavi­ Intortes (Naum.) Pot. 1958 Subturma sporites etc. Monolete forms are {rery rarely Genus Cycadopites Wodehouse ex Wils. & Web. represented. The pollen grains, which prob­ 1946 ably have coniferous affinity, are represented by the following genera: Pityosporites, Podo­ Cycadopites sp. A carpidites, 1\1iCl'ocachrydites, Araucariacites, PI. 10, Figs. 130-131 and La1'icoidites etc. Spore genera like, Schizosporis, Cycadopites, Classopollis, Call­ Description - Pollen grains elongated­ ialasporites, Boseisporites and I schyso­ oval, 44 X 10 fL. Monosulcate, the furrow porites etc. also form an equally important extending up to the full length of the distal component of the assemblage. Among all surface and slightly rounded at the ends. ~ these, the pollen grains of Callialasporites Exine less than 1 fL thick, smooth. dampiel'i and C. trilobatus are dominantly distributed whereas the forms referable to Cycadopites sp. B Araucariacites australis and Pityosporites PI. 10, Figs. 132-133 spp., are subdominant. The megaspore types chiefly belonging to the following Description - Pollen grains H X 32 fL' genera i.e., Dl:jkstraisporites, Thomsonia ± oval or boat shaped, with a well defined M inerisporites, Erlansonisporites, H orsti­ sulcus, ± narrower in the centre and sporites, Verrutriletes and Trileites have been end, exine laevigate. broader at the richly found in the shale samples of Trambau Occurrence - Trambau coal shale. but absent in the coals of the same locality. Incertal' Sedis The spore composition of Ghuneri coals, as represented by its spore genera, is much Genus Classopollis (Pftu~)Pocock & Jans. diversified in forms. The pteridophytic tri­ letes spores as well as the monolete spores Classopollis torosus (I~eiss.)Couper 1958 are referred to the following form genera PI. 10, Figs. 134-135 viz., Cyathidites, Alsophilidites, Osmunda­ cidites, Lycopodiumsporites, Contignispo­ Description oj our specimens - Pollen rites, Crassimol1oletes, 11,1[onolties, Leschiki­ grains ± 30 fl. in diameter, circular to sub­ sporis, and Aequ,itril'adites. The gymno­ circular in equatorial contour, assuming spermic pollen grains represented by the various shapes due to folding of the exine. genera like, Callialasporites, Pityosporites, No germinal mark perceptible. Proximally Podocarpidites, Podosporites, Lal'icoidites. (presumably) a weak circular to triangular, Al'aucariacites Schizosporis and Classopol­ thin area of the exine noticeable. Exine lis along with the pteridophytic spores about 2 fl. thick, baculate, rod-like bacula are the main characteristic feature of the imvardly directed appearing as radially spore spectrum. Fossil megaspores were disposed pits in polar view; polar exine not found in the samples of Ghuneri coals, thin, simulating negati ve reticulum; distally Trambau coals and also in the Ghuneri demarcated from the equator by a thick carbonaceous shales. The Ghuneri carbona­ circular zone. Extrema lineamenta ceous shale, underlying the coal seam, has ± smooth. forms belonging to the genus Trileites al­ Occurrence - Ghuneri coal and carbona­ though they are rare. However, Bacu­ ceous shale overlying the coal. triletes and Saccal'isporites lurzeri are ex­ clusively confined to this layer 811d are DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION well represented there. In the same layer, The present analysis of the dispersed spores belonging to Cyathidites minol' and microfossil assemblage of the Umia-beds Calhalasporites dampim: are also abundantly in Cutch shows that the spore ascemblage found. Classopollis and Platysaccus have of Trambau carbonaceous shales mainly also been recovered from the overly­ consists of pteridophytic miospores, mega- ing shales at Ghuneri. In Trambau coal 302 THE PALAEOBOTANIST samples the meagre spore content of Cyathi­ cit., PL. 1, FIGS. 1-4, 12-13), d, Lygodio'ispori­ dl:tes minor, Gleicheniidites, Concavisporites, tes (= loco cit., PL. 1, FIG. 28), Todisporites Lycopodiumsporites, Callialasporites, Podo­ (= loco cit., PL. 1, FIG. 10), Callialasporites* carpidites and Araucariacites is apparently (PL. 1, FIG. 17), Pityosporites* (PL. 1, Fig. 21), noticeable. Podosporites* (PL. 1, FIG. 29), Araucaria­ Keeping in view the above data, it is cites* (PL. 1, FIG. 24), and Classopollis* apparent that the spore floras of the carbona­ (PL. 1, FIGS. 6, 11, 11A, 18, 25, 27). Out ceous shales of Trambau and Ghuneri coals of these the spores marked with an asterisk resemble each other to a considerable degree are present also in the Umia-beds; the latter, by the presence of in common forms howe\'er, shows the presence of many addi­ like, Cyathidites minor, C. concavus, Calliala­ tional genera which do not occur in the sporites dampieri, C. tn:lobatus, C. triletus, Salt Range spore flora. Podocarpidites rantS, AraucariaC/:tes aus­ A comparison of the Umia-beds spore tralis, Schizosporis reticulatus and Classopollis. flora with the Mesozoic assemblage of However, the Ghuneri coal spore assemblage westel n Australian (BADIE 1957) shows the differs from the Trambau carbonaceous shale presence of certain genera in common like, assemblage mainly by having far less re­ CyatMdites, Gleicheniidites, Osmundac'idites, presentation of pteridophytic spores as Lycopodiu11lsporites (= Lycopodium BALME compared to the latter, while the coniferous 1957), Cicatricosisporites, Zonalasporites, pollen grains are equally distributed. The Calhalasporites (= Zonalapollenites in BAD'!E absence of megaspore types from the 1957), Baeulatisporites, Concavisporites, Ghuneri coal samples might also explain I schyosporitfs, Cingulatisporites , Cycadopites the rare occurrence of pteridophytic spores (= Entylissa BALi\lE 1957), Araucar1:acites, in it. Laricoidites, LVIicrocachryidites, Podosporites, A comparison of the spore assemblage of Pityosporites and Classopollis. Cu tch with the other spore floras of Meso­ From the lIb - spore flora of lower zoic formations such as, Rajmahal (India), Cretaceous agE', Australia, Balme (1957) has Jabalpur (India), Salt Range (Pakistan), observed that the forms like M·icrocachryi­ and the Mesozoic strata of western and dites antarcticus, P1'tyosporites eUeptieus, eastern Australia shows certa in in teresting Classopollis ann Araucariacites austrahs features. These assemblages, as represented are quite characteristic and are richly by their spore genera, are different in distributed in it, a fact which is true for character by the absence of some of the the Umia-beds also. The spore genera like important genera found in the Umia-beds Exesipollen£tes, Pilasporites, Polypodiidites, and having certain individualistic gerJera M icroretieulatisporites, Mohr ioisporites ,Foveo­ which are absent in the latter assemblage. sporites, and Sphagnites which are found Vishnu-Mittre (1954) has given an account in the Australian assemblage (BALME, 1957) of petrified spores and pollen grains from have not been encountered in the Umia­ the Rajmahal hills, Bihar. He has recorded beds. On the other hand forms like Schizo­ forms which are identifiable as Osmunda­ sporis, Podocarpidites, Leschikisporis, Mono­ cidites (= loco cit., PL. 1, FIG. 12), d. lites, Crassimonoletes, Trilobosporites, and Contignisporites, (= loco cit., PL. 1, FIGS. Baeulareticulosporis present in theassem­ 10, 14-16), Lycopodiumsporites (= loc. cit, blage of Umia-beds seem to be absent in PL. 1, 17-20), d. Callialasporites (= loco cit., the assemblage of western Australia. PL. 2 FIG. 36), Pityosporites, Alisporites, The spore flora of Jabalpur Series (DEV Cycadopites (= loc, cit., Entylissa) and Podo­ 1961) is rich in having coniferous pollen sporites. Except for the gerJus Alisporites, grains but therein the pollen grains of all the remaining forms are present in the Cycadophytes are' poorly represented. Umia-beds also. The assemblage of Umia­ Among the Pteridophytes, the spores of beds is much richer in having many other Lycopodiales, Cyatheaceae and Schizaeaceae additional, genera which are not found in are reported to be fairly common .. Those the Rajmahal spore flora. spore forms which are common to the The miospore assemblage of the Jurassic Umia-bE'ds and the J abalpur assemblages shales described by Sah (1955) from the salt are - Cyathidites, Lycopodiacidites, Bacu­ range, as understandable to us, includes the latisporites, Lycopodiumsporites, ErZanso­ following genera: Mato11isporites (= loco cit., nisporites, Boseisporites, Dijkstraisporites, PL. 1, FIGS. 8, 8A), Dictyophyllidites (= loc. NIonolites, 5 accarisporites, Zonalasporites, SINGH et ai, - UPPER GONDWANA OF CUTCH: 1 MIO- AND NIACROSPORES 303

Callialasporites, Pityosporites, Platysaccus, conclude Wealden as the probable age. Podocarpidites, Araucariacites, and Cycado­ As the forms similar to H orstisporites reti­ pites (= Ginkgocycadophytus) , All these culiferus from the Wealden of Netherlands, forms are considered to be characteristic Thomsonia reticulata from the VVealden of of the ] urassi: age. Their presence in W. Germany, and Erlansonisporites erlan­ the Umia-beds samples along with many sonii from the Creataceous of ~reenland other genera which are not present in the occur also in the Trambau shale samples so ] abalpur Series, probably reflects an exten­ the possibility of the Umia-beds being of sion of this flora in Cutch although the Lower Cretaceous age is possible though the latter becomes richer by the incoming forms geographic separation among the strata like Schizosporis, Leschikisporis, Crassi­ compared is quite wide. Hughes (1958) has monoletes, Bacularetir;;ulosporis and many distinguished three characteristic mega­ other megaspore types. '(he bisaccate stri­ spore-composition-floras from the English ate pollen grains reported from the] abalpur Wealden. They are Verrutriletes flora (Ber­ Series (DEV, 1961) have not been met with riasian), Thomsonia-flora (Valanginian) and in the Umia-beds. Pyrobolospora-flora-Arcellites (Barremian-Ap­ The trilete spore genera in the assemblage tian). Thomsonia, which according to Hughes from the eastern Australia (COOKSON & (1958), is the chief constituent of Thomsonia­ DETTMANN, 1957), are quite different as flora in the Wealden, is also present in the compared to those of the Umia-beds, ex­ Trambau shale of Umia-beds. At the same cepting very few genera common to time, in addition to this, the presence of the two assemblages, viz. Osmundacidites, V ernttriletes, M inerisporites, Hor,st1:sporites, 1schyosporites, Lycopodiumsporites, Trilobo­ Dijkstraisporites in the Trambau shale sporites, Staplinisporites and M ineJ'1:­ samples, also indicates its possible relation­ sporites (megaspore). From this evidence, ship with the Verntlriletes and Thomsonia­ Cookson & Dettmann (loc. cit.) have shown horizons of the English 'Wealden (HUGHES, that several of the Victorian deposits in 1958). In fact, most of the megaspores Australia referred to lower ] urassic strata described in this paper nave been reported really belong to the lower Cretaceous age. in some or the other Lower Cretaceous The presence of the above mentioned genera spore floras of European deposits. common to the Umia-beds samples also Thus, from' the above evidence of micro­ indicates the possibility of these beds fossil analvsis, it is concluded that the being of Lower Cretaceous age. Later Umia-beds,~(the so-called Uppermost limits Cookson & Dettmann (1959) described 4 of the Gondwana formations of Cutch species of the genus Schizosporis from the = Bhuj Series), correspond more to the Lower-Middle Cretaceous deposits of S. Lower Cretaceous (= Wealden) age than Australia, out of which S. reticulatus along any of the younger and older forma­ with one more new species of the same tions. genus have been found both from the Trambau carbonaceous shale as well as from the Ghuneri coal in the Umia-beds. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS According to Cookson & Dettmann (loc. cit.) all the species of Schizosporis, are of We thank Dr. D. C. Bharadwaj for infrequent occurrence and, so far known, helpful advice and for critically going at present they are restricted to the Creta­ through the manuscript. Our thanks are ceous deposits ·only. Their occurrence in due to Dr. U. Prakash (and S. K. S.) who the Umia-beds lends further support to the collected the material and made available estimated Wealden age of these beds. to us for investigation. We feel grateful - The study of the megaspores in this to Dr. M. N. Bose for his keen interest assemblage of Umia-beds also helps to during the exec,ution of this work.

REFERENCES

BALME, B. E. (1957). Spores and Pollen grains BHARDWAJ, D. C. & SINGH, H. P. (1956). Astero­ from the Mesozoic of Western Australia. theca meriani (Brongn.) Stur and its spores from Common, Sci. Indust. Res. Org. Coal Res. Sect. the Upper Triassic of Lunz (Austria). Palaeo­ 25: 1-48. botanist 5 (2): 51-55. 304 THE PALAEOBOTA~IST

BHARADWAJ, D. C & SINGH, H. P. (1964). An HUGHES, N. F. & COUPER, R. A. (1958). Palynology Upper Triassic miospore assemblage from the of the Brora coaT of the Scottish Middle Jurassic. coals of Lunz, Austria Ibid. 12 (1): 28-44. Nature, Land. 181: 1482-1483. BLANFORD, W. T. (1867). On the geology of a IE RAHIM, A. C. (1933). Spore formen des Aegir- portion of Cutch. JWem. geol. Surv. India horizonts des Rhur River. Diss. Tech. 6 (1). Hochschule, Berlin. BOLCHOVITINA, N. A. (1956). Atlas of spores and KITCHEN, F. L. (1900). 'The Brachiopods of pollen from the Jurassic and lower Cretaceous Cutch'. Palaeont. Indica Ser. 9, 3 (1). etc. (in Russian). Contrib. geol. Inst. Acad. Sci. Idem (1903). The Lamellibranch Genus Trigollia.. U.S.S.R. Pt. 2: 1-132. Ibid. Ser. 9, 3 (2). COOKSON, I. C. (1947). Plant microfossils from the JUNG, W. (1958). Zur Biologie und Morphologie Lignites of Kerguelen Archipelago.- B.A.N.Z. einiger disperser Megasporen, vergleichbar mit Antarctic Res. Expd. Rep. 2 (8): 129-142. sa.Tchen von Lycostrobus scotti, aus dem Rhat­ Idem (1953). Difference in microspore composition Lias Frankens. Ceoi. Bl. NO-Bayern 8: 114-130. of some samples from a bore at Comaum, S. LANTZ, J. (1958). Etude palynologique de quelque Australia. Aust.]' bot. 1 (3): 462-473. echantillons iVIesozoiques du Dorset (Grande­ COOKSON, I. C. & DETTMANN, M. E. (1957). Some Bretagne). Xev. Inst. France. Petrole. Anll. trilete spores from Upper Mesozoic deposits in Combust. Lign. 13. 917-943. the eastern Australian region. Proc. roy. Soc. LESCHIK, G. (1955). Die Keup~rfloravon Neuewelt Vicl. 70 (2) 95-128. bei Basal. II. Iso-und Mikrosporen. Schweiz. Idem (1958). Cretaceous "megaspores" and a palaeont. A bh. 72: 1-70. closely associated microspore from the Australian MADLER, K. (1954). Azalia aus dem Quartar und region. Micropalaeont. 4 (1) 39-49. Tertiar. Ceoi. Jb. 70: 143-158. Idem (1959). On Schizosporis, a new form genus MINER, E. L. (1932). Megaspores ascribed to from Australian Cretaceous deposits. lVhc1'0­ Selaginellites from the Upper Cretaceous coals of palaeont. 5 (2): 214-216. \Vestern Greenland. ]. Wash. Acad. Sci. 22: COOKSON, I. C. & PIKE, K. M. (1954). The fossil 497-506. occurrence of Phyllocladus and two other podo­ Idem (1935). Palaeobotanical examinations of carpaceo,us types in Australia. A ust. ]. bot. 2 Cretaceous and Tertiarv coals. A mer. Midi. (1): 60-68 Nat. 16' 585-621. . COUPER, R. A. (1953). Upper Mesozoic and Caino­ MURRAY, N. (1939). The microflora of the Upper zoic spores and pollen grains from New Zealand. and Lower Estuarine Series of the East Midlands. Ceoi. Surv., Palaeont. Bull. N.Z. 22: 1-77. Ceol. Mag. 76: 478-489. Idem (1958). British Mesozoic microspores and NILSSON, T. (1958). Dber das Vorkommen eines pollen grains, a systematic and stratigraphic Mesozoischen Sapropelgesteins in Schonen. study. Palaeolltgr. 103B: 75-179. Lunds. Univ. Arsskr. 54: 1-111. DELCOURT, A. F., DETTMANN, M. E. & HUGHES, OLDHAM, T. (1869). Annual Report for 1868. Rec. N. F (1963) Revision of some L0war Cre­ geol. Surv. India 2 (2). taceous micros pores from B~lgium.Palaen­ PFLUG, H. (1952). Palynologie und Stratigraphie tology 6 (2): 282-292. del' eozanen Brunkohlen von Helmstedt. DELCOURT, A. & SPRUMONT, G. (1955). Les spores Paldonlol. 26: 112-137. et les grains de pollen du vVealdien du Hainaut. POCOCK, S. A. J. (1962). Microfloral analysis and Mem. Soc. beige. Ceol. N.S. 4 (5)' 1-73. age determination of strata at the J urassic­ DIJKSTRA, S. J. (1949). Megaspores and some other Cretaceous boundary in the vVestrn Canada fossils from the Aechenian (Senonian) in South plains. Palaeontogr. IIIB: 1-95. Limburg, Netherlands. Meded. geol. Sticht. POTONIE, R. (1934). Zur Morphologie del' fossilen N.S. 3: 19-32. Pollen und Sporen. Arb. Inst. Paldobol., Berl. Idem (1951). "Tealden megaspores and their 4. 5-24. stratigraphical value. Ibid. N.S. 5: 7-21. Idem (1956). Synopsis del' Gattungen Spora.e dis­ DEV, S. (1961). The fossil flora of the Jabalpur persae Ted. I. Beih. Ceoi. lb. 23: 1-103. ~enes-3.~pores and pollengrains, Palaeo- Idem (1958). Synopsis der Gattungen del' Sporae botanist 8 43-56. dispersae Teil. 11. Ibid. 31: 1-114. FEISTMANTEL, O. (1876). 'Jurassic (Oolitic) flora Idem (1960). Synopsis del' Gattungen del' Sporae of Kutch '. Palaeont. Indica 2 (1). dispersae. Teil. III. Ibid. Jb. 39: 1-189. GRANT, C. \\l (1840). 'Memoir to illustrate a POTONIt, R. & KLAUS, W. (1954). Einige Sporen­ Geological Map of Cutch '. Trans. geol. Soc. gattungen des alpinen Salzgebirges. Ceoi. Jb. Land. Ser. 2, 2. 68: 517-544. HARRIS, T. 1\'1.(1926). The Rheatic flora of Scoresby POTONIE, R. & KREMP, G. (1954). Die Gattungen Sound, East Greenland. Medd. Cr

ROGALSIferns, Proc. Can-lb. phil. Soc. 1(,: _ Andigama, Ceylon. Spoha Zeylan. 27: 1-12. 384-388. Idem (1955). Plant microfossils from a Jurassic THO;lISON, P. W. & PFLUG. H. D. (1953). Pollen shale of Salt Range, West Punjab (Pakistan). und Sporen des mitteleneuropaischen TerWi.rs. Palaeobotanist 4: 60-71. Palaeontogr. 94B: 1-138. SAHNI, B. (1932). Palmoxylon mathw'i, a new VISHNU-MITTRE (1954). Petrified spores and pollen species of petrified palms, from Cutch, Western grains from the Jurassic rocks of Rajmahal Hills, India. Proc. Indian Sci. Cong. Bangalo"e 19: Bihar. Palae(lbotanist 3: 117-127. 322. WAAGEN. \\1. (1873-76). Jurassic fauna of Cutch SAHNI. B. & SlTHOLEY, R. V. (1945). Somc Meso­ Cephalopoda. Palaeont. Indica 1. zoic Ferns from the Salt Range, Punjab. Proc. WYNNE. 1\. B. (1869). Preliminary notes on Nat. Acad. Sci. india 15 (3): 61-73. Geology of Cutch. Rec. geo!. Suru. India SCHOPF, J. lVl. (1938). Spores from the Herrin 2 (3). (No.6) coal bed in Illinois. illinois Geo!. Surv. Idem (1872). Geology of Cutch. Mem. geo!. Surv. Rept. [l'lv. 50: 1-55. India 9 (1).

EXPLANATION OF PLATES (All photomicrographs magnified x 500, unless otherwise stated)

PLATE 1 27. Osmundacidites cf. wellmanii Coup.; Fig. 27, SI. No. 1656. 1. Deltoidospo'ra pseudoreticulata sp. nov.; Fig. 1, 28, 29. O. indicus sp. nov.; Fig, 28, S1. No. 1793; S1. No. 1626. Fig. 29, SI. No. 1610. 2, 3. Cya-thidites australis Coup.; Fig. 2, S1. No. 30. Baculatispo"I:les comaumclI:;is (Cooks.) Pot.; 1607; Fig. 3, S1. No. 1607. Fig. 30. S1. No. 1610. 4, 5. C. mino'· Coup.; Fig. 4, S1. No. 1782; Fig. 5, 31-33. Bacu/l'iletes cutchensis sp. nov., Fig. 31 x S1. No. 1783. 100, Fig. 32 x 150, Fig. 33 X 50. Figs.. 31-32, 6, 7. C. pseudopunctatus sp. nov.; Fig. 6, S1. No. 51. No. 1717; Fig. 33, SI. No. 1726. 1780; Fig. 7, S1. No. 178l. 8, 9. C. cutchensis sp. nov.; Fig. 8, S1. No. 1784; Fig. 9, S1. No. 1783, PL.UE 3 10,11. C. grandis sp. nov.; Fig. 10. S1. No. 1785; Fig. 11, S1. No. 1786, 34, 35. Baculr-iletes dijkstrae sp. nov. )< 50; 12, 13. C. glntne'l'iens'is sp. nov.; Fig. 12, S1. No. Fig. 34, SI. No. 1722. 1787; Fig. 13, SI. No. 1787. 36. Baculareliculospol'is cutchensis gen. et sp. nov.; Fig. 36, SI. No. 1594. 37. Horstispo"ites cr. j'et-iculijerus (Dijk.) Pot. PLATE 2 x 100; Fig. 37, SI. No. 1682. 38. H. sp. A. X 50; Fig. 38, SI. No. 1734. 14, 15. Alsophilidites densus sp. nov.; Fig. 14, 39, 40. Lycopodilllllspol'ites tral/JnbaueJtsis sp. SI. No. 1789; Fig. 15,51. No. 1790. nov.; Fig. 39, S1. No. 1794; Fig. 40, SI. No. 1645. 16-18. Gleicheniidites indicus sp. nov.; Figs. 16-18, S1. No. 1792. 19. COllcavisporites cutchensis sp. nov.; Fig. 19, PLATE 4 S1. No. 1791. 20a. C. cf. punctatus Delc. & Sprum.; Fig. 20a, 41. Erlansollispo"ites cr. erlct1/souii (Miner) Pot. SI. No. 1595. x 50; Fig. 41, S1. No. 168l. 20b. Matonisporites sp.; Fig. 20, S1. No. 1604. 42. I schyosporiles cratel'is Balme; Fig. 42, S1. No. 21. Trileites sp. A. )< 50; Fig. 21, S1. No. 1710. 1655. 22. T. sp. B. X 100; Fig. 22, SI. No. 1682. 43. Contignisporites jornicC/lus Dettm.; Fig. 43, 23, 24. Lycopodiaci,d'ites minor sp. nov.; Figs. S1. No. 1608. 23-24, SI. No. 1613. 44, 45. C. cooksonii (Balme) Dettm.; Fig. 44, 25. Verrut"iletes sp. A. X 50; Fig. 25, S1. No. S1. No. 1613; Fig. 45, SI No. 1610. 1729. 46. Trilobosporiles tl'io'reticutoslls Cooks. & Dettm.; 26. Lopho/1·iletes sp.; Fig. 26, SI. No, 1600. Fig. 46, SI. No. 1592 306 THE PALAEOBOTANI5T

47, 48. T. apiverrucatus Coup.; Fig. 47, 51. No. 90, 93. Callialasporites trilobatus (Balme) Dev; 1620; Fig. 48, 51. No. 1623. Fig. 90. 51. No. 1618; Fig. 93, 51. No. 1801. • 49, 50. Valvisisporites minor. sp. nov. X 50; 91. C. dampieri (Balme) Dev; Fig. 91, 51. No. Fig. 49, 51. No. 1692; Fig. 50, 51. No. 1703. 1800. 51. Boseisporites praeclarus (Dev) emend.; Fig. 51, 92. C. segmentatus (Balme) 5riv. Fig. 92, 51. No. 51. No. 1592. 1801. 52, 53. ? Cyatheacidites venucosus sp. nov.; Fig. 94. C. rimalis sp. nov.; Fig. 94, 51. No. 1788. 52, 51. No. 1621- 95, 96. C. triletus sp. nov.; Fig. 95, 51. No. 1802; 54. ? C. granulosus sp. nov.; Fig. 54, 51. No. 1621. Fig. 96, 51. No. 1803. 55, 56. Staplinisporites caminus (Pocock) Balme; Fig. 55,51. No. 1606; Fig. 56, 51. No. 1607. 57. Densoisporites mesozoicus sp. nov., Fig. 57, PLATE 8 51. No. 1618. 97. Pityospo'rites sp.; Fig. 97, 51. No. 1609. 98. Platysaccus sp.; Fig. 98, 51. No. 1775. PLATE 5 99. Podocarpidites sp.; Fig. 99, 51. No. 1629. 100, 101. P. elliptictts (Cooks.) Pot.; Fig. 100, 58. De1tsoisporites sp.; Fig. 58, 51. No. 1598. 51. No. 1804; Fig. 101, 51. No. 1788. 59a-b. Megaspore sp. A. X 50; Fig. 59, 51. No. 102-104. P. rams sp. nov.; Fig. 102, 51. No. 1629; 1723. Fig. 103, 51. No. 1805; Fig. 104, 51. No. 1806. 60. A equit1'iradites indicus sp. nov.; Fig. 63, 105, 106. P. majo/' Coup.; Fig. 105, 51. No. 1791; 51. No. 1621. Fig. 106, 51. No. 1788. 61, 62. Umiaspora bosei gen. et sp. nov. X 50; 107. Microcachrydites anlarclicus Cooks.; Fig. 107, Fig. 61, 51. No. 1750; Fig. 62, 51. No. 1750. 51. No. 1593. 63, 64. Minerisporites cutchensis sp. nov. X 50; 108. Podosporites micropleris (Cooks. & Pike) Figs. 63-64, 51. No. 1744. Balme; Fig. 108, 51. No. 1789. 65. iVI. auriculatus sp. nov. X 50; Fig. 65, 51. No. 109, 110. P. raoi sp. nov.; Fig. 109,51. No. 1807; 1753. Fig. 110, 51. No. 1797. 66-68. lvI. mesosporeoides sp. nov. X 50; Figs. 111, 112. Laricoidites indicus sp. nov.; Fig. 111, 66-68, 51. No. 1668. 51. No. 1809; Fig. 112, 51. No. 1808. 69-71. Auriculozonospora reticulata gen. et sp. nov. 113. A raucariacites australis Cooks.; Fig. 113, 51. X 50; Fig. 69, 51. No. 1705; Fig. 70, 51. No. 1707; No. 1810. Fig. 71, 51. No. 1727. 72. Thomsonia cf. reticulata Madler X 50; Fig. 72, 51. No. 1707. PLATE 9 73, 74. T. cutchensis sp. nov. X 50; Fig. 73, 51. No. 1683; Fig. 74, 51. No. 114-116. A 1'aucariaciles ghuneriensis sp. nov. ; Fig. 114, 51. No. 1811; Fig. 115,51. No. 1800; Fig. 116, 51. No. 1785. PLATE 6 117, 118. A. cooksonii sp. nov.; Figs. 117-118, 51. No. 1812. 75, 76. Dijkslraisporites jiliJormis sp. nov. X 50; 119-121. Schizosporis 'reticulatus Cooks. & Dettm.; Fig. 75., 51. No. 1700; Fig. 76, 51. No. 1747. Fig. 119,51. No. 1798; Figs. 120-121, 51. No. 1649. 77, 78. Crassimonoletes surangei gen. et sp. nov.; Fig. 77, 51. No. 1789; Fig. 78, 51. No. 1795. 79, 80. C. minor sp. nov.; Fig. 79, 51. No. 1780; PLATE 10 Fig. 80, 51. No. 1808. 81, 82. Monolites intragranulosus sp. nov.; Fig. 122. Schizosporis reticulatus Cooks. & Dettm.; 81, 51. No. 1780; Fig. 82, 51. No. 1796. Fig. 122, 51. No. 1813. 83. Leschikisporis indictts sp. nov.; Fig. 83, 51. 123-125. S. rugulatus Cooks. & Dettm.; Fig. 123, No. 1797. . 51. No. 1814; Fig. 124,51. No. 1815; Fig. 125, 51. No. 84. Saccarisporites lurzeri Dev ;< 100; Fig. 84, 1655. 51. No. 1715. 126. Baculareticulosporis culchensis gen. et sp. nov.; Fig. 126, 51. No. 1591- 127-129. Schizosporis vermiculalus sp. nov.; Figs. PLATE 7 127-129, 51. No. 1685. 130, 131. Cycadopites sp. A.; Fig. 130, 51. No. 85, 86. Aequil·riradites triangulatus sp. nov.; Fig. 1608; Fig. 131, 51. No. 1610.. 85,51. No. 1795; Fig. 86,51. No. 1799. 132, 133. C. sp. B.; Fig. 132, 51. No. 1610; 87, 88. A. Jusus sp. nov.; Fig. 87, 51. No. 1818; Fig. 133, 51. No. 1607. Fig. 88, 51. No. 1819. 134-135. Classopollis torosus (Reiss.) Coup.; Fig. 89. EnzonalspOl'ites sp.; Fig. 89, 51. No. 1602. 134,51. No. 1817; Fig. 135,51. No. 1802.

ADDENDUM

The monograph entitled "Upper Mesozoic microfloras from south-eastern Australia" by M. E. Dettmann (1963, Proc. roy. Soc. Viet. 77 pt. 1) was published after this paper had been completed. How­ ever, an attempt has been made to refer to the above work in the text. At the moment, the present authors opine to retain Boseisporites and Callialasporites as distinct genera from iVlatonisporites and Tsugaepollenites respectiYely as they require discussion. :r: <.) Z H if)

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