Critical Review of Research on the Lower Jurassic Flora of Poland

Home , Pecopteris, Phlebopteris, Sphenopteris

Acta Palaeobotanica 53(2): 141–163, 2013 DOI: 10.2478/acpa-2013-0015

Critical review of research on the Lower Jurassic flora of Poland

GRZEGORZ PACYNA

Department of Palaeobotany and Palaeoherbarium, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Received 7 October 2013; accepted for publication 5 December 2013

ABSTRACT. The Lower Jurassic plant macrofossils of Poland are poorly known. Relatively rich sources of fossils are found in only a few outcrops in the Holy Cross Mountains. Other described plant remains come from drill cores taken from most areas of Poland, but as a rule these are single specimens. The only professional descriptions of Lower Jurassic macroflora are papers by Raciborski, Makarewiczówna, and a team of researchers consisting of Reymanówna, Barbacka, Ziaja, and Wcisło-Luraniec. Raciborski’s fossil collection is still available for research and revision. Such work is in progress. The collection described by Makarewiczówna contained many interesting specimens but unfortunately the majority of them are now missing. Stratigraphic research by geologists has provided some new specimens from drill cores and outcrops in the Holy Cross Mountains but these have not been subjected to detailed palaeobotanical analysis. The palynology of the Lower Jurassic was focused on biostratigraphy from the outset of that research. As an outcome it provided spore-pollen and megaspore zonations for Lower Jurassic strata in Poland. The Polish Lower Jurassic flora is comprised of ferns (very numerous), lycopsids, sphenopsids, cycadaleans, bennettitaleans, gnetaleans, ginkgoaleans, and conifers. This flora is taxonomically poorer than the equally old and geographically close floras of Denmark, Sweden, and Germany. Macrofloristic data have been used by geologists as an important source of information for assessing the age of Lower Jurassic formations, particularly in the Holy Cross Mountains. Hence the need for the old collections to be taxonomically revised and for new material from outcrops and drill cores to be examined and described.

KEYWORDS: fossil plants, biostratigraphy, Thaumatopteris zone, Lower Jurassic, Poland

INTRODUCTION

Plant remains from Polish Lower Juras- Piotrowski et al. 2004), but also because of sic strata have been known since early in the gaps in research, which are becoming increas- 19th century (Pusch 1833, 1837, Reymanówna ingly evident as new data appear. The major- 1963a, Reymanówna et al. 1987) but there are ity of localities with preserved Lower Jurassic few professional papers on them (Raciborski floras are in the Holy Cross Mountains area 1891a, b, 1892a, b, Makarewiczówna 1928, (Siemiradzki 1891, Samsonowicz 1924, 1929, Ziaja 2006, Barbacka et al. 2010). Data gath- Passendorfer 1939, Karaszewski 1960, 1962, ered so far indicate that the taxonomic composi- Karaszewski & Kopik 1970, Pieńkowski 1983, tion of these floras is similar to same-age floras 1985, 1991, 2004a, Reymanówna et al. 1987). from neighbouring Germany, Denmark, and Rich dinosaur track assemblages have recently Sweden (Schenk 1867, Nathorst 1878, Möller been discovered in localities where plant macro- 1902, Gothan 1914, Antevs 1919, Lundblad fossils had been described previously, and also in 1950, Weber 1968, Pott & McLoughlin 2011). new localities (Karaszewski 1969, Pieńkowski The Polish floras are much poorer taxonomi- & Gierliński 1987, Gierliński 1991, 1995, 1999, cally, however (Tabs 1–7), probably because in Gierliński & Pieńkowski 1999, Gierliński Poland there are fewer accessible outcrops to et al. 2001, Niedźwiedzki & Niedźwiedzki study (Znosko 1955, Marek & Pajchlowa 1997, 2001, 2004, Niedźwiedzki & Pieńkowski 2004, 142

Gierliński & Niedźwiedzki 2005, Pieńkowski Raciborski (1891a, b, 1892a, b) wrote the 2006, Niedźwiedzki & Remin 2008). As a result most important papers on the Lower Juras- of these discoveries there is growing interest in sic flora of the Holy Cross Mountains. He new research and a greater understanding of the described plant remains from some localities need to revise old collections. These new data which still today are universally recognised will supplement our knowledge of Lower Juras- as the most important ones in Polish Lower sic ecosystems, one of the first to be dominated Jurassic stratigraphy. He correctly identi- by dinosaurs. In biostratigraphy these floras fied the fossil assemblage from Gromadzice are useful for estimating the age of nonmarine as belonging to the Thaumatopteris schenki sequences of Lower Jurassic deposits not bear- zone (then referred to as Rhaetian). How- ing other fossils. The lowermost Jurassic floras ever, he erroneously assigned the flora from are well represented in Poland. Data about the Chmielów locality to this zone, although these floras could be useful in discussions of the to this day the precise stratigraphic position Triassic-Jurassic extinction and the revival of of this flora has not been settled (Karaszewski floras after this extinction. Polish Lower Juras- 1965). Raciborski established the new genus sic floras can also provide important new bio- of gymnospermous male strobili Ixostrobus, geographic data. Findings of numerous north- then recognised in many floras around the ern Asian floral taxa in the Polish floras of this world (Raciborski 1892a, b, Harris & Miller period suggest that Poland was then a place 1974, Wcisło-Luraniec 1992c, Wcisło-Luraniec through which northern taxa migrated from & Barbacka 2000, Taylor et al. 2009, Pacyna Asia to Europe during cooler climatic episodes & Zdebska 2011b). (Vakhrameev 1991). Many new fossil plant specimens were col- lected by geologists during prospecting in the Holy Cross Mountains in the early 20th century. MAIN RESULTS OF PREVIOUS These were found at the localities described by RESEARCH ON POLISH LOWER Raciborski (1891a, b, 1892a, b) but also at many JURASSIC PLANT FOSSILS new sites (Samsonowicz 1929). Makarewic- AND FUTURE PROSPECTS zówna (1928) described these new collections in an extensive paper. She also revised the collec- Schneider (1829) was the first to note plant tion described by Raciborski; this was needed fossils in the Polish Lower Jurassic. Pusch owing to progress in studies of Europe’s Lower (1833, 1837) gave the first descriptions and Jurassic floras. Stratigraphic research on the illustrations of Polish Lower Jurassic plants. Triassic-Jurassic boundary in Europe pro- He determined Pecopteris angustissima?, Neu- gressed considerably during this time. Makare- ropteris scheuchzeri, and Cycadites nilsonii, wiczówna (1928) correctly assigned layers but only illustrated specimens of Pecopteris bearing plant fossils to the Lower Jurassic. angustissima? (Pusch 1837). Pusch found these The collection she described contained many specimens in the Kamienna river valley in the specimens and was of high scientific value. It Holy Cross Mountains area. Raciborski (1891a) was divided between Vilnius (Stefan Batory and Samsonowicz (1929) attempted to revise University collection – the majority of speci- Pusch’s specimens, both recognizing his deter- mens), Warsaw (the Geological Survey), and minations as incorrect, but differed in their Kraków (Jagiellonian University). The current opinions as to their species affiliation. Raci- whereabouts of these collections is not known. borski was not able to examine Pusch’s speci- A few specimens thought to have been saved by mens. Samsonowicz, who personally examined Makarewiczówna in Kraków have been found them, was a trained geologist but not a palaeo- recently (author’s unpublished data). botanist. The Pusch collection was destroyed While seeking and documenting iron ores in during the Second World War (Bieda 1948). the Przysucha Ore-bearing Formation, Kuźniar Some descriptions and illustrations of Lower found specimens of flora (Kuźniar 1923, 1924, Jurassic plants from the Holy Cross Moun- 1943). In his brief geological reports he listed tains are to be found in Siemiradzki’s papers only plant taxonomic determinations, without (Siemiradzki 1887, Siemiradzki & Dunikowski descriptions or illustrations. The new taxa he 1891), but these specimens were few and badly proposed are invalid (for example, Bennettites preserved. Raciborskii n. sp. Kuźniar 1924). 143

Fig. 1. Macrofossil and selected microfossil plant localities from the Polish Lower Jurassic. 1 – Kamień Pomorski IG 1 borehole, 2 – Mechowo IG 1 borehole, 3 – Borzynowo IG 1 borehole near Elbląg, 4 – Wielichowo I borehole, 5 – Studzianna borehole, 6 – Marcinkowo near Przedbórz, 7 – Mroczków-Rozwady, 8 – Dźwiertnia near Niekłań, 9 – Chlewiska area (Łazienki and Łopata mines), 10 – Huta OP-1 borehole, 11 – Odrowąż (Sołtyków), 12 – Skarżysko-Kamienna area (Barwinek, Szydłowiec, Śmiłów, Ubyszów), 13 – Brody, 14 – Chmielów, 15 – Mnichów, 16 – Jędrzejowice, 17 – Podszkodzie, 18 – Szewna, 19 – Miłków, 20 – Gromadzice, 21 – Ruda Kościelna, 22 – Wyszmontów borehole, 23 – Lublin Coal Basin (borehole L-95 and others near Łęczna), 24 – Gorzów Śląski-Praszka, 25 – Zawiercie area (Blanowice, Siewierz, Zawiercie), 26 – Tychy-Szubin

Later work led by geologists in the Holy analysis to examine this flora for the first time Cross Mountains after the Second World War in Poland, but unfortunately the results of her provided new plant specimens from drill cores research were never published, apart from a list and outcrops but these were only superficially of determined taxa (Grabowska et al. 1970). determined and were not subjected to detailed Lower Jurassic (Upper Pliensbachian) strata palaeobotanical analysis. also outcrop in the Zawiercie area (Upper Sile- Interest in these floras as biostratigraphi- sia). Coal seams of economic value in these cally useful sources of information revived strata were mined during the 19th and early during detailed geological analyses of Lower 20th centuries (Pusch 1836, Roemer 1870, Lilpop Jurassic deposits in the Holy Cross Moun- 1917, Pieńkowski 1988). During an examination tains led mainly by Karaszewski (Karaszewski of coal geology, Rutkowski (1923) found only 1960, 1962, 1965, Karaszewski & Kopik 1970). three specimens of plants on waste heaps there. In the Polish Geological Institute an attempt These specimens, never properly described or to resume research on Lower Jurassic plants illustrated, came from shale above the coal failed; Grabowska (1962, 1963) used cuticular seam. He also noted plant detritus and coalified 144 wood fragments. According to information from Jurassic were outlined based on palynology, miners, fossil plant specimens were discovered but the relations between the palynological only rarely during coal extraction. Later, Rogal- data and the described plant macroremains ska (1954) described spores and pollen grains have not been well studied. Only Ziaja (1989, isolated from coal, and Domagała and Kołcon 2006) has undertaken to analyse such a cor- (1983) attempted to reconstruct bog plant com- relation, for the Odrowąż locality. Early diffi- munities based on palynological data. culties in establishing palynological nomencla- Grabowska et al. (1970) collated all the data ture meant that palynomorphs were referred on Lower Jurassic plant macrofossil determi- to parent plants (if found in situ) or even to nations from Poland up to 1970. Some of the extant genera and species of plants (Rogalska determinations cited in that paper resulted 1954, 1956, 1962, 1976). As a result, the Polish from misinterpretation of the work of Harris palaeobotanical literature contains determina- (Harris 1931, 1935, 1961), so that publication tions of macrofloral remains which in fact refer should be used with caution when drawing to microremains. This has caused additional conclusions about the taxonomic composition confusion. of the floras of the Polish Lower Jurassic. The discovery in the 1970s of a locality Well-preserved remains of Lower Jurassic in Odrowąż provided new impetus and new plants were discovered in drill cores taken to opportunities for a modern examination of the document Carboniferous coal deposits in the Lower Jurassic flora (Karaszewski & Kopik Lublin Coal Basin. These specimens were only 1970, Karaszewski 1975, Krassilov 1982, preliminarily described by Szydeł and Szydeł Ichas-Ziaja 1987, Wcisło-Luraniec 1987, Rey- (1981) and Migier (1978), but if properly docu- manówna 1987, Reymanówna et al. 1987, mented these finds could yield interesting new Ziaja 2001a, b, 2004). Numerous dinosaur data about the Lower Jurassic flora of Poland tracks were found there, further increasing (Tabs 1–4). interest and research at that site (Pieńkowski Palynological research on Lower Jurassic & Gierliński 1987, Gierliński 1991, 1994, strata in Poland has intensified since the Gierliński & Sawicki 1998, Gierliński 1950s (Rogalska 1954, 1956, 1962, 1976, 1980, & Pieńkowski 1999, Gierliński et al. 2001, Znosko 1955, Marcinkiewicz 1957, 1960, 1962, 2004, Niedźwiedzki & Niedźwiedzki 2001, 1967, 1971, 1980, 1989, Orłowska-Zwolińska 2004, Pieńkowski 2004b, 2008, Niedźwiedzki 1966, 1967, Marcinkiewicz et al. 1960, 2006). Today it is a nature reserve and Fijałkowska 1989, Ziaja 2006, Ziaja & Krupnik the fossil assemblage is the best-known 2010). This has been the result of an inten- Lower Jurassic ecosystem in the Holy Cross sive drilling programme serving to document Mountains (Gierliński et al. 2000, 2004, the geology of Poland. Palynological research Pieńkowski 2004b, Niedźwiedzki 2011). In became especially useful for age determina- Odrowąż (Sołtyków in the palaeozoological tion of nonmarine sediment sequences devoid literature), dinosaur tracks, dinosaur nests, of other index fossils. Marcinkiewicz (1971, and invertebrate fossils and tracks have been 1980) and Rogalska (1976, 1980) attempted to found (Pieńkowski 1998, 1999, Popov 1996, use spores, pollen grains and megaspores to Węgierek & Zherikhin 1997, Pieńkowski determine the stratigraphy of Lower Jurassic & Niedźwiedzki 2009). The diversified flora strata. The first task here was to identify the of this site comprises lycopsids, sphenop- Triassic-Jurassic boundary in nonmarine sedi- sids, ferns, seed ferns, cycadaleans, ben- ments (Orłowska-Zwolińska 1967, Marcinkie- nettitaleans, gnetaleans, ginkgoaleans, and wicz 1962, 1969). Jung’s assignment of the conifers (Reymanówna 1987, 1991a, b, 1992, first appearance of the Nathorstisporites hop- 1993, Ziaja 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2004, liticus megaspore as the marker of the begin- Wcisło-Luraniec 1989, 1991a, b, 1992a, b, ning of the Lower Jurassic Period in nonma- 1993, 2001, Ziaja & Wcisło-Luraniec 1998, rine strata was of crucial importance in this 1999). The plant fossils derive from a number (Nathorst 1908, Jung 1958, Marcinkiewicz of ecologically distinct plant communities and 1969). All these studies provided spore-pollen represent forms ranging from herbs to bushes grains and megaspore zonations for Lower and low trees (Barbacka et al. 2005, 2006a, Jurassic strata in Poland (Tab. 6). The succes- 2010). Almost all the organs of the conifer- sion and evolution of floras in the Polish Lower ous tree Hirmeriella muensteri have been 145 found in Odrowąż: especially well preserved THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PLANT shoots, seed scales and male cones with pollen FOSSILS IN THE STRATIGRAPHY grains in situ (Barbacka et al. 2006b, 2007). OF THE LOWER JURASSIC (LIASSIC) Most cuticles from Odrowąż are not suitable IN POLAND for standard maceration in Schulze mixture but have been successfully examined by fluo- The first papers on the flora from the Polish rescence microscopy (Barbacka et al. 2010). Lower Jurassic (Raciborski 1891a, b 1892a, b, One of the main achievements of that lat- Makarewiczówna 1928) emphasised the impor- ter work is the recognition, based on cuticle tance of assessing the age of described floras structure, that some lanceolate leaves very and their application in biostratigraphy. The frequent in the Hettangian strata of the Holy macrofloristic zonation of the Triassic-Jurassic Cross Mountains and already known to Pusch boundary strata proposed by Nathorst (1910) (he described them as grass-like) and later and developed by Harris (1931, 1937) was cru- described as Podozamites (Raciborski 1891a, cial in determining the age of Polish Lower b, 1892a, b, Wcisło-Luraniec 1992a) are in Jurassic floras. According to this zonation, the fact fragments of bennetittalean leaves from first appearance of Thaumatopteris schenki the genus Pterophyllum. marks the beginning of the Jurassic. Raci- Some undeterminable Lower Jurassic plant borski found well preserved specimens of this remains from the Holy Cross Mountains have species in Gromadzice (Raciborski 1892a, b). been described and illustrated by Karaszewski Identification of this species in Polish Lower (1962), Gierliński et al. (2006), and Pieńkowski Jurassic strata served as support for the pro- (2006). Some plant macrofossils have also been posed stratigraphical divisions of early Meso- found in drill cores from almost everywhere in zoic nonmarine strata in the Holy Cross Moun- Poland (Barbacka et al. 2009, Ociepa et al. tains and Poland as a whole (Karaszewski 2010). Marcinkiewicz (1973) described ben- 1960, 1962, 1965, Karaszewski & Kopik 1970), nettitalean leaves. Wcisło-Luraniec and Ichas- but Schweitzer’s (1978) research on the genus Ziaja (1990) described isolated seeds probably Thaumatopteris questioned the stratigraphi- belonging to seed ferns. cal importance of the species Thaumatopteris Intensive research on plant remains from schenki. Based on specimens from Iran and drill cores is in progress at present (Pieńkowski Afghanistan and the specimens from the type & Waksmundzka 2003, 2009, Barbacka et al. locality, Schweitzer asserted that Thaumatop- 2011, Krupnik et al. 2011, Pieńkowski et al. teris schenki fell within the morphological vari- 2012). Interesting new specimens are being ability of Thaumatopteris brauniana. Schweizer gathered from old localities known long also questioned the diagnostic value of the fea- ago to Raciborski, in particular the Gro- tures Nathorst (1878, 1907) and Harris (1931, madzice site (Gierliński & Pieńkowski 1999, 1937) used to distinguish these species. He Gierliński & Niedźwiedzki 2005, Pieńkowski also found specimens showing morphological 2006, Marynowski & Simoneit 2009, Zatoń features intermediate between these species. et al. 2009, Pacyna & Zdebska 2011 b). Pre- Schweizer proposed that the species Thauma- liminary data suggest that these will pro- topteris schenki and T. brauniana merely rep- vide much new information related to the resented certain boundaries for the variability taxonomic composition and palaeoecology of and states of preservation of a single species. Lower Jurassic floras. The Raciborski collec- Since T. brauniana is known from the Rhaetian tion is now under revision (Wcisło-Luraniec to the Pliensbachian, the stratigraphical value 1992c, Wcisło-Luraniec & Barbacka 2000, of the Thaumatopteris schenki zone is very low. Pacyna & Zdebska 2011a, b). The discovery The synonymy of T. brauniana and T. schenki of dinosaur tracks in the Holy Cross Moun- was confirmed by Barbacka using material from tains, especially in locations where plant the Lower Jurassic of the Mecsek Mountains in remains were described earlier, has boosted Hungary (Barbacka personal comm. 2013) and new research on this flora (Pieńkowski 2006). Romania (Popa et al. 2003). Popa (1999) and Full reconstructions of ecosystems are now Popa et al. (2003) renamed the Thaumatopteris possible for many localities (Niedźwiedzki schenki zone the T. brauniana assemblage zone, 2011). Research on plant-animal interactions and he recognised this zone in the Hettang- is promising (Pacyna & Zdebska 2011a). ian strata of the Southern Carpathians. The 146

Table 1. Lower Jurassic lycopsids, sphenopsids and ferns described so far from Poland. Explanation of symbols used in tables 1–4: * – papers in which a given taxon is illustrated, ^ – papers in which a given taxon has been described as new for science based on specimens from Poland

Taxon, selected synonyms Location Horizon, age References, comments Cladophlebis denticulata (Brong- Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928, Harris 1961 niart 1828) Fontaine 1889 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- (according to him specimens need fur- Lower Pliensbachian ther study for reliable determination) Cladophlebis haiburnensis (Lind- Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928*, Harris 1961 ley & Hutton 1836) Brongniart 1849 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- (noted that the specimen illustrated Lower Pliensbachian by Makarewiczówna is an undeterminable fragment) Cladophlebis sp. Studzianna borehole Ostrowiec Formation; Ociepa et al. 2010 (Holy Cross Mts.) Sinemurian Clathropteris meniscoides (Brong- Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* niart 1824) Brongniart 1828 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Dictyophyllum acutilobum Podszkodzie Zagaje Formation; Samsonowicz 1929 (Braun 1847) Schenk 1867 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Łazienki mine – Przysucha Ore-bear- Kuźniar 1924, 1943 Chlewiska area ing Formation; Upper (Holy Cross Mts.) Hettangian Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Dictyophyllum aff. dunkeri Nath- Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1892a*, b, Karaszewski orst 1878 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian 1965 (as Dictyophyllum dunkeri) Dictyophyllum exile (Brauns 1866) Dźwiertnia near Przysucha Ore-bear- Kuźniar 1923 Nathorst 1878 Niekłań ing Formation; Upper (Holy Cross Mts.) Hettangian Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a*, b (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Dictyophyllum nilssoni (Brongni- Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, b, Pacyna art 1836) Goeppert 1846 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian & Zdebska 2011a* Dictyophyllum (?) rydzewskii Szewna Skłoby Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928^* Pterophy- Makarewiczówna 1928 (Holy Cross Mts.) Middle Hettangian tina, species need revision Dictyophyllum an nova spec.? Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1892a*, b (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Dictyophyllum Lindley & Hutton Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Ziaja 2006 1834 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Dictyophyllum sp. Equisetites muensteri Sternberg Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, b, 1892a, b, Har- 1833 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian ris 1931 (=Equisetum Münsteri (Sternberg Miłków Skłoby Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, 1892a, Harris 1833) Schimper 1869) (Holy Cross Mts.) Middle Hettangian 1931 Equisetites Sternberg 1833 Barwinek near lower Zagaje Forma- Karaszewski 1962* Equisetites sp. Skarżysko-Kamienna tion; Lower Hettang- (Holy Cross Mts.) ian Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Ziaja 2006 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Ubyszów near upper Skłoby Forma- Karaszewski 1962* Skarżysko-Kamienna tion; Middle Hettang- (Holy Cross Mts.) ian Equisetum Linné 1753 Holy Cross Mts. Liassic Raciborski 1891a*, b (cone fragment) Equisetum sp. Kamień Pomorski IG Ostrowiec Formation; Pieńkowski 2004a* (rhizome in life 1 borehole Upper Hettangian position) Filicites Schlotheim 1820 Ostrowiec Lower Jurassic Raciborski 1891a* Filicites sp. Świętokrzyski area (Holy Cross Mts.) Goeppertella microloba (Schenk Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Ziaja 2006, Barbacka et al. 2010* 1867) Oishi and Yamasita (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian 1936 Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1892a*, b (as Woodward- (=Woodwardites microlobus Schenk (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian ites microlobus), Grabowska in Kara- 1867) szewski (1965), Grabowska et al. 1970 (as Göpertella microlobus) 147

Table 1. Continued

Taxon, selected synonyms Location Horizon, age References, comments Hausmania crenata (Nathorst Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* 1878) Möller 1902 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Hausmania forchhammeri Bar- Jędrzejowice Ostrowiec Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928* (listed by tholin 1892 (Holy Cross Mts.) Sinemurian Makarewiczówna as synonym of Dic- tyophyllum cracoviense Raciborski 1894, Harris (1961) listed this species as younger synonym of Hausma- nia dichotoma Dunker 1846) Marattiopsis muensteri (Goeppert Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, b, Harris 1931 1841) Schimper 1869 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian (Harris questioned correct species (=Marattia muensteri (Goeppert determination by Raciborski) 1841) Schimper 1879) Marattiopsis Schimper 1874 Szubin Lower Liassic Jentzsch (1918) Marattiopsis sp. (Upper Silesia) Neocalamites lehmannianus Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Siemiradzki 1887 (as Calamites (Goeppert 1846a) Weber 1968 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian lehamnnianus), Siemiradzki & Duni- (=Schizoneura hoerensis (Hisinger kowski 1891 (as Equisetum ungeri 1840) Schimper 1869) Ettingshausen 1851), Samsonowicz (=Neocalamites hoerensis (Schimper 1929 1869) Halle 1908 sensu Halle 1908) Huta OP-1 borehole Zagaje Formation; Barbacka et. al 2011 (as Neocalami- (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian tes sp.) Odrowąż Zagaje Fm., Lower Reymanówna et al. 1987, Wcisło- (Holy Cross Mts.) Hettangian Luraniec 1987, 1991a, b, 1992a*, 1993 (as Neocalamites sp. 1 & sp. 2), Gierliński et al. 2000*, 2004*, Pieńkowski 2006*, Ziaja 2006, Bar- backa et al. 2005, 2006b, 2010* Miłków Skłoby Formation; Raciborski 1892a*, b, Makarewi- (Holy Cross Mts.) Middle Hettangian czówna 1928 Podszkodzie Skłoby Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928 (Holy Cross Mts.) Middle Hettangian Dźwiertnia near Przysucha Ore-bear- Kuźniar 1923, 1943 (as Schizoneura Niekłań ing Formation; Upper hoerensis), Karaszewski & Kopik (Holy Cross Mts.) Hettangian 1970 Mnichów Przysucha Ore-bear- Raciborski 1891a*, Makarewiczówna (Holy Cross Mts.) ing Formation; Upper 1928 Hettangian Brody, Ruda Kościelna Liassic Makarewiczówna 1928 (Holy Cross Mts.) Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a*, b, Makarewi- (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- czówna 1928 Lower Pliensbachian Odrolepis liassica Barbacka Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Barbacka et al. 2010^* & Ziaja 2010 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Pecopteris concinna Muenster ex Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1892a*, b (as An Pecopte- Presl in Sterneberg 1838 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian ris concinna Presl 1838?) (=Rhinipteris concinna (Muenster ex Presl in Sterneberg 1838) Harris 1931) Phlebopteris angustiloba (Presl in Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Reymanówna et al. 1987, Wcisło- Sternberg 1838) Hirmer & Hörham- (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Luraniec 1991a, b, 1992a*, 1993, mer 1936 2001, Reymanówna 1993, Gierliński (=Laccopteris angustiloba (Presl in et al. 2000*, 2004*, Pieńkowski Sternberg 1838) Raciborski 1891) 2006*, Ziaja 2006, Barbacka et al. (=Gutbiera angustiloba Presl in 2005, 2010* Sternberg 1838) Huta OP-1 borehole Zagaje Formation; Barbacka et. al 2011 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, b, 1892a*, (as (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Laccopteris (Gutbiera) angustiloba), Harris 1931 Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a*, Harris 1931, (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Makarewiczówna 1928 (as Gutbiera Lower Pliensbachian angustiloba), Karaszewski 1960 148

Table 1. Continued

Taxon, selected synonyms Location Horizon, age References, comments Phlebopteris elegans (Presl in Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, b (as Laccopteris Sternberg 1838) Gothan and Wey- (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian elegans), Harris 1931 (Harris ques- land 1954 tioned correct species determination (=Laccopteris elegans Presl in Stern- by Raciborski), Laccopteris elegans berg 1838) Presl in Sternberg 1838 is nom. illegit., their type specimen is poorly preserved (Kvaček & Straková 1997) Szewna Skłoby Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928 (Holy Cross Mts.) Middle Hettangian Łazienki mine – Przysucha Ore-bear- Kuźniar 1924, 1943, Lilpop & Kosty Chlewiska area ing Formation; Upper niuk (1957) (they referred specimens (Holy Cross Mts.) Hettangian of Kuźniar to Phlebopteris brauni) Dźwiertnia near Przysucha Ore-bear- Kuźniar 1923 Niekłań ing Formation; Upper (Holy Cross Mts.) Hettangian Jędrzejowie Ostrowiec Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928 (Holy Cross Mts.) Sinemurian Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a*, b (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Siewierz and Zawier- Blanowice Formation; Rutkowski 1923 cie area, Wysoka Pliensbachian mine (Upper Silesia) Phlebopteris muensteri (Schenk Dźwiertnia near Przysucha Ore-bear- Kuźniar 1923, 1943 1867) Hirmer & Hoerhammer 1936 Niekłań ing Formation; Upper (=Laccopteris Münsteri Schenk 1867) (Holy Cross Mts.) Hettangian Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928*, Harris 1931 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- (as synonym of Laccopteris brauni Lower Pliensbachian Goeppert 1841) Protorhipis integrifolia Nathorst Siewierz and Zawier- Blanowice Formation; Rutkowski 1923, Rogalska 1954 (as 1879 cie area, Wysoka Pliensbachian Pecopteris integrifolia) (=Hausmania (Protorhipis) integri- mine (Upper Silesia) folia (Nathorst 1879) Ôishi & Yama- sita 1936) Rhizomopteris Schimper 1869 Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, b, Raciborski Rhizomopteris sp. (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian 1892a* (as Rhizomopteris schenkii Nathorst 1876, fern rhizomes) Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a* (fern rhizomes) (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Schizoneura Schimper & Mougeot Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, b, (species indeter- 1844 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian minate, probably Neocalamites sp.) Schizoneura (?) sp. Studzianna borehole Ostrowiec Formation; Ociepa et al. 2010 (Holy Cross Mts.) Sinemurian Sphenopteris (Brongniart 1822) Siewierz and Zawier- Blanowice Formation; Rutkowski 1923, Rogalska 1954 Sternberg 1825 cie area, Wysoka Pliensbachian Sphenopteris sp. mine (Upper Silesia) Spiropteris Schimper 1869 Holy Cross Mts. Liassic Raciborski 1891b Spiropteris sp. Thaumatopteris brauniana Popp Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Barbacka et al. 2010* 1863 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, b, 1892a*, b, (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Harris 1931 Thaumatopteris schenki Nathorst Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Gierliński et al. 2000*, Wcisło- 1878 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Luraniec 2001 (as Thaumatopteris sp.), Ziaja 2006 Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, b, 1892a*, b, (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Harris 1931 Todites princeps (Presl in Stern- Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Wcisło-Luraniec 1992a, 2001, Ziaja berg 1838) Gothan 1914 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian 2006, Barbacka et al. 2005, 2010* (=Todea princeps (Presl in Sternberg Huta OP-1 borehole Zagaje Formation; Barbacka et. al 2011 1838) Raciborski 1890) (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, b (as Todea prin- (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian ceps), Harris 1931 149

Table 1. Continued

Taxon, selected synonyms Location Horizon, age References, comments Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928 (Todites cf. (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- princeps) Lower Pliensbachian Todites princeps forma trilobata Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Barbacka et al. 2010^* Barbacka & Ziaja 2010 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Todites williamsoni (Brongniart Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a* (as Pecopteris sp. 1828) Seward 1900 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian – figure only), 1892a*, b (as Todea williamsonis), Harris 1931 (referred Raciborski’s specimens to Todites goeppertianus (Münster in Goeppert 1846) Krasser 1922)

Table 2. Lower Jurassic cycadaleans, bennettitaleans and gnetaleans described so far from Poland

Taxon, selected synonyms Location Horizon, age References, comments Allicospermum szaferi Wcisło-Lu- Borzynowo IG-1 bore- Liassic (?Pliensba- Wcisło-Luraniec & Ichas-Ziaja raniec & Ichas-Ziaja 1990 hole near Elbląg chian) 1990^* Probably Pteridospermopsida Anomozamites cf. gracilis Borehole L-95 near Liassic Szydeł & Szydeł 1981 Nathorst 1876 Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin) Bennettites Raciborskii Kuźniar Łopata mine – Przysucha Ore-bear- Kuźniar 1924, 1943 (Originally 1924 Chlewiska area ing Formation; Upper stated as Cycadales, nomen (Holy Cross Mts.) Hettangian nudum; name Bennettites Car- ruthers 1870 was proposed for cycadophyte trunk) Carpolithes Schlotheim 1820 Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* (Specimens Carpolithes sp. (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- need revision) Lower Pliensbachian Caytonia Thomas 1925 Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Ziaja 2006 Caytonia sp. (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Lublin Coal Basin Liassic Migier 1978 Ctenis fallax Nathorst 1879 Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1892a*, b, Makarewi- (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- czówna 1928*, Karaszewski 1965, Lower Pliensbachian Grabowska et al. 1970 (as synonym of Ctenis nilssonii) Cycadites nilsonii Sternberg 1825 Holy Cross Mts. Liassic Pusch 1833, Raciborski 1891a (synonym of Nilssonia brevis Brongniart 1824) Lepidopteris ottonis (Goeppert Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a*, b (erroneous iden- 1836) Schimper 1869 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- tification), Makarewiczówna 1928, Lower Pliensbachian Pacyna & Zdebska 2011b Nilssonia acuminata (Presl in Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* Sternberg 1838) Schenk 1867 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Nilssonia elongata Brongniart 1828 Dźwiertnia near Przysucha Ore-bear- Kuźniar 1923, 1943, Karaszewski (=Nilssonia brevis f. elongata Niekłań ing Formation; Upper 1960, 1962 Brongniart 1828) (Holy Cross Mts.) Hettangian Nilssonia inouyei Yokoyama 1905 Podszkodzie Skłoby Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928 (Holy Cross Mts.) Middle Hettangian Nilssonia compta (Philips 1829) Borehole L-95 near Liassic Szydeł & Szydeł 1981 Bronn 1848 Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin) Nilssonia orientalis Heer 1878 Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928* (referred to (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian this species’ specimens determined by Raciborski (1892) as Taeniopteris tenuinervis) Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Borehole L-95 near Liassic Szydeł & Szydeł 1981 Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin) 150

Table 2. Continued

Taxon, selected synonyms Location Horizon, age References, comments Nilssonia orientalis var. minor Podszkodzie Skłoby Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928* Fontaine 1905 (Holy Cross Mts.) Middle Hettangian Nilssonia polymorpha Schenk North part of Holy Skłoby Formation; Karaszewski 1960, Grabowska et al. 1867 Cross Mts. Middle Hettangian 1970 Borehole L-95 near Liassic Szydeł & Szydeł 1981 Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin) Nilssonia simplex (Nathorst 1878) Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a*, b (as Ctenophyl- Makarewiczówna 1928 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- lum simplex), Makarewiczówna (=Ctenophyllum simplex (Nathorst Lower Pliensbachian 1928* 1978) Raciborski 1891) (=Pterophyllum? simplex Nathorst 1878) Nilssonia Brongniart 1825 Skarżysko-Kamienna lower Skłoby Forma- Karaszewski 1962* Nilssonia sp. area (Holy Cross Mts.) tion; Middle Hettangian Lublin Coal Basin Liassic Migier 1978 Nilssoniopteris major (Lindley Borehole L-95 near Liassic Szydeł & Szydeł 1981* & Hutton 1833) Florin 1933 Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin) Nilssoniopteris vittata Borehole L-95 and Liassic Migier 1978, Szydeł & Szydeł 1981* (Brongniart 1828) Florin 1933 others near Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin) Otozamites beani (Lindley Borehole L-95 near Liassic Szydeł & Szydeł 1981 & Hutton 1832) Brongniart 1849 Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin) Otozamites brevifolius Braun in Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Reymanówna et al. 1987, Wcisło- Muenster 1843 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Luraniec 1987, 1991a, b, 1992a*, 1993, 2001 (as Otozamites sp.), Ziaja 1991, 2006, Barbacka et al. 2006a, 2010* Otozamites falsus Harris 1949 Wyszmontów borehole Borucice Beds; Upper Marcinkiewicz 1973* (eastern margin of the Toarcian Holy Cross Mts.) Otozamites graphicus (Leckenby Borehole L-95 near Liassic Szydeł & Szydeł 1981* 1864) Phillips 1875 Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin) Pachypteris lanceolata Bron- Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Reymanówna et al. 1987, Wcisło-Lu- gniart 1828 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian raniec 1987, 1991a, b, 1992a, 1993, 2001, Gierliński et al. 2000* (as Pachypteris sp.), Ziaja 1991, 2006, Barbacka et al. 2006a, 2010* Lublin Coal Basin Liassic Migier 1978 Pachypteris rhomboidalis (Etting- Borehole L-95 near Liassic Szydeł & Szydeł 1981* hausen 1852) Doludenko 1974 Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin) ?Pachypteris sp. Studzianna borehole Ostrowiec Formation; Ociepa et al. 2010 (Holy Cross Mts.) Sinemurian Paracycas minuta Barbacka 2010 Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Barbacka et al. 2010^* (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Piroconites kuespertii Gothan Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Barbacka et al. 2010* 1914 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Pseudoctenis sp. Studzianna borehole Ostrowiec Formation; Ociepa et al. 2010 (Holy Cross Mts.) Sinemurian Pterophyllum alinae Barbacka Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Wcisło-Luraniec 1991a, b, 1992a (as 2010 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Pterophyllum sp.), Barbacka et al. 2006a, b, 2010^* Pterophyllum nathorsti Schenk Podszkodzie Skłoby Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928*, Grabowska 1883 (Holy Cross Mts.) Middle Hettangian et al. 1970 (as Nilssonia nathorstii and synonym of Pterophyllum sub- aequale) Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian 151

Table 2. Continued

Taxon, selected synonyms Location Horizon, age References, comments Pterophyllum polonicum Makare- Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928^* (species wiczówna 1928 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- need revision), Reymanówna 1963b Lower Pliensbachian (as synonym of Pterophyllum sub- aequale Hartz 1896), Barbacka et al. 2010 (as probable synonym of Ptero- phyllum alinae Barbacka 2010) Pterophyllum schenki Zeiller Wielichowo I borehole Wielichowo Beds; Orłowska-Zwolińska 1966* (isolated (1886) Zeiller 1903 (Western Poland) Lower Liassic cuticules) Pterophyllum Brongniart 1828 Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Reymanówna et al. 1987, Wcisło-Lu- Pterophyllum sp. (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian raniec 1991a, b, 1992a, 1993, 2001, Ziaja 1991, 2006 Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Borehole L-95 and Liassic Migier 1978, Szydeł & Szydeł 1981* others near Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin) Ptilophyllum pecten (Phillips Marcinkowo near Skłoby Formation; Passendorfer 1939, Karaszewski 1829) Morris 1841 Przedborze (north- Middle Hettangian 1960, Grabowska et al. 1970 (as west part of Holy Pityophyllum pecten) Cross Mts.) Sagenopteris nilssoniana Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928*, Harris 1964 (Brongniart 1824) Ward 1900 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian (noted that the specimen illustrated by Makarewiczówna probably also belongs to Sagenopteris phillipsi) Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928*. Synonym (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- of Sagenopteris acuminata Presl in Lower Pliensbachian Sternberg 1838 (Kvaček & Straková 1997) Sagenopteris phillipsi (Brongniart Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* (determina- 1830) Seward 1900 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- tion without cuticular analysis) Lower Pliensbachian Sagenopteris rhoifolia Presl in Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, b Synonym of Sternberg 1838 var. pusilla Braun (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Sagenopteris acuminata Presl in ex Schenk 1867 Sternberg 1838 (Kvaček & Straková 1997) Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a*, b (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Sagenopteris Presl in Sternberg Borehole L-95 near Liassic Szydeł & Szydeł 1981 1838 Łęczna Sagenopteris sp. (Lublin Coal Basin) Stenopteris Saporta 1872 Lublin Coal Basin Liassic Migier 1978 Stenopteris sp. Taeniopteris superba Brongniart Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Siemiradzki 1887*, Siemiradzki 1828 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian & Dunikowski 1891 Taeniopteris tenuinervis Brauns Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1892a*, b 1862 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Thinnfeldia Ettingshausen 1852 Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* Thinnfeldia sp. (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Weltrichia spectabilis (Nathorst Lublin Coal Basin Liassic Migier 1978 1909) Harris 1969

Table 3. Lower Jurassic ginkgoaleans described so far from Poland

Taxon, selected synonyms Location Horizon, age References, comments Baiera muensteriana (Presl in Łazienki mine – Przysucha Ore-bear- Kuźniar 1924, 1943, Karaszewski Sternberg 1838) Heer 1876 Chlewiska area (Holy ing Formation; Upper 1960, 1962 (=Jeanpaulia muensteriana (Presl in Cross Mts.) Hettangian Sternberg 1838) Schenk 1867) Baiera Braun 1843 Huta OP-1 borehole Zagaje Formation; Barbacka et. al 2011 Baiera sp. (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian 152

Table 2. Continued

Taxon, selected synonyms Location Horizon, age References, comments Baiera Braun 1843 Borehole L-95 near Liassic Szydeł & Szydeł 1981* Baiera sp. Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin) Czekanowskia nathorsti Harris North part of Holy Lower Liassic Grabowska 1962, 1963, Grabowska 1935 Cross Mts. et al. 1970 Czekanowskia rigida Heer 1876 Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a*, b, 1892a*, b, (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Makarewiczówna 1928*, Grabowska et al. 1970 (as synonym of Czeka- nowskia nathorsti Harris) Chmielów Chmielów Clays, Raciborski 1891a*, b, Makarewi- (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- czówna 1928* Lower Pliensbachian Czekanowskia setacea Heer 1876 North part of Holy Lower Liassic Grabowska 1962 Cross Mts. Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1892a*, b, Makarewi- (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- czówna 1928* Lower Pliensbachian Czekanowskia Heer 1876 North part of Holy Zagaje Formation; Karaszewski 1960, 1962 Czekanowskia sp. Cross Mts. Lower Hettangian; Przysucha Ore-bearing Formation; Upper Hettangian Ginkgo digitata (Brongniart 1828) Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* Heer 1876 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Ginkgo sibirica Heer 1876 Podszkodzie Skłoby Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928* (leaves and (=Ginkgoites sibiricus (Heer 1876) (Holy Cross Mts.) Middle Hettangian seeds) Seward 1919) Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* (leaves and (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- seeds) Lower Pliensbachian Ginkgo whitbiensis Nathorst 1880 North part of Holy Lower Liassic Grabowska 1962, Grabowska et al. ex Harris 1951 Cross Mts. 1970 (=Ginkgoites whitbiensis) Nathorst 1880) Seward 1900) Ginkgo aff. whittbyensis Nathorst Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891* (noted that his 1880 ex Harris 1951 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian material could belong to a new spe- (=Ginkgoites whittbyensis (Nathorst cies), Grabowska et al. 1970 cor- 1880) Seward 1900) rected Raciborski Ginkgo aff. whith- byensis as Ginkgo whitbiensis Ginkgo Linne 1771 Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* Ginkgo sp. (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Ginkgoites marginatus (Nathorst North part of Holy Lower Liassic Grabowska 1962, 1963, Grabowska 1878) Florin 1936 Cross Mts. et al. 1970 (referred to this species’ specimens determined by Makarewi- czówna (1928) as Ginkgo digitata and Ginkgo sibirica) Ginkgoites taeniatus (Braun 1843) Podszkodzie and other Skłoby Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928*, Grabowska Harris 1935 locations in north- Middle Hettangian; 1962, Grabowska et al. 1970 (as (=Baiera taeniata Braun 1843) eastern part of Holy Liassic Ginkgoites taeniatus), Karaszewski Cross Mts. 1965, Karaszewski & Kopik 1970 Ginkgoites Seward 1919 North part of Holy Zagaje Formation; Karaszewski 1960 Ginkgoites sp. Cross Mts. Lower Hettangian Ixostrobus siemiradzkii (Racibor- Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1891a^* (description in ski 1891) Raciborski 1892 (Holy Cross Mts.) – Lower Hettangian Polish), 1891b (description in Ger- (=Taxites siemiradzkii Raciborski type specimen man), Raciborski 1892a*, b (descrip- 1891) basonim tion in German), Wcisło-Luraniec (=Stenorachis (Ixostrobus) siemi- 1992c, Wcisło-Luraniec & Barbacka radzkii (Raciborski 1891) Makare- 2000*, Pacyna & Zdebska 2011b* wiczówna 1928) (valid taxon, type species of genus) Podszkodzie Skłoby Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928 (Holy Cross Mts.) Middle Hettangian Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian 153

Table 3. Continued

Taxon, selected synonyms Location Horizon, age References, comments Ixostrobus sp. Huta OP-1 borehole Zagaje Formation; Barbacka et. al 2011 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian ?Ixostrobus sp. Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Pacyna & Zdebska 2011b* (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Schmeissneria microstachys Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Reymanówna et al. 1987, Wcisło-Lu- (Presl 1833) Kirchner & (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian raniec 1987, 1989, 1991a, b, 1992a*, van Konijnenburg-van Cittert 1994 b*, 1993, 2001 (described as Stachy- opitys preslii Schenk 1867), Ziaja 2006, Barbacka et al. 2005, 2010* Sphenobaiera leptophylla (Harris North part of Holy Lower Liassic Grabowska 1962, 1963, Grabowska 1935) Florin 1936 Cross Mts. et al. 1970 (=Baiera leptophylla Harris 1935) Sphenobaiera cf. spectabilis North part of Holy Lower Liassic Grabowska 1962, 1963, Grabowska (Nathorst 1906) Florin 1936 Cross Mts. et al. 1970

Table 4. Lower Jurassic conifers described so far from Poland

Taxon, selected synonyms Location Horizon, age References, comments Cycadocarpidium erdtmanii Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a*, b Nathorst 1886 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Hirmeriella muensteri (Schenk Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Krassilov 1982*, Reymanówna et al. 1867) Jung 1968 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian 1987, Reymanówna 1987, 1991a, b, 1992*, 1993, Wcisło-Luraniec 1991a, b, 1992a, 1993, 2001, Ziaja 1991, 1992, 2006, Gierliński et al. 2000*, 2004*, Pieńkowski 2006*, Barbacka et al. 2005, 2006a, b, 2007* (description of sterile remains, female and male cones, in situ pollen grains Classopollis), Barbacka et al. 2010* Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* (as Cheirole- (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- pis Münsteri) Lower Pliensbachian Hirmeriella Hörhammer 1933 Borehole L-95 near Liassic Szydeł & Szydeł 1981 Hirmeriella sp. Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin) (cfr.) Palissya sphenolepis (Braun Łazienki mine – Chle- Przysucha Ore-bear- Kuźniar 1924, 1943, Karaszewski 1843) Nathorst 1908 wiska area ing Formation; 1962 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Hettangian Palissya Endlicher 1847 Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a*, b Palissya sp. (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Pityophyllum angustifolium Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a*, b, Makarewiczówna (Nathorst 1878) Möller 1903 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- 1928* (she referred to this species spec- Lower Pliensbachian imens described by Raciborski (1891) as Cycadites (?) gramineus Heer) Pityophyllum longifolium Podszkodzie Skłoby Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928* (Nathorst 1878) Möller 1903 (Holy Cross Mts.) Middle Hettangian Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a*, b; Makarewi- (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- czówna (1928) referred specimens Lower Pliensbachian described by Raciborski (1891) as Cycadites (?) planicosta Heer 1876 to Pityophyllum longifolium Podozamites angustifolius (Eich- Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* wald 1860) Schimper 1872 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Podozamites distans (Presl in Podszkodzie Skłoby Formation; Makarewiczówna 1928* (she referred Sternberg 1838) Braun in Münster (Holy Cross Mts.) Middle Hettangian to this species’ material described by 1843 Raciborski (1891, 1892) as Podozami- tes lanceolatus) Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian 154

Table 4. Continued

Taxon, selected synonyms Location Horizon, age References, comments Podozamites gramineus Heer Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928 1876 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Podozamites lanceolatus (Lindley Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a*, b (he distin- & Hutton 1836) Braun 1843 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- guished 4 forms of this species in his (=Lindleycladus lanceolatus (Lindley Lower Pliensbachian material: P. l. genuinus, P. l. distans, & Hutton 1836) Harris 1979) P. l. minor and one unnamed form), Raciborski 1892a* (Podozamites distans in table caption), 1892b Podozamites cf. schenkii Heer Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Barbacka et al. 2010* 1876 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Huta OP-1 borehole Zagaje Formation; Barbacka et. al 2011 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Podozamites stobieckii Raciborski Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Raciborski 1891a^*, b Makarewi- 1891 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- czówna 1928, Harris & Miller 1974 Lower Pliensbachian (according to them, the species should be referred to genus Desmio- phyllum) Podozamites Braun 1843 Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Reymanówna et al. 1987, Reyma- Podozamites sp. (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian nówna 1987, 1991b, Wcisło-Luraniec 1991a, b, 1992a, Ziaja 2006, Barbacka et al. 2005, 2006a, 2010* Schizolepis braunii Schenk 1867 Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928* (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Schizolepis cf. moelleri Seward Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928 1907 (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- Lower Pliensbachian Schizolepis follinii Nathorst 1876 Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1892a*, b (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Chmielów Chmielów Clays; Makarewiczówna 1928 (as Pityophyl- (Holy Cross Mts.) Upper Sinemurian- lum (Schizolepis) follini) Lower Pliensbachian Stachyotaxus septentrionalis Gromadzice Zagaje Formation; Raciborski 1892a*, b (Agardh 1823) Nathorst 1886 (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian Swedenborgia Nathorst 1876 Odrowąż Zagaje Formation; Reymanówna et al. 1987, Reyma- Swedenborgia sp. (Holy Cross Mts.) Lower Hettangian nówna 1987, 1991a, b, 1992*, Wci- sło-Luraniec 1991a, b, 1992a, 1993, 2001, Ziaja 2006, Barbacka et al. 2005, 2010*

Thaumatopteris schenki zone is correlated with problem is well illustrated by the Chmielów the Hettangian and at least part of the Sine- flora, whose age was estimated broadly at the murian in Poland and Europe (Popa et al. 2003, Sinemurian–Lower Pliensbachian from lithos- Marcinkiewicz 1971). The upper boundary of tratigraphy (Karaszewski 1965). The flora this zone is poorly recognized (Tab. 6). It is very described by Möller (1902) probably is very difficult to accurately assess the age of floras similar in age but its exact age is still a matter from younger stages of the Lower Jurassic. In of debate. Poland but also all across Europe, plant macro- The palynology of the Lower Jurassic was fossils have turned out to be a weak indicator of focused on biostratigraphy from the outset strata age in the Lower Jurassic. Plants evolved of that research (Rogalska 1954, 1956, 1962, slowly during the Lower Jurassic and new taxa 1976, 1980, Marcinkiewicz 1957, 1960, 1967, rarely appeared, so reliable index taxa are lack- 1971, 1980, 1989, Orłowska-Zwolińska 1966, ing. Only the lowermost Jurassic (particularly 1967, Marcinkiewicz et al. 1960). Palynologi- the Hettangian) floras are fairly easy to identify cal data proved useful in identifying the Trias- by their taxonomic composition (Tab. 5). The sic-Jurassic boundary in series of nonmarine floras of younger stages of the Lower Jurassic deposits lacking other fossils (Orłowska- become increasingly similar to the floras of the Zwolińska 1967, Marcinkiewicz 1969). Pal- Middle Jurassic, complicating the task. The ynological analysis became the standard 155

Table 5. Stratigraphical sequence of macrofloral assemblages in the Lower Jurassic of the Holy Cross Mountains

Formation Age (Karasze- (Pieńkowski wski 1960, 1962, Locality Floral assemblage 2004) Pieńkowski 2004) Ostrowiec Upper Chmielów Neocalamites lehmannianus, Cladophlebis denticulata, C. haiburnensis, Formation- Sinemurian- Clathropteris meniscoides, Dictyophyllum acutilobum, D. exile, Hausmania Gielniów Lower crenata, Laccopteris elegans, L. muensteri, Phlebopteris angustiloba, Rhizo- Formation Pliensbachian mopteris, Todites princeps, Sagenopteris nilssoniana, Sagenopteris phillipsi, S. rhoifolia var. pusilla, Thinnfeldia sp., Ctenis fallax, Nilssonia acuminata, N. orientalis, N. simplex, Pterophyllum nathorsti, P. polonicum, Pterophyllum sp., Czekanowskia rigida, Cz. setacea, Ginkgo digitata, G. sibirica, Ginkgo sp., Ixostrobus siemiradzkii, Cycadocarpidium erdtmanii, Hirmeriella muensteri, Palissya sp., Pityophyllum angustifolium, P. longifolium, Podozamites angustifolius, P. distans, P. gramineus, P. lanceolatus, P. stobieckii, Schizolepis braunii, S. cf. moelleri, S. follinii Ostrowiec Sinemurian Jędrzejowice Hausmania forchhammeri, Laccopteris elegans Formation Przysucha Upper Mnichów Neocalamites lehmannianus Ore-bearing Hettangian Dźwiertnia Dictyophyllum exile, Laccopteris elegans, L. muensteri, Nilssonia elongata, Formation near Niekłań Neocalamites lehmannianus Chlewiska Laccopteris elegans, Dictyophyllum acutilobum, Baiera muensteriana, cfr. Palissya sphenolepis, Bennettites raciborskii Skłoby Middle Miłków Equisetites muensteri, Neocalamites lehmannianus Formation Hettangian Szewna Dictyophyllum (?) rydzewskii, Laccopteris elegans Podszkodzie Neocalamites lehmannianus, Nilssonia inouyei, N. orientalis var. minor, Pte- rophyllum nathorsti, Ginkgo sibirica, Ginkgoites taeniata, Ixostrobus siemiradzkii, Pityophyllum longifolium, Podozamites distans Zagaje Lower Gromadzice Neocalamites lehmannianus, Schizoneura (?) sp., Dictyophyllum aff. dun- Formation Hettangian keri, D. nilssoni, Dictyophyllum an nova spec.?, Equisetites muensteri, Goep- (depositional pertella microloba, Laccopteris elegans, Marattiopsis muensteri, Pecopteris sequence I b) concinna, Phlebopteris angustiloba, Rhizomopteris, Thaumatopteris brauniana, T. schenki, Todites williamsoni, T. princeps, Sagenopteris rhoifolia var. pusilla, Nilssonia orientalis, Taeniopteris superba, T. tenuinervis, Cze- kanowskia rigida, Ginkgo aff. whittbyensis, Ixostrobus siemiradzkii, ?Ixo- strobus sp., Schizolepis follinii, Stachyotaxus septentrionalis Lower Odrowąż Odrolepis liassica, Neocalamites lehmannianus, Dictyophyllum sp., Equise- Hettangian (Sołtyków) tites sp., Goeppertella microloba, Phlebopteris angustiloba, Thaumatopteris (depositional brauniana, T. schenki, Todites princeps, T. princeps forma trilobata, Pachyp- sequence I a) teris lanceolata, Caytonia sp., Sagenopteris nilssoniana, Paracycas minuta, Pterophyllum alinae, Pterophyllum sp., Otozamites brevifolius, Schmeissneria microstachys, Hirmeriella muensteri, Podozamites cf. schenkii, Podozamites sp., Swedenborgia sp., Piroconites kuespertii

Table 6. Correlation of plant fossil zonation for Lower Jurassic strata in Poland

Palynological zonation Macrofossil plant remains Megaspore zonation Macrofossil plant (spores and pollen Stage zonation (Harris 1937, (Marcinkiewicz 1971, remains localities grains) Marcinkiewicz 1969, 1971) 1980) (Rogalska 1976) Upper Toarcian V Thomsonia phyllica Lower Toarcian IV (=Paxillitriletes Upper Pliensbachian III phyllicus) Lower Pliensbachian II Chmielów Horstisporites planatus Upper Sinemurian Lower Sinemurian Jędrzejowice? Thaumatopteris schenki ? Mnichów Upper Hettangian Dźwiertnia Chlewiska I Nathorstisporites Miłków Thaumatopteris schenki hopliticus Middle Hettangian Szewna Podszkodzie Gromadzice Lower Hettangian Odrowąż 156

Table 7. Main Polish Lower Jurassic macrofossil and selected microfossil plant localities with basic palaeobotanical and geological references

Fossil plant remains locality References Barwinek and Ubyszów near Karaszewski 1962 Skarżysko-Kamienna Borzynowo IG-1 borehole near Wcisło-Luraniec & Ichas-Ziaja 1990 Elbląg Chmielów Raciborski 1891a, b, 1892a, b, Makarewiczówna 1928, Samsonowicz 1929, Karaszewski 1960, 1962, 1965, Harris & Miller 1974, Reymanówna 1963a, b, Grabowska et al. 1970 Dźwiertnia near Niekłań Kuźniar 1923, 1943, Karaszewski 1960, 1962, Karaszewski & Kopik 1970 Gorzów Śląski-Praszka Marcinkiewicz 1957, 1960, Marcinkiewicz et al. 1960 Gromadzice Siemiradzki 1887, Siemiradzki & Dunikowski 1891, Raciborski 1891a, b, 1892a, b, Makare- wiczówna 1928, Samsonowicz 1929, Karaszewski 1960, 1962, 1965, Grabowska et al. 1970, Gierliński & Pieńkowski 1999, Wcisło-Luraniec & Barbacka 2000, Niedźwiedzki & Niedź- wiedzki 2004, Pieńkowski 2004a, 2006, Marynowski & Simoneit 2009, Zatoń et al. 2009, Ziaja & Krupnik 2010, Pacyna & Zdebska 2011a, b Chlewiska (Łazienki mine) Kuźniar 1924, 1943, Lilpop & Kostyniuk 1957, Karaszewski 1960, 1962, Karaszewski & Kopik 1970 Jędrzejowice Makarewiczówna 1928, Samsonowicz 1929 Lublin Coal Basin (including Migier 1978, Szydeł & Szydeł 1981 borehole L-95 near Łęczna) Kamień Pomorski IG 1 bore- Pieńkowski 2004, Pieńkowski et al. 2012 hole Marcinkowo near Przedborze Passendorfer 1939, Karaszewski 1960, Grabowska et al. 1970 Mechowo IG I borehole Marcinkiewicz 1962, 1967 Miłków Raciborski 1891a, 1892a, b, Makarewiczówna 1928, Samsonowicz 1929 Mnichów Raciborski 1891a, Makarewiczówna 1928, Samsonowicz 1929 Mroczków-Rozwady Rogalska 1956, Grabowska 1962, 1963, Grabowska et al. 1970 Odrowąż (Sołtyków) Karaszewski & Kopik 1970, Karaszewski 1975, Krassilov 1982, Ichas-Ziaja 1987, Reyma- nówna 1987, 1991a, b, 1992, 1993, Pieńkowski & Gierliński 1987, Reymanówna et al. 1987, Wcisło-Luraniec 1987, 1991a, b, 1992a, b, Ziaja 1989, 1991, 1992, 2001, 2006, Gierliński 1991, Popov 1996, Węgierek & Zherikhin 1997, Ziaja & Wcisło-Luraniec 1998, 1999, Pień- kowski 1998, 1999, Gierliński & Pieńkowski 1999, Gierliński et al. 2000, 2001, 2004, Niedź- wiedzki & Niedźwiedzki 2004, Pieńkowski 2004a, b, Barbacka et al. 2006a, b, 2007, 2010, Pieńkowski & Niedźwiedzki 2009, Niedźwiedzki 2011 Podszkodzie Makarewiczówna 1928, Samsonowicz 1929, Grabowska et al. 1970 Zawiercie and Siewierz area Lilpop 1917, Rutkowski 1923, Rogalska 1954, Marcinkiewicz 1957, Domagała & Kołcon 1983, (Blanowice coal) Pieńkowski 1988 Studzianna Karaszewski 1962, Barbacka et al. 2009, Ociepa et al. 2010, Barbacka et al. in prep. Szewna Makarewiczówna 1928, Samsonowicz 1929 Wielichowo I borehole Orłowska-Zwolińska 1966 Wyszmontów borehole Marcinkiewicz 1973 method during drill core examination from data broadly confirm this conclusion (Bat- older Mesozoic strata. Spore-pollen grains and ten & Koppelhus 1996, Koppelhus & Batten megaspore zonations for the Lower Jurassic 1996). Only the lowermost Jurassic floras are strata in Poland were proposed (Marcinkie- easier to recognise by taxonomic composi- wicz 1971, 1980, Rogalska 1976, 1980) but tion. The floras of the younger stages of the their stratigraphical resolution was weaker Lower Jurassic become more and more simi- than that achieved in marine strata based on lar to those of the Middle Jurassic, making it ammonites (Tab. 6). difficult to accurately date these floras. Many specimens of plant macrofossils from the Polish Lower Jurassic were referred to species CONCLUSIONS earlier described from neighbouring Germany and Sweden, which in itself is a proper proce- Plant macrofossils are weak indicators for dure. Unfortunately some very well preserved identification of stages in the Lower Jurassic. specimens were referred to species whose type Plant evolution proceeded slowly and new specimens are badly preserved and are now taxa rarely appeared during that period, so deemed undeterminable. Most taxa of the reliable index taxa are lacking. Palynological Lower Jurassic plants of Europe have not been 157 revised since their original description, and in BARBACKA M., OCIEPA A.M. & WCISŁO-LURA many genera the species are oversplit. There NIEC E. 2011. Wstępne wyniki badań makrosz- are similar problems with the palynological czątków roślinnych z wiercenia Huta OP-1 (trias- jura) z północnego obrzeżenia Gór Świętokrzyskich: data. The generic assignment of many species 76–77. In: Matyja B.A., Wierzbowski A. & Ziółkow- is in a state of flux, especially for fern and cyca- ski P. (eds), Jurassica IX. Materiały konferencyjne, doid foliage. These species have been referred Artykuły, Małogoszcz, 06–08.09.2011. Polskie to many different genera during the develop- Towarzystwo Geologiczne, Polska Grupa Robocza Systemu Jurajskiego. ment of palaeobotany, complicating the task of correlating the floras of different countries BARBACKA M., WCISŁO-LURANIEC E. & ZIAJA J. described over the decades. Most determinations 2005. Systematyka, przystosowanie do środowiska i tafonomia dolnojurajskiej flory z Odrowąża. Tomy of macrofossil plant remains from the Lower Jurajskie (Volumina Jurassica), 3: 128–129. Jurassic in Poland are based solely on mac- BARBACKA M., ZIAJA J. & WCISŁO-LURANIEC E. romorphological characters. Cuticular analysis 2006a. Adaptive trends in Early Jurassic flora from has been used only recently (Grabowska 1963, Odrowąż, Poland: 10. In: Program and Abstracts Barbacka et al. 2007, 2010). The collections 7th Europaean Palaeobotany-Palynology Confer- described by Raciborski (1891a, b, 1892a, b) ence, September 6–11. 2006, Prague. and Makarewiczówna (1928) require critical BARBACKA M., ZIAJA J. & WCISŁO-LURANIEC E. revision. The determinations of plant macro- 2006b. Hirmeriella muensteri from the Hettangian th fossils made by geologists are not reliable if of Odrowąż, Poland. In: 7 Europaean Palaeobot- any-Palynology Conference, September 6–11. 2006 not accompanied by descriptions and illustra- Prague. Program and Abstracts:10. tions of the specimens. Continued research on BARBACKA M., ZIAJA J. & WCISŁO-LURANIEC E. the Lower Jurassic flora of Poland should yield 2010. Taxonomy and palaeoecology of the Early important new data, especially about plant Jurassic macroflora from Odrowąż, central Poland. evolution after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary Acta Geol. Pol., 60(3): 373–392. extinction, a topic now broadly discussed. The BARBACKA M., ZIAJA J., WCISŁO-LURANIEC E. new data could help reconstruct the first eco- & REYMANÓWNA M. 2007. Hirmeriella muen- systems dominated by dinosaurs. Polish floras steri (Schenk) Jung from Odrowąż (Poland), with can also be expected to provide important bio- female and male cones, and in situ Classopolis pollen grains. Acta Palaeobot., 47(2): 339–357. geographic data concerning plant migrations in the Jurassic. BARBACKA M., FELDMAN-OLSZEWSKA A., JA- RZYNKA A., KRUPNIK J., OCIEPA A.M., WCI- SŁO-LURANIEC E. & ZIAJA J. 2009. Wstępne ACKNOWLEDGMENTS wyniki badań paleobotanicznych wiercenia Stu- dzianna (trias-jura) z północnego obrzeżenia Gór The project was financed by funds from the Polish Świętokrzyskich (Preliminary results of the palae- National Science Centre granted based on decision obotanical investigations of Studzianna well cores number DEC-2012/05/B/NZ8/00990 and from the (Triassic-Jurassic) from the northern part of Holy Jagiellonian University granted based on decision Cross Mts margin). In: Krobicki M. (ed.), Jurassica number DS/MND/WBiNoZ/IB/3/2011. I am grate- VIII, Vršatec 09–11.10.2009, Kwartalnik AGH Ge- ful to J. Zaja for discussions on Jurassic palynology ologia, 35(3/1): 17–19. (in Polish). and stratigraphy and for help in compiling literature, B. Kietlińska-Michalik for kindly providing the Raci- BATTEN D.J. & KOPPELHUS E.B. 1996. Biostrati- borski collection for examination and also some useful graphic significance of Uppermost Triassic and papers, G. Pieńkowski for help with field work and Jurassic miospores in Northwest Europe: 795–806. for discussions and information on the age of floras, In: Jansonius J. & McGregor D.C. (eds), Palynol- M. Barbacka for discussions and help in compiling ogy: principles and applications, vol. 2. American literature, D. Zdebska for discussions and help with Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Founda- many problems during the preparation of this paper, tion, Salt Lake City. and M. Popa and one anonymous reviewer for very BIEDA F. 1948. Historia paleontologii w Polsce helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript. (résumé: Historie de la Paléontologie en Pologne). I especially thank Editor-in-Chief L. Stuchlik for help Historia Nauki Polskiej w Monografiach, 10: 1–39. and encouragement during preparation of the manuscript. A. Sojka kindly prepared Figure 1. DOMAGAŁA M. & KOŁCON I. 1983. 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Stratygrafia liasu w północ- nym obrzeżeniu Gór Świętokrzyskich (summary: GIERLIŃSKI G., PIEŃKOWSKI G. & WCISŁO- The stratigraphy of the Lias in the northern Meso- LURANIEC E. 2000. Świętokrzyski park jurajski. zoic zone surrounding the Święty Krzyż Mountains Wszechświat, 101(4–6): 75–82. (Central Poland). Pr. Państw. Inst. Geol., 30(3): GIERLIŃSKI G.D., PLOCH I., SABATH K. 333–416. & ZIAJA J. 2006. Zagadkowa roślina z wczesnej KARASZEWSKI W. 1965. On Middle Liassic age of jury Gór Świętokrzyskich (summary: An Early the flora from Chmielów, near Ostrowiec (Middle Jurassic problematical plant from the Holy Cross Poland) and its significance for the stratigraphy of Mountains, central Poland). Przegl. Geol., 54(2): continental Jurassic. Kwart. Geol., 9(2): 261–270. 139–141. KARASZEWSKI W. 1969. Tropy gadów w dolnym lia- GOTHAN W. 1914. Die unter-liassische (rhätische) sie świętokrzyskim (summary: Tracks of reptilia in Flora der Umgegend von Nürnberg. Abh. Nat. Ges. the Lower Liassic of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Nürnberg, 19: 89–186. Middle Poland.) Kwart. Geol., 13(1): 115–119. GRABOWSKA I. 1962. (unpubl.) Opracowanie lia- KARASZEWSKI W. 1975. Gagat (dżet) – krajowy sowej flory makroskopowej z rejonu Rozwad oraz surowiec jubilersko-złotniczy (Gagat – underes- z dwóch innych miejscowości z pn. obrzeżenia Gór timated raw material for Polish jeweller’s trade). Świętokrzyskich (Rząd Ginkgoales). Archives of Przegl. Geol., 23(8): 406. (in Polish). Polish Geological Institute, Warszawa. KARASZEWSKI W. & KOPIK J. 1970. Jura dolna (sum- GRABOWSKA I. 1963. Wznowienie badań nad liasową mary: Lower Jurassic). In: The Stratigraphy of the florą makroskopową z północnego obrzeżenia Gór Mesozoic in the margin of the Góry Świętokrzyskie. Świętokrzyskich. Przegl. Geol., 10(7): 335. Pr. Państw. Inst. Geol., 56: 65–98. GRABOWSKA I., MARCINKIEWICZ T., ORŁOWSKA- KOPPELHUS E.B. & BATTEN D.J. 1996. Application ZWOLIŃSKA T. & ROGALSKA M. 1970. Flora jury of a palynomorph zonation to a series of short bore- dolnej i środkowej: 47–55. In: Budowa Geologiczna hole sections, Lower to Middle Jurassic, Oresund, Polski. Tom II. Katalog Skamieniałości. Część 2. Denmark: 779–793. In: Jansonius J. & McGregor Mezozoik. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa. D.C. (eds), Palynology: principles and applications, 159

vol. 2. American Association of Stratigraphic Paly- MARCINKIEWICZ T. 1962. Megaspory retyku i liasu nologists Foundation, Salt Lake City. z wiercenia Mechowo koło Kamienia Pomorskiego i ich wartość stratygraficzna (summary: Rhaetian KRASSILOV V.A. 1982. On the ovuliferous organ and Lias megaspores from the borehole Mechowo of Hirmerella. Phyta, Studies on Living & Fossil near Kamień Pomorski and their stratigraphical Plants, Pant Comm. Vol., 1982: 141–144. value). Pr. Inst. Geol., 30(3): 469–493. KRUPNIK J., ZIAJA J. & FELDMAN-OLSZEWSKA A. 2011. Wstępne wyniki badań palinologicznych MARCINKIEWICZ T. 1967. Stratygrafia dolnej jury wiercenia Huta OP-1 (trias-jura) z północnego w wierceniu Mechowo IG I na podstawie badań obrzeżenia Gór Świętokrzyskich: 110–111. In: megasporowych (summary: The stratigraphy of the Matyja B.A., Wierzbowski A. & Ziółkowski P. (eds), Lower Jurassic in the Mechowo IG I bore-hole on Jurassica IX, Materiały konferencyjne, Artykuły, the basis of megaspore research). Biul. Inst. Geol., Małogoszcz, 06–08.09.2011. Polskie Towarzystwo 189: 57–60. Geologiczne, Polska Grupa Robocza Systemu Jura- MARCINKIEWICZ T. 1969. Granica miedzy retykiem jskiego. i liasem w Polsce pozakarpackiej na podstawie KUŹNIAR C. 1923. Rudy żelazne w okolicach Niekłania badań florystycznych (summary: Boundary between (Sur les minerais de fer dans les environs de Rhaetic and Lias in the Extra-Carpathian area of Niekłań). Posiedzenia naukowe Państwowego Poland, determined on floristic basis). Kwart. Geol., Instytutu Geologicznego (Comptes-Rendus des 13(1): 100–114. Séances du Service Géologique de Pologne), 5: 6–8. MARCINKIEWICZ, T. 1971. The stratigraphy of the (in Polish). Rhaetian and Lias in Poland based on megaspore KUŹNIAR C. 1924. O rudach żelaznych okolic Chlewisk investigations. Pr. Państw. Inst. Geol., 65: 1–58. (Sur les minerais de fer des environs de Chlewiska). MARCINKIEWICZ T. 1973. Otozamites falsus (Ben- Posiedzenia naukowe Państwowego Instytutu Geo- nettitales) from the Upper Liassic of the Holy Cross logicznego (Comptes-Rendus des Séances du Serv- Mts, Poland. Acta Palaeont. Pol., 18(2): 173–177. ice Géologique de Pologne), 8: 1–2. (in Polish). MARCINKIEWICZ T. 1980. Flora. Mikroflora. KUŹNIAR C. 1943. (unpubl.) Żelaziaki ilaste w retyku Magaspory: 79–88. In: Malinowska L. (ed.), Budowa i liasie powiatu koneckiego. Archives of Polish Geo- Geologiczna Polski t. III, Atlas skamieniałości prze- logical Institute, Warszawa. wodnich i charakterystycznych, cześć 2b. Mezozoik. KVAČEK J. & STRAKOVÁ M. 1997. Catalogue of fos- Jura. Wydawnictwa geologiczne, Warszawa. sil plants described in works of Kaspar M. Stern- MARCINKIEWICZ T. 1989. Remarks on agglomera- berg. National Museum, Prague. tions of megaspores Minerisporites institus Marc. LILPOP J. 1917. Mikroskopisch-anatomische Untersu- Acta Palaeobot., 29(1): 221–224. chungen der Mineralkohlen. Bull. Acad. Sci. Crac., MARCINKIEWICZ T., ORŁOWSKA T. & ROGAL- Sci. Math. Nat., Ser. B: Sci. Nat., 1917: 6–24. SKA M. 1960. Wiek warstw helenowskich górnych LILPOP J. & KOSTYNIUK M. 1957. Roślinność Polski (lias) w przekroju geologicznym Gorzów Śląski- w epokach minionych. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Praszka w świetle badań mega- i mikrosporowych Warszawa. (summary: Age of upper Helenów beds (Lias) in LUNDBLAD A.B. 1950. Studies in the Rhaeto-Liassic view of mega- and microspore investigations geo- floras of Sweden. I. Pteridophyta, Pteridospermae logical section Gorzów Śląski-Praszka). Kwart. and Cycadophyta from the mining district of NW Geol., 4(2): 386–398. Scania. Kungl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1(8): 1–82. MAREK S. & PAJCHLOWA M. (eds) 1997. Epikon- MAKAREWICZÓWNA A. 1928. Flora dolno-liasowa tynentalny perm i mezozoik w Polsce. Pr. Państw. okolic Ostrowca (summary: Étude sur la flore fos- Inst. Geol., 153: 1–452. sile du lias inférieur des environs d’Ostrowiec). MARYNOWSKI L. & SIMONEIT B.R.T. 2009. Wide- Prace Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie, spread Late Triassic to Early Jurassic wildfire Wydział Nauk Matematycznych i Przyrodniczych, records from Poland: evidence from charcoal and Prace Zakładu Geologicznego Uniwersytetu St. pyrolytic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pal- Batorego w Wilnie (Travaux de la Société des Sci- aios, 24: 785–798. ence et des Letters de Wilno, Travaux de L’Institut de Géologie de l’Université de Wilno), 4(3): 1–49. MIGIER T. 1978. Nowe stanowiska flory jurajskiej w Lubelskim Zagłębiu Węglowym. Materiały III MARCINKIEWICZ T. 1957. Liasowe megaspory z Pra- Naukowej Konferencji Paleontologów poświęconej szki, Zawiercia i Gór Świętokrzyskich (summary: badaniom regionu górnośląskiego oraz karbonu Megaspores of the Lias from Praszka, Zawiercie LZW i GZW. Streszczenia komunikatów: 33–34. and the Święty Krzyż Mountains). Kwart. Geol., Uniwersytet Śląski, Katowice. 1(2): 299–302. MÖLLER H. 1902. Bidrag till Borholms fossila flora. MARCINKIEWICZ T. 1960. Analiza megasporowa Pteridophyter. Lunds Univ. Arsskr., 38(2/5): 1–68. osadów jurajskich okolic Gorzowa Śląskiego – Praszki (summary: Megaspore analysis of Jurassic NATHORST A.G. 1878. Bidrag till Sveriges fossila sediments near Gorzów Śląski – Praszka). Kwart. flora. II. Floran vid Hoganas och Helsingborg. Geol., 4(3): 713–733. Kungl. Sven. Vetenskapsak. Handl., 16(7): 1–53. 160

NATHORST A.G. 1907. Über Thaumatopteris Schenkii the Extra-Carpathian areas of Poland). Biul. Inst. Nath. Kungl. Sven. Vetenskapsak. Handl., 42(3): Geol., 203: 47–57. 3–9. PACYNA G. & ZDEBSKA D. 2011a. Galasy na NATHORST A.G. 1908. Paläobotanische Mitteilungen. liściu paproci z dolnej jury Gromadzic (Góry 3. Lycostrobus Scotti, eine grosse Sporophyllähre Świętokrzyskie) – przykład interakcji rośliny aus den rätischen Ablagerungen Schonens. Kungl. –zwierzęta: 27–32. In: Matyja B. A., Wierzbowski A. Sven. Vetenskapsak. Handl., 43(3): 1–9. & Ziółkowski P. (eds), Jurassica IX, Materiały konferencyjne, Artykuły, Małogoszcz, 06–08.09.2011. NATHORST A.G. 1910. Lés depôts mésozoiques Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne, Polska Grupa précrétacés de la Scanie. Geol. Förenin. Stockholm Robocza Systemu Jurajskiego. Förhandl., 32(3): 487–532. PACYNA G. & ZDEBSKA D. 2011b. Nowe dane NIEDŹWIEDZKI G. 2006. Ślady wielkich teropodów o rodzaju Ixostrobus Raciborski 1892 (nagozaląż- z wczesnojurajskich osadów Gór Świętokrzyskich kowe, Czekanowskiales?) z dolnej jury Gromadzic (summary: Large theropod footprints from the (Góry Świętokrzyskie): 33–39. In: Matyja B.A., Early Jurassic of the Holy Cross Mountains, Wierzbowski A. & Ziółkowski P. (eds), Jurassica Poland). Przegl. Geol., 54(7): 615–621. IX, Materiały konferencyjne, Artykuły, Małogoszcz, NIEDŹWIEDZKI G. 2011. Tropy dinozaurów z wczes- 06–08.09.2011. Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne, nojurajskiego ekosystemu z Sołtykowa w Górach Polska Grupa Robocza Systemu Jurajskiego. Świętokrzyskich (summary: Dinosaur tracks from PASSENDORFER E. 1939. O triasie i dolnej jurze na the Early Jurassic ecosystem of Sołtyków, Holy północno-zachodnich zboczach Gór Świętokrzyskich. Cross Mountains). Biul. Inst. Geol., 447: 49–98. Pr. Tow. Przyj. Nauk w Wilnie, Wydz. Nauk Mat.- Przyr., 13: 1–19. NIEDŹWIEDZKI G. & NIEDŹWIEDZKI D. 2001. Tropy dinozaurów ze śladem śródstopia z wcze- PIEŃKOWSKI G. 1983. Środowiska sedymenta- snojurajskich osadów Polski (summary: Dinosaur cyjne dolnego liasu północnego obrzeżenia Gór tracks with metatarsal impressions from the Early Świętokrzyskich (summary: Early Lias sedimen- Jurassic strata of Poland). Przegl. Geol., 49(7): tary environments at northern margin of the Holy 649–650. Cross Mts). Przegl. Geol., 31(4): 223–230. NIEDŹWIEDZKI G. & NIEDŹWIEDZKI D. 2004. Nowe PIEŃKOWSKI G. 1985. Early Liassic trace fossils znaleziska tropów dinozaurów ze śladem śródstopia assemblages from the Holy Cross Mountains, z wczesnojurajskich osadów Polski (summary: New Poland: their distribution in continental and mar- finds of dinosaur tracks with metatarsal impres- ginal marine environments. In: Curran H.A. (ed.), sions from the Lower Jurassic of the Holy Cross Biogenic Structures: Their Use in Interpreting Mountains, central Poland). Przegl. Geol., 52(3): Depositional Environments. Soc. Econom. Paleont. 237–242. Mineral. Spec. Publ., 35: 37–51. NIEDŹWIEDZKI G. & PIEŃKOWSKI G. 2004. A dino- PIEŃKOWSKI G. 1988. Analiza facjalna najwyższego saur track association from the Early Jurassic del- triasu i liasu Wyżyny Krakowsko-Wieluńskiej oraz taic deposits of Podole near Opatów, Poland. Geol. perspektywy występowania surowców ilastych. Quart., 48: 333–338. Przegl. Geol., 36(8): 449–456. PIEŃKOWSKI G. 1991. Eustatically-controlled sedi- NIEDŹWIEDZKI G. & REMIN Z. 2008. Tropy wiel- mentation in the Hettangian-Sinemurian (Early kich teropodów z osadów górnego pliensbachu Gór Jurassic) of Poland and Sweden. Sedimentology, Świętokrzyskich (summary: Gigantic theropod 38: 503–518. dinosaur footprints from the Upper Pliensbachian of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). Przegl. PIEŃKOWSKI G. 1998. Dinosaur nesting ground from Geol., 56(9): 823–825. the Early Jurassic fluvial deposits, Holy Cross Mountains (Poland). Kwart. Geol., 42(4): 461–476. OCIEPA A.M., BARBACKA M., WCISŁO-LURANIEC E. & JARZYNKA A. 2010. Pteridospermal cupules PIEŃKOWSKI G. 1999. Dinosaur nesting ground from the Early Jurassic of Studzianna, Poland: from the Early Jurassic fuvial deposits, Holy Cross 179. In: 8th European Palaeobotany-Palynology Mountains (Poland) - reply and new evidence. Geol. Conference, 6–10 July, Budapest, Hungary. Quart., 43(3): 379–382. ORŁOWSKA-ZWOLIŃSKA T. 1966. Dolnoliasowy PIEŃKOWSKI G. 2004a. The epicontinental Lower wiek warstw wielichowskich na tle badań sporowo- Jurassic of Poland. Pol. Geol. Inst. Special Papers, pyłkowych na Niżu Polskim (summary: Lower 12: 1–122. Liassic age of the Wielichowo beds in the light of PIEŃKOWSKI G. 2004b. Sołtyków – unikalny zapis spore-and-pollen analysis, Polish Lowland). Kwart. paleoekologiczny wczesnojurajskich utworów Geol., 10(4): 1003–1048. kontynentalnych (summary: Sołtyków, Poland – an unique palaeoecological record of the Early ORŁOWSKA-ZWOLIŃSKA T. 1967. Mikroflorystyczne Jurassic continental deposits). Volumina Jurassica, kryteria oceny wieku warstw z pogranicza triasu 2: 1–16. i jury na terenie Polski Pozakarpackiej (summary: Microfloristic criteria for age determination of the PIEŃKOWSKI G. 2006. Field trip B4 – Lower beds occurring at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in Jurassic marginal-marine and continental 161

deposits – sedimentation, sequences, and ecosys- PUSCH G.G. 1837. Polens Paläontologie. E. Schwei tems: 207–235. In: Wierzbowski A., Aubrecht R., zerbart’s Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart. Golonka J., Gutowski J., Krobicki M., Matyja B.A., RACIBORSKI M. 1891a. Flora retycka północnego Pieńkowski G. & Uchman A. (eds), Jurassic of stoku Gór Świętokrzyskich. Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.- Poland and Adjacent Slovakian Carpathians. Field Przyr. Akad. Umiej., 23: 292–326. trip guidebook of 7th International Congress of the Jurassic System. Polish Geological Institute. RACIBORSKI M. 1891b. Ueber die rhätische Flora am Nordabhange des polnischen Mittelgebirges. PIEŃKOWSKI G. 2008. The Kamienna Valey Geopark Anz. Akad. Wissenschaften Krakau, Februar 1891: – more than dinosaurs. Przegl. Geol., 56(8/1): 64–68. 629–638. RACIBORSKI M. 1892a. Przyczynek do flory retyckiej PIEŃKOWSKI G. & GIERLIŃSKI G. 1987. New finds Polski. Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiej., 22: of dinosaur footprints in Liassic of the Holy Cross 345–360. Mountains and its palaeoenvoronmental background. Przegl. Geol., 35(4): 199–205. RACIBORSKI M. 1892b. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der rhaetischen Flora Polens. Anzeiger der Akademie PIEŃKOWSKI G. & NIEDŹWIEDZKI G. 2009. Inver- der Wissenschaften in Krakau, December 1891: tebrate trace fossil assemblages from the Lower 375–379. Hettangian of Sołtyków, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Proceedings of the 7th International Con- RACIBORSKI M. 1894. Flora kopalna ogniotrwałych gress on the Jurassic System, September 6–18, glinek krakowskich. Część I. Rodniowce (Archae- 2006, Kraków, Poland, Volumina Jurassica, 5: goniatae). Pam. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiej., 18: 89–104. 1–101. PIEŃKOWSKI G. & WAKSMUNDZKA M. 2003. Pal- REYMANÓWNA M. 1963a. Review of investigations inofacje epikontynentalnej dolnej jury w Polsce. on Polish Jurassic floras. Acta Palaeobot., 4(2): Tomy Jurajskie, 1: 126–127. 3–8. PIEŃKOWSKI G. & WAKSMUNDZKA M. 2009. 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