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Plant Microfossils from the Bruhn Lignite

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Plant Microfossils from the Bruhn Lignite University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 6-1957 Plant Microfossils from the Bruhn Lignite Robert E. McLaughlin University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation McLaughlin, Robert E., "Plant Microfossils from the Bruhn Lignite. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1957. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3251 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Robert E. McLaughlin entitled "Plant Microfossils from the Bruhn Lignite." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Botany. A. J. Sharp, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Royal E. Shanks, Gordon Hunt, Harry Klepsen, George Swingle Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) May 21, 1957 To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Robert E. McLaughlin entitled 11Plant Microfossils from the Bruhn Lignite." I recommend that it be accepted partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in · of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Botaqr. We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptanc • Accepted'�ua�r for the Council: PLANT THE MICROFOSSILS FROM BRUHN LIGNITE A THESIS Submitted to The Graduate Council of I The University of Tennessee in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Robert E. �IcLaughlin June 1957 - .. ..-· ·-.. .' ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the developmental stages of the project described in these pages, and in the preparation of the manuscript, many persons guided the writer1 s efforts and otherwise made material contributions. To those listed below, the writer is especially indebted and hereby expresses his appreciation. To A. Sharp and members of the Cornmittee for their valuable Dr. J. criticisms and suggestions, and, particularly for their continuing faith in the ultimate realization of objectives, the writer is profoundly grate­ ful. Professor H. K. Brooks, now at the University of Florida, was an original member of the Committee and, along with Dr. Sharp, accompanied the writer on initial field reconnaissance. Alfred Traverse,· during the Swruner of 19.54, made available Dr. the accumulated products of his own research, including unpublished manu­ script, reference material, and a wealth of information. Dean L. R. Hesler, College of Liberal Arts, The University of Tennessee, made it possible to accept Dr. Traverse's invitation to visit the Bureau u. s. of Mines Lignite Laboratory, Grand Forks, North Dakota, by providing travel expenses. Later association with Traverse, now with Shell Dr. Development Corporation, has increased the writer•s obligation to him in ways. many The Southern Fellowships Fund, an agency of the Council of Southern Universities, Inc., granted the writer a generous fellowship award that permitted him to spend the academic year 1955-1956 at The Biological Laboratories, Harvard Universi'tzy'. At the latter institution, it was the 381.296 iii writer's distinct privilege to share the laboratory facilities and to participate in the research activities of Elso Barghoorn, his Dr. s. associates, and students. The vast experience and knowledge of Dr. Barghoorn and Bailey in paleobotany and related botanical fields, Dr. I. W. including pollen and spore research, were drawn upon freely by the writer during that time and continue to be an inspiration. At the same institu­ tion, officials of the Gray Herbarium and the Arnold Arboretum graciously offered the use of their facilities. Stephenson and F. Stearms MacNeill, United States Dr. L. w. Geological Survey, Washington and Denver, respective:cy, offered valuable suggestions and supplied information through correspondence for which the writer is indebted. E. Cushing, District Engineer, and R. M. Richardson, 14. Geologist, with the United States Geological Survey, Ground Water Branch, Memphis, and Richard G. Stearns, Tennessee DiVision of Geology, Dr. Nashville, provided the opportunity for examining revised maps and other unpublished data during the early stages of the investigation, and were particular:cy encouraging. Raymond L. Schreurs, Geologist, former:cy with the Memphis office, accompanied the writer in the field and was especia.J.4r helpful in making stratigraphic determinations as well as in bringing the whole geologic problem into focus. For technical assistance rendered to the writer at various times and in several places, all of which contributed directly or indirectly to the completion of this manuscript, the writer is obligated to the follow­ ing fellow students and associates: Herbert A. Tiedemann, now with the Tennessee Division of Geology, Knoxville; Eduard Shaw, now at the r. iv University of Kansas; Donald R. Whitehead and Jack A· Wolfe, Harvard University; Charles L. n-otter, now with the Shell Development Corpora­ tion, Houston; and Edward E. c. Clebsch andWilliam M. McMaster, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville . TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • l GEOLOGICAL SETTING • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 Tertiar,y Deposits •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 THE BRUHN PIT Location • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 Lithology o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 15 Sampling • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Stratigraphic Considerations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 Paleobotanical Relationships • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 METHODOLOGY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 Previous Applications • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 Triassic • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28 Jurassic • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 Cretaceous • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • 32 Tertiary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46 Quaternar,y • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 Separatory Technique • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 Comparison of Results • • • o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • 53 SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59 S,ystematic Methods • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59 Sporomorphs from the Bt-ubn Lignite • • • • • • • • • • • • • 71 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 115 other Plant Microfossils • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • l23 vi PAGE Comparison With other Cretaceous Microfossil Studies • • • • • • 123 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 125 LIST OF REFERENCES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 128 APPENDIX A • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14.3 APPENDIX B • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 158 APPENDIX C • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 173 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE 1. Cyclic interpretation of geomorphological development in the Mississippi Embayment Region • • • • • • • • • • • 4 2. Generalized areal geology of the Upper Nississippi Embayment (after Stearms and Armstrong, 1955) • • • • • • 6 3. Distribution of Upper Cretaceous deposits in �lest Tennessee with generalized stratigraphical relation- ships based on Wade (1926) • • • • . • • . • . • . • • 8 4. Location and stratigraphical position of the Bruhn lignite • • . • . • . • . • . • . • • . • • 16 5. Photograph of the Bruhn pit • . • . • . • • • • • . • 17 6. Illustration of master key and sample analysis card. used to systematize morphological data ••• . • • • • 81 1. Frequency distribution of plant microfossils in the Bruhn lignite and comparative representation of higher taxonomic categories • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 113 PLATE • • 143 I-VII. Photomicrographs of Bruhn microfossils (Appendix A) INTRODUCTION The collection and preliminary examination of fossiliferous materials from West Tennessee, begun in the fall of 1952 with the aid an d encouragement of Dr. A. J. Sharp, convinced the writer that the opportunity to extend present knowledge of early vegetational history in the area was substantial. Despite the fact that the region west of the Tennessee River has yielded a considerable amount of plant fossil evidence, mainly in the form of lea£ impressions, man;y unsolved problems remain. From the botanical point of view, the identification of fossil plants based on the single criterion of leaf morphology, as has been attempted in many cases, has serious limitations {Odell, 1932; Arnold.t 1947, pp. 338-339). Furthermore, the restricted representation inherent with this mode o£ fossilization, and the special set o£ conditions under which it is operative have led to qualitative and quantitative interpre­ tations that are questionable. In recent years, the vulnerability of time-honored correlation procedures has been recognized by many geologists. Paleontology developed as a stratigraphic tool with
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