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Soft-Tissue Surgery of the Craniofacial Region

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Soft-Tissue Surgery of the Craniofacial Region Soft-Tissue Surgery of the Craniofacial Region Soft-Tissue Surgery of the Craniofacial Region Edited by John A. Persing Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut, USA Gregory R. D. Evans University of California, Irvine Orange, California, USA Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue New York, NY 10017 © 2007 by Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. Informa Healthcare is an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8247-2893-9 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8247-2893-9 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume respon- sibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequence of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Soft-tissue surgery of the craniofacial region/edited by John A. Persing, Gregory R. D. Evans. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8247-2893-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8247-2893-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Face--Complications--Surgery. 2. Skull--Complications--Surgery. 3. Soft-tissue injuries--Surgery. 4. Surgery, Plastic. I. Persing, John A. II. Evans, Gregory R. D. [DNLM: 1. Face--surgery. 2. Craniofacial Abnormalities--surgery. 3. Reconstructive Surgical Procedures--methods. 4. Soft-Tissue Injuries--surgery. WE 705 S681 2007] RD763.S6447 2007 617.5'20592--dc22 2007009804 Visit the Informa Web site at www.informa.com and the Informa Healthcare Web site at www.informahealthcare.com Preface The concept of developing a book focussed on the analysis and surgical treatment of soft-tissue deformities of the craniofacial skeleton originated in a meeting of the American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons. It has been long recognized that craniofacial and maxillofacial surgery, which included the management of congenital anomalies, facial bone fractures, as well as tumor involvement of the face and skull, have primarily centered around the correction of the bone abnormalities. Tremendous advances have been made, with input from abroad and the United States, including the work of Drs. Paul Tessier, Fernando Ortiz Monasterio, Daniel Marchac, Jacques Van der Meulen, Jacques Marquis Converse, Milton Edgerton, Joseph McCarthy, and others. The success of the bony work was so great, however, that it overshadowed another area of expertise in the plastic surgeons’ treatment armenamatarium, namely, the correction of soft- tissue anomalies of the craniofacial region. This book is organized to highlight some areas of specific focus of plastic surgeons in this area. It is arranged so that both reconstructive and aesthetic considerations in the treatment of soft-tissue anomalies are addressed. Admittedly, virtually all soft-tissue anomalies also have a bony component to them, but, for this presentation, it is intended that the emphasis be almost solely on the treatment of soft-tissue anomalies rather than the bony abnormalities. As the reader is aware, the issue of correction of bone abnormalities has been addressed in multiple other publications in the past. The beginning of the book describes conditions involving the scalp, followed by eyes and periorbital structures, ears, nose, midface, and then the lower face. It is clear that with the intro- duction of many techniques, such as tissue expansion and microvascular transfer of soft tissues, a number of major advances have been made. It is also interesting to note that use of local flap tissues, long considered the province of the plastic surgeon, is now regaining additional emphasis, particularly when used in combination with expansion techniques. Interest in reconstructive surgery for problems in the craniofacial region continues to expand to include nasal recon- struction following cancer involvement, ear reconstruction for congenital anomalies, lip reconstruction following tumor ablation, and congenital anomalies. On the other hand, more recently, due to the marriage of reconstructive techniques with aesthetic concerns, a greater sophistication of aesthetic techniques amenable to reconstructive problems and further improvement in aesthetic and reconstructive abnormality results have evolved. In short, there is “cross talk” between reconstructive and aesthetic surgery in the manage- ment of irregularities in the face and neck, and these are highlighted individually. It is antici- pated that evolution of these techniques will continue. Clearly, we have not solved all the soft-tissue anomalies in the head and neck region. In fact, we think the soft-tissue abnormalities present the greatest challenge for craniofacial plastic surgery in the future. With the develop- ment of bone remodeling techniques, both osteotomies and stabilization, reshaping, and replacement have become more predictable. What has not been as effectively corrected are the anomalies related to the soft-tissue deformities, particularly traumatic and congenital anoma- lies. As the face is the feature of human anatomy most emphasized in aesthetics and normal social behavior, it behooves us to identify ways in which we can improve techniques for dealing with anomalies so that the patient may have improved quality-of-life. The intent of this book, then, is to highlight the current practices in the management of these particular areas and to subsequently spur all of us into developing improved solutions for persistent problems. John A. Persing Gregory R. D. Evans Contents Preface …. iii Contributors …. vii 1. Introduction to Various Lasers 1 Robyn Cohen and Seth R. Thaller 2. Medial and Lateral Canthal Reconstruction 7 Kevin A. Brenner, Karen Kim, and Gregory R. D. Evans 3. Eyelid Reconstruction 21 Timothy J. McCulley 4. Lip Reconstruction 43 Mark A. F. Knight, Hooman Shabatian, and Gregory R. D. Evans 5. Scar Revision, Dermabrasion, Local Flaps 55 Hooman Shabatian, Mark A. F. Knight, and Gregory R. D. Evans 6. Microsurgical Reconstruction of Craniofacial Soft-Tissue Defects 69 Marcus Castro Ferreira, José Carlos Faria, and Julio Morais Besteiro 7. Hair Transplantation 77 Jack Fisher 8. Forehead/Brow/Soft-Tissue Surgery for Migraines 93 Bahman Guyuron and Lisa A. DiNardo 9. Management of Velopharyngeal Dysfunction 113 Peter D. Witt 10. The Lacrimal Outflow System 129 Nicholas T. Iliff 11. Facial Burns: Management and Reconstruction 157 Joan L. Monaco, Mani Mani, and W. Thomas Lawrence 12. Cheek Reconstruction 183 Parviz Mafi 13. Traumatic Tattoo 193 Craig A. Hurst and Louis Morales 14. Composite Reconstruction of Midface Defects 201 Peter C. Neligan 15. Blepharoplasty 211 John A. Persing and Bianca Knoll vi Contents 16. Cheek Reconstruction: Regional and Microvascular Free-Tissue Transfer 223 Yoon S. Chun and Julian J. Pribaz 17. Facial Fractures 241 Warren Schubert 18. Rhinoplasty 257 Jeffrey E. Janis and Rod J. Rohrich 19. Imaging of Soft-Tissue Defects 291 Joseph M. Rosen, David S. Sargent, and Julie S. Young 20. Managing the Cleft Nasal Deformity: Controversies in Correction 301 John A. van Aalst and A. Michael Sadove 21. Skin Care (Peels, etc.) 313 Viktoriya Bul, Malcolm D. Paul, and Rostislav Bul 22. The Subperiosteal Facelift 321 Oscar M. Ramirez and Charles R. Volpe 23. Cleft Palate 337 Keith A. Hurvitz and Michael J. Sundine 24. Aplasia Cutis Congenita 345 Moises Salama, Latanya T. Benjamin, Seth R. Thaller, and Lawrence A. Schachner 25. Mentoplasty 351 Barry L. Eppley 26. Facial Paralysis 359 Gregory H. Borschel and Ronald M. Zuker Index …. 375 Contributors Latanya T. Benjamin Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, U.S.A. Julio Morais Besteiro Division of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Gregory H. Borschel Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. Kevin A. Brenner Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery Institute, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, U.S.A. Rostislav Bul Huntington Beach, California, U.S.A. Viktoriya Bul Newport Beach, California, U.S.A. Yoon S. Chun Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Robyn Cohen Miller School of Medicine, University
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