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La Solution Finale 1 Page 3: Editorial Page 4: Les crimes contre l’Humanité par S.Saur Page 5: L’Aktion T4, antichambre de l’Horreur par S Delogu Page 8: De l’antisémitisme aux sites d’extermination par A. Tagnon Page 15: Interview du Père P. Desbois par F. Delpla Page 16: L’action Reinhard par N. Mousnier Page 27: Les trains de la Mort par E. Giguère Page 30: Les Einsatzgruppen par D. Laurent Page 34: Belzec, premier centre d’extermination de l’Aktion Reinhard par N. Mousnier Page 50: Rencontre avec M. H Kichka par L. Liégeois Page 51: « Nuit et Brouillard », une procédure mythique et méconnue par N. Mousnier Page 62: Les cobayes humains par D. Laurent Page 69: Le Négationnisme par F. Delpla Page 70: Visite guidée d’un camp de concentration : Natzviler-Struthof par S. Saur 2 Daniel Laurent dans un article nous démontre que le crime Editorial nazi est présent même chez les médecins. Il nous rappelle que les camps ont permis à certains d’entre eux d’effectuer des expériences dont les résultats cliniques sont considérés comme Par Philippe Parmentier nuls et qu’ils se sont acharnés sur de pauvres victimes. François Delpla a rencontré le père Desbois, et a pu l’interviewer pour nous. Il faut rappeler que le Père Patrick Alors que nous avons fêté il y a quelques jours le 65ème Desbois, depuis près de dix ans, recueille des témoignages de anniversaire de la Libération du camp d’Auschwitz, des ceux qui ont été témoins de la « Shoah par balles » en questions sur le génocide demeurent encore sans réponses. Ukraine. A ce propos, Daniel Laurent dans un article précis, D’ailleurs aurons-nous un jour l’ensemble des réponses. nous présente les exactions commises par les Einsatzgruppen Notamment il est encore aujourd’hui difficile de statuer responsables à l’est de la « Shoah par balles ». De même, dans définitivement à la question relative de savoir, quand et un des nombreux encarts de cette livraison dont il est l’auteur, comment le génocide a été mis en œuvre. il s’étonne, à juste titre, des faibles condamnations obtenues Ces dernières années les travaux sur l’histoire du Génocide par les principaux responsables de ces « commandos mobiles des Juifs ont apporté certains éclaircissements notamment les de tuerie » comme les présente Raul Hilberg dans sa somme : travaux de M. Edouard Husson. En effet dans son ouvrage sur « La destruction des Juifs d’Europe » Heydrich et la Solution finale1, il démontre le rôle central du Dans un article original, Sébastien Saur mêle illustrations chef du RSHA dans la « marche à la solution finale de la réalisées par les détenus et photos actuelles, pour nous question juive en Europe » présenter le camp du Struthof. Son article historique nous A la lecture du sommaire, vous remarquerez qu’à travers rappelle que, sans avoir à traverser l’Europe, nous pouvons l’ensemble des articles composants cet HS, l’équipe de découvrir, en France, l’univers concentrationnaire. rédaction a tenté de présenter la plupart des crimes commis par les nazis. Mais nous n’avons pas pu prétendre à Il me reste à remercier au nom de toute l’équipe de rédaction l’exhaustivité tant le sujet d’étude est vaste. M. Henri Kichka, rescapé des camps de la mort, qui a eu la Sébastien Saur dans un article introductif nous rappelle ce que gentillesse de répondre aux questions posées par les membres nous devons entendre et comprendre lorsque nous évoquons du Forum « Le Monde en Guerre » et par l’intermédiaire de les crimes contre l’Humanité. Après un rappel historique, il Laurent Liégeois. Profitons aujourd’hui des témoignages des met en perspective de la notion du Crimes contre l’Humanité rescapés, eux qui ce sont tus pendant des années en regard de sa singularité vis à vis des autres crimes de guerre. En vous souhaitant une bonne lecture Stéphane Delogu dans son article sur l’Aktion T4 nous explique que les prémices de la Solution Finale se trouvent dans l’eugénisme pratiqué par les nazis, par l’assassinat près de 70 000 handicapés, considérés comme improductifs par les nazis et devant ainsi être éliminés. L’article d’Alain Tagon nous montre comment l’Allemagne Nazie, par une politique adaptée faite de propagande est passée d’un antisémitisme « traditionnel », et qui était présent dans bien des pays d’Europe à l’époque, au crime organisé que fut le Judéocide. Dans un article très complet et synthétique Nathalie Mousnier nous présente l’Aktion Reinhard. Décidée à la conférence de Wansee, cette opération est la « suite logique » de l’Aktion T4. Nathalie Mousnier nous montre les tenants et les aboutissants de cette opération qui a eu pour conséquence l’assassinat de la plupart des juifs du Gouvernement général. De même dans son article sur le camp de Belzec, après avoir présenté l’historique de ce camp, elle s’attache à nous faire part et nous présenter des témoignages touchants de victimes, ainsi que ceux de bourreaux. La contribution de Nathalie Mousnier à cet HS ne s’arrête pas en si bon chemin car dans un dernier article, elle nous présente l’opération « Nuit et Brouillard », opération peu connue, en marge des crimes nazis mais qui a permis la déportation de nombreux résistants mais aussi de civils dans des camps de l’univers concentrationnaire. Comme dans ses précédents articles, elle s’attache avec rigueur à nous présenter les spécificités de cette opération, tout en nous livrant des témoignages très émouvants. 1 Edouard Husson, Heydrich et la solution Finale, Perrin, 2008 3 Les Crimes contre l’Humanité Par Sébastien Saur Lorsqu’en août 1914 commence la Première Guerre mondiale, Le Tribunal international de Nuremberg et son corollaire le il se trouve peu d’esprits éclairés capables de comprendre Tribunal international pour l'extrême Orient de Tokyo, qu’une époque prend fin. Le XXe siècle sera, comme l’a resteront cependant durant de longues années un cas unique défini l’historien Eric J. Hobsbawn, L’Âge des extrêmes. Il dans l’Histoire. Un projet de Tribunal pénal international sera commence avec l’extrême violence de la Première Guerre suspendu en 1954 par l’Assemblée Générale de l’Organisation mondiale et se finit avec l’extrémisme religieux responsable des Nations Unies et ne sera réévalué qu’à la chute du bloc de des attentats du 11 septembre 2001, qui ouvrent dans le sang l’Est. le XXIe siècle. Entre les deux, le monde a fait connaissance avec les notions nouvelles de guerre totale, de génocide, et Au début des années 90, deux événements majeurs poussent à surtout de crime contre l’Humanité. la mise en place de deux tribunaux internationaux: la guerre en ex-Yougoslavie (1991-1995) et le génocide perpétré par les Les massacres de masse, déportations de populations, tortures, Hutus à l’encontre des Tutsis au Rwanda (1994). Sont ainsi réductions en esclavage, viols et autres atrocités ne sont pas créés le Tribunal pénal international pour l’ex-Yougoslavie une nouveauté de ce siècle, ils sont consubstantiels de (TPIY, institué le 25 mai 1993 par la résolution 827 du l’humanité, ou plutôt de l’inhumanité. Leur dénonciation n’est Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU), et le Tribunal pénal pas non plus nouvelle : de Spartacus aux philosophes des international pour le Rwanda (TPIR, institué par la résolution Lumières, en passant par Bartolomé de Las Casas, les voix ont 955 du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU). été nombreuses à dénoncer l’oppression de l’Homme envers C’est sur la base des statuts de ces deux tribunaux, qui son prochain. Mais il a fallu attendre le traumatisme de la s’appuient eux-mêmes sur les statuts du Tribunal de Première Guerre mondiale, et la déshumanisation de la guerre Nuremberg, que s’établissent les statuts du la Cour pénale qu’elle a apporté, pour qu’apparaisse l’idée d’une justice internationale, mise en place le 11 avril 2002. Désormais, la internationale capable de punir les bourreaux et de protéger les notion de crime contre l’Humanité est élargie, et constitue un victimes. atroce inventaire à la Prévert : « meurtre ; extermination ; réduction en esclavage ; déportation ou transfert forcé de C’est dans ce contexte qu’apparaît pour la première fois en population ; emprisonnement ou autre forme de privation 1915, dans une note du ministère des Affaires étrangères grave de liberté physique en violation des dispositions français adressée à l’agence de presse Havas. Elle dénonce les fondamentales du droit international ; torture ; viol, esclavage opérations menées par les Turcs contre la population sexuel, prostitution forcée, grossesse forcée, stérilisation arménienne, et utilise pour la première fois l’expression forcée ou toute autre forme de violence sexuelle de gravité « crime contre l'humanité et la civilisation ». Etant donné le comparable ; persécution de tout groupe ou de toute contexte de guerre, il s’agit cependant plus ici de la part des collectivité identifiable pour des motifs d’ordre politique, Français d’une volonté de propagande anti-turque que d’une racial, national, ethnique, culturel, religieux ou sexiste (…) ou réelle volonté de justice. La mise en place, en 1920, d’une en fonction d’autres critères universellement reconnus comme cour de justice internationale, chargée de juger « les crimes inadmissibles en droit international, en corrélation avec tout contre l’ordre public international et le droit des gens acte visé dans le présent paragraphe ou tout crime relevant de universel, qui lui seront déférés par l’Assemblée plénière de la la compétence de la Cour ; disparitions forcées de personnes ; SDN ou par le Conseil de cette Société », est repoussée par la crimes d’apartheid, autres actes inhumains de caractère SDN, qui trouve l’idée prématurée.
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